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Work, Energy, and Power
ENGR. AARON JOSEPH J. PEÑANO
1
Pre‐test
1. It is simply the value of force times the displacement.
2. The unit for work in the cgs system. Also equivalent to dyn∙cm or g∙cm2/s2
3. It is the ability to do work.
4. The energy associated with an object’s motion is called ______ energy.
5. The energy stored in an object is called _____ energy.
6. Kinetic and potential energy sums up into _____ energy.
7. Attractive force that exists between two objects with mass. (one word)
8. Energy stored as a result of applying a force to deform an elastic object is called _____ potential energy.
9. Rate at which work is done.
2
Work
• a scalar quantity applied to an object (transfer of energy) wherein the force applied causes a displacement
• equal to the component of force applied parallel to the direction of motion times the displacement
Work (W) Done by a Constant Force Digression:
Force (F) ‐ push or pull on an object with mass (m) that causes it
Fy to change its velocity (v)
Acceleration (a) ‐ rate at which velocity changes with time
Fx
Newton’s Second Law of Motion: F = ma
Fx
F = force, N or kg∙ m/s2 m = mass, kg
a = acceleration (Δv/t), m/s2 (SI)
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Work
W = F cosϴ·s
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Energy
• the ability to do work
• also has the unit J, erg or calorie (1 cal = 4.184 J)
Kinetic Energy (KE)
‐ energy associated with an object’s motion which is capable of doing work (i.e. wrecking ball)
1 m = mass, SI: kg; cgs: g
2 v = velocity (s/t), SI: m/s, cgs: cm/s
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Energy
6
Energy
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Energy
Potential Energy (PE)
‐ energy stored in an object; has the ability to transform into other forms of energy like the kinetic energy
1 k = spring constant, SI: N/m or kg/s2; cgs: dyn/cm or g/s2
x = amount of compression (relative to equilibrium
2 position), m
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Power
•rate at which work is done
·
also ·
P = power (SI: Watt, W or J/s or N∙m/s or kg∙m2/s3; cgs: erg/s or dyn∙cm/s or g∙cm2/s3)
W = work (SI: J or N∙m or kg∙m2/s2; cgs: erg or dyn∙cm or g∙cm2/s2)
t = time (s)
1 hp = 745.7 Watts = 745.7 W
1 hp = 550 ft∙lbf/s
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Power
s
cosϴ = cos 0° = 1
Displacement
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Solutions to Activity 1
W Fcosθ · s
W = 50.0 N cos 30° · 3.0 m
W = 129.903811 N·m
F = 50.0 N ≈ Ans: 130 J (2 significant digits)
or 100 J (1 significant digit)
θ = 30°
s = 3.0 m
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Solutions to Activity 1
W Fcosθ · s
W = 255 N cos 25° · 30.0 m
W = (+231.1084857 N) · +30.0m)
θ = 25°
W = 6,933.254571 N∙m
≈ Ans: 6.93 kJ
s = +30.0 m
F = 255 N
W Fcosβ · s
α = 180° W = 255 N cos 180° 25° · −30.0 m
W = (‐231.1084857 N) · ‐30.0m)
θ = 25° β = 180‐25° = 155°
W = 6,933.254571 N∙m
s = ‐30.0 m +x ≈ Ans: 6.93 kJ
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Solutions to Activity 1
1
Initial: W1 F1 · s1 Initial: s1
1
Fx = (+)
If W2 2W1 and F2 0.5F1, s2= ?
s = (+)
+x W = F∙s
New Case: W2 = F2∙s2
W F cosθ · s F 1 ·s
2W1 = 0.5F1∙s2
W F · s s2 =
s2 = 4 ·
s2 = 4 1
It can be done at 4 times the displacement.
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Solutions to Activity 1
Due to a Perpendicular Force
W FN cosθ · s
W FN cos90° · s
θ = 90°
W FN 0 · s
s = (+) W 22 N 0 · 3.8 m
+x
The normal force is the force that surfaces exert to prevent solid objects from passing through each other. W 0 J
It is a force that is directed perpendicular to the two surfaces in contact
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Solutions to Activity 1
Negative Work in One Dimension
θ = 180°
Fk = 1.40 kN s = 120. m
+x
W Fcosθ · s
W = 1,400 N cos 180° · +120. m
W = (‐1,400 N) · +120. m)
W = ‐168,000 N∙m
≈ Ans: ‐168 kJ
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Solutions to Activity 1
Negative Work in Two Dimensions
W Fcosθ · s
W = 95 N cos 140° · +1.2 m
W = (‐72.7742221 N) · +1.2 m)
W = ‐87.329066 N∙m
≈ Ans: ‐87.33 J
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Solutions to Activity 1
Gravitational Potential Energy
ΔPEg Δ
= 20 kg 9.8 / 2 1.8 0.3
= 294 kg∙m2/s2
≈ Ans: 294 J
Gravitational Potential Energy in Mars
PEg g
= 900 kg 3.7 / 2 5,500 gMars = 3.7 m/s2
=18,315,000 kg∙m2/s2
≈ Ans: 18 MJ
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Solutions to Activity 1
Kinetic Energy
1
2
1
55 3
2
KE 247.5 kg∙m2/s2
≈ Ans: 247.5 J
1
131 kg∙m2/s2 0.145
2
42.5 m/s2
1
310,000 kg∙m2/s2 10
2
m 6,200 kg
≈ Ans: 6200 kg (2 significant digits)
or 6000 kg (1 significant digit)
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Solutions to Activity 1
Elastic Potential Energy
1
2
1
90 / 0.50
2
11.25 · 1
≈ Ans: 11 J 2
1
4 / 2.5 0.5
2
8 ·
≈ Ans: 8 J
200
0.025
5
5 · 1,000 100
2 1 1
500,000 · / 2 ≈ Ans: 500000 dyn
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Solutions to Activity 1
4,000 kg∙
W = 3,600,000 J = 860,420.6501 cal
.
≈ Ans: 860 kcal (2 sig. digits)
or 900 kcal (1 sig. digit)
9,600
6
P = 1,600 W = 2.145634974 hp
.
≈ Ans: 2.14 hp
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Solutions to Activity 1
W = F∙s
F∙s
P
·
P
W = 30 J/s
≈ Ans: 30 W
F·s
F·v
20 · 10∙v
v = 2 m/s
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Solutions to Activity 1
Steam Generator Power
MW
2,260,000
100
226,000,000
≈ Ans: 226 MW (3 sig. digits)
or 230 MW (2 sig. digits)
or 200 MW (1 sig. digit)
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Solutions to Activity 1
Hydroelectric Power
ρ
ρ
3
1,000 3
3 9.8 2
2.25
66,150
≈ Ans: 70,000 W
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Work‐Energy Theorem
If forces other than a spring do work (Wother):
sign depends on direction of
= force as compared to direction
of displacement, s
=
Work by other forces include work due to force F (+ = same as direction of motion)
and work due to kinetic frictional force Fk (‐ = opposite the direction of motion)
1 1 1 1
Law of Conservation of Energy
2 2 2 2
Legend:
In some other references: Mechanical Energy (ME) is conserved:
=
Mechanical Energy (ME) is not conserved:
(+ = same direction as motion)
(‐ = opp. the direction of motion) =
*Kinetic friction is considered since the object is moving from pt. 1 to 2.
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Work‐Energy Theorem
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QUESTIONS?
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THANK YOU!
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