Structure of human eye

ciliary
muscles
The human cye is one of the most important
sense organs. It enables us to see the object and
retina
colours around us.
Up
ens
Figure 3 shows schematically the basic
components of human eye. The eye ball is nearly
comea
spherical in shape. The front portion is more
fig-3 optic nerve sharply curved and is covered by a transparent
protective membrane called the 'cornea'. It is this
portion which is visible from outside. Behind the cornea, there is
place filled with a liquid called aqueous humour and behind this a
crystalline lens which is responsible for the image formation.
Between the aqueous humour and the lens, we have a muscular
diaphragm called 'iris' which has a small hole in it called pupil. Iris
72GG7Z
1s the coloured
part that we see in an eye.
The pupil appears black because any light falling on it goes into the
eye and there is almost no chance of light coming back to the outside. Iris
helps in controlling the amount of light entering the eye through 'pupil'.
In low light condition, the iris makes the pupil to expand so that more light
is allowed to go in and in the case of bright (or) excess light condition, it
makes the pupil contract and there by prevent the excess light not to go
into eye. Thus 'iris' enables pupil to act as a "variable aperture" for entry
of light into the eye.
The lens is hardin the middle and gradually becomes soft towards the
outer edge. The light that entersthe eye forms an image on the retina. (It
covers the rear part ofeyeball).The distance between the lens and retina
is about 2.5 emj.e.for any position of object in front of the eye the
image distance is fixed and about 2.5 cm.
How can we get this same image distance for various positions of
objects?
Can you answer this question using concepts of refraction through
lenses?
In the previous chapter, you have learnt thatfor different positions of
object, the image distance remains constant only when there is a change in
focal length of lens) Further, the focal length of a lens depends on the
material by whichit has been made and radii of curvature of lens. We need
to change focal length of eye lens to get same image distance for various
positions of object in front of the eye. This is only possible when the
eyelens is able to change its shape.
Free distribution hy Gi
 lens change its focal length?
How does eve ball?
take place in the eye
How does this change
Let us know
is attached
(see fig-3) heipst
which eye lens
The ciliary
muscle to
by changing
the radi of curvatureofs. e
its focal length
eye lens to change
ee lens) the ciliary muscles z are.
distant object.
is focussed on a
When the eve m a t i m u m value which
lens has its
fixal length ofeye
relavad so that the rays coming into the ee
Eye
the retina. Ihe parallei
distance from
qual to its we see the object clearly
fivussd on to the retina and
are then the ciliary muscles are
focusad on a
closer objert.
When the eye is
decreases. The c1lhary musies adus
strainod and fixal iength of eve-lens
that the image s
formed on reina and me
the fical length in such a way iength is cale focai
* the objat ckariy. This pracess of adjusting
M s s cannot siran beyonia
modation". HowevertheR
A tov c l s to evas
the focalkngh c a o r
and heneifthe odjat is brought
a mnmum a e
to fom an immae on
the ntina IhS HEre B
adjun cm as we bere
ndich is roughlaqual to
t r distinet Visin ofan odjart
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Ds eye lens fom a real image or vmal mage
pervaive the oje
image tiomed on retina hep
as o
How des the
withur change in its shane. se ai ovdur?
Let us kno
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Th ns tirms a reai and imvarnad mae od m obyer
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The renna s a
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How cam e fnd them

 When the object is at intinity, the parallel rays fronm
the object falling on the eye lens are retracted and
they form a point sized image on retina (see tig-4a).
In this situation, eye-lens has a maximum focal
length.
fig-4(a)
When the object is at intinity.
u V=2.5 cm (image distance which is equal
to distance between
eye-lens and retina)
using the formula /t= lv- l/u
1/ 1/2.5+1/
1/f ma
1/2.5+0
2.5 2.5 em
We get, 2.5 cm
ma
consider that an object is placed at distance of 25 em
fronm our eye. In
this situation eye has minimum tocal
lengtlh
Here u= - 25 cm; v 2.5 em
Using the formula 1/f= 1/v1/u
1/f 1/2.5+1/25
fig-4(b) / 1 1 / 25

25/112.27 em
the position of an object is between intinity and the point of least
distance of distinet vision, then the eye lens
adjusts it's focal length in
between 2.5 cm to 2.27 cm to torm a clear unage on the retina.
The ability of eye-lens to change its focal
"accommodation of lens.
length is called
What happens if the eye lens is not able to adjust its focal
lengt?
What happens ifthe focal length of
eye lens is beyond range of2.5
the
em to 2.27 cm?
Let us find out.
Sometimes the eye may gradually lose its ability for accommodation.
In such conditions the person cannot see an
object clearly and comfortably.
The vision becomes blurred due to accommodation defects of the
cye
lens. There are maiunly three common defects of vision.
They are
Myopia
11. Hypemetropa
iii. Presbyopia.

7212HTT
e ditriburion by Govtaf A.P