International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 180 (2021) 385–391

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules

journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ijbiomac

Dihydromyricetin incorporated active films based on konjac

glucomannan and gellan gum
Wanzhen Xie a, Yu Du b, Shuyi Yuan a, Jie Pang a,⁎
a
College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
b
School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Active composite films were developed by incorporating different concentration of dihydromyricetin (DMY) into
Received 26 October 2020 konjac glucomannan (KGM)/gellan gum (GG) matrix. Physicochemical, mechanical, released behaviour, antiox-
Received in revised form 24 February 2021 idant and antimicrobial properties of composite films were investigated. The results from the Fourier transform
Accepted 25 February 2021
infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that DMY which well-dispersed
Available online 27 February 2021
in the KGM/GG matrix interacted with matrix through hydrogen bonds. The obtained films presented predomi-
Keywords:
nant thermostability, good water resistance property, excellent ultraviolet light barrier ability and sustained con-
Konjac glucomannan trolled release behaviour. In particular, the incorporation of DMY remarkably enhanced the antioxidant and
Gellan gum antimicrobial activities of the films. Overall, the fabricated KGM/GG-DMY composite films have a promising ap-
Active packaging plication in the fields of food packaging.
© 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V.

1. Introduction Through heating and cooling, a hydrogen-bond-based double-helix

Food packaging is considered to be one of the best food preservation
methods, which has many advantages, including extending shelf life,
improving safety and increasing convenience [1,2]. In recent years, ac-
tive or edible films and coatings have gained increasing attention in
the food industry [3], especially antibacterial films and controlled-
release films [4–6]. Konjac glucomannan (KGM) is a kind of natural neu-
tral polysaccharides, which is mainly derived from the plant tubers of
konjac [7]. It is a kind of high-molecular-weight polysaccharide com-
posed of β-1,4 linked β-mannose and β-glucose with acetyl groups
attached randomly to C-6 position and has numerous hydroxyl func-
tional groups, forming its structural backbone [8]. Due to its excellent
film-forming ability, good biocompatible and biodegradability [9],
KGM has a great potential for applications in food packaging films. How-
ever, pure KGM film contains some deficiencies such as relatively poor
water resistance, low mechanical properties, which seriously restrict
its use in practical packaging applications [10,11]. Therefore, to over-
come these limitations of pure KGM film, various materials have been
used to incorporate with KGM.
Gellan gum (GG) is a linear, water-soluble and anionic polysaccha-
ride prepared from Pseudomonas elodea [12,13]. It is composed of two
D-glucose, one D-glucuronic acid and one L-rhamnose (1,3-β-D-glucose,
1,4-β-D-glucose, 1,4-β-d-glucuronic acid, 1,4-α-L-rhamnose) [14].
⁎ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: pang3721941@163.com (J. Pang).
structure can be formed in GG [15]. Pure GG film is high water solubility,
brittle and poor mechanical properties [16] compared to pure KGM film.
Hence, GG is considered a good candidate for incorporating into KGM.
KGM will be tested as the first soft and elastic material and GG will
serve as the second brittle poly-anionic network [17].
Active packaging can release the antioxidant compounds and pre-
vent oxidation in foods [18]. Among the different types of additives,
the naturally active antibacterial and antioxidant agents are often se-
lected [19,20], such as tea polyphenols [21], proanthocyanins [22].
Dihydromyricetin (DMY), a natural flavonoid is enriched in the leaves
of Ampelopsis grossedentata [23] and is also commonly found in plants
such as Hovenia dulcis [24] and Cedrus deodara. DMY has an ortho-
trihydroxy group in the B ring, and hence its hydrogen atom tend to
lose and combine with DPPH radical. Thus, DMY has the function of
scavenging DPPH free radicals [25]. Zuo [26] et al. found that
dihydromyricetin can be used as a candidate for new anti-aging drugs,
cosmetics and food additives. Moreover, DMY capsules are used as nu-
traceutical supplement to prevent alcohol hangovers in the United
States [27]. DMY has wide applications [28] in functional foods, pharma-
ceutical and cosmetic products resulting from its biological activities,
containing antioxidant [29], antibacterial [30], anti-inflammatory [31].
Consequently, DMY has the potential to be used as a novel preservative
in the food industry. In addition, a few studies [32] have described the
properties of composite films prepared with DMY.
The objective of this study was to develop and characterize active
packaging films based on KGM and GG incorporated with DMY. We hy-
pothesized that incorporation of DMY and GG may improve properties

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.185
0141-8130/© 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V.
W. Xie, Y. Du, S. Yuan et al.
such as mechanical strength, thermal stability, antioxidant activity, an-
tibacterial property, and appearance of KGM films. Changes in ultravio-
let blocking ability of the KGM/GG films, through blending with DMY
powder, were investigated. Moreover, microstructural, physical and
functional properties of the composite films were evaluated.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Materials
KGM (molecular weight range; 200,000–2,000,000 Da) was ob-
tained from San Ai Koniac Food Co. Ltd. (Yunnan China). Glycerol and
CaCl2 were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.
(Shanghai, China). GG (Mw = 1,000,000 g mol−1, Mw/Mn = 4.19) was
provided by Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. Dihydromyricetin (DMY, pu-
rity of 98%) was provided by Hunan Zhongmao Science Technology
Co., Ltd., China. 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was gained
from Sigma Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (USA). Staphylococcus aureus
(S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) were provided by food microbi-
ology laboratory in College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and For-
estry University (Fuzhou, Fujian, China). Distilled water (DW) was used
in all experiments. All the other chemical reagents were of analytical
grade.
2.2. Methods
The composite films were prepared by the solution casting method.
The GG solution with concentration of 1% (w/w) was prepared by dis-
solving GG powder into DW at 90 °C with stirring of 460 rpm. CaCl2,
as a crosslinking agent, was added to the GG solution at concentration
of 2% (w/v) of the GG. The DMY solutions with different concentrations
were prepared by mixing DMY with DW at 70 °C and stirring with
500 rpm for 30 min. The KGM solution incorporated different concen-
tration of DMY was prepared by dissolving KGM powder into DMY solu-
tions at 60 °C with stirring of 500 rpm. The film solutions were prepared
by mixing the GG solution and the KGM solution incorporated DMY so-
lutions at volume ratio of 3:7 to fabricate the composite films with DMY
at concentration (w/v) of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4%. After that, 300 μL glyc-
erol was added to the film solution. Then, the solution was placed in an
ultrasonic device at room temperature for 5 min. After degassed, 25 mL
solution was distributed into Petri dishes for casting and dried at 55 °C
for 24 h. Finally, the KGM/GG-DMY conjugate was labelled as KG0,
KG1, KG2, KG3 and KG4 when 0 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg and
400 mg of DMY were used, respectively.
2.3. Characterization of KGM/GG-DMY films
2.3.1. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy
Infrared spectra of pure and blend films were measured via the
Bruker VERTEX 70 (Thermo Fisher Scientific Co., Ltd., MA, USA) spec-
trometer using the KBr disc method. Each film was milled into a powder
together with KBr powder and pressed using a hydraulic press at a pres-
sure of 5 tons. The KBr disc was mounted directly on the sample holder
and scanned at a resolution of 4 cm−1 and a range of 400–4000 cm−1.
2.3.2. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
For Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis, cross-sections of
the films were prepared by breaking the samples following freezing in
liquid nitrogen. A small piece of film samples was attached using double
faced adhesive tape and gold-sputter-coated, followed by observation
under a scanning electron microscope (FEI-Japan, Tokyo, Japan) with
an accelerating voltage of 15 kV. The samples were attached to mica sur-
faces. Before testing, all film samples were dried for 24 h at 60 °C and
balanced in desiccators with 65% RH for 48 h at 25 °C. Basic resonance
frequencies between 200 and 400 kHz were employed, and films were
scanned at a speed of 1 Hz with a resolution of 256 × 256 pixels.
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International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 180 (2021) 385–391
2.3.3. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
Thermal gravimetric analyses (TGA) were conducted with a TA In-
struments thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA Q500, Newcastle, DE,
USA). Approximately 5 mg from each sample were sealed in separate
ceramic pans. Samples were scanned from 32 °C to 600 °C at a heating
rate of 10 °C/min in a nitrogen atmosphere.
2.3.4. Mechanical properties
The mechanical properties of film samples were carried out using a
texture analyzer TA. XT 2i (Stable Micro Systems, Surrey, England).
Films were cut into rectangles (5 × 1 cm). The conditions of the test
were an initial gauge length of 4 cm and the crosshead speed at
24 mm/min. Tensile properties were calculated from the plot of stress
(tensile force/initial cross-sectional area) versus strain (elongation as a
percentile of the original length). All tests were replicated five times
for each type of film.
2.3.5. Optical properties
The ultraviolet and visible light barrier properties of the fabricated
films were investigated by measuring their light transmittance using
the UV–vis spectrophotometer (Agilent Cary 60 Spectrophotometer).
The testing range of wavelengths was set from 200 nm to 800 nm.
2.3.6. Color analysis
The color parameters (L, a and b, via the CIELab system) of the tested
films were directly obtained using the matched color analysis software
(UV-2401PC).
2.3.7. Water vapor permeability (WVP), water content (WC) and water sol-
ubility (WS) analysis
The water vapor permeability (WVP) of the films was determined
gravimetrically at 25 °C in accordance with our previous methods
[33]. The 2 × 2 cm2 square films were weighed (m0) and dried in an
oven at 105 °C for 24 h to reach at the constant weight (m1). Afterwards,
the dry films were directly immersed into 30 mL of distilled water at
25 °C for 24 h. Finally, the samples were collected and dried again in
an over at 105 °C for 24 h to reach at the constant weight (m2). The
water content (WC) and water solubility (WS) of films were calculated
by the following equations:
m0 −m1
WCð%Þ ¼  100%
m0
m1 −m2
WSð%Þ ¼  100%
m1
The whole measurements were repeated for five times for each type
of film and an average was taken as the final result.
2.3.8. Release of dihydromyricetin from films
The release tests in 10% (v/v) ethanol were conducted to evaluate
the diffusion profiles of DMY from different films. 50 mg of DMY-
loaded films were immersed in 30 mL 10% (v/v) ethanol at 37 °C
under constant shaking at 100 rpm; 5.0 mL of the solution was re-
moved at a certain time intervals; and DMY concentration in the un-
known samples was quantified using the UV–vis spectrophotometer
(Agilent Cary 60 Spectrophotometer) at 470 nm, respectively. A total
of 5 mL of the fresh solvent was added to the release media each time
to keep the volume up to 30 mL. All release studies were performed
in triplicate, and the results were presented in terms of cumulative
release (CR, %). The CR of DMY was calculated according to the fol-
lowing equation:
30C n þ ∑5C n−1
CRðDMY Þ ¼  100%
mL
W. Xie, Y. Du, S. Yuan et al.
Fig. 1. FTIR spectra of KGM/GG-DMY composite film at different ratio and single DMY.
2.3.9. Antibacterial activity
Antibacterial activities of the KGM/GG composite films with
dihydromyricetin were evaluated via the halo zone test in agar using
Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) according
to GB/T2044.1-2007. After the bacteria suspensions (105 CFU/mL)
were uniformly spread on agar plates, sterilized samples were cut into
10 mm diameter discs and placed on agar plates. The plates were then
incubated for 12 h at 37 °C. The diameter of the inhibition zone was
measured and recorded. All tests were performed in triplicate.
2.3.10. Antioxidant activity
DPPH radicals scavenging activities of the film samples were evalu-
ated using the method reported by [34]. In brief, film powders (ca.
20 mg) were added to 2 mL of 0.2 mM DPPH in 10% (v/v) ethanol and
the mixture was shaken vigorously. After 30 min incubation at a room
temperature in darkness, when the steady state was achieved, the reac-
tion mixture was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 5 min. The resultant ab-
sorbance of supernatant was recorded at 517 nm in the UV–vis
spectrophotometer (Agilent Cary 60 Spectrophotometer). The controls
contained all reaction reagents except the film powder. Lower absor-
bance indicates higher free-radical-scavenging activity. DPPH radical
scavenging activity was calculated according to the following formula:
 
Abs
DPPH radical scavenging activityð%Þ ¼ 1− Abssample  100%.
control
Fig. 2. The surface (A, B, C, D, E) and cross section (F, G, H, I, J) images of films samples (A and F: KG0, B and G: KG1, C and H: KG2, D and I: KG3, E and J: KG4).
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International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 180 (2021) 385–391
2.4. Statistical analysis
All the statistical data were expressed as the mean ± standard devi-
ation and analyzed by using Origin 9.1 software and SPSS 24.0 software.
The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used, and least significant differ-
ences (LSD) multiple comparison tests were carried out to determine
significance in the difference between means (P < 0.05).
3. Results and discussions
3.1. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy
The FT-IR spectra of KGM/GG-DMY conjugates are showed in
Fig. 1. The peak at 3435 cm−1 was attributed to the stretching vibra-
tion of O\\H in KGM [35]. The spectrum for GG showed the peak at
1605 cm −1 corresponding to the carboxyl group [36]. In terms of
DMY spectrum, the peak at 3352 cm−1 was related to the O\\H
bond stretching and the peak at 1360 cm−1 was assigned to the phe-
nolic hydroxyl group. As for KGM/GG-DMY composite films spec-
trum, the peak of carboxyl group (>1605 cm−1) were increased
compared with that of pure GG [20], indicating the formation of hydro-
gen bond, which ensured the connection between the double networks
in KGM/GG film. Furthermore, in KGM/GG-DMY composite films, the
peak at 3313 cm−1 for KGM was increased with increasing DMY content,
certifying that DMY have been incorporated into the KGM/GG matrix.
3.2. SEM
The surfaces and cross-sections of composite films were observed by
SEM. As shown in Fig. 2, KGM/GG-DMY composite film had good film-
forming property and flexibility, and its surfaces presented a relatively
smooth structure, without any noticeable pores or cracks. Especially,
the composite film KG3 exhibited a more compact and homogeneous
surface morphology compared to other films. Also, compared to KG0
film, the incorporation of DMY imparted a relatively compact and ho-
mogeneous structure without any significant aggregation was found
on the fracture surface, suggesting the uniform distribution of DMY
within the KGM matrix and their excellent miscibility and compatibility
[38]. The existence of cross-linking effect between GG and Ca2+ was
proved by tensile cracks or cavities in the cross-section of the film
[39]. This result also agrees well with those of FTIR.
3.3. TGA
To further understand the structural interaction between polymers
and DMY, the thermal stability of KGM/GG films incorporated with
W. Xie, Y. Du, S. Yuan et al. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 180 (2021) 385–391

DMY was studied via thermogravimetric analysis. Thermal decomposi-

tion curves of KGM/GG-DMY composite films were performed in Fig. 3.
The thermograms of the composite films contained three main regions.
The first region occurred between 30 and 100 °C. It was mainly
corresponded to moisture removal linked with the hydrophilic groups
in the polymeric structure [40]. From 145 °C to 300 °C, the second region
exhibited the fast mass loss of weight probably ascribed to the degrada-
tion and cracking of molecular chains. In the third region (300 °C–
600 °C), showing a slow mass loss of weight, which was due to the ther-
mal decomposition of char [41]. And the residual content of KG3
composite films was approximately 44.12%. It was indicated that the
thermal stability of the composite films increased with the addition of
DMY. This result confirmed the incorporation of DMY enhanced the
thermal stability of the composite film, which may be related to the for-
mation of a stable and compact microstructure resulting from the strong
interactions between DMY and the polymer matrix [42]. Meanwhile,
the similar results have been found in the SEM observations previously.
Moreover, it was found that the percentage of residual KG3 was higher
than that of other composite films according to the final thermal decom-
Fig. 4. Stress-strain curves of KGM/GG-DMY composite film at different ratio.
position. Good miscibility of the DMY in the film-forming matrix
might be responsible for the lower loss in thermal stability of the
KG3 composite film. transmittance than KGM/GG film, indicating that the composite film
shows a stronger ultraviolet blocking ability after the addition of DMY.
3.4. Mechanical properties The uv transmittance of KGM/GG-DMY is lower than 3.16%, indicating
that it has a strong uv blocking ability. This is mainly due to the presence
Mechanical properties are important parameters to describe the of a large number of phenolic hydroxyl groups in DMY. The illustration
ability of the food packaging materials [43]. The tensile curves of the in Fig. 5 shows that the KGM/GG-DMY composite film is transparent.
KGM/GG films with different concentrations of DMY were measured
and shown in Fig. 4. It was found that KG3 composite film showed 3.6. Water vapor permeability (WVP), water content (WC) and water
highest values of stress (12.82 KPa), which were attributed to the strong solubility (WS)
hydrogen bond interactions between KGM and DMY. It meant that the
toughness and elasticity of the composite films could be changed by Table 1 shows water vapor permeability (WVP), water content
the concentration of DMY. (WC) and water solubility (WS) values of film samples. The KGM/GG
film showed higher WVP (6.46 ± 0.26 (g·mm/m2dkPa)) compared
3.5. Optical properties with those of KGM/GG-DMY composite films and the difference was
significantly different (p < 0.05). This result indicates that the incorpo-
Ultraviolet light with wavelengths ranging from 200 to 400 nm is an ration DMY did improve water vapor barrier property of the KGM/GG
effective promoter of lipid peroxidation, such as unsaturated fatty acids films, which was explained by the compact interaction between them
and cholesterol [44]. In addition, ultraviolet light can cause loss of nutri- forming less permeable polymer network. WC value is mainly deter-
ents in the food system, bad smells and possibly toxic reactions. There- mined by the total void volume occupied by water molecules in the net-
fore, it is of great significance to develop methods to improve the work of the films [45]. In other words, the looser microstructure of films
ultraviolet resistance of food packaging films. The ultraviolet-visible would result in the higher WC values [46]. The WC values of films signif-
transmittance of KGM/GG-DMY composite film in the range of icantly decreased with the increase of DMY. This was probably because
200–400 nm is shown in Fig. 5. It can be seen from the figure that the interaction between KGM and DMY could lower the availability of
KGM/GG-DMY composite film has a relatively lower ultraviolet hydroxyl groups of KGM, which would in turn limit the KGM-water

Fig. 3. TGA thermograms of KGM/GG-DMY composite films at different ratio. Fig. 5. Optical properties of KGM/GG double network hydrogels in different proportions.

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W. Xie, Y. Du, S. Yuan et al. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 180 (2021) 385–391

Table 1
Water vapor permeability (WVP), water content (WC) and water solubility (WS).

Sample WVP WC WS
(g·mm/m2dkPa) (%) (%)

KG0 6.46 ± 0.26b 0.00049 ± 0.0001a 0.00025 ± 0.00002a

KG1 4.85 ± 0.79c 0.00028 ± 0b 0.00029 ± 0.00002a
KG2 5.98 ± 0.52d 0.00031 ± 0b 0.00027 ± 0.00003a
KG3 4.33 ± 0.57a 0.00032 ± 0b 0.00036 ± 0.00008a
KG4 4.03 ± 0.16c 0.00017 ± 0.0001c 0.00030 ± 0.00020a
a–d
Different superscript letters within the same column indicate significant differences
(p < 0.05) among the samples (Mean ± SD).

interactions. It can be seen from Table 1 that the higher the WC value in
the film, the higher the WVP value. Water shows a plasticizing role and
reduces intermolecular bonds matrix between the polymer chains in
the polymer, therefore facilitate water vapor transferring through the
film. Meanwhile, there was no statistically significant difference in WS
values among all composite membranes at different DMY ratios
(p < 0.05).The results showed that adding DMY had no effect on the Fig. 6. Cumulative release of all ratio KGM/GG-DMY loading films.
water solubility of the composite film. The improvement in the water
barrier properties of films could help the packaged food to avoid deteri-
oration arising from high water activity. 3.9. Antibacterial activity

Fig. 7 illustrates the antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. coli

3.7. Surface color
for KGM/GG-DMY films with different DMY contents. KGM/GG film
nearly did not have antimicrobial activity. The addition of DMY into
The composite films with different ratio of DMY were free-standing
KGM/GG film matrix showed significantly inhibitory effect on gram-
and flexible with smooth-surface. The KMG/GG film was transparent
negative (E. coli) and gram-positive (S. aureus) bacteria. It was found
without any color, while the film incorporated with DMY was less trans-
that DMY was more effective against gram-positive bacteria than the
parent with a slight yellow tint, which is clearly shown in the result of
gram-negative bacteria tested. The antibacterial activity of DMY against
surface color properties of the films. As shown in Table 2, Hunter L-
gram-positive (S. aureus) could be related to alterations of the structure
values decreased, while Hunter b-values increased after blending with
of cell wall and cell membrane, directly, which may give rise to loss of
DMY. Decrease in L values with increase in b values indicates that a yel-
cell viability [49]. Meanwhile, these inhibition zones increased with in-
lowish tint appeared in the film. This result is in agreement with visible
creasing DMY content in the composite films. This may be due to the rel-
observation.
atively high concentrations of DMY released from composite films.
Therefore, these films show potential usefulness in applications related
3.8. Release behaviour to antibacterial packaging material.

The release rate and extent of antimicrobial compound from the 3.10. Antioxidant activity
films into food packaging were critical for maintaining food quality
and safety [47]. To evaluate the release of DMY from the films, cumu- As shown in Fig. 8 (supporting information), the addition of DMY
lative release and standard curves were studied. As can be seen in significantly increased (p < 0.05) DPPH radical-scavenging capacity of
Fig. 6, all films exhibited similar release profiles with an initial fast composite films. The DPPH radical-scavenging activity of KG0 compos-
release followed by a sustained slow release and reached a plateau fi- ite film was 62.92%. However, after the addition of DMY, the DPPH
nally [48]. This founding suggesting good controlled release behav- radical-scavenging activity of the composite film increased to about
iour for composite films. The burst release was associated with the 90%. The DPPH radical scavenging capacity of an antioxidant has been
DMY on or near the surface. Meanwhile, the DMY immobilized in
the polymer matrix showed a sustained release owing to take addi-
tional time to break the hydrogen bond interaction. It is worth noting
that the cumulative release of the composite films increased as DMY
increased from 1% to 2% and then decreased at 3% and 4%. The cumu-
lative release of the composite films with more than 2% DMY de-
creased probably due to the aggregation of DMY in the polymer
matrix. Therefore, DMY can act as a bioactive for the controlled re-
lease from composite films.

Table 2
Color of KGM/GG-DMY composite films.

Sample L a b

KG0 73.97 ± 6.26a −3.70 ± 1.50b 7.63 ± 0.01b

KG1 38.68 ± 19.09b −5.29 ± 0.33b 9.31 ± 0.87b
KG2 25.74 ± 9.70b −4.14 ± 0.43b 13.50 ± 0.96a
KG3 35.44 ± 3.50b −8.89 ± 1.40a 8.09 ± 1.08b
KG4 24.70 ± 3.72b −9.82 ± 0.65a 3.88 ± 2.48c
a–c
Different superscript letters within the same column indicate significant differences Fig. 7. Average diameters of bacteria inhibition zone for KGM/GG-DMY film at different
(p < 0.05) among the samples (Mean ± SD). DMY content.

389
W. Xie, Y. Du, S. Yuan et al.
shown to be closely related to its hydrogen-donating ability [28]. The
dense network structure formed by KGM/GG increased the carrying ca-
pacity of DMY, and the phenolic hydroxyl group in DMY provided the
antioxidant function of the composite film. These results have proved
that all KGM/GG-based films could act as potential carriers of active
agents.
4. Conclusion
In this study, the active composite films were successfully prepared
by incorporating DMY with KGM and GG. The physicochemical and
functional properties of films were systematically examined. It was
suggested that the addition of DMY remarkably enhanced the thermo-
stability and water-resistant property of the films. Importantly, KGM/
GG-DMY films exhibited relatively better antioxidant activity and anti-
bacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. The SEM images and FTIR
showed that the blend of KGM/GG had a good biocompatibility. There-
fore, KGM/GG composite films incorporated with DMY possessed prom-
ising potential as active food packaging in food industries.
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.185.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Wanzhen Xie: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, For-
mal analysis, Software, Data curation, Writing – original draft. Yu Du:
Methodology, Supervision, Investigation, Data curation, Software.
Shuyi Yuan: Data curation, Software, Formal analysis. Jie Pang: Project
administration, Supervision, Conceptualization, Writing – review &
editing, Validation, Funding acquisition.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Fuzhou Science and Technology Bu-
reau (2019-G-50), Fujian Science and Technology Planning Project
(2018N2002).
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