Stoichiometry

Applying equations to calculating

quantities
 Learning objectives
 Use chemical equations to predict quantity
of one substance from given quantity of
another
 Determine percentage yield
 Identify limiting reactant
 The chemical equation
aA + bB = cC + dD

Reactant coefficient ELEMENT or Product

side COMPOUND side

The Law of Conservation of Matter states that matter

is neither created nor destroyed
All atoms on left must be same as those on right
 Working with equations:
STOICHIOMETRY
 Predict how much product is obtained from
given amount of reactant
 Predict how much reactant is needed to give
required amount of product
 Predict how much of one reactant is
required to give optimum result with given
amount of another reactant
 Stoichiometry with equations:
The roadmap
 Equations are in moles, but we measure in grams
 Three conversions required:
 A is given substance (reactant or product); B is target
substance (reactant or product)
1. Must convert grams A to moles A using molar mass
2. Use coefficients in equation to get moles B from moles A
3. Convert moles B to grams B using molar mass
Moles x molar
Mass A Mass/molar mass Moles A Mole:mole ratio Moles B Mass B
mass
Remember the mole triangle
 Mole:mole ratio: the central step
 Tells us molar ratio of substances in
balanced chemical equation
xX + yY = cC + dD
 Mole:mole ratio (target:given) B:A = b/a

Moles x molar
Mass A Mass/molar mass Moles A Mole:mole ratio Moles B Mass B
mass
Mole:mole ratio examples
 Types of problems:
Moles A → moles B
(A is given; B is target)
xX + yY = cC + dD
 Single step
 Require mole:mole ratio:
 Always target/given (B/A) moles B
=
b mol B
 In balanced equation a mol A ≡ b mol B moles A a mol A

Moles x molar
Mass A Mass/molar mass Moles A Mole:mole ratio Moles B Mass B
mass
 Mole:mole ratio problems
 CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O
 How many moles of H2O are produced from 5 moles of CH4?
 Identify given substance: A = CH4
 Identify target substance: B = H2O
 Mole:mole ratio is
moles B b mol B
=
moles A a mol A

 Identify coefficients: CH4 a = 1; H2O b = 2
moles H 2O 2 mol H 2O

moles CH 4 1 mol CH 4
 Moles A → mass
xX + yY = cC + dD
B
Two steps on road map
1. Convert moles A → moles B:
Mole:mole ratio (target/given): moles B b mol B
=
moles A a mol A

2. Convert moles B → mass B using molar mass B

mass B (g) = moles B (mol) x molar mass B (g/mol)

Moles x molar
Mass A Mass/molar mass Moles A Mole:mole ratio Moles B Mass B
mass
Mole:mass/mass:mole problems
CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O
 What mass of H2O is produced from burning 5 moles CH4?
 How many moles of CO2 is produced when 64 g O2 is consumed?
 Mass A → mass B
xX + yY = cC + dD
All three steps
1. Mass A → moles A using molar mass A
mass A (g)
moles A (mol) =
molar mass A (g/mol)
2. Moles A → moles B using mole:mole ratio moles B b mol B
=
moles A a mol A
3. Moles B → mass B using molar mass B
mass B (g) = moles B (mol) x molar mass B (g/mol)

Moles x molar
Mass A Mass/molar mass Moles A Mole:mole ratio Moles B Mass B
mass
 2 NaOH + Cl2 = NaOCl + NaCl + H2O
 What mass NaOH required to react with 142 g Cl2?
 Molar mass Cl2 = 35.5 x 2 = 71.0 g/mol
 Molar mass NaOH = 23.00 + 16.00 + 1.01 = 40.01 g/mol
Summary of stoichiometry problems
 Maximum of three conversions required
1. Must convert grams A to moles A using molar mass
2. Use coefficients in equation to get moles B from
moles A
3. Convert moles B to grams B using molar mass
 Maximum of three pieces of information
required
1. Molar mass of given substance (maybe)
2. Molar mass of target substance (maybe)
3. Balanced chemical equation (always)
 Work this example
 CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O

 What mass of CO2 is produced by the

complete combustion of 16 g of CH4
 Atomic weight H = 1, C = 12, O = 16
44 g
 Do stoichiometry exercises
 Reaction Yield
 The actual yield from a chemical reaction is
normally less than predicted from the
stoichiometry.
 Incomplete reaction
 Product lost in recovery
 Competing side reactions
 Percent yield is:
actual yield
% yield=
theoretical yield
 Worked example
 Actual yield of product is 32.8 g after reaction of 26.3 g of C4H8 with
excess CH3OH to give C5H12O.
 What is theoretical yield? Use stoichiometry to get mass of product:
convert mass  moles  moles  mass
 Theoretical yield = 41.4 g
 Percent yield = 32.8/41.4 x 100 %

Moles x molar
Mass A Mass/molar mass Moles A Mole:mole ratio Moles B Mass B
mass
 CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O
 What is percent yield if 40 g of CO2 is
produced by the complete combustion of 16
g of CH4?
 First calculate theoretical yield as previously
 Theoretical yield CO2 = 44 g
 Actual yield CO2 = 40 g
actual yield
% yield=
theoretical yield

 Percent yield = 40 g/44 g x 100% = 91%

 Limiting reactant
 Balanced equations involve precisely the
right amounts of each reactant. None is left
over
 Real-life situations usually involve an excess
of one reactant
 Burning CH4 in excess O2
 Reacting Zn with excess HCl
 Identifying the limiting reactant
 In balanced equations
each reactant will give
the same amount of
products
 When one reactant is
limiting (deficient) the
amount of product will
be determined by its
amount
 Identifying the limiting reactant
 Which reactant gives the least amount of product
CO(g) + 2 H2(g) = CH3OH(g)
 Given 3 mol CO and 5 mol H2
 3 mol CO → 3 mol CH3OH
 (mol:mol ratio CH3OH:CO = 1)
 5 mol H2 → 2.5 mol CH3OH
 (mol:mol ratio CH3OH:H2 = 0.5)
 H2 is limiting
 Maximum product = 2.5 mol CH3OH