FORCES AND NEWTON’S LAWS

TYPES OF FORCES

Weight

Weight of an object is the force acting on the object due to gravity. If the mass of the object is 𝑚 𝑘𝑔 then its
weight is 𝑚𝑔

Normal Reaction

The force acts at right angles to the surface and is known as the normal/contact force.

Tension

Tension is described as the pulling force transmitted axially by the means of a string, a cable, chain, or similar
object, or by each end of a rod.

Resistance

A resistive force is one that inhibits or resists the motion of an object. It acts in a direction opposite of any motion
or applied force that is trying to move the object. It is considered passive in that it is not active or applied and
there is no apparent agent of force. The most common resistive force is friction.

NEWTON’S LAWS
Newton's First Law

This states that an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an
external force. It may be seen as a statement about inertia, that objects will remain in their state of motion
unless a force acts to change the motion.

Newton's second law

Newton's second law of motion pertains to the behavior of objects for which all existing forces are not balanced.
The second law states that the acceleration of an object is dependent upon two variables - the net force acting
upon the object and the mass of the object.

That is ,

𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 = 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 × 𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂

where 𝐹 is in Newtons/N, 𝑚 is in 𝑘𝑔 and 𝑎 is in 𝑚𝑠 −2

Newton's third law

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. The statement means that in every interaction, there
is a pair of forces acting on the two interacting objects. The size of the forces on the first object equals the size
of the force on the second object.
 Practice Questions

1. What is the force required to move a 5,000 kg car with an acceleration of 4𝑚𝑠 −2?

2. What is the force required to move a 2,000 kg car with an acceleration of 2 𝑚𝑠 −2?

3. What is the acceleration of a 4,000 kg car pushed with a force of 12,000 N?

4. What is the acceleration of a 1,000 kg car pushed with a force of 12,000 N?

5. An aircraft of mass of 1200 kg starts from rest and accelerates along a straight horizontal runway. The aircraft
engine produces a constant force of 3400 N. A constant frictional force of 400 N acts on the aircraft. Calculate
the acceleration of the aircraft.

6. Find the constant force required to accelerate a mass of 5 kg from 3 𝑚𝑠 −1 to 7 𝑚𝑠 −1 in 8s on a horizontal surface

7. A man pushes a boy in a trolley, with total mass 60 kg, along horizontal land from rest with a constant force of
42 N for 10 s. Find the distance travelled in this time.

8. A snooker ball of mass 0.2 kg is struck so it starts moving at 1.2 𝑚𝑠 −1. As it rolls, the table provides a constant
resistance of 0.08 N. It strikes another ball 1m away. Find the speed with which it strikes the other ball.

9. A winch provides a constant force of 80 N and causes a block to accelerate on horizontal land from 2 𝑚𝑠 −1 to
10 𝑚𝑠 −1 in 6s. Find the mass of the block.

10. A Formula 1 car and its driver have total mass of 800 kg. The driver is travelling at 100 𝑚𝑠 −1 along a horizontal
straight when, 100 m before a bend, he starts to brake, slowing to 40 𝑚𝑠 −1. Assuming a constant braking force,
find the force of the brakes on the car.

11. A man drags a stone ball from rest along a horizontal surface. He moves it 10 m in 4s by exerting a constant
force of 100 N. Find the mass of the stone ball.

12. A car and driver, of total mass 1200 kg, are moving at 30 𝑚𝑠 −1 on a horizontal road when the driver sees
roadworks 400 m ahead. She breaks, decelerating with a constant force of 600 N until arriving at the roadworks.
Find the time elapsed before arriving at the roadworks.

13. A train travelling at 30 𝑚𝑠 −1 on a horizontal track starts decelerating 360 m before coming to rest at a station.
The brakes provide a constant resistance of 100 𝑘𝑁. Find the mass of the train.

14. A block is being dragged along a horizontal surface by a constant horizontal force of size 45 N. It covers 8 m in
the first 2 s and 8.5 m in the next 1 s. Find the mass of the block
15. A small aircraft is accelerating on a runway. Its engines provide a constant driving force of 20 𝑘𝑁. There is
average air resistance of 1000 N. It starts from rest and leaves the runway, which is 900 m long, with speed
80 𝑚𝑠 −1 . Find the mass of the aircraft.

16. A drag racing car races over a track of 400 m. The car has mass 600 kg and accelerates from rest with a constant
driving force of 21𝑘𝑁. There is air resistance of 1800 N. Find the speed of the car at the finish line of the race.

17. A wooden block of mass 6 kg is being dragged along a horizontal surface by a force of 10 N. It accelerates from
1 𝑚𝑠 −1 to 3 𝑚𝑠 −1 in 4s. Find the size of the friction force acting on the wooden block.

18. A motorcyclist is travelling at 20 𝑚𝑠 −1 on level road when she approaches roadworks and slows down to
10 𝑚𝑠 −1 over a distance of 250 m. The combined mass of the motorcyclist and the motorcycle is 360 kg. There
is air resistance of 80 N. Find the braking force of the motorcycle.

19. An aeroplane of mass 8 tonnes is flying horizontally through the air at 240 𝑚𝑠 −1 . There is air resistance of 20
𝑘𝑁. The pilot reduces the driving force from the engines to slow to 160 𝑚𝑠 −1 over 40 s before starting to
descend. Find the magnitude of the reduced driving force.

20. A car of mass 1400 kg slows down from 30 𝑚𝑠 −1 to 20 𝑚𝑠 −1 when the driver sees a sign for reduced speed
limit 400 m ahead. There is air resistance of 1000 N. Determine whether the driver needs to provide a braking
force or just reduce the amount of driving force exerted, and find the size of the force

21. The engine of a van of mass 400kg cuts out when it is moving along a straight horizontal road with speed 16
ms¯¹. The van comes to rest without the brakes being applied. In a model of the situation it is assumed that the
van is subject to a resistive force which has constant magnitude of 200 N.

a)Find how long it takes the van to stop.

b)Find how far the van travels before it stops.

22. A stone of mass 2kg is dropped at a height 50m above the ground. Find the speed that the ball hits the
ground if it experience an air resistance of 2N

23. An object mass 200g is released from a point 60m above the ground. Find the time taken by the object to
reach the ground if an air resistance of 0.5N acts on the object.

24. A coin of mass 0.05kg is dropped from the top of the Eiffel Tower, 300 m high. It experiences air resistance
of 0.01N. Find the speed with which it hits the ground.

25. An object of mass 100g is projected upwards from the ground level with a speed of 30 𝑚𝑠 −1. Find the
maximum height reached by the object if a resistance force of 0.1N acts on the object

26. An object of mass 1kg is projected upwards from the ground level with a speed of 50 𝑚𝑠 −1.Find the total
time taken by the object to reach the ground level.

27. A winch lifts a bag of sand of mass 12 kg from the ground with a constant force of 240 N until it reaches a
speed of 10 𝑚𝑠 −1. Then the winch provides a force to keep the bag moving at constant speed. Find the
time taken to reach a height of 40 m.

28. A firework of mass 0.4 kg is fired vertically upwards with initial speed 40 𝑚𝑠 −1. The firework itself provides
a force of 2 N upwards. The firework explodes after 6s. Find the height at which it explodes.

29. A flare of mass 0.5 kg is fired vertically upwards with speed 30 𝑚𝑠 −1. The flare itself provides a force of 0.8
N upwards, even when the flare is falling, to keep the flare high for as long as possible. The flare is visible
over the horizon when it reaches a height of 25 m. Find how long the flare is visible for.

30. A feather of mass 10 g falls from rest from a height of 3 m and takes 2 s to hit the ground. Find the air
resistance on the feather.

31. A ball of mass 0.3kg is thrown upwards with speed 10 𝑚𝑠 −1 . It experiences air resistance of 0.15 N. It lands
on the ground 1.2 m below. Find the speed with which it hits the ground.

32. A bouncy ball is dropped from a height of 5 m. When it bounces its speed immediately after impact is 80%
of the speed immediately before impact. Find the maximum height of the ball after bouncing.

33. A parachutist of mass 70 kg falls out of an aeroplane from a height of 2000 m and falls under gravity until
600 m from the ground when he opens his parachute. The parachute provides a resistance of 2330 N. Find
the speed at which he is travelling when he reaches the ground.

34. A submarine is travelling horizontally at a steady speed of 10 𝑚𝑠 −1at a constant depth of 15 m below the
surface of the sea. Draw a labelled diagram to show the forces acting on the submarine. You must name
each force and show the direction in which each force is acting.
35. A block of mass 1.5kg falls vertically from rest and hits the ground 16.6m below after falling for 2 s. Assuming
that the air resistance experienced by the block as it falls is constant, find its magnitude

36. A small pebble of mass 50g is dropped into a pond and falls vertically through it with an acceleration of
2.8 𝑚𝑠 −2Assuming that the water products a constant resistance,find its magnitude.

37. A lift of mass 500 kg is lowered or raised by means of a metal cable attached to its top. The lift contains
passengers whose total mass is 300kg. The lift starts from rest and accelerates at a constant rate, reaching a
speed of 3ms¯¹ after moving a distance of 5m. find
a) The acceleration of the lift,
b) The tension in the cable if the lift is moving vertically downwards,
c) The tension in the cable if the lift is moving vertically upwards.

38. A woman of mass 60kg is in a lift which is accelerating upwards at a rate of 2ms¯².

a) Find the magnitude of the normal reaction of the floor of the lift on the woman.

The lift then moves at a constant speed and then finally decelerates to rest at 1.5ms¯².

b) Find the magnitude of the normal reaction of the floor of the lift on the woman during the period of
deceleration.

c) Hence explain why the woman will feel heavier during the period of acceleration and lighter during the
period of deceleration.

39. A light scale-pan is attached to a vertical light inextensible string. The scale-pan carries two masses A and B. The
mass of A is 400g and the mass of B is 600g. A rests on top of B, as shown in the diagram. The scale-pan is raised
vertically, using the string, with acceleration 0.5ms¯².
a) Find the tension in the string.
b) Find the force exerted on mass B by mass A.
c) Find the force exerted on mass B by the scale-pan.