PART A

1. Pedestal column
Pedestal column is defined as vertical structural member of a Building Construction and it is
used to transfer a load from Column to Footing.

2. Minimum number of steel bars for circular column:

The minimum number of bars provided for a circular is 6 numbers

3. Example for deep footings

Piers foundation
Pile foundation
Well or caisson foundation

4. Minimum thickness of footings

• In RCC and PCC footings - 150mm for footings on soils
• Footings above top of piles - 300 mm .
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒒𝟎
• In the case of plain concrete pedestals, 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟗 √ +𝟏
𝒇𝒄𝒌

5. maximum spacing permitted in flat slab in terms of slab thickness

• It is controlled by considerations of span to effective depth ratio

𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
• For flat slabs with drop, = 40
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
• For flat slabs without drop, , = 40 ∗ 0.9 = 36
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ

6. purpose of providing column head

• Column heads are used to increase the shear strength of slabs
• to reduce the bending moment in the slab by reducing the effective span.
7. loads considered in masonry walls
• Dead load
• live load
• wind load
• seismic laod
8. Advantages of using nomograms

• It is graphical analog computation device

• The answer is approximate and useful
• Nomograms are used to check an answer obtained from an exact calculation method
• The unique advantage of nomograms is its visualizing of the relationship of involved
parameters. This offers the possibility of playing around with new values and different
assumptions and of optimizing solutions in an iterative process in line with actual
requirements.
• A further advantage of nomogram s is that it doesn't matter which parameter is
unknown. A solution may therefore be found from different angles.

9. minimum grade of concrete for PSC members

• Minimum grade of concrete

o For Pretensioned members – 30Mpa

o For Post-tensioned members – 40 Mpa

• Maximum grade of concrete – 60 Mpa

10.High strength steel for PSC members

• The early attempts to use mild steel in prestressed concrete were not successful as a working
stress of 120 N/mm2 in mild steel is more or less completely lost due to elastic deformation,
creep and shrinkage of concrete.
• The normal loss of stress in steel is generally about 100 to 240 N/mm2 and it is apparent that if
this loss of stress is to be a small portion of the initial stress, the stress in steel in the initial
stages must be very high, about 1200 to 2000 N/mm2.
• These high stress ranges are possible only with the use of high strength steel.