DATA COMMUNICATIONS

AND NETWORKING
ผศ.ดร.ณัฐกานต์ พุทธรักษ์
Lecture 2
ภาคการศึกษาที่ 1 ปี การศึกษา 2562

อังคาร: 8.45 – 12.00น. and 13.00 – 16.15น.

@E12-403

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LAST CLASS
▪Overview
▪Network Architecture and Model
▪OSI Model
▪TCP/IP Model

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TODAY’S OUTLINE
Physical layer:
 Fundamental of Signal Transmission
 Topology
 Transmission Mode
 Media Types
 Conversion Methods (Digital Transmission)

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DATA VS SIGNAL

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ANALOG VS DIGITAL

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6
 LINE CONFIGURATION

The way that two or more devices attached to a link.

Link: is the physical communication pathway that

transfers data from one device to another.
* point–to–point line configuration: a dedicated link
between two devices
* multipoint line configuration (multi-drop):
More than two specific devices share a single link
- Spatially shared: several devices use the link
simultaneously
- Time–shared: users must take turns.
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Point-to-Point Line Configuration

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Multipoint Line Configuration

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 Topologies

Refers to the way a network is laid out, either

physically or logically

• Mesh
• Star
• Tree
• Bus
• Ring

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MESH TOPOLOGY
Every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to
every other device.

A fully connected mesh network has

n (n-1)/2 physical channels to link n devices

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MESH TOPOLOGY ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES
1- eliminating the traffic problems
2- robust, if one link becomes unusable, it does not
incapacitate the entire system.
3- privacy or security
4- fault identification and fault isolation easy
5- large amount of cabling and number of I/O ports
required
6- Difficult installation and reconfiguration

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STAR TOPOLOGIES

Each device has a dedicated point–to–point link to a

central hub.

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STAR TOPOLOGY ADVANTAGES

1- Less expensive than a mesh topology

2- Easy to install and reconfigure (each device
need only one link and one I/O port to connect it
to any numbers of others.
3- Robustness, if one link fails, only that link is
affected
4- Easy fault identification and fault isolation
5- less cable than mesh topology
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 TREE TOPOLOGY
Devices are not necessary to be connected to a central
hub, it is connected to a secondary hub that in turn is
connected to the central hub.

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 TREE TOPOLOGY ADVANTAGES
1- Allows more devices to be attached
2- Increase the distance a signals can travel between
devices.
3- Allows the network to isolate and prioritize
communications from different computers.

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BUS TOPOLOGIES
Multipoint configurations. Long cable (backbone)
used to link all the devices in the network.

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 BUS TOPOLOGY ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES

1- Easy to install
2- Less cabling than mesh, star or tree

3- Difficult reconfiguration and fault isolation

4- Difficult to add new devices
5- Fault or break, stops all transmission

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 RING TOPOLOGY
Each device has a dedicated point–to–point line
configuration only with the two devices on either side of it.
1- Easy to install and reconfigure
2- Fault isolation is simplified
3- Break in the ring can disable the entire network

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HYBRID TOPOLOGIES
several topologies are linked together in a
larger topology

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 Transmission Mode
Refer to the direction of signal flow between
two linked devices

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TRANSMISSION MEDIA
Guided Media
Unguided Media
TWISTED-PAIR CABLE

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Effect of Noise on Parallel Lines

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Noise on Twisted-Pair Lines

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 Unshielded Twisted-Pair Cable

Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) Cable is the most common

type of telecommunication medium in use today.
 Frequency range is suitable for transmitting both data
and voice.
 T.P consists of two conductors, each with its own
colored plastic insulation.
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UTP CONNECTORS
Connectors are either male (the plug) or female (the
receptacle).
Each wire in a cable is attached to one conductor (or pin) in
the connector.
RJ45 most frequently used plugs connector with eight
conductors.

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 SHIELDED TWISTED-PAIR (STP) CABLE
Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) Cable has a metal foil or braided-
mesh covering that encases each pair of insulated conductors.
Metal Casing prevents the penetration of electromagnetic
noise.
Eliminate Crosstalk, undesired effect of one channel to another
channel.

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30
 ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION
(EIA) CATEGORIES
Category 1: The basic twisted-pair cabling used in telephone
systems, good for voice but low speed data communication.
(56 kbps)
Category 2: The next higher grade, suitable for voice and for
data transmission of up to 4 Mbps.
Category 3: Required to have at least three twists per foot
and can be used for data transmission of up to 10 Mbps.
Category 4: At least three twists per foot, to bring the
transmission rate to 16 Mbps.
Category 5: Used for data transmission up to 100 Mbps.
Category 6: is a standardized cable for Gigabit Ethernet.
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Coaxial Cable

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COAXIAL CABLE
Coaxial Cable has a single copper conductor a plastic layer
provides insulation. Coaxial has a central core conductor of
solid copper enclosed in an insulating sheath.
Carries signals of higher frequency ranges than twisted-pair
cable.

▪ RG-8 is used in the thick Ethernet.

▪ RG-9 is used in the thick Ethernet.
▪ RG-11 is used in the thick Ethernet.
▪ RG-58 is used in the thin Ethernet.
▪ RG-59 is used for TV.
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Terminators are required for bus topologies where
one main cable acts as a backbone with branches to
several devices but does not itself terminate in a
device.
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35
 OPTICAL FIBER
Optical Fiber is made of glass or plastic and transmits
signals in the form of light.

Light, a form of electromagnetic energy, travels at

300,000 kilometers/second. The speed decreases as the
medium through which the light travels becomes denser.36
Propagation Mode

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MULTIMODE STEP-INDEX

The density of the core remains constant from the center

to the edges. A beam of light moves through the constant
density in a straight line until it reaches the interface of
the core and the cladding. Each density difference causes
each beam to refract into a curve.

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MULTIMODE GRADED-INDEX
uses fiber with varying densities
Each density difference causes each beam to
refract into a curve.

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SINGLE MODE

▪Single mode uses step-index fiber and a highly

focused source of light that limits beams to a small
range of angles, all close to the horizontal.
Propagation of different beams is almost identical and
delays are negligible.

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UNGUIDED MEDIA OR WIRELESS

Communication transport electromagnetic waves

without using a physical conductor.
The section of the electromagnetic spectrum defined
as radio communication is divided into eight ranges,
called bands, each regulated by government
authorities.

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 TERRESTRIAL MICROWAVE/RADIO
„ Provides omnidirectional or unidirectional signaling
depending on transmitter and antenna.
➢Suffer from factors such as bad weather conditions and
obstruction by man-made objects.

„ Use microwaves for large distances, radio waves for

shorter distances. Limited by the curvature of the Earth.
„ E.g. AM and FM radio, TV, Cellular telephony,
wireless LANs

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SATELLITE
Satellites are using direct line of sight between the
transmitters and receivers.
„ Data transmitted using electromagnetic (radio) waves
propagating through the atmosphere.
„ Typically many signals will be multiplexed onto a
single satellite channel utilizing a high bit rate.
Application:
➢Areas with little wired infrastructure
➢Mobile communication
➢Broadcast communication
➢Rapid deployment (military) 45
 Conversion Methods
 To send data from one place to another, it must be
transformed into signals

1- Digital–to–Digital: Data inside the 3-Digital–to–Analog : used when sending

computer (0,1) transformed into Digital digital data through a medium designed
signals to be carried from one place to for analog signals like telephone line
another
4-Analog–to–Analog: the representation of
2- Analog–to-Digital: convert analog
analog information by an analog signals
signal such as voice into digital signals to
(such as voice from a radio station ) 46
decrease the effect of noise
 DIGITAL–TO–DIGITAL CONVERSION (LINE
CODING)
The binary 1s and 0s generated by a computer is
translated into a sequence of voltage pulses that
can be propagated over a wire using digital–to–
digital Hardware

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 DIGITAL–TO–DIGITAL ENCODING
1- Unipolar encoding
2- Polar encoding 3- Bipolar encoding
- Non-Return to Zero (NRZ) - AMI (Alternate Mark
1- NRZ-Level Inversion)
2- NRZ-Invert - B8ZS ( Bipolar 8-Zero
- Return to Zero (RZ) substitution)
- Biphase - HDB3 ( High -Density
1- Manchester Bipolar 3)
2- Differential Manchester

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 UNIPOLAR ENCODING
▪Data is transmitted using voltage pulses along the
cable
▪One voltage level stands for 0, and another level
stands for 1
▪1s are encoded as a positive value and 0s are
encoded as the zero value.

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 Types of Polar Encoding

 uses two voltage levels: one positive and one negative

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 Nonreturn–to-Zero Level (NRZ-L)
▪A positive voltage for bit 0 and the negative voltage for
the bit 1
▪The signal level is directly related to the bit value

Nonreturn to Zero–Invert (NRZ – I)

 An inversion of the voltage level represents a binary
bit 1.
 the signal is inverted if a 1 is encountered
 A 0 bit is represented by no change

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NRZ-L and NRZ-I Encoding

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NRZ Advantages and Disadvantages

• easy to engineer
• used for magnetic
• make efficient use Recording
of bandwidth

• not often used for

• presence of a dc signal transmission
component
• lack of synchronization
capability

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 RETURN TO ZERO (RZ)
▪uses three values: positive, negative and zero
▪signal changes during each bit in the middle of each
bit interval, the signal returns to zero
▪A 1 Bit represented by positive–to–zero
▪A 0 bit represented by negative–to-zero

RZ Encoding
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 BIPHASE

▪signals changes at the middle of the bit

interval and does not return to zero
▪it continues to the opposite pole
Two types:
1- Manchester
2- Differential Manchester

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 MANCHESTER ENCODING
▪A negative to positive transition represents a binary 1
▪A positive to negative transition represents a binary 0
▪A transition of the middle of the bit is used for both
synchronization and bit representation

DIFFERENTIAL MANCHESTER ENCODING

 A transition means binary 0 and no transition means binary 1
 the transition at the middle of the bit is used for
synchronization
 bit representation is shown by the inversion or non inversion at
the beginning of the bit 56
Manchester and Diff. Manchester Encoding

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Biphase Pros and Cons
Pros
• synchronization on midbit transition
(self clocking)
• has no dc component
• has error detection
Cons
• at least one transition per bit time
and may have two
• maximum modulation rate is twice
NRZ
• requires more bandwidth
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 BIPOLAR ENCODING
Uses three voltage levels: positive, negative and Zero
The Zero level is used to represent the binary 0
The binary 1 is represented by alternating positive and
negative voltages
 Alternative Mark Inversion (AMI)
 Bipolar 8-Zero substitution (B8ZS)
 High-Density Bipolar 3 (HDB3)

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Bipolar AMI Encoding

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 BIPOLAR 8-ZERO SUBSTITUTION (B8ZS)

▪Is a variation of AMI and is Adapted in North America.

▪When 8 or more consecutive Zeros are encountered, it
introduced changes in the pattern based on the polarity
of the previous 1 called violations.
B8ZS Encoding

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Using B8ZS, encode the bit stream
10000000000100.
Assume that the polarity of first 1 is positive

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HIGH-DENSITY BIPOLAR 3 (HDB3)
▪Is a variation of AMI and is Adapted in Europe and
Japan
▪When 4 Zeros comes after another, it changed the
pattern depends on the polarity of the previous 1,
and number of 1s since the last substitution

HDB3 Encoding

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Using HDB3, encode the bit stream
10000000000100. Assume that the number of 1s
so far is odd and the first 1 is positive

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NEXT CLASS

Data-Link Layer:
• Conversion Methods (Cont’d)
• Data Link Layer

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