Whati

sat
ransf
ormer
?
At
ransf
ormercanbedef
inedasast
ati
cdev
icewhi
chhel
psi
nthet
ransf
ormat
ionofel
ect
ri
c

poweri
noneci
rcui
ttoel
ect
ri
cpoweroft
hesamef
requencyi
nanot
herci
rcui
t.Thev
olt
agecan

ber
aisedorl
ower
edi
naci
rcui
t,butwi
thapr
opor
ti
onal
incr
easeordecr
easei
nthecur
rent

r
ati
ngs.I
nthi
sar
ti
clewewi
l
lbel
ear
ningaboutTr
ansf
ormerbasi
csandwor
kingpr
inci
ple.

Tr
ansf
ormer–Wor
kingPr
inci
ple
Themai
npr
inci
pleofoper
ati
onofat
ransf
ormeri
smut
ual
induct
ancebet
weent
woci
rcui
ts

whi
chi
sli
nkedbyacommonmagnet
icf
lux.Abasi
ctr
ansf
ormerconsi
stsoft
wocoi
l
sthatar
e

el
ect
ri
cal
l
ysepar
ateandi
nduct
ive,
butar
emagnet
ical
l
yli
nkedt
hroughapat
hofr
eluct
ance.The

wor
kingpr
inci
pleoft
het
ransf
ormercanbeunder
stoodf
rom t
hef
igur
ebel
ow.

Asshownabov
etheel
ect
ri
cal
transf
ormerhaspr
imar
yandsecondar
ywi
ndi
ngs.Thecor
e

l
ami
nat
ionsar
ejoi
nedi
nthef
orm ofst
ri
psi
nbet
weent
hest
ri
psy
oucanseet
hatt
her
ear
e

somenar
rowgapsr
ightt
hrought
hecr
oss-
sect
ionoft
hecor
e.Thesest
agger
edj
oint
sar
esai
d
t
obe‘
i
mbr
icat
ed’
.Bot
hthecoi
l
shav
ehi
ghmut
ual
induct
ance.Amut
ual
elect
ro-
mot
ivef
orcei
s

i
nducedi
nthet
ransf
ormerf
rom t
heal
ter
nat
ingf
luxt
hati
ssetupi
nthel
ami
nat
edcor
e,duet
o

t
hecoi
lthati
sconnect
edt
oasour
ceofal
ter
nat
ingv
olt
age.Mostoft
heal
ter
nat
ingf
lux

dev
elopedbyt
hiscoi
li
sli
nkedwi
tht
heot
hercoi
landt
huspr
oducest
hemut
ual
inducedel
ect
ro-

mot
ivef
orce.Thesopr
oducedel
ect
ro-
mot
ivef
orcecanbeexpl
ainedwi
tht
hehel
pofFar
aday
’s

l
awsofEl
ect
romagnet
icI
nduct
ionas

e=M*
dI/
dt

I
fthesecondcoi
lci
rcui
tiscl
osed,
acur
rentf
lowsi
nitandt
husel
ect
ri
cal
ener
gyi
str
ansf
err
ed

magnet
ical
l
yfr
om t
hef
ir
stt
othesecondcoi
l
.

Theal
ter
nat
ingcur
rentsuppl
yisgi
vent
othef
ir
stcoi
landhencei
tcanbecal
l
edast
hepr
imar
y

wi
ndi
ng.Theener
gyi
sdr
awnoutf
rom t
hesecondcoi
landt
huscanbecal
l
edast
hesecondar
y
wi
ndi
ng.

I
nshor
t,at
ransf
ormercar
ri
est
heoper
ati
onsshownbel
ow:

Tr
ansf
erofel
ect
ri
cpowerf
rom oneci
rcui
ttoanot
her
.

Tr
ansf
erofel
ect
ri
cpowerwi
thoutanychangei
nfr
equency
.

Tr
ansf
erwi
tht
hepr
inci
pleofel
ect
romagnet
ici
nduct
ion.

Thet
woel
ect
ri
cal
cir
cui
tsar
eli
nkedbymut
ual
induct
ion.

Tr
ansf
ormerConst
ruct
ion
Fort
hesi
mpl
econst
ruct
ionofat
ransf
ormer
,youmustneedt
wocoi
l
shav
ingmut
ual
i
nduct
anceandal
ami
nat
edst
eel
cor
e.Thet
wocoi
l
sar
einsul
atedf
rom eachot
herandf
rom t
he

st
eel
cor
e.Thedev
icewi
l
lal
soneedsomesui
tabl
econt
ainerf
ort
heassembl
edcor
eand

wi
ndi
ngs,
amedi
um wi
thwhi
cht
hecor
eandi
tswi
ndi
ngsf
rom i
tscont
ainercanbei
nsul
ated.

I
nor
dert
oinsul
ateandt
obr
ingoutt
het
ermi
nal
soft
hewi
ndi
ngf
rom t
het
ank,
aptbushi
ngs

t
hatar
emadef
rom ei
therpor
cel
ainorcapaci
tort
ypemustbeused.

I
nal
ltr
ansf
ormer
sthatar
eusedcommer
cial
l
y,t
hecor
eismadeoutoft
ransf
ormersheetst
eel

l
ami
nat
ionsassembl
edt
opr
ovi
deacont
inuousmagnet
icpat
hwi
thmi
nimum ofai
r-
gap

i
ncl
uded.Thest
eel
shoul
dhav
ehi
ghper
meabi
l
ityandl
owhy
ster
esi
sloss.Fort
hist
ohappen,

t
hest
eel
shoul
dbemadeofhi
ghsi
l
iconcont
entandmustal
sobeheatt
reat
ed.Byef
fect
ivel
y

l
ami
nat
ingt
hecor
e,t
heeddy
-cur
rentl
ossescanber
educed.Thel
ami
nat
ioncanbedonewi
th

t
hehel
pofal
i
ghtcoatofcor
epl
atev
arni
shorl
ayanoxi
del
ayeront
hesur
face.Foraf
requency

of50Her
tz,
thet
hicknessoft
hel
ami
nat
ionv
ari
esf
rom 0.
35mm t
o0.
5mm f
oraf
requencyof25

Her
tz.

Ty
pesofTr
ansf
ormer
s
Ty
pesbyDesi
gn
Thet
ypesoft
ransf
ormer
sdi
ff
eri
nthemanneri
nwhi
cht
hepr
imar
yandsecondar
ycoi
l
sar
e

pr
ovi
dedar
oundt
hel
ami
nat
edst
eel
cor
e.Accor
dingt
othedesi
gn,
transf
ormer
scanbe

cl
assi
fi
edi
ntot
wo:

1.Cor
e-Ty
peTr
ansf
ormer
I
ncor
e-t
ypet
ransf
ormer
,thewi
ndi
ngsar
egi
vent
oaconsi
der
abl
epar
toft
hecor
e.Thecoi
l
s
usedf
ort
hist
ransf
ormerar
efor
m-woundandar
eofcy
li
ndr
ical
type.Suchat
ypeoft
ransf
ormer

canbeappl
i
cabl
eforsmal
lsi
zedandl
argesi
zedt
ransf
ormer
s.I
nthesmal
lsi
zedt
ype,
thecor
e

wi
l
lber
ect
angul
ari
nshapeandt
hecoi
l
susedar
ecy
li
ndr
ical
.Thef
igur
ebel
owshowst
hel
arge

si
zedt
ype.Youcanseet
hatt
her
oundorcy
li
ndr
ical
coi
l
sar
ewoundi
nsuchawayast
ofi
tov
er

acr
uci
for
m cor
esect
ion.I
nthecaseofci
rcul
arcy
li
ndr
ical
coi
l
s,t
heyhav
eaf
airadv
ant
ageof

hav
inggoodmechani
cal
str
engt
h.Thecy
li
ndr
ical
coi
l
swi
l
lhav
edi
ff
erentl
ayer
sandeachl
ayer

wi
l
lbei
nsul
atedf
rom t
heot
herwi
tht
hehel
pofmat
eri
alsl
i
kepaper
,cl
oth,
micar
taboar
dandso

on.Thegener
alar
rangementoft
hecor
e-t
ypet
ransf
ormerwi
thr
espectt
othecor
eisshown

bel
ow.Bot
hlow-
vol
tage(
LV)andhi
ghv
olt
age(
HV)wi
ndi
ngsar
eshown.

Thel
owv
olt
agewi
ndi
ngsar
epl
acednear
ert
othecor
easi
tist
heeasi
estt
oinsul
ate.The

ef
fect
ivecor
ear
eaoft
het
ransf
ormercanber
educedwi
tht
heuseofl
ami
nat
ionsandi
nsul
ati
on.

2.Shel
l
-Ty
peTr
ansf
ormer
I
nshel
l
-ty
pet
ransf
ormer
s,t
hecor
esur
roundsaconsi
der
abl
epor
ti
onoft
hewi
ndi
ngs.The

compar
isoni
sshowni
nthef
igur
ebel
ow.

Thecoi
l
sar
efor
m-woundbutar
emul
til
ayerdi
sct
ypeusual
l
ywoundi
nthef
orm ofpancakes.

Paperi
susedt
oinsul
atet
hedi
ff
erentl
ayer
soft
hemul
ti
-l
ayerdi
scs.Thewhol
ewi
ndi
ng

consi
stsofdi
scsst
ackedwi
thi
nsul
ati
onspacesbet
weent
hecoi
l
s.Thesei
nsul
ati
onspaces

f
ormt
hehor
izont
alcool
i
ngandi
nsul
ati
ngduct
s.Suchat
ransf
ormermayhav
etheshapeofa

si
mpler
ect
angl
eormayal
sohav
eadi
str
ibut
edf
orm.Bot
hdesi
gnsar
eshowni
nthef
igur
e
bel
ow:
Ast
rongr
igi
dmechani
cal
braci
ngmustbegi
vent
othecor
esandcoi
l
soft
het
ransf
ormer
s.

Thi
swi
l
lhel
pinmi
nimi
zi
ngt
hemov
ementoft
hedev
iceandal
sopr
event
sthedev
icef
rom

get
ti
nganyi
nsul
ati
ondamage.At
ransf
ormerwi
thgoodbr
aci
ngwi
l
lnotpr
oduceanyhummi
ng

noi
sedur
ingi
tswor
kingandwi
l
lal
sor
educev
ibr
ati
on.

Aspeci
alhousi
ngpl
atf
orm mustbepr
ovi
dedf
ort
ransf
ormer
s.Usual
l
y,t
hedev
icei
spl
acedi
n

t
ight
ly-
fi
tt
edsheet
-met
alt
anksf
il
ledwi
thspeci
ali
nsul
ati
ngoi
l
.Thi
soi
li
sneededt
oci
rcul
ate

t
hrought
hedev
iceandcool
thecoi
l
s.I
tisal
sor
esponsi
blef
orpr
ovi
dingt
headdi
ti
onal

i
nsul
ati
onf
ort
hedev
icewheni
tisl
efti
ntheai
r.

Ther
emaybecaseswhent
hesmoot
htanksur
facewi
l
lnotbeabl
etopr
ovi
det
heneeded

cool
i
ngar
ea.I
nsuchcases,
thesi
desoft
het
ankar
ecor
rugat
edorassembl
edwi
thr
adi
ator
son

t
hesi
desoft
hedev
ice.Theoi
lusedf
orcool
i
ngpur
posemustbeabsol
utel
yfr
eef
rom al
kal
i
s,
sul
phurandmosti
mpor
tant
lymoi
stur
e.Ev
enasmal
lamountofmoi
stur
esi
ntheoi
lwi
l
lcausea

si
gni
fi
cantchangei
nthei
nsul
ati
ngpr
oper
tyoft
hedev
ice,
asi
tlessenst
hedi
elect
ri
cst
rengt
hof

t
heoi
ltoagr
eatext
ent
.

Mat
hemat
ical
l
yspeaki
ng,t
hepr
esenceofabout8par
tsofwat
eri
n1mi
l
li
onr
educest
he

i
nsul
ati
ngqual
i
tyoft
heoi
ltoav
aluet
hati
snotconsi
der
edst
andar
dforuse.Thus,
thet
anksar
e

pr
otect
edbyseal
i
ngt
hem ai
r-
ti
ghti
nsmal
l
eruni
ts.Whenl
arget
ransf
ormer
sar
eused,
the

ai
rt
ightmet
hodi
spr
act
ical
l
ydi
ff
icul
ttoi
mpl
ement
.Insuchcases,
chamber
sar
epr
ovi
dedf
or

t
heoi
ltoexpandandcont
ractasi
tst
emper
atur
eincr
easesanddecr
eases.

Thesebr
eat
her
sfor
m abar
ri
erandr
esi
stt
heat
mospher
icmoi
stur
efr
om cont
actwi
thoi
l
.

Speci
alcar
emustal
sobet
akent
oav
oidsl
edgi
ng.Sl
edgi
ngoccur
swhenoi
ldecomposesduet
o

ov
erexposur
etooxy
gendur
ingheat
ing.I
tresul
tsi
nthef
ormat
ionofl
argedeposi
tsofdar
kand

heav
ymat
tert
hatcl
ogst
hecool
i
ngduct
sint
het
ransf
ormer
.

Thequal
i
ty,
dur
abi
l
ityandhandl
i
ngoft
hesei
nsul
ati
ngmat
eri
alsdeci
det
hel
i
feoft
he

t
ransf
ormer
.Al
lthet
ransf
ormerl
eadsar
ebr
oughtoutoft
hei
rcasest
hroughsui
tabl
ebushi
ngs.

Ther
ear
emanydesi
gnsoft
hese,
thei
rsi
zeandconst
ruct
iondependi
ngont
hev
olt
ageoft
he

l
eads.Por
cel
ainbushi
ngsmaybeusedt
oinsul
atet
hel
eads,
fort
ransf
ormer
sthatar
eusedi
n

moder
atev
olt
ages.Oi
l
-fi
l
ledorcapaci
ti
ve-
typebushi
ngsar
eusedf
orhi
ghv
olt
aget
ransf
ormer
s.

Thesel
ect
ionbet
weent
hecor
eandshel
lty
pei
smadebycompar
ingt
hecostbecausesi
mil
ar

char
act
eri
sti
cscanbeobt
ainedf
rom bot
hty
pes.Mostmanuf
act
urer
spr
efert
ouseshel
l
-ty
pe

t
ransf
ormer
sforhi
gh-
vol
tageappl
i
cat
ionsorf
ormul
ti
-wi
ndi
ngdesi
gn.Whencompar
edt
oa

cor
ety
pe,
theshel
lty
pehasal
ongermeanl
engt
hofcoi
ltur
n.Ot
herpar
amet
erst
hatar
e
compar
edf
ort
hesel
ect
ionoft
ransf
ormert
ypear
evol
tager
ati
ng,
kil
o-v
oltamper
erat
ing,
wei
ght
,

i
nsul
ati
onst
ress,
heatdi
str
ibut
ionandsoon.

Tr
ansf
ormer
scanal
sobecl
assi
fi
edaccor
dingt
othet
ypeofcool
i
ngempl
oyed.Thedi
ff
erent

t
ypesaccor
dingt
othesecl
assi
fi
cat
ionsar
e:

Ty
pesofTr
ansf
ormer
sbasedonCool
i
ngmet
hod
1.Oi
lFi
l
ledSel
f-
Cool
edTy
pe
Oi
lfi
l
ledsel
f-
cool
edt
ypeusessmal
landmedi
um-
sizeddi
str
ibut
iont
ransf
ormer
s.The

assembl
edwi
ndi
ngsandcor
eofsucht
ransf
ormer
sar
emount
edi
nawel
ded,
oil
-t
ightst
eel

t
ankspr
ovi
dedwi
thast
eel
cov
er.Thet
anki
sfi
l
ledwi
thpur
if
ied,
highqual
i
tyi
nsul
ati
ngoi
las

soonast
hecor
eisputbackati
tspr
operpl
ace.Theoi
lhel
psi
ntr
ansf
err
ingt
heheatf
rom t
he

cor
eandt
hewi
ndi
ngst
othecasef
rom wher
eiti
sradi
atedoutt
othesur
roundi
ngs.

Forsmal
l
ersi
zedt
ransf
ormer
sthet
anksar
eusual
l
ysmoot
hsur
faced,
butf
orl
argesi
ze

t
ransf
ormer
sagr
eat
erheatr
adi
ati
onar
eai
sneeded,
andt
hatt
oowi
thoutdi
stur
bingt
hecubi
cal

capaci
tyoft
hetank.Thi
sisachi
evedbyf
requent
lycor
rugat
ingt
hecases.St
il
ll
argersi
zesar
e
provi
dedwit
hradi
ationorpi
pes.

2.Oi
lFi
l
ledWat
erCool
edTy
pe
Thi
sty
pei
susedf
ormuchmor
eeconomi
cconst
ruct
ionofl
arget
ransf
ormer
s,ast
heabov
e-t
old

sel
f-
cool
edmet
hodi
sver
yexpensi
ve.Thesamemet
hodi
susedher
easwel
l
-thewi
ndi
ngsand

t
hecor
ear
eimmer
sedi
ntheoi
l
.Theonl
ydi
ff
erencei
sthatacool
i
ngcoi
li
smount
edneart
he
sur
faceoft
heoi
l
,thr
oughwhi
chcol
dwat
erkeepsci
rcul
ati
ng.Thi
swat
ercar
ri
est
heheatf
rom

t
hedev
ice.Thi
sdesi
gni
susual
l
yimpl
ement
edont
ransf
ormer
sthatar
eusedi
nhi
ghv
olt
age

t
ransmi
ssi
onl
i
nes.Thebi
ggestadv
ant
ageofsuchadesi
gni
sthatsucht
ransf
ormer
sdonot

r
equi
rehousi
ngot
hert
hant
hei
rown.Thi
sreducest
hecost
sbyahugeamount
.Anot
her

adv
ant
agei
sthatt
hemai
ntenanceandi
nspect
ionoft
hist
ypei
sonl
yneededonceort
wicei
na

y
ear
.

3.Ai
rBl
astTy
pe
Thi
sty
pei
susedf
ort
ransf
ormer
sthatusev
olt
agesbel
ow25,
000v
olt
s.Thet
ransf
ormeri
s

housedinathi
nsheetmet
alboxopenatbot
hendst
hroughwhi
chai
risbl
ownf
rom t
hebot
tom
tothetop.

HowToI
nst
all
Transf
ormer

E.
M.FEquat
ionofaTr
ansf
ormer
Tr
ansf
ormerEMFEquat
ion

Tr
ansf
ormerEMFEquat
ion

Let
,

NA=Numberoft
urnsi
npr
imar
y

NB=Numberoft
urnsi
nsecondar
y

Ømax=Maxi
mum f
luxi
nthecor
einweber
s=BmaxXA

f =Fr
equencyofal
ter
nat
ingcur
renti
nputi
nher
tz(
HZ)
Asshowni
nfi
gur
eabov
e,t
hecor
efl
uxi
ncr
easesf
rom i
tszer
oval
uet
omaxi
mum v
alueØmax

i
nonequar
teroft
hecy
cle,
thati
sin¼f
requencysecond.

Ther
efor
e,av
erager
ateofchangeoff
lux=Ømax/¼f=4fØmaxWb/
s

Now,
rat
eofchangeoff
luxpert
urnmeansi
nducedel
ect
romot
ivef
orcei
nvol
ts.

Ther
efor
e,av
erageel
ect
ro-
mot
ivef
orcei
nduced/
tur
n=4fØmaxv
olt

I
ffl
uxØv
ari
essi
nusoi
dal
l
y,t
henr
.m.
sval
ueofi
nducede.
m.fi
sobt
ainedbymul
ti
ply
ingt
he

av
eragev
aluewi
thf
ormf
act
or.

For
m Fact
or=r
.m.
s.v
alue/
aver
agev
alue=1.
11

Ther
efor
e,r
.m.
sval
ueofe.
m.f
/tur
n=1.
11X4fØmax=4.
44fØmax

Now,
r.m.
sval
ueofi
nducede.
m.fi
nthewhol
eofpr
imar
ywi
ndi
ng

=(
inducede.
m.f
./t
urn)XNumberofpr
imar
ytur
ns

Ther
efor
e,

E­A=4.
44fNAØmax=4.
44f
NABmA
Si
mil
arl
y,r
.m.
sval
ueofi
nducede.
m.fi
nsecondar
yis

E­B=4.
44fNBØmax=4.
44f
NBBmA

I
nani
deal
transf
ormeronnol
oad,

VA=EA andVB=EB ,
wher
eVBi
sthet
ermi
nal
vol
tage

Vol
tageTr
ansf
ormat
ionRat
io(
K)
Fr
om t
heabov
eequat
ionsweget

EB/EA=VB/VA=NB/
NA=K

Thi
sconst
antKi
sknownasv
olt
aget
ransf
ormat
ionr
ati
o.

(
1)I
fNB>NA,
thati
sK>1,
thent
ransf
ormeri
scal
l
edst
ep-
upt
ransf
ormer
.

(
2)I
fNB<1,
thati
sK<1,
thent
ransf
ormeri
sknownasst
ep-
downt
ransf
ormer
.

Agai
nforani
deal
transf
ormer
,

I
nputVA=out
putVA

VAI
A=VBI
B
Or
,IB/
IA=VA/
VB=1/
K

Hence,
cur
rent
sar
eint
hei
nver
ser
ati
ooft
he(
vol
tage)t
ransf
ormat
ionr
ati
o.

Appl
i
cat
ionsofat
ransf
ormer
Tr
ansf
ormer
sar
eusedi
nmostel
ect
roni
cci
rcui
ts.At
ransf
ormerhasonl
y3appl
i
cat
ions;

Tost
epupv
olt
ageandcur
rent
.

ToSt
epdownv
olt
ageandcur
rent

Topr
eventDC–t
ransf
ormer
scanpassonl
yAl
ter
nat
ingCur
rent
ssot
heyt
otal
l
ypr
eventDC

f
rom passi
ngt
othenextci
rcui
t.

Butt
heappl
i
cat
ionoft
hese3appl
i
cat
ionsar
eendl
esswhi
chi
swhyt
heyhav
eapl
acei
nlot
sof

ci
rcui
ts.