LECTURE 1 ∟ Simultaneous with the differentiation of the Dental Lamina,

ORAL PHYSIOLOGY & OCCLUSION (June 17, 2011) there arises round or ovoid swellings at 10 different points in
each jaw, corresponding to the future position of the
DEFINITION OF TERMS deciduous dentition (Tooth Buds)

Physiology
∟A science which deals with the study of normal tissue
function of a normal living body
General Physiology
∟ is the study of the basic activities of living organisms as a
whole emphasizing on function and dynamic changes
∟ occurs within cells, tissues and blood vessels
Oral Physiology
ORAL CAVITY
∟ A branch of General Physiology which focuses on the
∟ is the first portion of the alimentary canal or digestive tract
function of the different parts in the oral cavity as well as its
∟ Boundaries
associated structures. It deals with the masticatory apparatus
o Anteriorly – lips
(all structures and organs involved in mastication)
o Laterally – cheeks
STOMATOGNATHIC SYSTEM o Superiorly - hard and soft palate
∟ is a system that comprises of a highly coordinated structures o Inferiorly - floor of the mouth and tongue
comprising the human masticatory apparatus (oral cavity)
∟ is a system composed of several parts capable of acting as a Divisions of the Oral Cavity
single unit for the process of acting as a single unit for the Vestibule
process of: ∟ Smaller, outer portion
o Mastication (major function) ∟ Boundaries
o Deglutition (swallowing) o Anterolaterally - lips and cheeks
o Phonation (sound) o Posteromedially - gums and teeth
o Respiration (breathing) o Superior and inferiorly - mucous membrane from
o Other behavioral characteristics/activities the lips and cheeks to the gums

Group of Structures that Comprises the Stomatognathic Sys. Oral Cavity Proper
1. Dental Group (teeth) ∟ Larger, inner portion
2. Osseus Group (bones) ∟ Boundaries
3. Receptor Group (receptor cells; nerves, senses) o Anterolaterally - alveolar arches with their teeth
4. Muscular Group (muscles) o Superiorly - hard and soft palate
5. Salivary Glands o Inferiorly - tongue and mucous membrane from the
6. Organs of the Digestive System (digestion starts from the side of the tongue to the gums
mouth)
7. Organs of the Respiratory System Parts of the Oral Cavity
Lips
Development of The Oral Cavity ∟ Two mobile folds that encircle the rima oris (mouth)
∟ Oral Stomodeum is the primitive oral cavity that begins to ∟ Rima/orbicularis oris - sphincter muscle of the mouth
develop at 3 ½ weeks of fetal life ∟ Covered by skin on its external surface and mucous
∟ It is lined with an ectoderm and unites with the endoderm to membrane on its internal surface
form the buccopharyngeal membrane ∟ Parts:
∟ At about 27 days this membrane raptures and the o Angle of the mouth - points where the upper and lower
stomodeum establishes a connection with the foregut (future lips meet at the sides
digestive tract) o Naso-labial groove - from the side of the nose to the
∟ At 6 weeks old, the first sign of tooth development is seen angle of the mouth
∟ The oral ectoderm will give rise to the oral epithelium that o Mentolabial groove - between chin and lower lip
runs along the outline of the future dental arches, which is o Philtrum - from the inferior border of the nose to the
called the Dental Lamina (invagination that forms 2 thicker upper lip
bands; Vestibular Lamina and Dental Lamina

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 oFrenulum of the upper and lower lips - vertical mucous Fovea Palatinae – Constant pits found on the posterior end of the
palate, near the midline, that are formed by a coalescence of several
folds found on the internal surface of the lips connecting mucous gland ducts
them to the gums Clinical significance: these pits are close to the vibrating line which
∟ Composed of the following layers: makes them an ideal guide for the location of the posterior border of
o Skin the denture (will cause the denture to fall if the posterior border of the
denture goes beyond the fovea palatinae)
o Superficial fascia 2. Soft Palate – Smaller, posterior 1/3
o Orbicularis oris muscle A soft, flexible mass attached to the posterior end of the hard palate
o Submucous layer Composed of folds of mucous membrane
o Mucous membrane
Presents the following:
∟ Nerve Supply Uvula – A conical process on the midline of the posterior border of
o Infra-orbital nerve - from the maxillary nerve and the soft palate
supplies the upper lip Palatine Arches or Velum- Free margin of the soft palate extending
laterally from the uvula that splits as they approach the lateral walls.
o Mental nerve - from mandibular nerve and supplies The split portion forms the pillars of the soft palate
lower lip Palatoglossal Arch – Anterior pillar of the fauces or anterior palatine
∟ Blood Supply arch, which encloses the palatoglossal muscle
o Superior labial artery Palatopharyngeal Arch – Larger, posterior pillar of the fauces or
posterior palatine arch, encloses the palato-pharyngeal muscle
o Inferior labial artery Isthmus of The Fauces or Tonsillar Sinus - An interval between the
anterior and posterior pillars. It is triangular in shape and encloses
Cheeks the palatine tonsils
∟ Forms the lateral boundary of the vestibule of the mouth Isthmus of the Pharynx – Interval between the free margin of the soft
palate and the posterior pharyngeal wall separating the nasopharynx
∟ Buccinator muscle - is the major muscle that makes up the from the lower pharynx
cheek ∟ Consists of the following:
∟ Composed of the following: o Palatal aponeurosis
o Skin o Mucous glands
o Superficial fascia o Muscles
 Levator palati muscle
o Buccopharyngeal fascia  Tensor palati muscle
o Buccinator muscle  Palatoglossus muscle
o Submucous layer  Palatopharyngeal muscle
∟ Nerve Supply
o Mucous membrane Vagus Nerve
Accessory Nerve
Mandibular Nerve
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
LECTURE 2 ∟ Blood Supply
ORAL PHYSIOLOGY & OCCLUSSION (June 22, 2011) Greater Palatine Artery
Lesser Palatine Artery
Palate Floor of the Mouth
∟ Forms the roof of the mouth separating the nasal cavity and the ∟ Formed chiefly by the mylohyoid muscle and other structures which lie
nasopharynx from the buccal cavity beneath the two halves of the body of the mandible
∟ Divided into two parts: ∟ Presents the following:
1. Hard Palate – Larger, anterior 2/3 Frenulum Linguae or Lingual Frenum – Median fold of mucous membrane
Formed by the palatine processes of the maxilla and the horizontal extending from the floor of the mouth to the inferior surface of the tongue
plates of the palatine bones Sublingual Fold - Seen on the side of the tongue where ducts of the
The surface is covered by the mucous membrane and periosteum sublingual salivary gland is located
The inferior surface is thicker and it's posterior part contain the blood Sublingual Papilla – Slight elevation on the anterior end of the sublingual
vessels, nerves, and mucous glands fold indicating the opening of the submandibular ducts
Fimbriated Fold – Fold of mucous membrane lying lateral to the frenulum
Presents the following:
Median Raphe – longitudinal ridge extending from the uvula to the Tongue
incisive papilla ∟ A movable mass of muscle covered with mucous membrane lying on the
Incisive Papilla – Small projection of the mucous membrane which floor of the mouth and associated with the functions of taste, chewing,
lies behind the central incisor indicating the location of the opening of swallowing, and speaking
the incisive foramen ∟ Parts:
It forms the anterior limit of the median raphe Root – Lower, posterior portion through which the extrinsic muscles, blood
Clinical significance: site of puncture for nasopalatine block injection vessels and nerves are connected
(done when you want to numb maxillary incisors, sometimes not Body – Anterior, larger portion made up of interlacing skeletal muscles
effective on long rooted canines) Margins – Lateral sides of the organ, free and blunt in relation to the gums
Transverse Palatine Ridges or Rugae – is about 3-4 distinct and teeth
elevations crossing the anterior part of the palate, from median raphe
to sides
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 Tip/apex – Pointed and free anterior end, directed anteriorly against the
incisor teeth. It is blunt and rounded when the tongue is at rest
Dorsum Linguae – Slightly convex anteroposteriorly. It is divided by a v-
shaped groove called Sulcus Terminalis into;
A. Anterior 2/3 where lingual papilla are found
B. Posterior 1/3 where lingual tonsils are found
Lingual Papilla – Consists of 3 kinds:
Vallate/Circumvallate Papilla – 10-12 per human tongue
Fungiform Papilla – Scattered between filiform papilla
Filiform Papilla – Most numerous and distributed in rows
∟ Stimulates salivary flow
∟ There is volatilization of food to increase appetite
∟ Protection of the individual from undesirable food components
(toxic/poisonous substances = tastes bad or bitter)
∟ Help further develop or allow jaw bone to grow
Mechanical Process of Chewing:
1. Voluntary - initial chewing action is a voluntary action
2. Involuntary - from the moment chewing has started, it becomes involuntary
Reflex movement of the different structures like jaw, lips, cheeks, and
tongue in a very integrated manner

Muscles of the Tongue: Phases of Chewing Cycle:

A. Extrinsic Muscle – Originate from the outside of the tongue. These 1. Opening
functions to change the position as well as the shape of the tongue ∟ Jaw opening phase
Genioglossus ∟ Separation of the teeth during opening of the jaw is about 10-15mm
Hyoglossus ∟ Varied opening depends on the food to eat
Styloglossus ∟ It is accomplished by the action of the mylohyoid muscle with the
Palatoglossus help of gravity
Chondroglossus* ∟ The mouth will not open without the reciprocal action of other
muscles like the masseter muscle (relaxes as mouth opens up)
Nerve Supply 2. Closing
Hypoglossal Nerve ∟ Jaw closing phase
Spinal Accessory Nerve ∟ Rapid jaw closing phase
∟ Occlusal surfaces are brought together
B. Intrinsic Muscles – Are confined within the substance of the tongue ∟ Accomplished by the masseter, internal pterygoid and temporalis
and capable only of changing the shape muscle
Inferior longitudinal ∟ Muscle undergo isotonic contraction or relaxation
Superior longitudinal (isotonic contraction: muscle contraction in which the distance
Transverse between the muscle's origin and insertion become less. Thus, work is
Vertical accomplished. In chewing, the masticatory muscles contract
isotonically)
Nerve Supply 3. Occlusal
Hypoglossal Nerve ∟ Slow jaw closing phase
Lingual Nerve ∟ Tooth contact phase
Glossopharyngeal ∟ Power phase
Chorda Tympani ∟ Food particles are crushed between the occlusal surfaces
∟ Blood Supply ∟ Gradual change to isometric contraction when teeth are in contact and
Lingual Artery there is an object between them
Tonsillar Artery (isometric contraction: muscle contraction that develops tension
without appreciable shortening or change in distance between its
Next meeting: Mastication and Deglutition origin and insertion. Clenching of already occluded jaws is an example
of isometric contraction involving the masticatory musculature)
The Chondroglossus is sometimes described as a part of the Hyoglossus, but is
separated from it by fibers of the Genioglossus, which pass to the side of Stages of Mastication
the pharynx. 1. Incisal - the incisal edge of incisors is the working edge
It is about 2 cm. long, and arises from the medial side and base of the lesser
cornu and contiguous portion of the body of the hyoid bone, and passes directly Characteristics:
upward to blend with the intrinsic muscular fibers of the tongue, between the - Knife-like edge of the incisors
Hyoglossus and Genioglossus. - Monorooted condition which is sufficient for their simple function
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondroglossus - Incisors are supported by the intermaxillary sutures and the symphysis
menti
LECTURE 3 - Lips are in contact and there is the presence of oral seal
ORAL PHYSIOLOGY & OCCLUSION (July 1) - Teeth comes in full contact

FUNCTIONS OF THE STOMATOGNATHIC SYSTEM 2. Direct Crushing - involves shearing movement of the mandible
(shear - to cut through due to sliding action)
I. MASTICATION
∟ Is a physiologic activity formed when there is normal occlusion in a cyclic Characteristics:
movement - Includes cuspids and bicuspids
∟ Simply the chewing process - Presence of a more inclined plane or more surface contact
- Working side is where the food is and the other side will be the
Purposes balancing side
∟ Physiological transformation of food (solid to liquid)
∟ Enhances growth and development of dento-alveolar structures through 3. Mortar and Pestle - complete trituration of the food and this involves all
stimulation occlusal surfaces
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 Two Important Reflex Action
Characteristics: a. To propel food to the right tube (esophagus)
- Normal oral seal produced by the upper and lower lip b. Protect other vital organs (nose and trachea)
- Normal occlusion is present
- Normal antero-posterior relationship of the maxilla and mandible *Concentration is needed during swallowing otherwise food may go out of 
- Presence of symmetrical phase                the nose or the bronchial tube.
- Tongue is kept within the oral cavity
- There is harmonious relationship between the cranial and facial 3. Esophageal
structure ∟ Involuntary transport phase whereby the food passes along the
- Mastication is soundless esophagus through a relaxed lower esophageal sphincter into
gastric cardia.
Masticatory efficiency of a person with a normal dentition is determined by the ∟ Degurgitation  – backflow of food from the esophagus to the mouth.
occlusal contact between the molars and premolars (burp)
∟ Vomiting – backflow of food from the stomach to the mouth. (more
Good dentition have good occlusal contact therefore efficiency in mastication is acidic)
greater (why we construct dentures)
Characteristics of Infantile Swallowing
Duration of chewing does not affect the amount of substance of nutrients that a. Lips are fused and appears stiff
will be eventually absorbed by the GIT b. Tongue is abnormally large and it is caught between the maxillary
and mandibular gum pads.
Even if the individual have false teeth or normal teeth, GIT absorption of c. There is no harmonious relationship between the maxilla and the mandible
nutrients will elicit no difference (mandible is at its most posterior portion)
d. Absence of normal seal
e. There is no harmonious relationship between the cranial and
facial structure.
LECTURE 4
ORAL PHYSIOLOGY & OCCLUSSION (July 6, 2011)
Characteristics of Adult Swallowing
a. Presence of normal seal
II. DEGLUTITION
b. Presence of normal occlusion
∟ Once the food is chewed, the next step is to swallow it
c. Tongue is inside the oral cavity
∟ Swallowing is a complex group of reactions to move food onwards in the
d. There is normal antero-postero relationship between the maxilla
digestive tract while preserving the airway.
and mandible.
∟ Transport of material from mouth to esophagus.
e. There is harmonious relationship between cranial and facial structure.
∟ Adult
o Deglutition with swallowing
Condition Associated in Swallowing
∟ Infant
1. Dysphagia - difficulty in swallowing
o Suckling – earliest means of food transport; getting food from
2. Odynophagia - painful swallowing 
mother`s breast. 3. Aphagia - absence of swallowing due to paralysis of muscles of deglutition
o Sucking - fluid transport or muscle of masticaion.
4. Abnormal growth on the esophagus (tumor, cancer, outgrowth,
Mechanical Process overgrowth)
1. Voluntary - initial act is voluntary
2. Involuntary - action becomes involuntary when food comes in contact with *Swallowing problem may arise when the nasal cavity cannot be sealed off from
the oropharynx. the oropharynx.
*Patients with palatal clefts and paralysis of the soft pakate can force food and
Stages liquids into the nasal cavity when trying to swallow. 
1. Oral
∟ Voluntary act where you can elevate the anterior aspect of the
tongue pressing against the palate pushing the food towards the NGT - nasogastric tube
pharynx. Obturator - feeding prosthesis
Phases
1) Moulding of the food and saliva into a ball or bolus. III. SPEECH
2) Forming of the bolus back in the mouth to contract the ∟ An expression of thought either written or spoken.
posterior pharyngeal wall and palatoglossal arches.
Normal development of speech is affected by the following:
Characteristics 1. Afferent Mechanism – those involved in hearing and sight.
a. Anterior portion of tongue is retracted. 2. Association areas involves the:
b. Hyoid bone is elevated. a. Seat of learning and memory
c. Mastication stops. b. Seat of habits and condition habits
d. Respiration reflex stops. c. Cerebral cortex and motor centers
e. Back portion of tongue is elevated and retracted against the palate. 3. Efferent Mechanism – involves the nerves that innervates the muscle
involved in speech.
2. Pharyngeal
∟ Begin as the bolus of food is carried between the tongue, the The actual process of speech production and the organization of sounds into
soft palate, the constrictor wall, epiglottis. symbols involve four processes: 
1. Respiration

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 ∟ Simultaneous breathing to have stream of air from lungs is needed to
produce vibration.
∟ Absorption of oxygen and elimination of carbon dioxide.
2. Phonation
∟ Actual production of speech sound.
∟ Utterance of vocal sounds by means of vocal cord vibration.
∟ Pronunciation and representation of speech sound.
* When air leaves the lungs, it will pass through larynx and vocal cords.
The vocal cords will then approach each other to produce a very small
aperture which receives the passage of stream air causing vibration of the
vocal folds thereby producing sound.
3. Resonance
∟ Process by which sound is intensified or amplified.
∟ It is made possible of the nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, chest
cavity and air sinus.
∟ Resounding quality
∟ Prolongation and intensification of sound
Dullness – decreace in resonance
Flatness – increase in resonance
4. Articulation
∟ is the breaking up of sound and modification of sound coming from
the larynx.
∟ Act of speaking
∟ Distinct utterance
∟ Clearness of sound
∟ Involves a comlpex coordination: 
− Muscle of lips
− Cheeks
− Palate
− Tongue
− Posterior Laryngeal Wall

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IV. RESPIRATION 3. Psychologically – physical and mental concentration are aided by
∟ A continuous process closely associated with deglutition.  clenching the teeth firmly together during almost any activity
∟ Also referred to as ventilation wherein there is the entrance of oxygen and
release of carbon dioxide. MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE TOOTH

Kinds of Respiration A. Geometric Concept of Crown Outlines

1. External – exchange of air between blood and environmental. Geometric figures:
2. Internal – exchange of air between blood and cell. 1) Triangle – three-sided plane having three angles
- Mesial and distal aspects of the six anterior teeth for both
Stages of Respiration maxilla and mandible
1. Inspiration 2) Trapezoid – four-sided plane with two parallel
∟ Intake of oxygen a. Longest uneven side towards the occlusal or incisal surface:
∟ Inflow of air - Labial and lingual aspects of all anterior teeth
∟ Also called inhalation - Buccal and lingual aspects of all posterior teeth
b. Shortest uneven side towards the occlusal
Characteristics - Medial and distal aspects of all maxillary posterior teeth
a. Increase in size of thoracic cavity 3) Rhomboid
b. Backward movement of thoracic cage. - Mesial and distal aspects of all mandibular posterior teeth
c. Spinal column moves backward and diaphragm moves downward
B. Crown and Root Forms According to their Function
2. Expiration 1) Crown – covered with enamel
∟ Release of carbon dioxide - Anterior teeth have incisal ridge or edge while posterior teeth
∟ Outflow of air presents cusp
∟ Also called exhalation a. Incisal ridge / edge
Central and lateral incisor
Characteristics Used to punch and cut food material during mastication
a. Decrease in size of thoracic cavity
b. Ribs move downward and backward while the diaphragm moves b. Single cusp
upward in a relax stage. Canines / cuspids
c. Normal antero-posterior relationship of the maxilla and mandible. To shear and tear the food
d. Tongue is kept wihin the oral cavity. To support the incisor and premolars
e. Establishment if physiologic rest position.
c. Two cusp
Causes of Mouthbreathing Premolars/ bicuspids
1. Colds/influenza  To grind food
2. Obstruction of nasal cavity. To support the canine
3. Deviated nasal septum (cleft palate)
d. Three cusp
Characteristics of Normal Respiration Molars
1. Presence of normal seal To grind/ triturate food
2. Normal atmospheric pressure More load in mastication (more cusp and root)
− Force of air goes in and out our body.
3. Normal TMJ 2) Root – covered with cementum
4. Normal occlusion - The length and number of roots depends on the size and
function of the teeth
a. Single rooted
Incisors, canines and premolars
LECTURE 5 Max. 2nd PM and Mand. 1st and 2nd PM
ORAL PHYSIOLOGY & OCCLUSION (July 8, 2011)
b. Birooted
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE TEETH First premolar maxillary

TEETH
∟ The prominent structure in the oral cavity
∟ They have their respective forms to facilitate prehension, incision and
trituration of food.
Major Functions in Life of the Human Teeth
1. They incise and reduce food material during mastication
2. They help sustain themselves in the dental arches by assisting in the
development and protection of the tissues that support them
Important Values
1. Good teeth makes one physically more attractive
2. Good diction is an asset and correct speech is made possible by the
normal development of teeth and jaws
c. Multirooted
Maxillary molars
*Mandibular molars (medial root may present two roots, only fused
together)
*Number of canals (one root may present more than one canal)
C. Protective Functional Forms of the Tooth Crown
1) Proximal Contact Area (PCA)
- Positive contact relation mesially and distally of one tooth with
another while they are on their respective position in the dental
arch
Importance of Proper Contact Relation Between the Teeth
1. It serves to keep food from packing in between the teeth

6
 2. It helps to stabilize the dental arches by the combined LECTURE 5
anchorage of all the teeth in either arch, if in positive contact ORAL PHYSIOLOGY & OCCLUSION (JULY 20 & 22, 2011)
with each other
*Positive contact area maintains position of tooth in dental arch PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SUPPORTING STRUCTURES
I. PDL
*The third molars are prevented from drifting distally where there is II. Cementum
no contacting tooth due to: III. Alveolar Process
1. The angulation of their occlusal surface with their roots IV. Pulp
(root directed distally) V. Gingiva
2. The angle of the direction of the occlusal forces in their favor
(mesial) I. PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT
∟ Dense connective tissue attaching the tooth to alveolar bone
PCA Can Be Observed From Two Aspects: ∟ Thickness varies between 0.1-0.25mm (usually the thickness of the PDL
a. Labial/buccal aspects - will demonstrate the relative position of the depends on the location and on the force it receives; thin PDL-less force
contact areas cervico-incisally or cervico-occlusally received and vice-versa)
b. Incisal/occlusal aspects - will show the relative position of the ∟ Function: attachment of tooth to the alveolar bone
contact areas labio-lingually or bucco-lingually
Formation of the Ligament (Drawings)
2) Interproximal Spaces 1. Bone to cementum
- They are formed by the proximal surfaces in contact
- Are triangularly shaped spaces in between teeth and normally
are filled by the gingival tissue (interdental papilla) 2. Bone to cementum
- There is normally a separation of 1-1 1/2 mm between the
enamel and alveolar bone
3. Bone to cementum
3) Embrasures (spillways)
- When two teeth in the same arch are in contact, their
curvatures adjacent to the contact areas forms spillway spaces 4. Bone to cementum
called embrasures

Kinds of Embrassures o PDL: alveolar fiber+ cemental fiber= 2strands that are intertwined forming the
1. Labial or buccal and lingual interproximal PDL.
2. Incisal or occlusal
Functions
Purposes 1. Formative
1. It makes a spillway for the escape of food during mastication 2. Supportive
2. It prevents food from being forced through the contact area 3. Nutritive
Endodontically treated (non-vital tooth) – the only tooth tissue gone is the
4) Facial and Lingual Contours at the Cervical Thirds (Cervical Ridges) pulp. It can still function. It can still receive its nutrients from the PDL. It
- Approximately 0.5 mm is the normal curvature from the CEJ to can be considered as alive (still) because it can still function.
the crest of the contour Necrotic tooth – simply a dead tooth
4. Sensory (pressure and pain)
Physiologic Importance 5. Protective (serves as a cushion during mastication as it receives all the
a. Holds the gingiva under definite tension forces and always being transferred to the PDL. It is the first that gets
b. Protects the gingival margins by deflecting food material away traumatized [in greater forces])
from the margins during mastication
Blood Supply
Effect of the Absence or Minimal Curvature 1. Branches of alveolar artery
- Gingival tissue may be driven apically resulting to gum 2. Branches of interradicular artery
recession and possible pathologic changes 3. Gingival vessels that enter the PDL in the crestal region

Effect of Too Much Curvature Nerve Supply

- Gingiva is protected too much and loses tissue "tone" under the
exaggerated contour
- Food material and debris will be packed around the gingiva
- Stagnation of foreign material leads to chronic inflammation of
the gingiva
5) Curvatures of the Cervical Lines (CEJ)
- The curvature of the cervical line of most teeth will be
approximately 1mm less distally than mesially
- Normal attachment follows the curvature of the CEJ if the teeth
are in normal alignment and contact
Contain both sensory (pain and pressure) and autonomic nerve endings
Principal PDL Fiber Group
1. Transseptal FG – emebedded into the cementum of adjacent tooth and
extends interproximally over the alveolar crest.
2. Alveolar Crest FG – extends obliquely from the cementum beneath the
junctional epithelium to the alveolar crest.
3. Horizontal FG – extends at right angle to the long axis of the tooth
between the cementum and the alveolar bone.
4. Oblique FG – largest group of principal PDL extending from the cementum
obliquely to the alveolar bone.
5. Apical FG – radiates from the apical cementum to the alveolar bone at the
base of the socket.

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6. Interradicular FG – courses over the crest of the interradicular septum in
the furcations of multirooted teeth.
II. CEMENTUM
∟ Mineralized connective tissue that covers the roots of the teeth.
Main Function: To attach the PDL fibers to the teeth.
Classification
1. According to Location
a. Radicular Cementum – found surrounding the roots of the human
teeth
b. Coronal Cementum – found around the crown portion of the teeth;
cementum is extended to the crown area in some animals whose
teeth have short roots
2. According to Cellularity
a. Cellular Cementum – characterized with the presence of
cementocytes
b. Acellular Cementum – devoid of cells specifically cementocytes
3. According to the presence or absence of collagen fibril
a. Fibrillar Cementum – presence of collagen fibrils
b. Afibrillar Cementum – without collagen fibrils
Cells
1. Cementoblast (cementum forming cells)
2. Cementoclast (cementum destroying cells)
3. Cementocytes (mature cementum cells)
Cementum Found on Human Teeth
∟ Acellular Fibrillar Cementum – covers the coronal half of the root. Devoid
of cementocytes.
∟ Cellular Fibrillar Cementum – covers the apical half of the root and the
furcatiobn of multirooted teeth. Cementocytes are noted.
Develpomental and Acquired Anomalies Associated with Cementogenesis
1. Enamel Projections – extensions of the enamel tissue beyond the CEJ
*Clinical Significance: causes entrapment of debris and damage to gingiva
due to food packing
2. Hypercementosis – over production of cementum in the apical 1/3 of the
root and is characterized by a knob-shaped apex (huge apical 3rd)
3. Enamel Pearls – are projections of the enamel but more developed, bigger
and pearl-shaped, seen in the furcation area of the multirooted teeth; due
to a problem during the development of Hertwig’s Epithelial Root Sheath
*Clinical Significance: serves as food traps and is considered as non-
cleansing areas. Remove if it causes damage
4. Cementicles – calcified cementum
a. Free Cementicle – found between the cementum and bone freely
floating in PDL
b. Attached Cementicle – found attached to the cementum. Not harmful.
Very near the CEJ. May cause entrapment of food debris and
develop infection to gingiva. May need to remove
III. ALVEOLAR PROCESS
∟ Part of maxilla and mandible that forms and supports the teeth.
∟ Existence depends on presence of teeth. Presence of the alveolar process
depends on the presence of the tooth- no teeth, no alveolar process.
Parts
1. Alveolar Bone Proper – consists of thin lamella of bone surrounding the
root. White opaque line (more dense, more radiopaque)
2. Supporting Bone – surrounds the alveolar bone proper and provides
additional functional support. (less dense, trabeculation. Sponge
appearance)
Bone Cells
1. Osteoblast (bone-forming cells)
2. Osteoclast (bone destroying cells)
3. Osteocytes (mature bone cells)
IV. DENTAL PULP
∟ Consists of vascular connective tissue contained within the rigid dentinal
walls (pulp cavity).
o Coronal Area- Pulp Chamber- Coronal Pulp
o Root Area- Root Canal- Radicular Pulp
Functions
1. Formative (formation of secondary dentin and reparative dentin)
2. Nutritive (main source of tooth nutrient)
3. Sensory (sense of pain, pressure)
4. Defensive (act of defensive cells that reacts to pain)
*Not all pulpal disease is hopeless, harmless.
Cells
1. Fibroblast (main cell component of the dental pulp)
2. Odontoblast
3. Defense Cells (histiocytes, wandering cells, undifferentiated mesenchymal
cells, polymorphonuclear, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils)
Ground Substance
1. Protein associated with glycoproteins.
2. Acid mucopolysaccharides
Fibers - Collagen Fibers
Blood Vessels
- Either arteries or arterioles enter the pulp at its apical termination and
course coronally, increasing and branching into capillaries subjacent to the
odontobalstic layer.
Nerves
- Enter the pulp at its apical segment with the afferent blood vessels either
as accompanying individual units or as intimately associated nerve
sheaths
- Majority of sensory receptors on the dental nerves are free nerve endings
Pulpal Response to Aging
1. Decrease in cellular components
2. Dentinal Sclerosis (condition where there is discoloration of the dentin due
to trauma or aging)
3. Decrease in the number and quality of blood vessels and nerves
4. Reduction in size and volume of the pulp owing to continued dentin
deposition and reparative dentin formation
5. Increase in number and thickness of collagen fibers
6. Increase of pulp stones and dystrophic mineralization
o Pulp Horns- more common and in great number in younger tooth; extensions
of the pulp in the direction of the cusps
o Pulp Stones- calcified dentin formed inside the pulp cavity and attached to
the walls of the cavity and sometimes blocks the orifice of the root canal.
V. GINGIVA
∟ Is the part of the oral mucosa that covers the alveolar process and
surrounds the cervical regions of the teeth.
Regions
1. Marginal Gingiva (unattached gingiva)
a. Also known as free gingiva
b. Border of the gingival surrounding the teeth in a collar fashion
2. Attached Gingiva
8
 a. It is firm, resilient and tightly bound to the underlying alveolar Gingival Connective Tissue
periosteum. Lamina Propia- connective tissue of the gingival that is densely collagenous.
3. Interdental Gingiva/Papilla
a. Occupies the interproximal space between the areas of Layers of the Lamina Propia
adjacent tooth contact. 1. Papillary Layer: subjacent to the epithelium consisting of papillary
projections between the epithelial rete pegs.
3 Layers of the Gingival Epithelium 2. Reticular Layer: contiguous with the periosteum of the alveolar bone.
1. Oral Epithelium
a. Outer epithelium that covers the crest and outer surface of the Blood Supply
marginal gingival and the surface of the attached gingiva. 1. Supraperiosteal arterioles along the facial and lingual alveolar bone
b. Seen clinically and is exposed to the oral cavity. (oral fluids) surfaces.
2. Vessels of the PDL.
2. Sulcular Epithelium 3. Arterioles emerging from the crest of the interdental septa.
a. Lines the gingival sulcus
b. A thin layer of non-kertinized squamous epithelium that extends o Inflammation goes with swelling- outer covering stretch and weakens
from the coronal limit of the junctional epithelium to the crest of (skin)- thinner surface- fragile gingival resulting to easy bleeding.
the gingival margin.
3. Junctional Epithelium Nerves
a. Also called as epithelial attachment and/or epithelial junction 1. Fibers arising from the PDL.
b. Comprises a collar-like band of non-keratinized squamous 2. Labial, Buccal, and Lingual Nerve.
epithelium 3. Unspecialized nerve endings;
c. (first attachment of the tooth) a. Meissner type and krauss type
b. Specialized nerve endings
 The attachment of the junctional epithelium to the tooth is reinforced by the
gingival fiber that braces the marginal gingiva against the tooth surface. Gingival Morphology
1. Color
Zones of the Junctional Epithelium a. Coral pink
1. Apical Zone- comprising of basal germinal layer b. Pigmentation- melanocytes (occurs as diffuse deep purple
2. Middle Zone- with adhesive property discoloration or irregular brown pigmentation areas)
3. Coronal Zone- quite permeable (passable to microorganisms); considered 2. Contour (depends on the following)—appears as scalloped line on the
as the most critical zone) facial and lingual marginal gingiva)
a. Shape of the teeth
o Junctional Epithelium- serves as a basis for the condition of all the soft b. Alignment of the tooth within an arch
connective tissue in the oral cavity c. Location and size of the proximal contact between the adjacent
o Gingival Bleeding- first sign of gingivitis teeth
o Apical Migration of Junctional Epithelium- first sign of PDL disease; d. Dimensions of the facial and lingual gingival embrasures
Sulcus- Sulcular Fluid (increase in inflammation)- healthy gingival 3. Consistency
a. Firm and resilient (attached to the underlying periosteum)
Groups of Gingival Fibers 4. Surface Texture
1. Gingivodental Group a. “stippled” appearance on the attached gingiva (physiologic)
a. Embedded into the cementum just beneath the epithelium at
the base of the gingival sulcus o less prominent on the lingual and there may be none in some mouth/tooth0\);
b. The fibers then spread in fan-like fashion into the periosteum, lost stippling- early sign of gingivitis;
crest of interdental gingiva and attached gingival o What causes stippling? It is caused by the pulling action of the lamina propia.
2. Circular Group
a. Encircles the tooth in a ring-like fashion 5. Location (at the level of the CEJ)
3. Transseptal Group
a. Forms horizontal bundles between the cementum of o Attachment- Epithelial attachment- not exactly located at the CEJ, it only
approximating teeth into which they are embedded. They lie in flows the contours of the CEJ, and attachment is a millimeter or less below
the area between the epithelium at the base of the gingival the CEJ.
sulcus and the crest of the interdental bone.
4. Dentoalveolar Group (tooth to alveolar bone)
5. Alveologingival Group (alveolar bone to gingiva)
6. Semicircular Group (runs in mesial to mesial direction only) LECTURE 6
7. Transgingival Group (proximal of one tooth to buccal or lingual of the ORAL PHYSIOLOGY AND OCCLUSION (August 3, 2011)
adjacent tooth)
8. Intergingival Group (vetibularly attached) PATHOLOGICAL CONDITION
“Pathological” – abnormalities and diseases
Gingival Epithelium also differentiates to form 2 epithelial types
1. The epithelium which covers the outer surface of the marginal gingival and INFLAMMATION
the attached gingival and comprises keratinized or parakeratinized layer. ∟ Most common
2. The gingival sulcular epithelium which is usually non-keratinized. ∟ A tissue response to injury by agents such as:
o Heat
 The oral epithelium undergoes continuous renewal with the cells lost due o Cold
to attrition and abrasion being balanced by mitosis. o Radiant energy
o Electricity
9
 o Chemical agents ∟ The disease progresses as a series of exacerbation and remissions
o Mechanical trauma ∟ Exacerbation – a period of high production of acid responsible for the
o Bacterial or other infection dissolution of the hard tissues
∟ It is a protective reaction which serves to destroy, dilute and wall off both
the injurious stimulus and the reactive capability of the host Sites:
∟ Histologically, the reaction would involve dilation of blood vessels with 1. Pits and fissures
increased permeability and blood flow, exudation of fluid, including plasma 2. Smooth enamel surfaces
protein and leukocytic migration into the inflammatory focus 3. Root surfaces (gingival recession, root exposure)
∟ The process which may be localized or it may be accompanied by
systemic changes, including fever, loss of appetite, listlessness (spiritless, Etiological Agent:
being weak) and debility (immobile)
∟ Febrile reaction is caused by endogenous pyrogens, lipoproteins from the Bacterial Plaque
cell membrane of the leukocyte and exogenous pyrogens such as bacterial ∟ Soft translucent and tenaciously adherent material accumulating on the
endotoxins, acting upon the temperature control centers of the brain, surfaces  of the teeth
particularly the hypothalamus ∟ Mass of bacteria (streptococcus) and matrix (carbohydrate > sugar which
Bad - fever is not addressed properly which may lead to a complication becomes food and vitamins for bacteria)
Good - there is infection going on. High temperature means body's defense system
is fighting off bacteria present in the body Streptococcus mutans
∟ The swelling and redness are largely due to escape of fluids into the − Single most important organism in the initiation of caries. It has
perivascular tissue (exudation and transudation) shown to be a virulent cariogen that exist in the oral flora even on a
Increase amount of fluid in perivascular tissue which leads to swelling clean tooth
Redness is due to increased amount of blood
Actinomyces viscosus
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation − Is the most likely organism to initiate root caries
1. Rubor – redness
2. Calor – heat Lactobacillus species
3. Tumor – swelling or edema − Important in the progression of dental caries
4. Dolor – pain
5. Functio Laesa – loss of function Nasmyth Membrane
*presence of pus − Covering of the enamel that is present after the eruption of the tooth
that wears and is replaced by pellicle
Rubor Pellicle is bacteria-free; forms very rapidly; first stage of plaque-formation;
∟ Redness several layers will be a good site for plaque formation; forms even after
∟ Caused by an increased amount of blood flowing through the part brushing the teeth in nanoseconds
∟ Injury turns red because more blood is present in the area which is a result
of vasodilation Pellicle
− Replaces the nasmyth membrane
Calor − It is a cell-free organic film that covers the enamel within two hours
∟ Heat or warmth after cleaning
∟ Caused by an increased amount of blood flowing through the part
∟ Localized increase in body temperature Theories of Cariology
1) Acidogenic Theory or Chemico-Parasitic Theory
Tumor 2) Proteolytic Theory
∟ Swelling or edema 3) Proteolytic-Chelation Theory
∟ Caused by an increased amount of blood and accumulation of
inflammatory exudates in the tissue None of these theories was able to explain the carious process however, all
agreed of he three factors that must be present for caries process to develop
Dolor − Host
∟ Pain − Parasite
∟ Caused by the pressure on the nerve endings from the swelling of nearby − Medium
tissue and accumulation of white cell-by-products Host Agent Environment
Swelling impinges/compresses nerve endings Enamel crystal structure S. mutans Plaque quantity
Enamel minerals: Ca, P, F Lactobacilli Plaque quality
Functio Laesa Saliva quantity Other bacteria Enzymes
∟ Loss of function Saliva quality Minerals
∟ Caused by disturbed metabolism of cell and tissue Immune response Bacterial substrate
Try not to use the part that is inflamed Host behavior Protective Factors
Host attitudes Socioeconomics
DENTAL CARIES Culture
∟ A disease of the hard dental tissues where there is decalcification of he
inorganic substances and disintegration of the organic components
(caused by the presence of acid)
General Mechanism of Dental Caries
∟ It is an infectious microbiological disease that results in localized
1. Host – tooth
dissolution and destruction of the calcified tissues of the teeth
Localized (one tooth) pit and fissure > after several months > become bigger and 2. Parasite - microorganism in plaque
affect neighboring teeth 3. Medium - carbohydrates in diet
It is highly infectious
Diagnosis
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1. Visual changes in tooth texture and color – discoloration Thermal stimuli most common
2. Tactile sensation when an explorer is used - catch, resistance and tug- Normal reaction of a healthy pulp - reactive pain should quickly subside after removal of
back stimulus
3. Radiographs – radioluscency
4. Transillumination - placing mirror or light source in the lingual surface of 1. Reversible Pulpitis
(Pulipitis - Inflammation of the pulp)
anterior teeth and directing light through the teeth showing dark areas
The condition can still be reversed (can still recover)
along the marginal ridge
∟ Not a disease but rather a symptom
Also used in detecting vitality of the tooth (white and reddish or pink central portion
which indicates blood supply) ∟ Thermal stimuli (cold) causes quick, sharp, hypersensitive response
that subsides after removal of stimulus
Prevention and Control
Not much difference with a normal pulp. Duration of pain is usually a little longer
1. Proper toothbrushing and flossing
than normal pulp
2. Mouth rinsing Sakin ganto:
2nd generation mouthwash with chlorhexidine - for gingivitis which have therapeutic Normal pulp – 30s
effect and must be used only at a period of time (3-6 months) because it causes Reversible pulpitis – 1-2 mins (not very long)
tooth discoloration
Mouthrinsing and flossing are not considered as a substitute for toothbrushing and Normal Cause:
is done after brushing Carious lesion
3. Fluoride treatment for newly erupted tooth Accidental pinpoint exposure of pulp
4. Pit and fissure sealant for newly erupted permanent teeth Apply CaOH for the pulp to have a chance of recovery. CaOH has the capability to
5. Diet constraint initiate secondary dentin formation. put temporary filling first (some tooth will
6. Patient education recover, some will not) to observe the tooth for 1 week, 2 weeks then a month.
7. Regular visit to the dentist (Twice a year) Observe secondary dentin formation. Tooth should remain asymptomatic
When instrument is contaminated, bacteria can damage the rest of the tissue
When there is seepage, the pulp cannot recover
Treatment
The tooth should be asymptomatic all throughout the process. If it is with symptoms,
- Removal of carious lesion followed by restorative filling the bacteria has already spread
Dentin bridging - when seen on radiograph, put permanent filling
Classification of Caries Autoclave and dry heat is used for sterilization
(G. V. Black – According to mode of treatment)
2. Irreversible Pulpitis
a) Class I Pulp tissue has no chance of recovering
All pit and fissure cavities
− Occlusal surfaces of premolars and molars a. Asymptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis (not painful)
− Occlusal ⅔ of the facial and lingual surfaces of molars − Asymptomatic, uncommon, trauma, and extensive caries are
− Lingual surfaces of maxillary incisors the most common cause
Hyperplastic pulpitis - cauliflower like shape that occupies the while
b) Class II cavity of the crown. Molar with extensive caries, no cavity is seen
Cavities on the proximal surfaces of molars and premolars because it is filled with inflamed pulp
b. Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis (with pain)
c) Class III − More common
Cavities on the proximal surfaces of incisors and canines that do not − Spontaneous/unprovoked intermittent/continuous pain
involve the incisal angle − Sudden change in temperature would elicit prolonged pain that
lingers after stimulus is removed
d) Class IV − Stimulated pain
Cavities on the proximal surfaces of incisors and canines that do involve − Postural change induces pain (lying/bending)
Pressure of blood in the foramens
the incisal angle
More blood rushing in the tooth
Rush of blood flow in the head
e) Class V Severe case if untreated will lead to necrosis
Cavities on the gingival third of the facial or lingual surfaces of all teeth, patient with high pain threshold
(not pit and fissure cavities)
3. Pulp Necrosis
f) Class VI ∟ Result of long-term interruption of blood supply
Cavities on the incisal edge of anterior teeth or on the occlusal cusp ∟ Can be partial or total
heights of posterior teeth Partial - little amount of blood supply
Total – no blood supply
LECTURE 7 True on posterior teeth
One root may be non-vital while the others are vital
ORAL PHYSIOLOGY AND OCCLUSION (Aug 5, 2011) Treatment: root canal treatment

PULPAL DISEASES Reversible – apply CaOH calcium hydroxide therapy

Irreversible and Pulp necrosis - root canal therapy (debridement of canal (of pulp
NORMAL PULP necrosis), cleaning, etc.)
∟ Asymptomatic, no calcification or root resorption, lamina dura is intact
∟ Response subsides after removal of the stimulus PERIAPICAL DISEASES

Lamina dura – radioopaque line right after the radiolucent line which is the PDL that goes 1. Acute Apical Periodontitis (AAP)
around the root of the tooth. It should be intact and continuous, no disruption and ∟ Painful inflammation around the apex
thickening

11
 ∟ Lamina dura is not continuous and some thickening. Distended in ∟ It plays a major role in the maintenance of health and in the production of
some portion disease by permitting or inhibiting the formation of: (predisposing factors to
∟ Percussion test - butt end of mouth mirror or index finger to tap the tooth. Not some oral diseases)
a test for Pulpal vitality. Test the periodical tissue o Plaque
∟ Transillumination, thermal test - test if tooth is vital o Calculus
∟ No reaction- dead pulp, with reaction-alive pulp o Proliferation of selected microorganisms
∟ Radiograph is not an assurance of pulp vitality ∟ It contains:
Pulp condition is tested by radiograph and periapical condition is determined
by percussion test o Immunoglobulins
Lamina dura is not continuous, portion of it undergoes thickening. Distended o WBC
lamina dura most of the time is at the periapex. o Lipids
∟ Possible Causes o Electrolytes
o Extension of Pulpal disease into the periodical tissue o Protein
*more bacteria is growing inside the root canal
*find a way out and multiply more. They will go outside the periodical MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS
foramen. Produces 95% of the total salivary flow
o Overextension of endodontic instruments/materials
Some materials are not compatible with the tissues 1. Parotid gland
o Occlusal trauma (bruxism) Biggest, pyramidal in shape
Night grinding - mouth guard Literally next or anterior to the ear
Opens to the Stensen's duct (opposite the maxillary 2nd molar)
You should remove the cause to treat the disease
Produced 60-65% of the total salivary flow
2. Acute Apical Abscess (AAA) 2. Submandibular gland
∟ Painful purulent exudate around the apex as a result of the Irregular, walnut in shape
exacerbation of AAP Lies posteriorly to the floor of the mouth or at the angle of the mandible
Opens to the Wharton's duct (summit of the sublingual papilla at the side of
3. Chronic Apical Periodontitis (CAP) the frenulum of the tongue
∟ Generally asymptomatic Produces 20-30% of the total salivary flow
∟ Periapical lesion (radiographic manifestation: radioluscent area)
3. Sublingual gland
∟ Lesion maybe large, small, diffuse or circumscribe Smallest, almond in shape
∟ With fistula /gum boil Lies immediately beneath the oral mucosal lining on the anterior portion of the
*Pimple-like Lesion on the mucosa on vestibule adjacent to the infected tooth floor of the mouth
*exit point for pressure Opens to the Bartholin's duct (surface of the sublingual fold on either side of
the tongue)
4. Phoenix Produces 2-5% of the total salivary flow
∟ Preceded by CAP
∟ Worsen CAP without tract to relieve pressure MINOR SALIVARY GLANDS
*half of face is swollen Produces 5% of the total salivary flow

Treatment for 1-4 : antibiotics then RCT and drainage 1. Minor sublingual
2. Labial
3. Buccal
5. Periapical Osteosclerosis
4. Glossopalatine
∟ Periapex is radiographic
5. Palatine
∟ Excessive bond mineralization around the apex 6. Lingual
∟ Asymptomatic
∟ Does not require RCT ∟ Secretion is primarily by unconditioned reflex associated with eating and
Lymph adenopathy - open tooth drainage
Antibiotics- fever and adenopathy
masticatory propioceptors of the periodontal ligament and muscles of
mastication
Portal of the entry of bacteria ∟ 1000-1500 mL is the total salivary fluid produced during a 24 hour period
 Root canal (1cc/min)
 Periodontal space ∟ *saliva has no smell. It smells bad because of mixing with bacteria
 Pulpal entry from the crown
 Extensive caries-most common portal FACTORS AFFECTING SALIVARY SECRETION
 Seepage of crowns 1. Pharmacologic agents (barbiturates, antihypertensive, antihistamine drugs
- decrease the flow of saliva)
Read on saliva *patients - taking the drugs causes xerostomia (depleted salivary flow). Soreness
and lesions is usually found in the mouth due to irritation
LECTURE 8 Geriatric patients (always taking this drugs)
Ill-fitting denture (make sure they are wearing a right-fitting denture)
ORAL PHYSIOLOGY AND OCCLUSION (Aug 10, 2011) 2. Psychological
Fear of pain would have increase in salivary flow
SALIVA Anticipate pain (body is tensed) - produces more saliva
*One of the most important secretions found in the oral cavity 3. Size of gland
∟ Lubricates and protects the structure of the mouth (any lubricant - always The bigger the gland, the more secretion it produces
for protection) keeps it moist 4. Interference with taste perception
∟ Influences the nature of oral flora and chemical composition of teeth Eating stimulates salivation
Problem with taste buds - depletes the secretion of saliva
5. Age changes
Younger - more saliva
12
6. Systemic diseases 3. Dental caries
Decrease the flow of saliva (hypothyroidism)
7. Disease of the salivary gland Pellicle
obstructed gland, tumors − Thin, cellular and essentially bacteria free covering of the tooth which
8. Irradiation of glands consist of various glycoprotein derived from the mucous salivary gland
Radiation therapy (decrease, dry mouth) − Thin deposit may form shortly after eruption on the exposed surface of the
teeth
MOST IMPORTANT ATTRIBUTE OF SALIVARY SECRETIONS: − Reformed within minutes after exposure of pumice-polished teeth to saliva
Protective in nature - helps maintain integrity of teeth, tongue and − Due to rapid formation, it precedes the first stage in plaque formation
mucous membrane of oral and pharyngeal areas.
Plaque
ROLE IN ORAL HEALTH − Localized concentration of microorganism on the tooth surface
1. Lubrication and protection − Accretion of necrotic debris, foodstuff substances and salivary
Glycoproteins and mucoids produced by the salivary glands forms a glycoproteins
protective covering for the mucous membrane against irritants − Contains mono and oligosaccharides that serve as substrates for microbial
2. Buffeting action growth
Because of its bicarbonate phosphate and amphoteric proteins − Streptococcus mutans is the predominant organism that enzymatically
Bacteria require specific pH condition (higher or lower) degrade plaque
*not so high, not so low (balanced pH)
3. Maintenance of tooth integrity because it:
Calcular Deposit
a. Provides minerals for posteruptive maturation
− Grainy in nature and act as mechanical irritant
b. Provides ions to counteract tooth dissolution
− By product of calcification of organic products and microorganisms
c. Forms a film of glycoprotein that may act as a diffusion barrier,
− Calcified bacterial plaque
to prevent loss of tooth mineral.
− Organis components consist mainly of Calcium and Phosphate
4. Antibacterial activity against bacteria and viral invasion
Lysozyme, IgA, Sialoperoxidase thiocynate & Lactoferin
Types of Calculus:
a. Supragingival
∟ Saliva plays a role in the formation of plaque and calculate and is therefore
− Creamy white or yellowish in color
intimately related to caries and periodontal disease
− Hard in consistency
∟ Salivary glycoprotein + precipitation + pellicle (bacteria-free) +
− Most abundantly seen opposite the opening of the major
microorganisms overgrow + plaque (with bacteria) + mineralization +
salivary glands
calculus
b. Subgingival
− Dark brown to black due to blood pigments
Pellicle and plaque - removed by brushing the teeth
Calculus - cannot be removed by brushing − Hard to very hard in consistency
− Found in the periodontal pockets of any tooth
FUNCTIONS OF SALIVA (Lavelle)
1. Digestive function Dental Caries
Amylase as main digestive enzyme − Is a microbial diseases of the calcified tissues of the teeth, characterized
2. Excretory function by demineralization of the inorganic portion and destruction of the organic
Saliva provides as important excretory route for blood components substance of the tooth
3. Solvent function
By facilitating digestion GINGIVAL FLUIDS
Dissolution of food stuff (one of the major salivary function) ∟ Sulcular fluid
4. Protective function ∟ Fluid found in the gingival sulcus which seeps through the thin sulcular
Protects oral tissues from dehydration epithelium

PROCESS OF SECRETION (Ferguson)

Stimuli to digestive organ has three phases
1. Cephalic - conditioned stimuli: LECTURE 9
a. Psychological phase ORAL PHYSIOLOGY AND OCCLUSION (Aug 12, 2011)
The thought of food
b. Visual phase MECHANISM OF TOOTH ERUPTION
The sight of food
c. Olfactory phase PHASES
The smell of food 1. Pre-Eruptive Phase
2. Intraorgan - within organ stimuli (most important for salivary secretion) The enamel organ lying within the developing jaw reaches full size along
a. Mechanical stimuli - touch and pressure on oral structures and with completion of tooth crown calcification
movements of masticatory muscles and mandible
b. Chemical stimuli - substances that stimulate taste receptors 2. Eruptive or Pre-Functional Phase
3. Interorgan - stimulatory effect on secretion from irritation to the esophagus Begins with root formation periodontal ligament and dento-gingival junction
Eg. Vomiting reflex It is completed when the tooth reaches the occlusal plane
*the crown penetrates the oral mucosa to appear in the oral cavity

ROLE IN ORAL HEALTH 3. Post-Eruptive or Functional Phase

1. Pellicle and plaque deposition Small movements that occur after the tooth has reached the occlusal plane
2. Plaque mineralization and calculus formation *Post-eruptive tooth movement maintain the position of the erupted tooth

13
 while the jaw continues to grow and it compensates occlusal and proximal
wear
MAMMALIAN TEETH CAN BE SUBDIVIDED INTO 3 BROAD CATEGORIES
ON THE BASIS OF THEIR ERUPTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Continuously Growing Tooth\
− No gross separation between the anatomical crown and anatomical root
− Continuous growth of the tooth at the apex and continuous eruption
occur throughout the life of the animal
− Clinical crown is constantly replaced by root coveted with enamel in the
progressive stages of development
− With the loss of tooth substance due to occlusal attrition, more tooth
substance is extruded from the socket to maintain the clinical crown
− This form of tooth is characteristic of animals with rapid occlusal wear
and eruption
(Ex. Rodent incisor teeth)
2. Continuously Extruding Tooth
− Has a defined crown and anatomical root
− As the tooth is worn, more of he anatomical crown extrudes and
epithelial attachment migrates apically
*the tooth would be loose and eventually. Results to gradual loosening
and eventually exfoliation of the tooth
− Since no new tooth structure is being formed, results to gradual
loosening and final exfoliation of the tooth.
− This tooth form is characteristic of the lower incisors of sheep and cattle
3. Continuously Erupting Tooth
− Eruption does not occur by enlargement of the clinical crown but rather
by addition to the alveolar process
− This is characteristic of human teeth
STAGES OF TOOTH ERUPTION:
(Classification)
1. Follicular Growth (Stereos and Proffit)
Stage 1- Preparatory stage (Noyes and Schour)
**INITIATION OF CALCIFICATION
− The permanent tooth germs that bud from the deciduous teeth
generally assume a lingual position relative to their precursors.
*all deciduous teeth has successors
− As the deciduous teeth develop and erupt the permanent tooth
follicles undergo somewhat complex migrations from their initial to
their pre-eruptive positions.
− Once the crown formation has begun, the follicles of the posterior
teeth move buccally (labially for anterior)
− Eruptive movement of the tooth per se begins as soon as the root
begins to form
2. Pre-Emergent Eruptive Spurt
Stage 2 - Migration Toward The Oral Epithelium
**INITIATION OF ROOT DEVELOPMENT
− Root formation continues as the tooth begins a period of rapid
eruption in the occlusal direction
Two Processes Necessary for Eruptive Phase:
a. There must be resumption of the overlying bone and of the overlying
deciduous roots in the case of permanent tooth
*resorption of bone and root (of deciduous tooth) creates a path
b. The eruption mechanism itself must move the tooth in the direction
where the path has been cleared
*Cleidocranial dysplasia - eruption of permanent teeth is delayed
3. Post-Emergent Eruptive Spurt
Stage 3 - Emergence Of Crown Tip Into The Oral Cavity
** GINGIVAL EMERGENCE
− At the time of gingival emergence, the rate of human tooth eruption is
at its greatest
− Eruption rate slows as the tooth approaches the occlusal plane.
4. Juvenile Occlusal Equilibrium
Stage 4- First Occlusal Contact
** FIRST OCCLUSAL CONTACT
− Once the permanent tooth reaches occlusion, occlusal movement
stops or incredibly slows down for several years.
− This period of relative quiescence ends at the beginning of puberty.
When the second active phase of eruption begins.
5. Circumpubertal Occlusal Eruptive Spurt
Stage 5 – Full Occlusal Contact
** PERIOD OF QUIESCENCE AND PUBERTAL GROWTH
− Occurs between the age of 11 and 16 years if age, the teeth in
occlusion begins a second active eruption phase lasting for 2-3 years
− This period is characteristically by increase in lower facial height
Facial tissues undergo a period of accelerated growth with:
− Lengthening of the facial and masticatory muscle
− Lowering of the mandible and the associated soft tissues
*This eruptive spurt slows as the face reaches maturity and a state of
relative equilibrium re-established by 18 years of age
6. Adult Occlusal Equilibrium
Stage 6 – Continuous eruption
** PERIOD OF ADULTHOOD
− Once physical maturity is reached, vertical tooth movement does not
stop abruptly.
− Throughout life, small increase in lower facial height and continued
eruption occur.
Lower facial height increases by:
− 0.3 mm/year in the second decade (20's)
− 0.1 mm/year in the third decade (30's)
− 0.07 mm/year in the seventh decade (70's)
Mesial and occlusal eruption is continuous in life
(changes brought about by age)
− Interproximal and occlusal attrition
− Tooth loss
− Marked occlusal abrasion
− Periodontal breakdown
LECTURE 10
ORAL PHYSIOLOGY AND OCCLUSION (Aug 24, 2011)
OCCLUSION
∟ May mean the contact relationship of the teeth in function or parafunction
∟ It refers not only to contact of the arches at an occlusal interface but also
to all those factors concerned with the development and stability of the
masticatory system and with the use of the teeth in oral motor behavior
SUGGESTED TOPICS FOR THE STUDY OF OCCLUSION:
14
1. Development of Occlusion ARTICULATION
Used to describe contacts between the teeth in opposing dental arches during
Primary Dentition mandibular movements.
- Development of occlusion begins with the occlusion of the deciduous
teeth ARTICULATORS
It is a mechanical device by which the occlusal relationship during mandibular
Permanent Dentition movements may be copied.
- There are significant difference in the eruption sequences between
the maxilla arch and the mandibular arch that do not apply in the POSITION
eruption of the primary dentition The relationship of the maxilla and the mandible when the teeth are in occlusion

Sequence of eruption in the maxillary arch: Five Positions In Which Occlusion Takes Place
1. Intercuspal occlusion
6–1–2–4–3–5–7–8 2. Protruded occlusion
3. Retruded occlusion
Sequence of eruption in the mandibular arch: 4. Left lateral occlusion
5. Right lateral occlusion
6–1–2–3–4–5–7–8

2. Dental Arch Form POSTURAL OR MANDIBULAR REST POSITION

The basic pattern of tooth position is the arch Teeth not in function, mouth is closed by the tonic contraction of the muscles of
The form is largely determined by the shape of the underlying basal bone mastication and facial expression and the teeth are not in contact.
There is intercuspal or freeway space of 2-5mm between teeth.
Big arch, small tooth – spacing
Small arch, big tooth – crowding REST VERTICAL DIMENSION
The face is in an involuntary relaxed state.
3. Compensating Curvatures Of The Dental Arches A distance measured from the inferior border of the nose to the point of the chin.

Curved Occlusal Plane OCCLUSAL VERTICAL DIMENSION

Mandibular arch conforms generally to one or more curved planes which Teeth are in intercuspal occlusion.
appear concave and the opposing maxillary arch appears convex
(*The difference between RVD and OVD represents the freeway space)
Von Spee noted that the cusps and incisal ridges of the teeth tended to
display a curved alignment when the arches were observed from a point DISTURBANCE
opposite the first molars. This alignment is within the sagittal plane only Alteration in the established form of the teeth or in occlusal function.
and is known as the Curve of Spee.
Example:
4. Angulation Of The Individual Teeth In Relation To Various Planes 1. Overcrowding
2. Rotation or displacement of teeth from the dental arches
Root Form – each tooth must be placed at an angle that best withstands 3. Increase overbite/overjet
the lines of forces brought against its function 4. Posterior open bite (anteriors only meet)
5. Anterior open bite (posteriors only meet)
5. Functional Form Of The Teeth At Their Incisal And Occlusal Thirds 6. Missing, painful, sharp teeth

The incisal and occlusal thirds of the tooth crown present a convex and DISORDER
concave surface at all contacting occlusal areas. Disturbances that cause pathological alterations in the masticatory system.

A convex surface, representing a segment of the occlusal third of one Example:

tooth may come into contact with a concave segment of another tooth 1. Bruxism
2. Attrition
6. Facial And Lingual Relations Of Each Tooth In One Arch To Its 3. Cracked tooth syndrome
Antagonists In The Opposing Arch In Centric Occlusion 4. Mandibular pain dysfunction syndrome
Each tooth has two antagonists, the loss of one still leaves one antagonist
remaining. IDEAL OCCLUSION
This will keep the tooth in occlusal contact with the opposing arch and Is a perfect dentition which can be rarely found
keep it in its own arch relation at the same time by preventing elongation
and displacement through the lack of antagonism. NORMAL OCCLUSION
Takes into account the ability of the masticatory system to adapt or compensate
7. Occlusal Contact And Intercusp Relations Of All The Teeth Of One Arch for some deviations within the range of acceptable variaion without producing
With Those In The Opposing Arch In Centric Occlusion disturbances of disorders.
Centric occlusion is frequently the position of the jaw for bracing during
swallowing and the terminal position of the masticatory stroke. ANGLE'S CLASSIFICATION OF OCCLUSION
When the teeth of both jaws come together in centric occlusion, forces
should be equalized so that the teeth are stabilized by all forces acting on Normal Occlusion / Ideal Occlusion
them. ∟ The MB cusp of the maxillary first molars occlude with the MB groove of
the mandibular first molars.

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 Permanent First molars – “key to occlusion”

∟ The DB cusp of the maxillary first molar occlude with the distal cusp of the
mandibular first molar and with the MB cusp of the mandibular 2nd molar.
∟ Each tooth occluded with 2 teeth in the opposing dental arch with
exception to the mandibular central incisors and the maxillary third molars
NORMAL OCCLUSION
Overbite
Vertical relation between the upper and lower incisors

Overjet
Horizontal relation between the upper and lower incisors

What is the normal overbite and overjet? (assignment)

Ideal occlusion - normal overbite and overjet CLASS I: NEUTROCCLUSION

Occlusal Plane
Imaginary plane that passes through the incisal edges of the mandibular central
incisors and curves gently upwards through the tips of the buccal cusps of the
premolar and molar teeth to the tip of the DB cusps of mandibular 2nd molars.

Slope of the curve - Compensating Curve = curve of spee

Classification Of Malocclusion
1. Neutrocclusion / Angle's Class I CLASS II: DISTOCCLUSION
Antero-posterior relationship of dental arches are normal.
Malocclusion found is due to discrepancies between the length of the two
dental arches and tooth size.

Spacing / crowding / crossbite may be present (on anterior teeth)

2. Distocclusion / Angle's Class II

Mandibular first molars lie in distal relationship to the maxillary molars
CLASS III: MESIOCCLUSION
Division 1
Maxillary incisors proclined
Increased overjet

Division 2 LECTURE 11
Maxillary incisors are retroclined and crowded maxillary incisors are ORAL PHYSIOLOGY AND OCCLUSION (Sept 9, 2011)
proclined and overlap the central incisors
TEMPORO-MANDIBULAR JOINT/ CRANIOMANDIBULAR ARTICULATION
3. Mesiocclusion / Angle's Class III - Receives its name from the 2 cranial bones which enter into its formation,
Mandibular molars lie mesial to the maxillary molars. 1. Temporal bone
Negative overjet. 2. Mandible
- It is closely associated with the role of teeth in the oral cavity.
Pseudo-class III
The incisors have negative overjet but the molar relationship is class I CLASSIFICATION:
- Diarthrosis Joint (Freely Movable Joint)
Treatment For Malocclusion o One in which a fibrous capsule connects the 2 bones. A space is
1. Orthodontic treatment provided between the 2 bones which are lined by synovial
2. Surgery membrane, thus allowing free movement of the joint.

VARIETY:
- Ginglymoarthrodial Joint
o Allows both hinge and gliding movements.
o Consists of:
a. Bone
b. Ligament
c. Cartilage
d. Synovial membrane
e. Muscles

A. Articulating Bony Parts

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 1. Mandibular Fossa of the Temporal Bone/ Glenoid Fossa
- An oval depression in the temporal bone just anterior to the LECTURE 12
auditory canal. ORAL PHYSIOLOGY AND OCCLUSION (Sept 16, 2011)
2. Condyloid Process/ Condylar Process/ Mandibular Condyle RECEPTORS
- A knob-like bone (wider latero-medially than antero-posteriorly),
it is convex on all bearing surfaces although somewhat SENSATION
flattened posteriorly. ∟ Conscious ir subconscious awareness of external or internal stimuli.

3. Articulating Tubercle/ Articular eminence RECEPTORS

- Bony elevation located anterior and posterior to the glenoid ∟ Sensory nerve terminals that receives stimuli and relays them to the CNS
fossa or mandibular fossa. (brain and spinal cord)
∟ Any structure specialized to detect a stimulus
 Anterior Articular Eminence
- Anterior to the mandibular fossa GENERAL PROPERTIES OF RECEPTORS
- Controls the forward movement of the condylar head ∟ All sensory receptors are transducers
 Posterior Articular Eminence
- Posterior to the mandibular fossa ∟ Transducer – is any device that converts one form of energy to another.
- Controls the backward movement of the condylar head
∟ Sensory Transducers – converts stimulus energy into electrochemical
B. Ligaments energy = action potential

1. Capsular Ligament ∟ Action Potentials – a meaningful pattern of electrochemical energy from

- A synovial capsule which completely surround the condyle. the converted stimulus
- Divided into 4 portions:
a. Anterior Portion ∟ Sensory Transduction – process of conversion
b. Posterior Portion
c. Internal Portion ∟ Receptor Potential – a type of local potential produced as an effect of a
d. External Portion/ Temporomandibular Ligament stimulus
o A graded voltage change across the plasma membrane of the
 Temporomandibular Ligament receptor cell
- Largest portion
- Acts as main suspensory ligament of the mandible during the ∟ The receptor potential causes a receptor cell to release a neurotransmitter
moderate opening movement (hinge). that stimulates an adjacent neuron
- It has a broad attachment above the zygomatic process of the
temporal bone, the anterior fibers attaching forward beyond the ∟ When the voltage of the neuron reaches threshold, the neuron fires
articular eminence and is inserted into the outer side and impulses to the CNS
posterior margin of the neck of the condyle.
∟ Sensation
2. Sphenomandibular Ligament
- Round and cordlike at its origin and takes more of a ribbon like
form at its insertion.
- With wider opening of the jaw, the condyle move forward
rapidly, relaxing the external lateral ligament as the
sphenomandibular ligament become tensed or slightly
stretched.
- Originates from the spinous process of the sphenoid bone and
inserts into the lingual of the mandible with some fibers
attached below the mandibular foramen.

3. Stylomandibular Ligament
- Extends from the styloid process of the temporal bone and
inserts into the posterior border of the ramus of the mandible.
- Just before the stylomandibular ligament makes its insertion, it
gives off an accessory fiber which continues downward to the
posterior border of the hyoid bone, called the stylohyoid
ligament. PICTURE:
1. Energy Stimulus
 The temporomandibluar ligament and the sphenomandibular ligament acts - Light, Chemical, Mechanical
as suspensory ligaments.
2. Sensory Receptor Cell
 The stylomandibular ligament and its accessory stylohyoid ligament acts - Cell membrane, Receptor protein
as checkrein on the mandible and helps prevent excessive anterior drift at
the angle during more extreme opening movements. 3. Signal Transduction alters membrane permeability

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 - Action Potential Nociceptors – specialized nerve fibers that mediate pain.

4. Sensory Neuron Types:

1. Myelinated
5. Sensation and Reception 2. Unmyelinated
- Vision, Taste, Smell, Hearing, Balance, Touch
EVENTS FOR SENSATION TO OCCUR Somatic Pain – pain from the skin, muscles & joints
1. Stimulation of sensory receptor
Visceral Pain – pain from the viscera (internal organs of the 3 great body
2. Transduction – stimulus converted to graded potential cavities – thoracic, abdominal & pelvis)
3. Impulse Generation & Conduction Referred Pain – perception of pain coming from parts of the body that are not
a. If graded potential reaches threshold strength, a nerve impulse actually stimulated
results
b. This impulse travels to the CNS CLASSIFICATION OF PAIN RECEPTORS (Origin of Stimulus)
1. Exteroceptors
4. Integration – CNS translates the impulse into a sensation - Stimulated by immediate external environment with most of the
impulses being sensed at conscious levels
KINDS OF INFORMATION TRANSMITTED BY THE SENSORY RECEPTOR
1. Modality a. Free nerve endings – tactile & superficial pain
2. Location b. Krause’s corpuscles – cold receptors
3. Intensity c. Meissner’s corpuscles – tactile skin receptors
4. Duration d. Merkel’s corpuscles – tactile receptors in the oral mucosa
& submucosa of the tongue
CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS e. Ruffini’s corpuscles – pressure & warmth receptors
Can be classified by several overlapping systems:
2. Interoceptors
1. By stimulus modality: - Located in the body cavities
a. Chemoreceptors - These serves involuntary bodily functions below conscious
b. Thermoreceptors levels
c. Nociceptors
d. Mechanoreceptors a. Free nerve endings – perception of visceral pain
e. Photoceptors b. Pacinian corpuscles – perception of pressure
2. By the origin of the stimuli: 3. Proprioceptors
a. Exteroceptors - Chiefly involved in automatic functioning & perceive movement,
b. Interoceptors pressure & position
c. Proprioceptors
a. Free nerve endings – perception of deep somatic pain &
3. By the distribution of receptors in the body: other sensations
a. General (Somesthetic) senses b. Golgi tendon organs – mechanoreceptors between
b. Special senses muscle tendons relaying data concerning muscle length &
tension
a. General Senses c. Muscle spindles – mechanoreceptors between muscle
Types according to structure and physiology fibers responsive to passive muscle stretch
d. Pacinian corpuscles – perception of pressure
A. Unencapsulated Nerve Endings e. Periodontal receptors – perception of tooth movement
1. Free Nerve Endings
2. Tactile (Merkel) Discs SKIN RECEPTORS
3. Hair (Peritrichial Endings)
Types According to Function/stimulus Modality:
B. Encapsulated Nerve Endings 1. Thermoreceptors – for temperature changes
1. Tactile (Meissner) Corpuscles 2. Mechanoreceptors – for mechanical stimulation
2. Krause End Bulb a. Tactile receptors – touch
3. Lamellated (Pacinian) Corpuscles b. Baroreceptors – pressure
4. Ruffini Corpuscles c. Proprioceptors – distortion
3. Nociceptors – for injuries leading to pain sensation

LECTURE 13 Types According to Morphology:

ORAL PHYSIOLOGY & OCCLUSION (Sept 21& Sept23) 1. Free nerve endings
- Nonmyelinated fibers that enters the epidermis, extending as
PAIN RECEPTORS far as the stratum granulosum
a. Merkel’s ending – free nerve ending attached to modified
Pain – is a discomfort caused by tissue injury or noxious stimulation & typically epidermal cells, found in the stratum germinativum layer
leading to evasive action.
2. Encapsulated nerve endings

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 a. Pacinian corpuscles – deep pressure - Associated with inorganic salts of increasing molecular weight
b. Meissner’s corpuscles – touch like alkaloids (nicotine & caffeine)
c. Ruffini’s corpuscles – heat/warmth 5. Umami
d. Krause’s corpuscles – cold - “meaty” taste produced by amino acids such as aspartic &
glutamic acids
TASTE RECEPTORS - The taste is best known from the salt of glutamic acid,
monosodium glutamate (MSG)
Taste (Gustation) - Pronounced as “oog-mommy”
- A sensation that results from the action of chemicals on the - The word is Japanese slang for “delicious” or “yummy”
taste buds - Specific area on the tongue sensitive to umami is not yet known
- The detection & recognition of liquid phase stimuli
- A sensation developed well before birth TASTE BUDS PRESENT IN PAPILLAE:
1. Fungiform papillae
 Taste is detected only when food is dissolved in saliva 2. Circumvallate papillae
 Mouth that is dry affects sense of taste 3. Palatal papillae
4. Other papillae and taste buds may occur in other oral & pharyngeal
Taste Buds locations, including the lips, inner surface of the lingual mucosa,
- Taste receptors epiglottis, various pharyngeal regions of the upper 1/3 of the
- Goblet-shaped epithelial cells with small pore opening to the esophagus as well as the pharynx
mucosal surface
- Lemon shaped Taste buds are capable of responding to each quality, but their response
- Measures to about 70 microns in length & 40 microns in characteristics are concentration dependent:
diameter 1. Taste buds in Fungiform papillae
- Approximately 10,000 buds in man - Respond in uniform manner to low concentration of both sweet
- Located on the edges & dorsum of the tongue, epiglottis, soft and salty taste substance
palate, pharynx, & inside the cheeks
- Life span is 10-12 days & are constantly replaced by cell Fungiform papillae – don’t contain taste buds
division (taste cell – mitotic division)
- Composed of 40-60 cells of 3 kinds: 2. Taste buds in Circumvallate papillae
a. Taste/Receptor/Gustatory cell – sensory cell (banana - Respond in uniform manner to low concentration of sweet
shaped) substances and only to higher concentration of salt, sour, &
b. Supporting/Sustentacular cell bitter stimuli
c. Basal cell
3. Taste buds in Palatal papillae
Taste hair - Respond in uniform manner to both sour & bitter substances,
- slender microvilli extension of the taste cell although they respond to salt in relatively high concentrations

Taste pore PHYSIOLOGIC PROPERTIES OF TASTE RECEPTORS:

- narrow opening from where taste hairs are projected 1. Adaptation
- Diminution in the intensity or sensation or even disappearance
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION of sensation even with continued stimulation of receptors
1. Tip of the tongue – sweet - Reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus
2. Side near the tip – salty
3. Side near the back – sour 2. After Taste/After Discharge of Taste Receptors
4. Back/rear of the tongue – bitter - Taste still lingers even if the stimulus has been removed

PRIMARY TASTE SENSATION (Taste Modalities) 3. Contrast

1. Sweet a. Successive contrast
2. Salty - Eat sweet then sour food, sourness is intensified
3. Sour b. Simultaneous contrast
4. Bitter - If one border of the tongue is rubbed with sugar, the other
5. Umami border will enhance the sweet taste

Generally, each taste modality is associated with organic compounds such as: 4. Dual Taste
1. Sweet - Some substance can elicit 2 tastes or they can stimulate 2
- Associated with organic compounds such as polysaccharide different types of receptors
like sugar, glycerol, dulcin, chloroform & amino acid
2. Sour 5. Effect of Certain Drugs
- Associated with hydrogen ions as acid & acid salts - When cocaine, an anesthetic solution, is applied to the tongue,
- Not all acids are sour (e.g. amino acid – sweet) the sensation is abolished
- Sequence of disappearance:
3. Salty a. Pain
- Associated with positive & negative ions, inorganic compounds b. Bitter
such as chlorides of sodium, ammonium & iodine c. Sweet
4. Bitter d. Salty
e. Sour

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OLFACTORY RECEPTORS

Olfaction
- Closely related to taste
- Flavors of various food are largely due to the combination of
taste & smell

Olfactory Receptors
- Located on the olfactory mucous which lies on the
posterodorsal part of the nasal cavity. It has an area of about
2.5cm² . It includes the upper 3rd nostril, septum & superior
conchae
- Composed of;
a. Olfactory cell
b. Supporting cell

PRIMARY ODORS:
1. Camphoraceous
- Tough volatile fragrant compound from the wood & bark of
camphor tree used in medicine as plasticizer and insect
repellant.

2. Musky
- Substance with a penetrating odor obtained from a sac beneath
the abdominal skin of male musk deer & used as perfume
fixation

3. Floral
- Flower

4. Pepperminty
- Minty aroma/fresh

5. Ethereal
- Ether is a light volatile inflammable liquid obtained by the
distillation of alcohol with sulfuric acid & used chiefly as solvent
and anesthetic

6. Pungent
- Stinging or biting quality

7. Putrid
- Rotten, foul odor
- Decomposing organic matter

PHYSIOLOGY PROPERTIES OF OLFACTORY RECEPTORS:

1. Adaptation
- It is well known experience that an odor which at first seems to
be quite strong or even noxious, after a few minutes is hardly
notices.

2. Effect of one odor on the other odor

- Strong odors tend to musk weaker ones. If appropriate amount
is applied, one odor antagonizes the other odor.

ANOMALIES IN OLFACTION:
1. Excessive smoking
2. Temporary loss of sense of smell may be the result of inflammation
of the nasal mucosa
3. Disease of the nervous system may affect olfaction either
unilaterally/bilaterally
4. Hypernosmia – acute sensitivity of the sense of smell due to some
disease of the CNS

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