組別: A5

組員:
張品御 B98609049 (主筆)
黃晨洋 B00609071
林宜麟 B00609067
郭君婷 B00609065

生理實習報告
Human Heart

HH-1: The Electrocardiogram and Peripheral Circulation

Exercise 1: The ECG and the Pulse in a Resting Subject

 實驗目的: 測量在休息情況下個人的 ECG 和脈搏，並觀察兩者之間的關係。
 實驗方法: 將三個 ECG 電極接在受試者身上，連接方法分別為: 紅色(+1)於
右手腕上、黑色(+1)於左手腕上及綠色(ground)於右腳踝上。另外，將測量
脈搏之儀器接於手指腹上。以上完成後，開啟機器開始測量。
 實驗結果:

ECG

Pulse

Pulse
Integral

(受試者: 黃晨洋)

 結果討論: 經過分析，此受試者的 beat period 為 0.74 秒，而 R-Pulse Interval

為 0.225 秒。而由 beat period，我們又可推算此受試者的 Heart Rate 為
60/0.74=81bpm。正常人類的 heart rate 範圍為 60-100bpm，而我們的受試
者結果落在正常範圍內。
 Exercise 2: The ECG and the Pulse in Other Subject
 實驗目的: 測量在休息情況下另一個人的 ECG 和脈搏，並觀察兩者之間的關
係。
 實驗方法: 同 Exercise 1，但使用另一位受試者。
 實驗結果:

ECG

Pulse

Pulse
Integral

(受試者: 張品御)

 結果討論: 經過分析，此受試者的 beat period 為 0.89 秒，而 R-Pulse Interval

為 0.26 秒。而由 beat period，我們又可推算此受試者的 Heart Rate 為
60/0.89=67bpm。正常人類的 heart rate 範圍為 60-100bpm，而我們的受試
者結果落在正常範圍內，但比上一位受試者低。

HH-2: The Electrocardiogram and Heart Sounds

Exercise 1: The ECG in a Resting Subject

 實驗目的: 測量在休息情況下個人的 ECG。
 實驗方法: 將三個 ECG 電極接在受試者身上，並開啟機器測量。
 實驗結果:
 ECG

Heart
Sounds

結果討論: 經過分析
R-wave amplitude 為 0.520mV
P-wave amplitude 為 0.074mV
T-wave amplitude 為 0.288mV
Beat period 為 0.915 秒
(註: 由於本次實驗有許多的 noise，較不容易判斷正確的 P 波波峰和波底)

Exercise 3: The ECG and Heart Sounds

 實驗目的: 判讀心音和 ECG 之間的連結。
 實驗方法: 記錄 ECG 的同時，由一人在受試者的胸腔左方放置聽診器，並手
握一按壓記錄器。當在聽診器內聽見第一心音時，按壓記錄器直到聽見第
二心音後，放開記錄器。
 實驗結果:

ECG

Heart
Sounds

 結果討論: 經過分析
R-Lub interval 為 0.130 秒
T-Dub interval 為 0.135 秒
 HH-3: Exercise, the Electrocardiogram, and Peripheral Circulation

Exercise 1: The ECG and the Pulse in a Resting Subject

 實驗目的: 測量在休息情況下個人的 ECG 和脈搏，並觀察兩者之間的關係。
 實驗方法: 將三個 ECG 電極接在受試者身上，並將測量脈搏之儀器接於手指
腹上。以上完成後，開啟機器開始測量。
 實驗結果:

ECG

Pulse

Heart
Rate

Exercise 2: The ECG and Pulse After Leg Exercises

 實驗目的: 測量腿部運動後的 ECG 和脈搏，並觀察兩者之間的關係。
 實驗方法: 請受試者在系館沿樓梯上下跑數趟之後，利用 exercise 1 中之方
法測量 ECG 和脈搏。
 實驗結果:

ECG

Pulse

Heart
Rate

 結果討論: 經過分析後
R-wave amplitude 為 0.525mV
Beat period 為 0.400 秒
 Heart rate 為 60/0.400=150bpm
P-R interval 為 0.110 秒
Q-T interval 為 0.260 秒
T-P interval 為 0.100 秒
R-Pulse inteval 為 0.145 秒
Pulse wave amplitude 為 0.068 (註: 可能因指腹上的記錄器放置位置不佳，所
測到的脈搏 amplitude 非常小而且 noise 也偏多，下次應該調整後再次測
量。)

Exercise 3: The ECG and Pulse After Hand Exercises

 實驗目的: 測量手部運動後的 ECG 和脈搏，並觀察兩者之間的關係。
 實驗方法: 請受試者持續按壓壓力氣球三分鐘之後，利用 exercise 1 中之方
法測量 ECG 和脈搏。
 實驗結果:

ECG

Pulse

Heart
Rate

 結果討論:
(表中之秒數為手部運動後恢復期內的時間)
Rest 0 sec 30 sec 60 sec 90 sec 120 sec
Heart rate 71 85 81 78 78 82
(bpm)
R-Pulse 0.240 0.215 0.215 0.210 0.200 0.200
interval (sec)
R-wave 0.537 0.627 0.648 0.675 0.637 0.542
amplitude
(mV)
Pulse wave 0.254 0.060 0.070 0.067 0.066 0.080
amplitude
 (mV)

1. 從表中數值可見手部運動恢復期中，時間過越久，Hear rate 有從高降低的

趨勢。而與 resting 情況下相比，Heart rate 明顯較高許多。
2. 時間過越久 R-pulse interval 無明顯改變。但與 resting 的情況相比，則有所
縮短。
3. R-wave amplitude 在手部運動過後約兩分鐘才有顯著的下降。但恢復期中的
R-wave amplitude 則是明顯較 resting 的情況高。
4. 由於脈搏記錄器在由 exercise1 到 exercise2 中間有脫落，而重新接上後所測
得的脈搏與原本差異極大，故 rest 的 pulse wave amplitude 不能當作後面數
值的比較參考。

HH-5: The Diving Reflex

Exercise 1: Heart Rate at Rest

 實驗目的: 測量受試者休息時的 Heart rate。
 實驗方法: 將三個 ECG 電極接在受試者身上，並將測量脈搏之儀器接於手指
腹上。以上完成後，開啟機器開始測量。
 實驗結果:
受試者在休息時的 Heart rate 為 85bpm。

Exercise 2: Heart Rate and Apnea

 實驗目的: 測量受試者在憋氣情況下的 Heart Rate。
 實驗結果:
Breathing Holding Breath
Pulse

Pulse interval 為 0.635 秒，又由 Pulse interval 可算出 Heart Rate 為 94bpm。
 ※綜合 exercise 1 和 exercise 2 的數據，可得知在憋氣的情況下，Heart rate 會上
升。因為憋氣時，身體所獲得的氧氣交換量下降，血液中的攜氧量也減少，故
需要以加速的心跳來代償，使身體各處仍保有一定的氧氣供應。
Human Circulation

HC-1: Blood Pressure, Peripheral Circulation, and Body Position

Exercise 1: Blood Pressures from the Left Arm

 實驗目的: 測量受試者在仰躺情況下的左手臂收縮壓以及舒張壓。
 實驗方法: 在受試者左手臂上方安裝一連接壓力氣球之束帶，並在受試者的
手指腹上安裝脈搏記錄器。開始記錄後，持續按壓壓力氣球直到記錄不到
脈搏為止。之後，以每秒 10mmHg 的速率放氣，直到壓力達 20mmHg 為止。
 實驗結果:

Pulse

Blood
Pressure

 結果討論:
Systolic Pressure 為 100mmHg
Diastolic Pressure 為 55mmHg
受試者血壓正常，但舒張壓略低。

Exercise 2: Repeatability of Blood Pressure Measurements

 實驗目的: 測試是否能重複量得一受試者的血壓。
 實驗方法: 同 exercise 1
 實驗結果: 同 exercise 1

Exercise 3: Blood Pressure from the Right Arm

 實驗目的: 測量受試者在仰躺情況下右手臂的收縮壓以及舒張壓。
 實驗方法: 同 exercise 1，但將左手換至右手。
  實驗結果:

Pulse

Blood
Pressure

 結果討論:
Systolic Pressure 為 100mmHg
Diastolic Pressure 為 55mmHg
與 exercise 1 所得之結果相同

Exercise 4: Blood Pressures from the Forearm

 實驗目的: 為了測試血壓是否會因離心臟較遠而降低。
 實驗方法: 將 exercise 3 中的束帶往手掌的方向移動。
 實驗結果:

Pulse

Blood
Pressure

 結果討論:
Systolic Pressure 為92mmHg
Diastolic Pressure 為 67mmHg
與手臂上緣所獲得的數據相比，收縮壓下降，但舒張壓上升。
Exercise 5: Blood Pressures with Different Arm Positions
 實驗目的: 檢視地心引力對於血壓和周邊循環的影響。
 實驗方法: 換一個新的受試者，將束帶綁在其左手臂上緣，並使其維持坐著
的姿勢。測量一次血壓後，請受試者將右手放至頭頂，並測量血壓。然後
請受試者將左手放至頭頂後測量血壓。
 實驗結果:
Resting:
Systolic Pressure 為 115mmHg
Diastolic Pressure 為 84mmHg
左手在頭頂:
Systolic Pressure 為 92mmHg
Diastolic Pressure 為 52mmHg
右手在頭頂
Systolic Pressure 為 110mmHg
Diastolic Pressure 為 55mmHg
 結果討論:
因為手舉高後，心臟打出的血液需要對抗地心引力才能達到手臂，所以造
成的血壓降低。

Exercise 6: Blood Pressures from the Leg

 實驗目的: 測量腿部的血壓
 實驗方法: 將束帶移至受試者的左腿並在不同姿勢下測量血壓。姿勢包括仰
躺、將左腿垂直放置於椅子上、站立和持續站立三分鐘。
 實驗結果:
仰躺:
Systolic Pressure 為 112mmHg
Diastolic Pressure 為 88mmHg
左腿垂直放置於椅子上:
Systolic Pressure 為 114mmHg
Diastolic Pressure 為 70mmHg
站立:
Systolic Pressure 為 173mmHg
Diastolic Pressure 為 100mmHg
持續站立三分鐘:
Systolic Pressure 為 177mmHg
Diastolic Pressure 為 130mmHg
 結果討論: 站立時所測得的血壓較高，因為腿部與心臟的水平距離較 長。
 站立時間久的血壓也會提高，推估可能因血液堆積在腿部而造成血壓較高。
HC-2: Blood Pressure, Peripheral Circulation, and Imposed Conditions

Exercise 1:Measuring Blood Pressures

 實驗目的: 測量受試者的收縮壓和舒張壓。
 實驗方法: 同 HC-1 之 exercise 1。
 實驗結果:
Systolic Pressure 為 106mmHg
Diastolic Pressure 為 62mmHg
Exercise 3: Effects of Exercise
 實驗目的: 檢視運動對於血壓的改變。
 實驗方法: 請受試者於樓梯上下運動後測量血壓，運動後每三十秒測量一次。
 實驗結果:
(秒數表運動後恢復期之時間)
Heart Rate Systolic Diastolic Pulse Pressure
Time (bpm) Pressure Pressure (mmHg)
(sec) (mmHg) (mmHg)
0 133 142 122 20
30 98 141 117 24
60 82 109 59 40
90 81 102 66 36
 結果討論: 運動使得 Heart rate、收縮壓、舒張壓上升，但 pulse pressure 下
降。經過時間恢復後漸漸回到靜止狀態。

Exercise 4: Effects of Apnea

 實驗目的: 檢視憋氣對於血壓的改變。
 實驗方法: 請受試者憋氣並測量血壓。當受試者重新開始呼吸時每三十秒測
量一次。
 實驗結果:
Heart Rate Systolic Diastolic Pulse Pressure
Time (bpm) Pressure Pressure (mmHg)
(sec) (mmHg) (mmHg)
Holding 107 105 90 15
breath
30 90 108 96 12
60 90 111 98 13
90 88 107 89 18
  結果討論: 憋氣使心跳加快，但對於血壓無顯著影響。
HC-3: Pulse Wave Velocity
Exercise 1: The Pulse Wave Velocity at Rest
 實驗目的: 測量靜止時的 pulse wave velocity。
 實驗方法: 使用 ECG 電極和脈搏記錄器來測量。
 實驗結果:

ECG

Pulse

(受試者: 黃晨洋)
 結果討論: R-pulse interval 為 0.206 秒，又從手肘到手指的長度為 450mm。
Pulse wave velocity 為 450mm/0.206sec=2184.46mm/sec=2.184m/sec

Exercise 2: The Pulse Wave Velocity After Hand Exercise

 實驗目的: 檢視手部運動對於 pulse wave velocity 的影響
 實驗方法: 請受試者按壓壓力氣球三分鐘後，同 exercise 1 測量。
 實驗結果:

ECG

Pulse

(受試者: 黃晨洋)
 結果討論: R-pulse interval 為 0.194 秒，又從手肘到手指的長度為 450mm。
Pulse wave velocity 為 450mm/0.194sec=2319.59mm/sec=2.320m/sec
 經過手部運動後，pulse wave velocity 上升。
Exercise 3: Resting and Post-Exercise Pulse Wave Velocities in Other Subjects
 實驗目的: 測量另一受試者靜止時的 pulse wave velocity。
 實驗方法: 請另一受試者，同 exercise 1 和 exercise 2 測量。
 實驗結果:
(受試者: 林宜麟)
Resting

ECG

Pulse

After Hand Exercise

ECG

Pulse

 結果討論:
(resting)
R-pulse interval 為 0.214 秒，又從手肘到手指的長度為 450mm。
Pulse wave velocity 為 450mm/0.214sec=2102.80mm/sec=2.103m/sec
(after hand exercise)
R-pulse interval 為 0.208 秒，又從手肘到手指的長度為 450mm。
Pulse wave velocity 為 450mm/0.208sec=2163.46mm/sec=2.163m/sec
 經過手部運動後，pulse wave velocity 上升。
HC-4: Pulse Contour Analysis

Exercise 1: Arterial Stiffness

 實驗目的: 測量受試者的主要動脈之 SSI (Student Stiffness Index)。
 實驗方法: 測量受試者在靜止的狀況下之血壓和脈搏。
 實驗結果:

Pulse

Blood
Pressure

Pulse
Integral

(受試者: 黃晨洋)
 結果討論:
Mean Reflection Time = 0.145 (sec)
Height = 1.65 (m)
SSI = 11.38 (m/sec)

Exercise 3: Blood Pressures

 實驗目的: 測驗受試者血壓是否正常，或者是高血壓、低血壓。
 實驗方法: 同 HC-1 之 exercise 1。
 實驗結果:
Systolic Pressure 為 100mmHg
Diastolic Pressure 為 55mmHg
受試者血壓正常，但舒張壓略低。
B00609067
林宜麟

Experiment HH-1: The Electrocardiogram and Peripheral Circulation

Exercise 1
Q2
During the R wave, the two ventricles became depolarized, and the ventricles
contract, the blood in the ventricles flow out of the heart and into the aorta and
pulmonary arteries. This causes a sudden increase of the pressure exerted onto the
vascular wall, producing the pulse wave that can be observed around the human body.

Exercise 2
Q1
No, they aren’t the same between different subjects. Between our two subjects, the
one possessed a higher heart rate had the shorter time interval, I reckoned the
difference is due to the difference in the rate of blood flow through their vessels. But
without a datum with more subjects, I can’t be certain the relationship between heart
rate and time interval is universal.

Experiment HH-2: The Electrocardiogram and Heart Sounds

Exercise 1
Q1
Yes, the amplitudes of all waves in the ECG are fairly similar in our subject. We had
recorded some degree of noise during our experiment, but I would say the amplitude
of all waves could be viewed as the same, as in a man with normal cardiac function.

Exercise 3
Q3
The dub sound is produced by the impact of blood on aortic valves when the valves
become closed. The peak of T wave marked the time when ventricles begin to
repolarize and relax, witch happens shortly after the valves become closed. So
naturally the two events will happen around the same time.

Experiment HH-3: Exercise, the Electrocardiogram, and Peripheral Circulation

Exercise 2:
Q2
The P-R interval decreased to half after the subject had performed leg exercise.
Compared to the difference between two subjects we’ve seen in Experiment HH-1, I’d
stick to the conclusion I’ve made that with a higher heart rate, the P-R interval would
be shorter.

Exercise 3
Q4
Leg exercise clearly caused a higher heart rate than hand exercise. During Hand
exercise, the subject was measured for a heart rate of 85 bpm, that’s very close to the
resting heart rate (71bpm.). But after leg exercise, the measurement went up to 150
bpm, that’s two fold of the resting heart rate.

Experiment HH-5: The Diving Reflex

Exercise 2
Q1
The heart increased while the subject was holding his breath. The measurement was
94 bpm, higher the resting rate 71 bpm, and even higher than the same subject after he
performed hand exercise.

Experiment HC-1: Blood Pressure, Peripheral Circulation, and Body Position

Exercise 2
Q1
Yes, they are identical in the two experiments. Under normal conditions, blood
pressure is under multiple regulation, but blood pressure should be relatively stable in
the same subject under the same condition. Variations could be seen if the condition
changed. For example, if our subject is surprised by some sort, the heart rate could
change, and therefore the blood pressure could change, too.

Exercise 3
The measurements of blood pressure of two arms are the same in our subject.

Exercise 4
Our subject has a lower systolic pressure and a higher diastolic pressure on his
forearm compared to his own upper arm. The systolic pressure decreased because the
pressure dissipate while traveling through the vessel, and the diastolic pressure
increased because the pulse effect is generally smaller in more distal part of the body,
and the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure decreased.

Exercise 5
The pressure decreased when the arm is raised high. It’s because the potential energy
conserved in the pressure is now dissipated by the resistance of the vessel and
converted into the gravitational potential.

Exercise 6
No, they are all different from the pressure obtained from the arm. I guess the
differences are mostly due to the relative position differences to the heart. Though the
distance of measuring point and the heart are all the same, the vertical distance
weren’t. And that’s when gravity comes into play.

Experiment HC-2: Blood Pressure, Peripheral Circulation, and Imposed

Conditions

Exercise 3
Q2
It took about 60 seconds for him to return to a normal heart rate. It was quite fast, and
we reckoned the reason should be his regular training on table tennis.

Exercise 4
The pressure first increased, and after 60 seconds it started to decrease. But the
change in our subject is fairly subtle, and may be a measuring variation and holds no
true difference after all.

Experiment HC-3: Pulse Wave Velocity

Exercise 3
Q1
The pulse wave velocity increased with exercise, form 2.103m/sec at rest to
2.163m/sec after exercise.

Experiment HC-4: Pulse Contour Analysis

Q1
The subject possessed a normal systolic pressure, and a slightly lower diastolic
pressure. But since the subject is under constant training of table tennis, the normal
standard might not perfectly applied to our subject.

B00609065 郭君婷
HH-1: The Electrocardiogram and Peripheral Circulation
Exercise 1: The ECG and the Pulse in a Resting Subject
Q1
R wave 是 QRS complex 中的其中一波，此 complex 為一正常心電圖中第二的出
現的波。它代表的是心室的 depolarization，這個接著造成心室的收縮，心室的
壓力還未超過心房的時候，這個階段稱為 isovolumetric ventricular contraction。

Exercise 2: The ECG and the Pulse in Other Subject

Q4
As aortic pressure increases with the inflow of blood, the aortic valve closes to
prevent backflow of blood. This rebounding of blood against the valve causes a
decrease in aortic pressure then a rebound a aortic pressure. (Reference: Vander’s
Human Physiology) 因此像是血量、血管的彈性(elasticity)、血壓等皆能對 dicrotic
notch 的 shape 和 position 造成改變。

HH-2: The Electrocardiogram and Heart Sounds

Exercise 1: The ECG in a Resting Subject
Q1
每個循環的波的 amplitude 幾乎一樣，雖然 noise 有點高，導致判讀較困難。每
次的 amplitude 都一樣代表這位受試者的心循環功能是正常的。不過 ECG 只能告
訴我們心電波方面的資訊，如果此為受試者的心臟有運作(mechanical)方面的問
題，我們並不能從這裡判讀。

Exercise 3: The ECG and Heart Sounds

Q1
The lub sound marks the onset of systole. The R wave signifies the wave of
depolarization throughout the ventricular tissues. Systole is initiated by the this
depolarization which causes ventricular contraction, so the lub sound always
normally occurs around the R wave.

HH-3: Exercise, the Electrocardiogram, and Peripheral Circulation

Exercise 2: The ECG and Pulse After Leg Exercises
Q8
Exercising in general will increase cardiac output, and the blood vessels will dilate,
causing an increase in blood flow all over the body, regardless of the parts of the
body that is undergoing exercise.

Exercise 3: The ECG and Pulse After Hand Exercises

Q3
The amplitude of pulse wave is higher after leg exercising than hand exercising. This
is because the leg exercise that our subject did was more intense and included a
larger range of muscles. Therefore the heart had to increase its output to a greater
extent in order to supply the increased need of oxygen.

HH-5: The Diving Reflex

Exercise 2: Heart Rate and Apnea
Q1
The heart rate while holding breath increases. This is because there is a halt in
oxygen supply, so the heart races to compensate for decreased oxygen supply all
over the muscles.

Human Circulation

HC-1: Blood Pressure, Peripheral Circulation, and Body Position

Exercise 2: Repeatability of Blood Pressure Measurements
Q2
Releasing the cuff more slowly would make the measurement more accurate. This is
because the sound first appears when the pressure being exerted on the arm in
lower than that of the arterial pressure. So we will be able to read the numbers more
accurately if the pressure decreases more slowly.

Exercise 3: Blood Pressure from the Right Arm

The results obtained from left and right arm are the same. This shows that the
subject is in a resting state that the circulation is normal.

Exercise 4: Blood Pressures from the Forearm

The systolic pressure in the forearm is lower than in the upper arm, this is because it
is further away from the heart. The blood that travels there have decreased pressure
as it encounters resistance over a longer distance. Diastolic pressure increases as the
skeletal muscle there contracts more to pump blood back.

Exercise 5: Blood Pressures with Different Arm Positions

The pressure decreases when the arm is raised over head, because gravity increases
the resistance that blood needs to overcome to travel around the body.

Exercise 6: Blood Pressures from the Leg

Q1
The pressure measured from the leg resting on a chair is approximately the same as
that of a resting arm. The diastolic pressure is more different, this is probably
because the leg is resting on a chair so the resistance caused by gravity is reduced.

HC-2: Blood Pressure, Peripheral Circulation, and Imposed Conditions

Exercise 3: Effects of Exercise
Q2
The heart rate returns to normal after about 60 seconds. This particular subject
returns to normal heart rate quite quickly, this suggests that he is quite fit, so it only
requires a short amount of time for his heart to compensate for the changes caused
by exercising.

Exercise 4: Effects of Apnea

Q1
There is no significant change in blood pressure after apnea. This is because there is
no change in the size of the blood vessels but an increase in heart rate to
compensate for decreased oxygen supply.

HC-3: Pulse Wave Velocity

Exercise 3: Resting and Post-Exercise Pulse Wave Velocities in Other Subjects
Q1
The pulse wave velocity increases with exercise. The R-pulse interval decreases after
exercise because heart rate and blood pressure increase with exercise.

HC-4: Pulse Contour Analysis

Exercise 3: Blood Pressures
Q1
The systolic pressure is normal, but diastolic pressure is slightly lower. But the SRI is
in correlation with his blood pressure.

B00609071
黃晨洋
Human Heart
HH-1: The Electrocardiogram and Peripheral Circulation

Exercise 1: The ECG and the Pulse in a Resting Subject

b00609071 黃晨洋
討論：黃晨洋為此受測者，從儀器測量所得到的結果，心跳間期為 0.74 秒，
beat period 為 0.225 秒，可以推算出來我的心跳速率為 60/0.74=81 下/每分鐘，
為健康生理的範圍。
問題：What electrical and mechanical events take place during the R wave?
ans: R wave 為 Q wave 後的正波，乃心室去極化所導致。

Exercise 2: The ECG and the Pulse in Other Subject

b00609071 黃晨洋
討論：經儀器分析，此受測者(張品御)的 beat period 為 0.89 秒，而 R-Pulse
interval 為 0.26 秒。另外由 beat period 可進一步推算受測者的 heart rate 為 67 下
/每分鐘，比上一位受試者(黃晨洋)低。但從實驗結果也發現張品御的 pulse 強度
比黃晨洋還低。

問題：Is the time interval between the R wave and the peak of the pulse wave the
same for each subject? Does this time interval differ with heart rate?
ans: 每個受測者的 R wave 間隔都不同、且 peak of pulse wave 的間隔也不同。此
間隔與心跳速度有關。

HH-2: The Electrocardiogram and Heart Sounds

Exercise 1: The ECG in a Resting Subject

b00609071 黃晨洋
討論：經儀器分析可發現 R-wave amplitude 為 0.520mV、P-wave amplitude 為
0.074mV、T-wave amplitude 為 0.288mV、Beat period 為 0.915 秒，此受測者所測
得數值從結果來看都為正常值，另外可看到因外界干擾的雜波。

問題：Which wave has the largest amplitude?

ans: R wave has the largest amplitude。

Exercise 3: The ECG and Heart Sounds

b00609071 黃晨洋
討論：經儀器分析 R-Lub interval 為 0.130 秒、T-Dub interval 為 0.135 秒，乃正常
範圍內。

問題：Why does the lub sound occur around the peak of the R wave?
ans： Lub sound 乃 AV valve 關閉的所造成的聲響，之後開始 systole。(R wave 乃
心室去極化收縮時造成的正波)。所以 lub sound occur around the peak of the R
wave。

HH-3: Exercise, the Electrocardiogram, and Peripheral Circulation

Exercise 1: The ECG and the Pulse in a Resting Subject
b00609071 黃晨洋
討論：可發現 ECG 乃規律的波形，而 Pulse 通常發生於 R 波之後的第一個正波。
Heart rate 為 71、R-Pulse
interval (sec)為 0.240、R-wave amplitude (mv)為 0.537。
問題：沒有問題要答。

Exercise 2: The ECG and Pulse After Leg Exercises

b00609071 黃晨洋
討論：經過儀器分析後 R-wave amplitude 為 0.525mV、Beat period 為 0.400 秒。
Heart rate 為 60/0.400=150bpm、P-R interval 為 0.110 秒、Q-T interval 為 0.260 秒、
T-P interval 為 0.100 秒、R-Pulse inteval 為 0.145 秒、Pulse wave amplitude 為
0.06。因運動導致心跳加速，使 P-R interval、Q-T interval、R-Pulse inteval 等數值
明顯都比起休息狀態時下降。
問題：is there any affect on the blood flow through subject’s finger as the subject is
performing leg exercises?
ans：當腿部運動時，心跳會加快、所以四肢的周邊循環血流量都會上升。且血
管會擴張。

Exercise 3: The ECG and Pulse After Hand Exercises

b00609071 黃晨洋
討論：在運動後，心跳、R-pulse interval、R-wave amplitude(mv)、pulse wave
amplitude 等數值會從運動態趨向休息態。
問題：How do the amplitudes of the pulse waves from the rest and each time
period of recovery from hand exercise compare?
ans：運動完開始休息時脈搏強度會逐漸下降。

HH-5: The Diving Reflex

Exercise 1: Heart Rate at Rest
b00609071 黃晨洋
討論：休息時的跳速率為 85 下/每分鐘，為正常的生理狀態
問題：沒有問題要答。

Exercise 2: Heart Rate and Apnea

b00609071 黃晨洋
討論：從實驗結果得知憋氣時心跳速率為 94 下/每分鐘，可發現憋氣，心跳會
上升，因為血液中的氧氣量較少，會被偵測到並加速心跳來增加血液通過肺部
的速率，以增加氧氣交換量。
問題：How does the subject’s average heart rate while resting compare to the heart
rate while holding breath?
ans：當憋氣時平均心跳速率上升(85 下/每分鐘→94 下/每分鐘)。

Human Circulation
HC-1: Blood Pressure, Peripheral Circulation, and Body Position
Exercise 1: Blood Pressures from the Left Arm
b00609071 黃晨洋
討論：從儀器分析結果可得知 Systolic Pressure 為 100mmHg、Diastolic Pressure
為 55mmHg，可推估受試者血壓正常，但舒張壓略低。
問題：本實驗沒有問題可寫。

Exercise 2: Repeatability of Blood Pressure Measurements

b00609071 黃晨洋
討論：其結果乃測試受試者是否可以重複測得的血壓值。
問題：Are the systolic and diastolic blood pressures from Exercises 1 and 2 identical?
What are the possible sources of variation?
ans：理論上而言必須相同，但由於身體感受到外界環境不斷改變(聲音、氧氣
濃度、緊張程度)，其都可能影響血壓變化。

Exercise 3: Blood Pressure from the Right Arm

b00609071 黃晨洋
討論：此實驗將測右手臂的收縮壓和舒張壓，其結果為 Systolic Pressure 為
100mmHg、Diastolic Pressure 為 55mmHg 與 exercise 1 所得之結果相同，我們可
以得知左右手的舒張壓一般而言相同。
問題：Are the values the same as those obtained for the left arm? Explain any
differences.
ans：從我們的實驗結果來看，左右手的結果相同。

Exercise 4: Blood Pressures from the Forearm

b00609071 黃晨洋
討論：此實驗將測試血壓是否會因測量離心臟較遠而降低，從結果發現 Systolic
Pressure 為 92mmHg、Diastolic Pressure 為 67mmHg，與之前的實驗相比發現，
舒張壓出乎意料有上升，而收縮壓則如預料的情況下降。
問題：Are the values from the forearm the same as those obtained with the cuff on
the upper arm?
ANS：與之前的實驗相比發現，舒張壓出乎意料有上升，而收縮壓則如預料的
情況下降。

Exercise 5: Blood Pressures with Different Arm Positions

b00609071 黃晨洋
討論：實驗結果發現當手在頭頂時，心臟的血液因地心引力的關係使血液到達
手臂的血壓下降。
問題：What is the effect of raising each hand on the blood pressure in the left arm?
Explain your results.
ANS：
Resting 左手在頭頂 右手在頭頂
Systolic Pressure 115mmHg 92mmHg 110mmHg
Diastolic Pressure 84mmHg 52mmHg 55mmHg
從結果可以無論舉起哪一手血壓均會下降，當舉起左手時因血液要對抗地心引
力，所以血壓降低程度很大。另外若舉右手，因左手仍平放，所以血壓下降的
程度沒有較左手舉高的來的多。

Exercise 6: Blood Pressures from the Leg

b00609071 黃晨洋
討論：此實驗將測量腿部的血壓，實驗結果發現站立時的血壓較高，因為站立
時大腿的部分肌肉會收縮，使血管受擠壓，造成血壓上升。另外站立時，因血
液要受地心引力影響所以堆積於腿部造成血壓變高。
問題：Are the blood pressure values from the leg the same as those obtained from
the arms? Explain any differences.
ANS：不，從結果來看受測位置高於心臟血壓會偏低，低於心臟血會偏高，其
與地心引力有關。

HC-2 : Blood Pressure, Peripheral Circulation, and Imposed Conditions

Exercise 1:Measuring Blood Pressures
b00609071 黃晨洋
討論：之前已做過相同實驗，結果得 Systolic Pressure 為 106mmHg、Diastolic
Pressure 為 62mmHg。
問題：沒有問題可以寫

Exercise 3: Effects of Exercise

b00609071 黃晨洋
討論：經儀器測量所得實驗結果發現如預期，運動可讓收縮壓、心跳速率、舒
張壓上升，但 pulse pressure 會下降，而運動後明顯生理狀況會恢復到正常生理
狀態。
問題：Compare the blood pressures before and after exercise. How long does it take
your subject’s blood pressure to return to the resting level? How does the time it
takes your subject’s blood pressure to return to normal compare to the times of
other subjects?
ANS：
Time(sec) Systolic Pressure (mmHg) Diastolic Pressure (mmHg)
0 142 122
30 141 117
60 109 59
90 102 66
此實驗結果看出當受試者經運動後休息 90 秒後(Systolic Pressure=102mmHg ,
Diastolic Pressure=66mmHg)，生理狀態可恢復到正常休息的生理狀態(Systolic
Pressure 為 106mmHg、Diastolic Pressure 為 62mmHg)。

Exercise 4: Effects of Apnea

b00609071 黃晨洋
討論：此實驗將偵測受試者憋氣時的血壓。當受試者重新開始呼吸時每 30 秒將
記錄一次，經儀器測量結果可發現憋氣會使心跳加快、但對於血壓並無影響。
但理論上憋氣時會造成缺氧狀態，當缺氧時為了得到更多的氧氣，交感神經興
奮會使呼吸速率上升、心跳上升、進而使得血壓上升。
問題：What effect does apnea have on the subject’s blood pressure?
ans：本次實驗結果發現憋氣對血壓並無影響。

HC-3 : Pulse Wave Velocity

Exercise 1: The Pulse Wave Velocity at Rest
b00609071 黃晨洋
討論：本實驗將測量休息狀態時脈搏速度，可發現受試者的 R-pulse interval 為
0.206 秒，可推算 Pulse wave velocity 450mm/0.206sec=2.184m/sec (手臂長
450mm)
問題：沒有問題可以寫。
Exercise 2: The Pulse Wave Velocity After Hand Exercise &Exercise 3: Resting and
Post-Exercise Pulse Wave Velocities in Other Subjects
b00609071 黃晨洋
討論：本實驗將測試手部運動對於 pulse wave velocity 的影響，從結果可發現手
部運動確實會影響 pulse wave velocity，因手部運動將會使此區血管半徑擴大，
造成心臟須提供更大的血流量，因此心跳速率上升造成 pulse wave velocity 跟著
上升。
問題：Does the PWV of the subject’s brachial artery increase or decrease with
exercise?
ans：從實驗結果得知：
休息時：Pulse wave velocity 為 2.103m/sec。
運動後：Pulse wave velocity 為 2.163m/sec
經過手部運動後，PWV 確實上升。

HC-4 : Pulse Contour Analysis

Exercise 1: Arterial Stiffness
b00609071 黃晨洋
討論：本次實驗將測量受試者的主要動脈之 SSI (Student Stiffness Index)。從結果
發現 Mean Reflection Time = 0.145 (sec)、Height = 1.65 (m)、SSI = 11.38 (m/sec)，
這些結果似乎符合預期。
問題：沒有問題可以寫

Exercise 3: Blood Pressures

b00609071 黃晨洋
討論：此實驗將測量受試者血壓是否正常。結果發現受試者 Systolic Pressure 為
100mmHgDiastolic Pressure 為 55mmHg，得知受試者血壓正常，但舒張壓略低。
問題：Does the Student Reflection Index (SRI) of the subject correlate to his or her
blood pressure?
ANS：與 SSI 比較發現符合預期結果。
姓名: 張品御
學號: B98609049

Experiment HH-1: The Electrocardiogram and Peripheral Circulation

Ex. 1, Q2:
During the R-wave, the left ventricle contracts, sending a large amount of blood to
the rest of the body. During the pulse-wave, the blood that has been pumped out of
the heat reaches the tip of the finger (where the pulse recorder is clipped on).
Ex.2, Q1:
The interval between R wave and the peak of the pulse wave is different for different
subjects. From our result, it seems that subjects with lower heart rate would a longer
interval compared to a subject with higher heart rate.

Experiment HH-2: The Electrocardiogram and Heart Sounds

Ex.1, Q2:
The R wave has the largest amplitude.

Ex.2, Q2:
No, the heart rate differs in each individual. The average heart rate can be influenced
by age, gender, fitness, diet, and other factors.

Ex.3, Q1:
The “lub” sound is produced by the AV valves while closing, while the QRS complex is
associated with atrial repolarization and ventricular depolarization. These events are
very close with each other. During ventricular filling, the AV valve closes, producing
the first heart sound. Meanwhile the ventricle is depolarized (contributing to the QRS
complex) and preparing to contract. Therefore, the “lub” sound is always near the R
peak.

Experiment HH-3: Exercise, the Electrocardiogram, and Peripheral

Circulation

Ex.2, Q1:
The heart rate increased after exercise, and gradually restores back to the resting
state.

Ex.3, Q5:
No, the value differences after hand exercise and leg exercise are not the same. With
leg exercise, the R-pulse interval decreased by a larger amount than after hand
exercise. However, the R-wave amplitude increased after hand exercise but
decreased after leg exercise which is out of our expectation.

Experiment HC-1: Blood Pressure, Peripheral Circulation, and Body

Position
Ex.2, Q2:
Blood pressures are determined using changes in pulse amplitude. And the changes
in pulse amplitude are a result of the pressure difference of the cuff and the blood
inside vessels. The rate at which the pressure is released would not directly affect the
readings. However, it might help in the visualization of amplitude changes, leading to
a more precise reading.

Ex.3, Q1:
Yes, the values are pretty similar from both arms.

Ex4, Q1:
The pressure values obtained from the forearm are lower than the ones obtained
from the upper arm. This is because the distance between the forearm and the heart
is longer than that with the upper arm. When the blood stream travels away from
the heart, the pressure it exerts on the vessel wall is gradually worn off. Therefore, at
a point further away from the heart, the blood pressure would be lower.

Ex5, Q1:
The blood pressure decreases when the subject raises either arm above his/her
head. As the hand is raised, part of the blood pressure is worn off to overcome the
gravitational force for transporting blood to the raised hand, causing a general
decrease in blood pressure.

Ex.6, Q1:
The blood pressure in the leg is higher than that obtained from the arm. This is partly
due to the gravitational force since legs are at a lower level than of the heart. Also,
due to prolonged standing, blood accumulates in the legs, raising the blood pressure.

Experiment HC-2: Blood Pressure, Peripheral Circulation, and Imposed

Conditions

Ex.3, Q1:
It took about 60 seconds for the subject’s blood pressure to return to resting level.

Ex.4, Q1:
In our experiment, the effect of apnea on heart rate is more significant, while the
effect on blood pressure is not. During apnea, the heart rate of the subject increased,
while the blood pressure remained rather unchanged.

Experiment HC-3: Pulse Wave Velocity

Ex.3, Q1:
The Pulse Wave Velocity increases after hand exercise.

Experiment HC-4: Pulse Contour Analysis

Since we did not conduct all of the exercises mentioned in the questions, we are
unable to answer the questions.