1040
2, APRIL 2007
Analysis of Current Unbalance In
Transmission Systems With Short Lines
Aaron Kalyuzhny, Member, IEEE, and Gregory Kushnir
Abstract—The analysis of current unbalance in power systems
with short transmission lines is presented. Measurements in the Is-
rael Electric Transmission System as well as numerical simulations
of three-phase load flow have revealed lines with a high level of
current unbalance. It is found that significant current unbalance
on short transmission lines may take place due to the following
reasons:
• inherent asymmetry of untransposed transmission lines;
• presence of line traps used for power-line carriers (PLC);
• electromagnetic coupling between lines on double-circuit
towers;
• superposition of current symmetrical components in lines
under light loading.
It is shown that the current asymmetry may lead to overcurrents
in individual phases of transmission lines as well as to growth of the
magnetic field in proximity of the lines.
Index Terms—Asymmetry, current unbalance, magnetic field,
sequence currents, three-phase load flow.
I. INTRODUCTION
T HE study of current and voltage unbalance was performed
for the transmission system of the Israel Electric Corpora-
tion (IECo). Most of the transmission lines in IECo are shorter
than 50 km, while the single-phase loads are rather small in com-
parison with the three-phase symmetrical load. The traditional
approach ascribes the appearance of voltage and current unbal-
ance in transmission systems to the following reasons [1]–[3]:
• long untransposed transmission lines;
• banks of single-phase transformers;
• large single-phase loads, such as railway traction load, and
arc furnaces connected to high-voltage (HV) busbars.
The study was initiated by recent measurements performed
in IECo. The measurements have revealed significant current
unbalance on several transmission lines. Since the unbalance
might have a negative impact on the following components of
the power system: generators, loads, transformers, and earthing
grid [3], as well as possibly increasing power losses in transmis-
sion lines [4], the research on the asymmetry in IECo transmis-
sion systems was conducted.
In the first stage of the research, the unbalance load flow
program for load flow in a three-phase asymmetrical system
was developed. Each element of a transmission system in the
program is presented by its three-phase model, taking into con-
sideration asymmetry of its phase parameters [5], [6]. In addi-
tion to the “traditional” sources of the inherent unbalance, such
Manuscript received June 8, 2005; revised May 4, 2006. Paper no. TPWRD-
00344-2005.
The authors are with the Israel Electric Corporation, Haifa 35434, Israel
(e-mail: aharon@iec.co.il; kosnir_g@iec.co.il).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2006.883011
0885-8977/$25.00 © 2007 IEEE
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 22, NO.
as untransposed lines [6]–[13] and banks of single-phase trans-
formers [2], the line traps (LT) used by the power-line carrier
(PLC) and connected into line phases were also considered.
The load-flow simulations proved that the existing unbalance
in the IECo generators and the loads is much smaller than the
acceptable unbalance limits. The zero-sequence currents do not
pose any problems for the transformer neutrals as well as for the
earthing grid. On the other hand, the analysis of the three-phase
load flow revealed transmission lines with a significant level of
current asymmetry. It was noticed that the length of the majority
of lines with high unbalance does not exceed a few kilometers.
In order to understand the observed phenomena, the fol-
lowing analysis is performed. The unbalance is explored in the
system with short, untransposed 161-kV transmission lines.
Line traps (LT) used for PLCs on 161-kV transmission lines
are connected into one phase (center-to-ground coupling) [14].
The inductance of LT is 2 mH.
It has been found that significant current asymmetry on short
transmission lines may take place due to the following reasons.
1) inherent asymmetry of untransposed transmission lines;
2) presence of LT used for PLCs;
3) electromagnetic coupling between lines on double-circuit
towers;
4) superposition of current symmetrical components in lines
under light loading.
All of the revealed cases of significant current unbalance in
IECo transmission lines can be ascribed to one of the above
reasons or to their combinations.
Some of the above phenomena have been thoroughly ex-
plored [6]–[13]. However, transmission systems with short
lines, where the line impedance is of the same order as the
impedance of the LT, while the line impedance is smaller than
the equivalent impedance of the transmission systems, have
some special features from the asymmetry point of view. To
the best of the authors’ knowledge, asymmetry issues in the
systems with short lines have not been well studied in the open
literature.
II. CURRENT UNBALANCE IN TRANSMISSION
SYSTEMS WITH SHORT LINES
A. Current Unbalance Due To Inherent Asymmetry of
Untransposed Transmission Lines
Untransposed lines are reckoned to be the main source of
current unbalance in the transmission systems [1], [6]–[13].
Asymmetrical phase spacing of a transmission line results in
the unbalance of line self and mutual impedances and partial
capacitances.
KALYUZHNY AND KUSHNIR: CURRENT UNBALANCE IN TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Fig. 1. System model for studying current unbalance due to inherent asym-
metry of line parameters and due to adding LT.
According to our calculations, the maximum inherent line
asymmetry may take place in parallel, double-circuit lines with
a vertical arrangement of bundled conductors.
The current unbalance due to the asymmetry of line param-
eters and due to the LT is studied in the system model that in-
cludes a double-circuit line with LT connecting two-system bus-
bars (Fig. 1). The system at each end is presented as a Thevenin
equivalent.
The only element with phase asymmetry in the system model
is the double-circuit transmission line with the vertical arrange-
ment of phase conductors and with the LT.
The study considers the following two types of current unbal-
ance in double-circuit lines formulated by Hesse [8]:
• through unbalance;
• circulating unbalance.
The through negative-sequence and zero-sequence currents
defining an in-phase portion of the current unbalance can be
calculated as follows [6]:
(1)
where
1041
Fig. 2. Phase arrangements of double-circuit 161-kV lines.
In (1), and are per-unit values of net-through nega-
tive-sequence current and zero-sequenced current; , ,
and are phasors of positive-sequence, negative-sequence,
and zero-sequence currents in the first circuit; , , and
are symmetrical components of current phasors in the
second circuit; and is the average circuit positive-sequence
current.
The circulating negative-sequence current and the circu-
lating zero-sequence current characterizing an out-of-phase
portion of the current unbalance can be calculated as follows [6]:
(2)
Consider the current unbalance due to the inherent asym-
metry of the typical double-circuit 161-kV transmission line
with a vertical arrangement of its phase conductors. Each phase
includes three bundled conductors. The study is done for the
system model in Fig. 1 on the assumption that the LT for PLC
are not installed (the optical ground wire alternative is used).
The voltages of the Thevenin equivalents and are equal
to 165 kV, while the load angle is controlled to maintain
equal to 1650 A (transmission of 460 MVA over each circuit).
First, consider the current unbalance dependence on phasing
of double-circuit lines, where the length varies from 0 to
100 km. The impedances and of the system equivalents
are calculated on the condition that the short-circuit currents
at the line terminals, when the line is disconnected, are 20 kA
. The typical phase arrangements used for
IECo short lines are shown in Fig. 2.
Arrangements, such as — are known as the super
bundle (SB) arrangement, while arrangements such as -
are referred to as the low-reactance (LR) arrangements [11],
[12].
The net-through and circulating sequence currents for the
above phase arrangements versus line length are shown in
Figs. 3–6.
The net-through and circulating current unbalance (as it
follows from Figs. 3–6) depends on the line phasing. Use of
the SB phasing may lead to high-through unbalance, while
the circulation unbalance is zero. The LR phasing shows low
through unbalance and almost zero circulating unbalance.
Phase arrangements of – type demonstrate high through
unbalance and high circulating unbalance. Phase arrangements
of – type exhibit low through unbalance and high cir-
culating unbalance. References [7]–[12] present a detailed
discussion of current asymmetry and phasing arrangements.
1042
Fig. 3. Net-through negative-sequence current versus line length.
Fig. 4. Net-through zero-sequence current versus line length.
Fig. 5. Circulating negative-sequence current versus line length.
According to the curves in Figs. 3 and 4, the through unbal-
ance grows with the increase of the line length. On the other
hand, the circulating unbalance does not depend on the line
length (Figs. 5 and 6).
The current unbalance generated by an untransposed double-
circuit line depends also on the Thevenin equivalent system
impedance . Consider the through and the circu-
lating current unbalance generated by a short 10-km line having
an – arrangement as a function of the equivalent system
impedance. The net-through negative-sequence current and
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 22, NO. 2, APRIL 2007
Fig. 6. Circulating zero-sequence current versus line length.
Fig. 7. Net-through and circulating asymmetry versus the equivalent system
impedance.
the circulating negative-sequence current versus PU values
of the equivalent system impedance are presented in Fig. 7.
The system impedance is calculated as a ratio to the
positive system impedance of 10 km, double-circuit line. The
calculations are performed on the assumption that the equiv-
alent positive-sequence impedance is equal to the system
zero-sequence impedance . A practical range of the system
impedance was determined on the condition that the short-cir-
cuit currents in the transmission system vary from 5 to 50 kA.
The values of the PU system impedance corresponding to
the above short-circuit currents vary from 2 to 20.
It is evident that the through current unbalance in trans-
mission systems with short lines is limited by the system
impedance. This result explains the above-mentioned low
levels of unbalance in the generators and in the loads of the
IECo system. On the other hand, the system impedance does
not limit the circulating current unbalance even in very short
lines.
When radial double-circuit lines are considered, the equiva-
lent system zero-sequence impedance may reach an infinite
value (if the load transformer winding does not enable the flow
of zero-sequence currents). In this particular case, the through
zero-sequence current is null, while the zero-sequence circu-
lating current will have the same value as in the line connected
to system busbars at both of its ends.
The above results demonstrate the necessity to take into
account the issues of current unbalance even when very short
double-circuit lines are designed. Disregarding the issues
KALYUZHNY AND KUSHNIR: CURRENT UNBALANCE IN TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Fig. 8. Sequence network connection for adding Z into phase A.
may lead to line design with phase arrangements of – adding LTs into both circuits of a double-circuit line can
( – ) type. The circulating unbalance in those lines
manifests itself as high negative-sequence and zero-sequence
currents circulating between the line circuits as well as signifi-
cant differences between magnitudes of the line phase currents.
According to our calculations, the negative-sequence current
may reach 10% of , while the difference between the phase
currents might be about 12%.
B. Current Unbalance Due to Connection of Line Traps
The asymmetry study in the systems with short transmis-
sion lines requires considering the line traps (LTs) as an addi-
tional source of current unbalance. The connection of two LTs
into one phase of a transmission line (Fig. 1) is equivalent to
adding the impedance into that phase. The voltage drop on
the impedance causes current and voltage unbalances in the
transmission.
The unbalance due to adding LTs into a short, double-cir-
cuit line can be analytically evaluated using the method of sym-
metrical components. If some additional impedance is con-
nected into phase “ ” of a completely symmetrical transmission,
the sequence currents and voltages can be calculated using the
following equivalent scheme based on the connection of the se-
quence networks [6].
In Fig. 8, is a positive-sequence voltage
difference across the transmission; , , and are equiv-
alent positive-sequence, negative-sequence, and zero-sequence
impedances of the transmission.
Consider the following schemes of LTs connection into
double-circuit lines.
1) LTs are connected into both circuits of a double-circuit
line.
2) LTs are connected only into one circuit of a double-circuit
line.
If LTs are connected into both circuits of the double-circuit
line (Fig. 1), the equivalent system impedances shown in Fig. 8
can be expressed as
(3)
In (3), -impedance of line trap; and
are equivalent negative-sequence impedance and zero-se-
quence impedance of the system equivalent at the line sending
end; and are equivalent negative-sequence impedance
1043
and zero-sequence impedance of the system equivalent at the
line receiving end; and are specific positive-sequence
and zero-sequence impedance of each circuit of the double cir-
cuit line, when the circuits are operated in parallel
(4)
In (4), is the average circuit self impedance per kilo-
meter; is the average circuit mutual impedance per kilo-
meter; and is the average mutual impedance between cir-
cuits per kilometer.
Analytical expressions for the current unbalance due to
be derived from the equivalent scheme in Fig. 8 taking
into account the expressions (3) for the sequence imped-
ances. Taking into consideration that for real-world systems
, the negative-sequence per-unit
current and the zero-sequence per-unit current can
be presented as follows:
(5)
According to (5), the current unbalance is proportional to the
impedance of LT and limited by the total impedance of
the transmission. Even for transmissions with very short lines,
the unbalance is limited by the equivalent system impedance
. Since LTs are generally added into the same
phase in both circuits of a double-circuit line, the unbalance is
of the through type.
Consider a double-circuit line, where LTs are installed only
in the first circuit, but are not added into the second one. For that
scheme of connection, the equivalent system impedances shown
in Fig. 8 can be expressed as
(6)
In (6), —the specific zero-sequence impedance of each
circuit of the double-circuit line calculated on the assumption
that the line zero-sequence current circulates between the
circuits
(7)
For transmission systems with short lines, where
and , the expressions of
the equivalent system impedances are as follows:
(8)
The analytical expressions for the current unbalance due to
adding LTs into one circuits of a double- circuit line can be
derived from the equivalent scheme in Fig. 8, taking into account
the expressions (8) for the sequence impedances. The negative-
1044 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 22, NO. 2, APRIL 2007

sequence per-unit current and the zero-sequence per-unit

current in that circuit can be presented as follows:

(9)

where

Connection of LTs into one circuit of a double-circuit short

line results in the current unbalance circulating in the loop con-
stituted by the line circuits. If the system Thevenin impedance is
much larger than the line impedance, the current unbalance does
not penetrate the networks outside that loop. This is why the cur-
rent unbalance does not depend on the Thevenin impedances of
the system and . According to (9), the current unbal-
ance is directly proportional to the impedance of LT and
inversely proportional to the line length . For the lines, which
length l approaches an infinitesimal value, the expressions of
negative- and zero-sequence currents flowing in the circuit with
LTs are

(10)

For that limiting case, the current unbalance is similar to the

current unbalance for two-phase operation of a transmission line
[6]. It is obvious that the unbalance due to the LT connection
into one circuit of a double-circuit short line falls into the type
Fig. 9. Current unbalance due to adding LTs into short double-circuit lines.
of current circulating unbalance. (a) Line phasing. (b) Negative-sequence current versus line length. (c) Zero-
The study of current unbalance due to adding LTs into a short sequence current versus line length.
double-circuit line is performed for the system model shown
in Fig. 1. The length of the line in the model varies from 0
TABLE I
to 10 km. The phase arrangement of the LR-type – [see CURRENT UNBALANCE DUE TO ADDING LINE TRAPS INTO SHORT LINE
Fig. 9(a)] is considered. Simulations are carried out for the LT
connection to phase in both circuits as well as for the LT adding
only into phase of the second circuit. The current unbalance
in the second circuit versus line length is shown in Fig. 9.
According to Fig. 9, the connection of LTs into both circuits
of double-circuit lines does not cause a significant increase of
current unbalance. On the other hand, adding LTs into one cir-
cuit of short double-circuit lines may result in high circulating
current unbalance.
Consider the current unbalance due to adding LTs into phase
of the second circuit of the 4-km double-circuit line, while rents as well as the significant circulating current unbalance
the load angle is controlled to maintain the average circuit manifesting itself as a drastic difference between magnitudes
positive-sequence current and is equal to 1650 A. Phasors of the phase currents in phase is less than 50% of .
of the line phase currents and their symmetrical components The measurements performed on the IECo short, double-cir-
shown in Fig. 1 are given in Table I. cuit line with LTs installed only in one circuit of that line re-
The additional reactance of LTs connected into the second vealed the similar drastic difference between phase currents.
circuit leads to the redistribution of positive-sequence currents
between the circuits— grows to 1836 A, while falls to C. Current Unbalance Due to Electromagnetic Coupling
1471 A (see Table I). The negative-sequence and zero-sequence Between Lines on Double-Circuit Towers
currents in the circuit with LTs reach 14% of positive-sequence Current unbalance due to electromagnetic coupling between
current. The above redistribution of the positive-sequence cur- heavily loaded lines was studied in [13]. According to our study,
KALYUZHNY AND KUSHNIR: CURRENT UNBALANCE IN TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Fig. 10. System model for studying current unbalance due to electromagnetic
coupling between two lines on double-circuit towers.
the maximum current unbalance takes place in a line under light
loading, while the other one is heavily loaded. Consider current
unbalance due to the electromagnetic coupling between lines
installed on double-circuit towers in the system model shown in
Fig. 10.
The system model includes two untransposed short lines in-
stalled on common double-circuit towers. Each line connects
two system busbars. The system at each end is presented as a
Thevenin equivalent with the same parameters as in the model
shown in Fig. 1. In order to exclude the influence of circu-
lating unbalance on the phenomenon under consideration, it is
assumed that the system busbars of the first line have no gal-
vanic connection with the system busbars of the second line
(Fig. 10). The lines are installed on the above mentioned typ-
ical double-circuit towers with vertical arrangement of bundled
phase conductors and with – (SB) phasing. The length of
the lines installed on the double-circuit towers is 5 km. It is as-
sumed that the load angle is selected to maintain the active
power transmitted over the 1st line equaling 460 MW. Let
us assume that the active power transmitted over the second
line lies in the range . The variation of
is modeled by an appropriate change of the load angle (see
Fig. 10).
Operation of the second line under light loading, while the
first line is heavy loaded, may result in significant current un-
balance on the second line (see Fig. 11).
The currents in each line can be determined as superposition
of the currents due to load flow over the line and the induced
currents due to the electromagnetic coupling with the other line.
The unequal spacing between the line phases brings about the
asymmetry of mutual impedances and capacitances between the
1045
Fig. 11. Current unbalance on the second line. (a) Symmetrical currents versus
P . (b) Phase currents versus P .
lines. That asymmetry results in the appearance of the nega-
tive-sequence and the zero-sequence currents in each line due
to electromagnetic coupling with the other line. For example,
when the phase currents in the first line are about 1650 A, the
negative-sequence and zero-sequence currents in the second line
and induced by the phase currents in the first line
are about 12–14 A. The positive-sequence current in the second
line can be also determined as a vector sum of the posi-
tive-sequence current due to the load flow in the line and of the
induced current due to electromagnetic coupling with the first
line. When the power over the second line is close to zero,
the positive-sequence current is smaller than the currents
and [Fig. 11(a)]. The current unbalance manifests it-
self as a drastic difference between magnitudes of the phase cur-
rents in the second line. For example, when MW,
the currents in phases “ ” and “ ” are about 10 A, while the
current in phase “ ” is 30 A [see Fig. 11(b)]. This high asym-
metry can be observed only if one of the two lines is under light
loading, while the other one is heavily loaded. If the both lines
are heavily loaded, the current unbalance in each line does not
exceed 2%.
D. Superposition of Current Symmetrical Components in
Lines Under Light Loading
Some cases of the high current unbalance that have been ob-
served on short transmission lines can be explained as the super-
position of sequence currents in lines under light loading. The
flow of positive-sequence currents in the transmission system is
determined by the power flow from generators to loads. The neg-
ative-sequence currents generally flow from untransposed trans-
mission lines (generators of the current unbalance) to generators
1046
Fig. 12. System model for studying current unbalance due to the superposition
of sequence currents in the second line.
and to large loads having relatively small negative-sequence im-
pedances. The zero-sequence currents flow from the untrans-
posed lines to transformers with grounded neutrals. The
different routes of sequence currents flowing in the transmis-
sion systems may result in cases when the negative- and zero-se-
quence currents in a line under light loading may have signifi-
cant values with respect to the line positive-sequence current.
Superposition of the sequence currents on the line manifests it-
self as a significant unbalance of the line phase currents.
The phenomenon can be modeled in the scheme shown in
Fig. 12. The system model includes two short, single-circuit
untransposed lines connecting two system busbars with the
load at an intermediate point of the transmission. The system at
each end of the busbars is presented as a Thevenin equivalent.
The Thevenin impedances are calculated on the condition that
the short-circuit currents at the system terminals, when the
lines are disconnected, are 40 kA The load
is presented as a constant impedance. Its positive-sequence
impedance is calculated on condition that, if the voltage across
the load is 165 kV, . in the systems with short lines is small and does not pose any
In order to model high current unbalance in the second line,
we must deliver over the first line, while the power flow
through the second line is almost zero , 1) Increase of power losses in the double-circuit lines [4],
(see Fig. 12). The required load flow can be achieved by selec-
tion of the Thevenin voltages , ,
while the load angle is kept in the range
. Consider the impact of the circulating unbalance due to
The phase currents in the second line versus the active power
flow over the line are given in Fig. 13.
In order to explain the current unbalance shown in Fig. 13,
consider the superposition of sequence currents in the second
line, when the load angle . The transmission
of over the 1st line generates negative-sequence current
and zero-sequence current . That
unbalance is small with respect to the positive-sequence cur-
rent . The load consumes the following sequence
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 22, NO. 2, APRIL 2007
Fig. 13. Current unbalance due to superposition of sequence currents in the
second line.
currents , and (the load’s
transformers have ungrounded neutral. The sequence currents
seen by the second line are , , and
. Superposition of those sequence currents results
in the severe current unbalance shown in Fig. 13.
E. Problems Due to Current Unbalance
The aim of the above study was to understand the phenomena
of high current unbalance that has been observed in short trans-
mission lines. The next step of the research is the analysis of
problems caused by the phenomena.
We have already shown that the significant current unbalance
due to the electromagnetic coupling between lines as well as due
to the superposition of sequence currents may take place only in
the lines under light loading. It seems that the significant unbal-
ance of small phase currents [see Figs. 11(b) and 13] does not
have any negative impact either on the power system compo-
nents or on the environment in the line proximity.
On the other hand, the high current unbalance that takes place
due to the inherent asymmetry of the line’s parameters or due
to the presence of LTs may occur also in heavily loaded lines.
Generally, as it has been shown above, the through unbalance
problems outside the lines. It is the circulating unbalance inside
the short lines that may cause the following problems.
[6]–[12].
2) Overcurrents in individual phases of the lines.
3) Increase of the magnetic field in the line’s proximity.
adding LTs into one circuit of the double-circuit line (see
Table I) on the overcurrents and on the magnetic field.
The phase currents in the line, calculated in one-line sym-
metrical model, equal 1650 A. The real current in phase of
the 1st circuit equals 2189 A (i.e., circulating unbalance in-
creases the phase current by 33%). The flow of overcurrents in
the line’s lower phase [see Fig. 9(a)] may reduce the minimum
phase-to-ground line clearance. Therefore, the probability of
short circuits on the line increases.
KALYUZHNY AND KUSHNIR: CURRENT UNBALANCE IN TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS 1047

To reduce the current unbalance we recommend selecting the

optimal phase arrangements for double-circuit lines [11], [12],
even if their length does not exceed a few kilometers. We also
recommend to design PLC in short lines with due account of
their impact on the circulation unbalance. The detailed study of
remedies for the unbalance reduction is beyond the scope of the
current paper.

III. SUMMARY
Transmission systems with short lines feeding balanced loads
may have significant, circulation current asymmetry on their
transmission lines.
This asymmetry is caused by using specific phase arrange-
ments on short, double-circuit lines as well as by adding LT.
The analytical expressions to estimate the unbalance resulting
from adding the LT are developed.
The unbalance may cause overcurrents in individual phases of
the lines and increase the magnetic field in the line’s proximity.
The unbalance can be reduced by the selection of the optimal
phase arrangements of transmission lines and by the proper de-
sign of PLC LT.
The significant current asymmetry in the lines under light
loading may take place due to electromagnetic coupling be-
tween the lines as well as due to the superposition of sequence
currents.
This asymmetry manifests itself as expressive unbalance of
small phase currents, which does not have any negative impact
either on the power system components or on the environment
in the line proximity.

Fig. 14. Effect of the current unbalance on the magnetic field. (a) Magnetic flux ACKNOWLEDGMENT
density in line proximity. (b) Magnetic flux density to the right of the right-of- The authors are grateful to D. Shein and B. Reshef from
way.
IECo for their contribution to this study. The authors also thank
D. Amdur from IECo for his support of this research.

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way on the basis of the phase currents given in Table I; —the
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[11] A. Nourai, A. J. F. Keri, and S. H. Shih, “Shield wire loss reduction for
double-circuit transmission lines,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 3, no.
4, pp. 1854–1864, Oct. 1988.
1048 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 22, NO. 2, APRIL 2007

[12] A. Ametani, D. V. Dommelen, and I. Utsumi, “Study of super-bundle Gregory Kushnir received the M.Sc. degree in elec-
and low-reactance phasings on untransposed twin-circuit lines,” Proc. trical engineering from the Urals Technical Univer-
Inst. Elect. Eng., Gen. Transm. Dist. C, vol. 137, no. 4, pp. 245–254, sity, Yekaterinburg, Russia, in 1969.
Jul. 1990. He was with the Urals Section of “Souztech-
[13] J. Ma, S. Fortin, and S. F. Dawalibi, “Analysis and mitigation of current energo,” the Urals Technical University, the Urals
unbalance due to induction in heavily loaded multicircuit power lines,” Power System Dispatch Centre, and is currently
IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 1378–1383, Jul. 2004. with the Israel Electric Corporation Ltd., Haifa.
[14] M. P. Sanders and R. E. Ray, “Power line carrier channel & application His research interests include the development of
considerations for transmission line relaying,” in Pulsar Technol. Tech. mathematical models and programs for steady states
Brochure, Apr. 2001. and transients in power systems as well as problems
of load-flow optimization.
Aaron Kalyuzhny (M’98) received the Ph.D. degree
in electrical engineering from the Siberian Research
Institute of Energy, Novosibirsk, Russia, in 1990.
Currently, he is with the Israel Electric Corpo-
ration Ltd., Haifa. His research interests include
unbalance steady states and transients in power
systems as well as different aspects of the reactive
power compensation.