BSBA 3E

Handout 1

Communication: Types of Communication, Processes, Principles and Ethics

Imagine the world without communicating with each other (especially in this time of pandemic).
What could happen? Write your thoughts on the most extreme situation that can happen.

Communication is the process of conveying message between and among people. It helps people
understand each other, share information either through verbal or non-verbal means. It is
extremely important to our everyday life that without it, the world will be full of chaos.

The absence of communication can create misunderstandings. The inability of a person to

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express a message efficiently may cause another person to misunderstand the intentions of the
former, resulting into arguments. Those arguments, when not settled through communication,

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would often result into conflicts.

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Effective communication is a good way for people to get along with each other. In school, at
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home, or at work, communication is a great help in dealing with the daily activities which
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involve groups of people. Without communication, every single day would not pass peacefully
because people might be fighting over simple things. Two people would be fighting each other
because they do not get the point of one another which can only be achieved through effective
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communication. It would easily destroy the relationships of people because they fail to explain
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their sides. Unless both parties agree to get over the situation without having to talk about it, they
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might turn into enemies.

In relation to this pandemic, the absence of communication might affect one’s mental well-being.
Communication is a good way to express our emotions. Without communication, our emotions
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will be bottled up in our minds. We couldn’t easily share our problems or get advices from other
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people. We might have to face our own problems alone because being quarantined in our
community, chances are that we live from people we are comfortable with except our families.
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Worst case scenario is a mass suicide. Most of the victims of suicide are those who have been
facing their problems alone. Those people couldn’t ease up their emotions because they can’t or
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won’t talk to other people, or they have no one to talk to, thus, forcing them to commit suicide.
Imagine when the absence of communication is normal. How many people will be facing their
problems alone? How many would fail to let their feelings out because they can’t properly
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communicate?

The above situations are just a few of the reasons why it is important to communicate effectively.
We should therefor learn to communicate for us to help in maintaining peace and harmony, to
maintain relationships, and to maintain our ell-being.
TOPIC 1: Types of Communication

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 Identify the type of communication (according to context) that happens in the following:

1. Meditation – Intrapersonal Communication

2. Friends chatting during breaks -Interpersonal Communication
3. Haggling with an online seller – Extended Communication
4. Asking for a leave from work – Organizational Communication
5. Brainstorming during group work – Organizational Communication

TOPIC 2: The Communication Process

Think of some situations that you have had successful and unsuccessful communication with
someone. How did you make it successful? How did you overcome the barriers?

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 I made it successful by carefully explaining my point and avoided using an offensive tone
that could hurt the feelings of the person I was talking to.

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 The unsuccessful communication I have experienced is talking to someone on the phone.
I overcame the barrier by asking him to talk to me in person which would make it easier

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for me to talk and explain my side.
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Task 1: If you were to make your own communication model, how will it be different from the
communication models discussed? Make an illustration of your communication model.
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Barrier
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 Task 2: There are some communication situation that require us to strategized how we respond.
Read the situation below and respond to the questions.

1. Write down at least 3 different responses the teacher might do to handle the situation.

 Are you sure you are alright then?

 Well, he might be reminding you of his existence.
 Was he awakened by your brain activity?

2. What might be the effects of each of them?

 The teacher might be appreciated by the student for being considerate of her well-
being.
 The student could get offended, as she might interpret the statement as an insult.
 The student might respond to this lightly, like joking to the teacher back or
laughing at the statement.

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3. What would your own response be? Why?

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“Your baby must be healthy.”

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I would respond to the student this way because according to science, babies’ kicks are
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important for the development of their bones and joints. Saying that her baby is healthy
could make her feel proud which lessens stress that she might have felt as a result of the
test she just took.
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TOPIC 3: Functions of Communication

What examples can you give for each of the function?

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1. Informative Function
 Broadcaster delivering a news report
 Barangay Chairman making an announcement to constituents
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2. Instructive Function
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 Corps Commander giving commands to officers

 Group leaders instructing their members what to do

3. Persuasive Function
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 Editorial writers writing an editorial article

 Politicians delivering campaign speeches
 An endorser promoting products

4. Motivation Function

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  Motivational speakers giving their testimonies
 Guidance counselors giving advice to students

5. Aesthetic Function
 Friends chatting with each other

6. Therapeutic Function or Emotional Expression

 A friend sharing his problem to another
 Patient consulting a psychologist

7. Regulation or Control
 Policemen talking to violators
 a doctor giving a prescription to his patient

8. Social Interaction
 A businessman inviting his clients for a dinner

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 A guy asking a girl to be his prom date

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TOPIC 4: Ethics in Communication
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Task 1: As a responsible communicator, identify which are ethical to post on social media and
which are not. Explain your answer.
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What to post What Not to post

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1. Facts 1. Adult contents

Sharing facts in social media can help We should always consider that there are
educate your friends and followers. It can minors using social media. We should
also help in spreading awareness about avoid this to prevent them from being
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things that are not known to many of influenced in a negative way.

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social media users.

2. Fake news
2. User-friendly contents Fake news is too powerful that when
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We should post things on social media heard about by some people, they would
that does not disrespect or offend anyone easily believe it. We should post fake
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to avoid conflicts. news in social media considering the large

number of users which might believe the
3. Authentic wrong information.
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We should make sure that our contents,

photos, or videos are not stolen from 3. Cyberbullying
others. Or if copied, we should give We should not use social media to shame
proper credits to the owner as a form of other people because it would destroy
respect. their reputation and might cause
depression. Social media has many users.

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 Cyberbullying a person would be like
4. Motivational contents shaming him/her in front of a large crowd.
Some of friends or followers might need
some motivation without as knowing. 4. Personal Information
Sharing motivational contents in social We should never post our personal
media can help us reach out to people information on social media. We never
without having to talk to them as it might know when people would use the
be uncomfortable for them. information against us or against the
owner of the information which may
5. Contents that promote responsible use cause harm.
of social media
Some social media users might not be 5. Negative opinions about things
aware about things that shouldn’t be We should know the limitations of our
posted on social media. Through this, we freedom of expression. We should avoid
can let them know what they should know letting out our rants in social media and
to prevent them from making mistakes in direct them to concerned personalities

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social media. instead. At the very least, we should
always be aware that nobody is perfect.

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Task 2: Unethical behaviors in the Workplace.
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Using the ten ethics as guide, suggest ways to correct the unethical behaviors below.

1. Your sales manager calls you into his office and threatens to fire you unless you sell 50
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large toasters. You know the large toasters are inferior products, so you have been selling
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the small toasters to your customers. To keep your job, you must violate your conscience
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and recommend that your customers buy the large toasters.

 Use of power – the sales manager should use his power to motivate the employee and
not to threaten him. He has shown a motive of giving the subordinate an extra day off
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as the one on higher position, given that he finishes the project within the said date.
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Therefore, he must be responsible for the outcome.

 Relative truth – the employee should consider that the customers have their own
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opinion too. He can recommend the large toasters but he should not force the
customers to buy the product. Similarly, the sales manager should not force the
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employee to sell the large toasters since the employee thinks the products are inferior
and not recommendable to customers.
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 Rights vs. responsibilities – the sales manager have the rights to give instructions to
the employee but it should not reach the point of threatening him. He might have the
right to instruct what his subordinates should do but threatening him is unethical.
Increasing sales is not just the sales clerks’ responsibilities alone. In fact, the sales
manager has the greater responsibility being on the higher position.

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  Ends vs. means – the sales manager should be reminded that it is never alright to
threaten a subordinate just so we can achieve our goal, that is, in the given situation,
to sell the large toasters. It might do good in the business by increasing sales, but the
method of threatening the employee will violate his rights and might end up being
pressured. On the part of the employee, he should use good means in selling the
product. He can just simply suggest the large toasters without giving misleading
information or fake advertisements just so the customer would by the product. In
addition, it might even lead to losing customer loyalty because they might be
disappointed by the inferiority of the product in case they bought it.

 Accuracy – the customers have the right to know what is with the product and so the
sales clerk should disclose what they needed to know about the large toaster. He
should not disregard the information that might make the person disagree with the
product. In the end, customer satisfaction also matters in selling a product, not just the
high sales.

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2. Your boss promises you an extra day-off if you rush out an important project by a certain

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date. You work late hours and finish the project before the deadline. Ready for your day
off, you mention it to your boss who responds, “No, we have too much work to do.”

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Audience – both the boss and the employee understood the message. Therefore, both
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parties should do their parts and both of them should be responsible for with they
agreed upon. Since the employee was able to finish the project within the deadline,
the boss should give the day off as promised. He should not reason out that they have
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too much work to do because they both agreed upon it in the first place.
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 Mutuality – the boss should also pay attention to the needs of the employee. It is
presumed that the employee worked overtime for days so he could finish the project.
We understand that the boss needed manpower to finish the works but the employee
also needed the day off to rest and to cope with the late hours he worked in.
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 Accountability – the boss should be responsible of the things he said to the

employee. Just because they have too much work to do does not mean he can
disregard what was promised. He should also be aware that this act can result to loss
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of employee loyalty and may cause damage to the reputation of the company.
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 Use of power – the boss used his power when he said he would give his subordinate
an extra day off if he rushes out an important project within a given date. He used his
power to give instruction to the subordinate, thus he should be responsible for its
outcome by providing the day off as he promised.
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 Rights vs. responsibilities – similar to the use of power, it is the boss’ right to
instruct the subordinate what to do. The boss should therefor be responsible enough to
do his part of giving the subordinate extra day off as agreed upon. There might be

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 laws protecting the rights of the boss but the rights of the employees are being
protected by the laws either.
TOPIC 5: General Principles of Effective Communication

Questions for discussion:

1. Is it possible for a person who is asleep to communicate? How about a person in a coma?

A person who is asleep can possibly communicate. When he scratches a part of his body
while sleeping, it could mean that part is itchy or something is irritating him
subconsciously. If he sheds a tear or screams, it could convey that he is having a bad
dream. Those simple actions a sleeping person shows are conveying messages which
imply that a sleeping person can possibly communicate.

A person in coma cannot communicate because they are unconscious. The person in a
coma may continue to work but he cannot move, speak, his eyes are closed, or anything

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that can convey a message to people around him. Response to sound or pain can at least
convey a message but a person in coma cannot do so.

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2. Which is more difficult to interpret? Verbal or nonverbal language? Why?
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Nonverbal language is more difficult to interpret because words are easier to understand.
However, communicating in the real-life situation sometimes make verbal language more
difficult to interpret. When using nonverbal language, we interpret the message with its
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literal meaning. Meanwhile, in using verbal language, we sometimes can’t interpret

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messages literally. Some people convey message verbally but don’t mean the literal way.
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Others communicate verbally but don’t really say what they want to say directly like
when people talk sarcastically. People would also twist their words to communicate
creatively just as how they do when writing poems. These make verbal and nonverbal
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language difficult to interpret in their own ways.

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3. Look, think, or create (make your own) a saying similar to this: Words can either heal or
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harm you.
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“Words can either build or destroy relationships.”

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