Protozoans –

Ciliates and Flagellates

Prepared by: Cherries V. Sanchez, RMT.

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Ciliates
Balantidium coli (Balantioides coli)

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Balantidium coli
• New name: Balantioides coli
• Old names: Balantidium coli, Paramecium coli
• Causative agent of Balantidiasis, Balantidiosis, or Balantidial dysentery
• Largest protozoan
• Only ciliate known to infect humans
• Natural host/Reservoir: Pigs
• Accidental host: Humans

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Balantidium coli
• Cytostome
• Macronucleus
• Bean shaped
• Micronucleus
• Round shaped

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Balantidium coli : Trophozoite

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Balantidium coli : Trophozoite

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Balantidium coli : Cyst

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Balantidium coli : Cyst

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
 Balantidium coli

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Life Cycle
MOT
• Ingestion of contaminated
food and water (oral-fecal)

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Laboratory Diagnosis
• Microscopic demonstration of trophozoites and cysts in feces using
direct examination or concentration (sedimentation or flotation)
techniques
• Demonstrating the presence of trophozoites in biopsy specimens
from lesions

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Treatment:
• Tetracycline
• Metronidazole

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Control and Prevention
• Proper sanitation, safe water supply, good personal hygiene, and
protection of food from contamination
• Measures to limit contact of pigs with water sources and food crops
• Use of pig feces as fertilizer should also be avoided
• Inactivated thru:
• Heat
• 1% sodium hypochlorite

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
 Giardia lamblia
Trichomonas vaginalis

Trichomonas hominis
Trichomonas tenax
Chilomastix mesnili
Flagellates
Trypanosoma sp.
Leishmania sp.

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
General characteristics
• All flagellates have a trophozoite stage, but several lack the cyst stage.
• Many flagellates live in the small intestines

Morphologic terms associated with flagellates:

• Axostyle: Rodlike structure that functions in cellular support
• Axoneme: Intracellular portion of the flagellum
• Undulating membrane: Flagellum finlike structure that generates a wavelike
motion
• Cytostome: A rudimentary oral cavity

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Giardia lamblia
• Giardia duodenalis
• Giardia intestinalis

• Habitat: Duodenum, Jejunum, Upper ileum

• Causative agent of Giardiasis à traveler’s diarrhea

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Giardia lamblia: Trophozoite
• Average size: 15 μm long to 10 μm wide
• Motile and pear shaped
• Bilateral symmetry
• 2 large nuclei, each with central karyosome
• oval-shaped nuclei
• without peripheral chromatin
• Possess 4 pairs of flagella
• Two median bodies, two axonemes, and a
sucking disk are present.

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Giardia lamblia: Trophozoite

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Giardia lamblia: Trophozoite

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Giardia lamblia: Trophozoite

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Giardia lamblia: Cyst
• Average size: 12 μm long to 8 μm wide
• Oval shaped
• Contain 4 nuclei
• with no peripheral chromatin
• Cytoplasm à retracted from the cyst wall
• may contain 2 to 4 comma-shaped, median
bodies

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Giardia lamblia: Cyst

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Giardia lamblia: Cyst

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
 Life Cycle:
• MOT:
• Ingestion of contamination
of water, food or
hand/fomites

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Laboratory Diagnosis:
• Microscopic examination of stool samples for trophozoites and cysts
• Other diagnostic tests:
• EnteroTest
• Antigen detection by immunological assays (ELISA, etc.)

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Treatment:
• Metronidazole
• Tinidazole
• Furazolidone
• Albendazole

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Prevention and Control:
• Proper or sanitary disposal of human excreta

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Trichomonas vaginalis
• Causative agent of Trichomoniasis

• No cyst form
• Trichomonads appear only in the trophozoite form, which is the
transmissible form

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Trichomonas vaginalis

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Trichomonas vaginalis

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Life cycle:
• MOT:
• Sexual intercourse

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Laboratory Diagnosis:
• Trophozoites are usually detected during a microscopic urinalysis
• Saline preparation of vaginal fluid à quickest and most inexpensive
• Sensitive
• Accepted gold standardà culture which takes 2 to 5 days
• urethral swabs and urine sediment
• Unstained wet drop preparations may be fixed and stained:
• Giemsa, Papanicolau, Romanowsky

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Treatment:
• Metronidazole
• Tinidazole

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Prevention and Control
• Limiting the number of sexual partners
• Proper use of protective devices

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Dientamoeba fragilis
• Infects the mucosal lining of the large intestines
• Causes diarrhea, abdominal pain, and anal pruritus (itching)
• No cyst stage

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Dientamoeba fragilis: Trophozoite
• Average size: 5 to 19 μm
• Motile à Hyaline pseudopods
• Round shaped
• Most contains 2 nuclei
• Without peripheral chromatin
• With clumps of nuclear chromatin (4-8 granules)
• Cytoplasm à vacuolated with bacterial inclusions

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Dientamoeba fragilis
• Diagnosis
• Microscopic examination of trophozoites in the stool
• Multiple samples are required
• Very delicate and stains poorly

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Non-Pathogenic Flagellates
Trichomonas hominis
Trichomonas tenax
Chilomastix mesnili

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Trichomonas hominis
• No cyst form
• Habitat: Cecal area of large intestine
• Transmission: rapidly through fecal
contamination of food and drinks
• Trophozoite:
• Pyriform shape
• 5 anterior flagella
• Undulating membrane
• Conical cytostome

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Trichomonas tenax
• No cyst form
• Habitat: Human mouth, tartar
around the teeth, cavities of
teeth
• Transmission: Direct contact,
kissing, contaminated dishes
and drinking glasses
• Trophozoite:
• Pyriform
• 4 free equal flagella
No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Chilomastix mesnili : Trophozoite
• Average size: 5-25 μm in length
and 2-10 μm in width
• Asymmetrical Pear shaped
• Motile
• Single nucleus
• Without peripheral chromatin
• Karyosome: Eccentric and small
• Flagella: Three anterior and one
posterior
• Cytostome is very large, and a
spiral groove is present

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Chilomastix mesnili : Trophozoite

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Chilomastix mesnili : Cyst
• Average size: 5-10 μm length
• Pear or lemon shaped
• Single nucleus
• Karyosomeà large and centrally located
• Cytostome à well defined

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Chilomastix mesnili : Cyst

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
 Life cycle:
• MOT:
• Ingestion of contamination
of water, food or
hand/fomites

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Hemoflagellate
Trypanosoma sp.
Leishmania sp.

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
General Characteristics:
• Hemoflagellates in habit the blood and tissues of humans.
• Transmitted by insect vectors
• Four stages of development:
• Amastigote à Non-flagellated oval form, found in tissue
• Promastigoteà Flagellated stage found in the vector, rarely seen in the blood
• Epimastigoteà Long, slender flagellated form found in arthropod vectors
• Trypomastigote à Has an undulating membrane running the length of the
body; found both in the vector and bloodstream of humans

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Trypanosoma
3 medically significant hemoflagellates:
• T. brucei gambiense à West African sleeping sickness
• T. brucei rhodesiense à East African sleeping sickness
• T. cruzi à Chagas’ disease

• Trypomastigote
• Epimastigote

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Trypanosoma brucei
• Causes African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness
• Affects the lymphatic system and CNS
• Winterbottom's sign
• Swollen lymph nodes at the posterior base of the neck
• Subspecies gambiense and rhodesiense are named
according to their geographic location
• T. brucei gambiense à West African sleeping sickness
• T. brucei rhodesiense à East African sleeping sickness
• Vector: TSETSE FLY

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Life Cycle:
• MOT:
• Vector
• Transfusion /
Transplant
• Congenital

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Laboratory Diagnosis:
• Specimen: Blood, lymph node aspiration, CSF
• Giemsa-stained slides à trypomastigote form
• Serological tests

• Trypanosoma spp. cannot be differentiated on a blood smear

• therefore, the organism is reported as Trypanosoma sp.

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Treatment
• Pentamidine
• Suramin
• Melarsoprol
• Eflornithine
• Nifurtimox

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Prevention and Control
• Minimizing contact with tsetse flies
• Wear long-sleeved shirts and pants of medium-weight material in
neutral colors that blend with the background environment
• Avoid bushes
• Use insect repellent

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
 Trypanosoma cruzi
• Causes Chagas disease or American
trypanosomiasis
• Chagoma à lesion formation
• Conjunctivitis
• Edema of the face and legs
• Vector: TRIATOMINE BUG (Kissing bug)

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Life Cycle:
• MOT:
• Vector
• Congenital
• Transfusion /
Transplant

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Laboratory Diagnosis:
• Blood smear
• Thick
• Thin

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Prevention and Control
• Improved housing and spraying insecticide
• Screening of blood donations

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Leishmania
• Contains several complexes
• Leishmania tropica à Old world Cutaneous leishmaniasis
• Leishmania mexicana à New world Cutaneous leishmaniasis
• Leishmania braziliensis à Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (Espundia)
• Leishmania donovani à Visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar)

• Vector: SANDFLY

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Life Cycle:
• MOT:
• Vector

• Infective stage:
• Promastigote
• Diagnostic stage:
• Promastigote
• Amastigote

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Laboratory Diagnosis:
• Specimen:
• Skin lesion
• Bone marrow aspirate
• Liver or spleen biopsy
• Wright stain

• Serological test

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Montenegro skin test
• Leishmanin skin test
• Screening test
• Detects asymptomatic leishmania infections
• Intradermal injection of a suspension of killed promastigotes
• Measures delayed hypersensitivity reaction
• + à Erythema ≥ 5mm

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Leishmania tropica complex
• Old World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
• Oriental sores
• Delhi boils
• Baghdad boils
• Dry or urban cutaneous leishmaniasis

• Vector: Phlebotomus sandfly

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Leishmania tropica complex

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
 Treatment for Old World Cutaneous
Leishmaniasis
• Pentosam
• Paromomycin ointment

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Leishmania mexicana complex
• New World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
• Chiclero ulcer
• Bay sore

• Vector: Lutzomyia sandfly

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Leishmania mexicana complex

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
 Treatment for New World Cutaneous
Leishmaniasis
• Pentosam
• Amphotericin B

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Leishmania braziliensis complex
• Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
• Chiclero ulcer
• Espundia
• Forest yaws
• Pian bois

• Vectors: Lutzomyia and Psychodopygus sandflies

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Leishmania braziliensis complex

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Treatment for Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
• Antimony compounds
• Amphotericin B
• Fluconazole
• Ketoconazole
• Itraconazole

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Leishmania donovani complex
• Visceral Leishmaniasis
• Kala-azar
• Dum dum fever

• Vectors: Lutzomyia and Phlebotomus sandflies

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Leishmania donovani complex

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
 Post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL)
• Normally develops <2 years
after recovery
• Restricted to skin

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Treatment for Visceral Leishmania
• Amphotericin B
• Pentosam

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
References:
• Belizario and De Leon (2015). Medical Parasitology in the Philippines
(3rd edition). University of the Philippines Press
• Mahon CR and Lehman DC. (2018). Textbook of Diagnostic
Microbiology (6th edition). USA: Saunders
• Zeibig E. (2013). CLINICAL PARASITOLOGY: A PRACTICAL APPROACH
(2nd Ed.). Saunders Elsevier Inc.
• https://www.cdc.gov