'15.

Detecting the environment

Q&A

Draw a flow chart to show the regulatory process.

繪⼀流程圖以顯⽰協調的過程。
Stimulus → receptor → regulator → effector → response

刺激 → 感受器 → 協調器 → 反應器 → ⾏為

Use a real example to show the regulatory process.
⽤⼀真實的例⼦以顯⽰協調的過程。
angry dog(Stimulus) → eye(receptor) → nervous system(regulator) →
leg muscle(effector) →

run away(response)

惡⽝(刺激) → 眼睛(感受器) → 神經系統(協調器) → 腿肌(反應器) → 逃跑

(⾏為)

Describe the structure and function of sclerotic coat.

簡述鞏膜的結構和功能。
Tough and fibrous. To give shape to the eye. To protect the eye.

堅韌和無彈性的纖維組織。固定眼球形狀，保護眼內組織。
Describe the structure and function of cornea.
簡述⾓膜的結構和功能。
The front part of the sclerotic coat. Transparent.

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 To allow light to pass through. To protect the front part of the eye.

鞏膜的前⾯，透明。讓光線通過，保護眼睛的前⾯。
Describe the structure and function of choroid.
簡述脈胳膜的結構和功能。
Pigmented.. To prevent the reflection of light inside the eye. This makes
the pupil always dark in colour

With rich blood supply. To supply oxygen and nutrients to the eye.

內含⿊⾊⾊素細胞，能吸收光線，防⽌光線在眼球內反射，所以瞳孔總是
⿊⾊。
有充⾜的⾎管供應， 給眼球供應氧和⾷物。
Describe the structure and function of retina.
簡述視網膜的結構和功能。
Contains two types of light sensitive cells : rods and cones.

Rods for vision in dim light; cones for vision in bright light and for colour
vision.

含有兩種感光細胞 : 視桿和視椎。
視桿專在⿊暗中看物，不能分辨顏⾊。 視椎在光亮中看物，可分辨顏
⾊。
Describe the structure and function of lens.
簡述晶狀體的結構和功能。
Convex, transparent and elastic. To focus the image on the retina.

雙凸，透明有彈性。將影像聚焦在視網膜。
Describe the structure and function of suspensory ligament.
簡述懸韌帶的結構和功能。
Fibrous structure. To hold the lens in position.

纖維組織。固定晶狀體的位置。
Describe the function of ciliary bodies.
簡述睫狀體的功能。
For accomodation.

調節晶狀體的聚焦能⼒。

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 Describe the function of iris.
簡述虹膜的功能。
To control the size of the pupil and hence the amount of light entering
the eye. In bright light, to cut down

the amount of light that enters the eye so as to prevent the eye from
over stimulation by light.

虹膜環狀肌可收縮，透過控制瞳孔的⼤⼩來控制進⼊眼球的光線的多寡，
當光線過強時，
減低進⼊眼睛的光線，避免視網膜受到傷害。
Describe the function of pupil.
簡述瞳孔的功能。
An aperture for light to pass through.

給光線通過的孔道。
Describe the function of aqueous and vitreous humour.
簡述⽔狀液和玻璃狀液的功能。
To maintain the shape of the eye. To help to refract light on the retina. To
transport oxygen and

nutrients to the lens and cornea.

維持眼球的形狀，幫助將光折射在視網膜，給晶狀體和⾓膜運送氧氣和營
養。
Describe the function of eye muscle.
簡述眼肌的功能。
To move the eyeball in the orbit.

在眼窩內移動眼球。
Describe the function of conjunctiva.
簡述結膜的功能。
To protect the front part of the eye.

保護眼睛的前⾯。
Describe the function of yellow spot.
簡述⿈點的功能。

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 This region contains the highest density of cones. This is the region
which gives the clearest vision.

此處含有最⾼密⿑度的視椎，在此得到的視覺最為清晰。
Describe the function of blind spot.
簡述盲點的功能。
This is the region where nerve from the rods and cones leave the eye.

這是視桿和視椎的神經線離開眼球之處。
Explain the formation of colour vision.
解釋顏⾊視覺的形成。
There are 3 types of photoreceptors (cones) for red, green and blue
colours. The various colours

are detected by different combinations of the 3 types of photoreceptors.

視網膜有三種視錐，分別對紅光、綠光和藍光敏感，三種視錐的組合便可
分辨不同顏⾊。
Describe the accommodation of distant object.
簡述遠物的視覺調節。
放射睫狀肌收縮The radial ciliary muscle contracts
懸韌帶被拉緊Suspensory ligament is stretched
晶狀體因拉⼒⽽變薄The lens is pulled and becomes less convex
晶狀體的焦距增加Focal length of the lens increases
遠物的影像落在視網膜Image of distant object falls on the retina
Explain why the eye becomes fatigue when looking a t a nearby object for a
long time.
為什麼觀看近物⼀段⻑時間，眼睛會覺得疲勞 ?

The eye becomes fatigue when looking at a nearby object for a long
time because ciliary

muscle needs to contract to maintain convexity of the lens.

觀看近物⼀段⻑時間，眼睛會覺得疲勞，因為睫狀環需要⻑期收縮以維持
晶狀體的厚度。
Describe the defect in short sight.
簡述近視的缺陷。
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 Distant objects focus at a point in front of the retina. It cannot be clearly
seen.

遠物在視網膜前聚焦，影像變得不清楚。
Give the reasons of short sight.
說出近視的成因。
The lens is too thick or the eyeball is too long.

晶狀體過厚或眼球過⻑。
Suggest the correction of short sight.
建議矯治近視的⽅法。
By wearing a concave lens.

配戴凹透鏡。
Describe the defect in long sight.
簡述遠視的缺陷。
Close objects focus at a point behind the retina. It cannot be clearly
seen.

近物在視網膜後聚焦，影像變得不清楚。
Give is the reasons of long sight.
說出遠視的成因。
The lens is too thin or the eyeball is too short. In old-aged people, the
lens has lost its elasticity.

晶狀體過薄或眼球過短。在⽼⼈，晶狀體失去彈⼒。
Suggest the correction of long sight.
建議矯治遠視的⽅法。
By wearing a convex lens.

配戴凸透鏡
A student sits at the back, he cannot see the words on the blackboard
clearly. Draw the path
of rays in his eyes when he trys to focus on the words.

⼀學⽣坐在後⾯，不能清楚看⾒⿊板上的字，繪⼀光線圖以顯⽰當眼睛聚
焦於字體時光線的途徑。

'15. Detecting the environment 5

 For the above question, suggest what glasses shoud he wear, and draw the
path of rays in his
eyes after this correction.

根據以上題⽬，建議該⽣該戴什麼眼鏡，並繪出矯治後的光線圖。
By a concave lens.

配戴凹透鏡。

A student cannot see the words on his watch clearly. Draw the path of rays
in his eyes
when he trys to focus on the watch.

⼀學⽣不能清楚看⾒⼿錶上的字，繪⼀光線圖以顯⽰當眼睛聚焦於字體時
光線的途徑。

For the above question, suggest what glasses shoud he wear, and draw the
path of rays in his
eyes after this correction.

根據以上題⽬，建議該⽣該戴什麼眼鏡，並繪出矯治後的光線圖。

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 By a convex lens.

配戴凸透鏡

Describe how the formation of image on the retina can bring about the vision
in the brain.
描述視網膜上的影像如何導致腦部產⽣視覺。
When the light sensitive cells on the retina are stimulated by light,
nervous impulses are generated.

Through the optic nerve, the impulses will be sent to the optic center of
the cerebrum where they

will be interpretted as vision.

視網膜上的感光細胞受到刺激，便會產⽣神經脈衝，這些脈衝沿視神經傳
⾄⼤腦⽪層。⼤腦
⽪層會將接收到的經脈衝詮釋成影像。
Distinguish between rods and cones.
分辨視桿和視錐。
The rods are stimulated by dim light while the cones are stimulated by
bright light. Cones can

detect colours while rods cannot. Cones have high visual acuity while
rods have not.

視桿觀測夜間事物，⽽視錐觀測⽇間事物。視錐可分辨顏⾊給予⾼視銳
度，⽽視桿不能。
State the function of pinna.
說出外⽿的功能。
To collect more sound waves.

收集更多聲波。

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 State the function of external auditory canal.
說出的外⽿道功能。
To transmit sound wave to the tympanum.

傳送聲波到⿎膜。
State the function of ear drum.
說出⿎膜的功能。
To convert the sound wave into the vibration of the ossicles.

將聲波化為聽⾻的振動。
State the function of middle ear ossicles.
說出聽⾻的功能。
To amplify the vibration. To conduct sound wave to the inner ear.

把⿎膜的振波擴⼤，傳送⾄內⽿。
State the function of Eustachian tube.
說出⽿咽管的功能。
Connect to pharynx. To equalize the pressure in the middle ear with that
of the atmosphere.

連接咽喉，平衡中⽿與⼤氣的壓⼒，以免⿎膜受損。
State the function of oval window.
說出橢圓窗的功能。
To transmit the vibration from the ossicles to the cochlea.

將⽿⾻的振動傳送⾄⽿蝸。
State the function of round window.
說出正圓窗的功能。
To damp the vibration of the perilymph in the cochlea.

凸出或凹⼊，抵消⽿蝸管內液體波動壓⼒。
State the function of cochlea.
說出⽿蝸的功能。
For the detection of sound virbration, (low frequency at the end)
converting sound waves to nerve

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 impulses. Through the auditory nerve, the impulses will be sent to the
auditory center of the

cerebrum where they will be interpretted as sound.

感應聲⾳的振動，發出神經脈衝，經聽神經傳送⾄⼤腦作分析，翻譯為聲
⾳。
State the function of auditory nerve.
說出聽神經的功能。
Carry impulses from the cochlea to the cerebrum.

將神經脈衝由⽿蝸傳⾄⼤腦。
Explain how does the cochlea make hearing possible.
解釋⽿蝸如何協助聽聲。
The vibration of the perilymph is detected by the sensory cells in the
cochlea. Through the

auditory nerve, the impulses will be sent to the auditory center of the
cerebrum where they will be

interpretted as sound.

⽿蝸內的敏感⽑細胞可探測外淋巴液的振動，發出神經脈衝，經聽神經傳
送⾄⼤腦作分析，
翻譯為聲⾳。
Explain why there is a temporary deafness when there is a sudden change
of atmospheric pressure.
How to restore the normal hearing?

解釋當氣壓突然改變時，為什麼有短暫的⽿聾，如何可回復聽覺？
Deafness sometimes occurs when there is a sudden change of
atmospheric pressure because the

pressure on the two sides of the ear drum becomes unbalanced, thus
affecting the normal

functioning of the ear drum. Hearing can be restored to normal by

opening of mouth to allow air to

enter the middle ear through Eustachian tube so that the air pressure on
the two sides of the ear

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 drum can be balanced.

當氣壓突然改變時，可能有短暫的⽿聾，因為⿎膜兩⾯的壓⼒不平衡，影
響了⿎膜的正常運
作。欲回復聽覺，可張開⼝部令空氣經⽿咽管進⼊中⽿，使⿎膜兩⾯的氣
壓得以平衡。
A girl had an infection in the middle ear shortly after suffering from a sore
throat. Suggest
how her middle ear might have become infected.

⼀⼥孩患上喉嚨痛後不久，她的中⽿受到感染。試加以解釋。
It was because the bacteria can enter the middle ear through the
Eustachian tube and infect it.

因喉嚨裏的細菌能經⽿咽管進⼊並感染中⽿。

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