Exercise 1

Instruction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Note how water forms droplets in the photo. What term best explains this behavior of water?
a. cohesion c. adhesion
b magnetism d. solubility
2. Water striders are insects that are capable of walking on the surface of water. The water
tends to bond to itself rather than wetting the insect’s feet and the insect is light enough to
remain on the surface of the water. What word or phrase best describes this behaviour of
water?
a. capillary action c. surface tension
b. adhesion d. homogeneity
3. When water is a _________ it is the MOST dense.
a. liquid b. gas c. solid
4. A liquid placed in a capillary tube has the meniscus shown below. The types of forces that
create this situation are:
a. Both cohesive and adhesive forces
b. Cohesive but no adhesive forces
c. Adhesive but no cohesive forces
d. Neither cohesive nor adhesive forces
5. A liquid placed in a capillary tube has the meniscus shown below. The types of forces that
create this situation are:
a. Both cohesive and adhesive forces.
b. Cohesive but no adhesive forces
c. Adhesive but no cohesive forces
d. Neither cohesive nor adhesive forces
6. It is the amount of energy required to stretch or increase the surface of a liquid by a unit area.
a. Surface tension c. adhesion
b. cohesion d. cohesion and adhesion
7. Evaporation occurs when water changes into____
a. transpiration b. snow c. solid d. vapor
8. When a liquid becomes vapor, its gas particles begin to exert
a. air pressure c. vapor pressure
c. equilibrium pressure d. no pressure
9. If the rate of boiling equals the rate of condensation.
 a. there is more liquid c. there is more vapor
b. the system is in equilibrium d. the system is working towards equilibrium
10. When the atmospheric pressure equals the equilibrium vapor pressure ___ occurs.
a. freezing c. melting
b. boiling d. sublimation
11. Liquids with weak intermolecular forces_____.
a. contain a lot of kinetic energy c. cannot diffuse
b. easily evaporate d. freeze easily
12. Water have a low vapor pressure because
a. it has strong London dispersion forces acting between molecules
b. it has strong hydrogen bonds acting between its molecules
c. it has a weaker force of attraction between its molecules
d. it is very volatile
13. The strength of intermolecular forces varies between liquids, therefore they will have__
a. different equilibrium vapor pressure
b. the same equilibrium vapor pressure
c. different temperatures
d. the same amount of kinetic energy
14. The lower the boiling point, the ___ intermolecular forces.
a. stronger b. weaker
15. defined as the energy (usually in kilojoules) required to vaporize 1 mole of a liquid at a given
temperature.
a. molar heat of fusion c. molar heat of sublimation
b. molar heat of vaporization d. none of the above
Exercise 2
Instruction: Answer each question briefly.
1. Describe the properties of liquids: surface tension, viscosity, vapor pressure, boiling point,
and molar heat of vaporization.
Surface tension is the tendency of liquid surfaces to shrink into the minimum surface area
possible.
Viscosity, resistance of a fluid (liquid or gas) to a change in shape, or movement of
neighbouring portions relative to one another.
Vapour pressure is a measure of the tendency of a material to change into the gaseous
or vapour state, and it increases with temperature. 
The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid
equals the pressure surrounding the liquid and the liquid changes into a vapor.
The molar heat of vaporization is the energy needed to vaporize one mole of a liquid.
2. Explain the effect of intermolecular forces to these properties mentioned above.
The heat of fusion (heat required to melt a solid) and heat of vaporization (heat required
to vaporize a liquid) are determined by the strength of the Intermolecular Forces.
As the intermolecular attraction increases,
• The vapor pressure ( the pressure of the vapor that is in equilibrium with its liquid) decreases
• The boiling point ( the temperature at which the vapor pressure becomes equal to the pressure
exerted on the surface of the liquid) increases
• Surface tension ( the resistance of a liquid to spread out and increase its surface area)
increases
• Viscosity ( the resistance of a liquid to flow) increases.
3. Explain the capillary action in terms of attractive forces.
Capillary action is the phenomenon in which liquids rise up into a narrow tube called
a capillary. It results when cohesive forces, the intermolecular forces in the liquid, are
weaker than adhesive forces, the attraction between a liquid and the surface of the capillary.
4. Relate viscosity or resistance to flow to strength of intermolecular forces that operate among
molecules of the liquid.
Viscosity increases as intermolecular interactions or molecular size increases. Viscosity
decreases rapidly with increasing temperatures because the kinetic energy of the molecules
increases, and higher kinetic energy enables the molecules to overcome the attractive forces
that prevent the liquid from flowing.
5. Explain the relationship of vapor pressure to temperature.
Vapor pressure of a liquid increases with temperature. Every liquid has a temperature at which it
begins to boil. The boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is
equal to the external pressure.The normal boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which it
boils when the external pressure is 1 atm. At the boiling point, bubbles form within the liquid.
When a bubble forms, the liquid originally occupying that space is pushed aside, and the level of
the liquid in the container is forced to rise.
6. Relate Vapor Pressure to Strength of Intermolecular Forces.
At any given temperature, molecules in a liquid are bumping into each other with a lot of kinetic
energy. If those molecules have enough kinetic energy, they'll escape the liquid and go into the
gas phase above the liquid. This gas exerts a pressure, and this pressure is called the vapor
pressure. The only thing that prevents these molecules from escaping (assuming approximately
the same molecular weight) is the intermolecular forces the molecules possess.
7. How boiling point affected by the atmospheric pressure?
The boiling point of a liquid is directly affected by atmospheric pressure. This is the pressure
exerted by the weight of the air molecules above the liquid. In an open system this is called
atmospheric pressure. The greater the pressure, the more energy required for liquids to boil,
and the higher the boiling point.

Lesson 2
Exercise 1
Indicate the strongest force holding the crystals together in the following substances by putting a
check on the appropriate box. The first five substances were done for you.

Exercise 2
Instructions: Answer the questions briefly no less than 3 sentences.
1. Describe crystalline solid and an amorphous solid in terms of structures.

Crystalline solids have a definite shape with orderly arranged ions, molecules or atoms in a
three-dimensional pattern often termed crystal lattice. If cut, they depict a clear cleavage with
surfaces intersecting at angles that are characteristic of the crystal. Amorphous solids, on the
other hand, have a disordered array of components not showing a definite shape. When cut,
they show irregular shapes usually with curved surfaces. Crystalline components are held
together by uniform intermolecular forces whereas in amorphous solids these forces differ from
one atom to the other.
2. There are four types of crystalline solids. Describe each.

Ionic crystals -- The ionic crystal structure consists of alternating positively-charged cations and
negatively-charged anions. The ions may either be monatomic or polyatomic. Ionic crystals are
hard and brittle and have high melting points. Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity as
solids, but do conduct when molten or in aqueous solution.

Molecular crystals -- Molecular crystals typically consist of molecules at the lattice points of the
crystal, held together by relatively weak intermolecular forces. The intermolecular forces may be
dispersion forces in the case of nonpolar crystals, or dipole-dipole forces in the case of polar
crystals. Some molecular crystals, such as ice, have molecules held together by hydrogen
bonds.                                                          

Covalent network solids -are composed of atoms covalently bonded together into a three-
dimensional network or layers of two-dimensional networks. Due to the strength of the covalent
bonds, covalent network solids have high melting points.

Molecular solids—Made up of atoms or molecules held together by London dispersion forces,

dipole-dipole forces, or hydrogen bonds.

3. Which type of crystalline solid has the lowest melting points? Why?
 Molecular solids since they have the intermolecular forces are relatively weak.

4. What is the distinguishing feature of crystalline solids? How are the structures of crystals
determined?
Crystalline solids have well-defined edges and faces, diffract x-rays, and tend to have sharp
melting points. crystal structure is a description of the ordered arrangement of atoms, ions or
molecules in a crystalline material.Ordered structures occur from the intrinsic nature of the
constituent particles to form symmetric patterns that repeat along the principal directions of
three-dimensional space in matter.

5. What form of unit particles makes up each type of crystal?

Molecular crystals are made up of atoms or molecules

Covalent-network  crystals are made up of atoms connected in a network of covalent bonds

Ionic  crystals are made up of positive and negative ions

Metallic  crystals are made up of atoms

6. What forces bind the unit particles of each type of crystal? What are the properties of each
type of crystal?
The force that bind the atoms together to form a solid is basically electromagnetic forces
The metallic crystals is held together by electrostatic interactions between the cations and
delocalized electron. THis crystal is dense, high melting point, good electrical and heat 
conductor, malleable and ductile and lustrous.
Ionic crystals form strong electrostatic interactions that hold the crystal lattice together. The
properties are poor electrical conductor in solid state, hard, high melting point,good electrical
conductor in molten state and brittle.
Molecular crystals have atoms or molecules are held together by a mix of hydrogen bonding/
dipole-dipole and dispersion forces, and these are the attractive forces that are broken when the
crystal melts.The properties of this crystal are soft, low melting point, poor electrical conductor in
solid and molten states, poor heat conductor and brittle.
Covalent network crystals are made of atoms in which each atom is covalently bonded to its
nearest neighbors. The properties are hard, very high melting point, poor electrical conductor in
molten and solid state, poor heat conductor and brittle.

Exercise 3. Reading Commentary on Crystal Formation.

Read about a crystal topic of your choice. Choose two topics from the suggested list below.
Write a four-six paragraph essay by answering the following questions. Cite your sources.
Topics:
1. Oxides of magnesium and calcium produced from hard water
2. Calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate in kidney stones
3. Uric acid in gout
4. Barium sulfate in x-ray imaging
5. Silica in desiccants
6. Gemstones used for jewelry
7. Salts in food industry, e.g. table salt, monosodium glutamate, potassium nitrate metals or
alloys used in conductors.

Gout is a common and complex form of arthritis that can affect anyone. It's characterized by sudden,
severe attacks of pain, swelling, redness and tenderness in the joints, often the joint at the base of the big
toe. Uric acid is a waste byproduct. It's formed when your body breaks down
purines, which are found in some foods. 
Gout can happen when there is an accumulation of urate crystal in the joint thus making the inflammation
and severe pain that it causes. Urate crystals form when there are high levels of uric acid in the blood.
When purines break down the body produces uric acid.
When uric acids dissolves it then passes through the kidneys then to the urine. There are times the body
excrete too little uric acid or too much. Then uric acid builds making a sharp urate crystals in the
surrounding tissue or joint that can cause inflammation, swelling and pain.

When there is an too much excess of uric acid in the body an illness hyperuricemia which can cause
urate crystals to form. These crystals can cause gout or even lead to kidney stones. When left untreated it
can lead to permanent bone, tissue and joint damage, heart disease and kidney disease. It is also
connected to type 2 diabetes, fatty liver and high blood pressure.

This can be prevented by living a healthy lifestyle like maintaining a healthy weight, exercise, drinking
water, avoid food that is high in purine like shrimps and beer and taking supplements.

Sources

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/17808-high-uric-acid-level#:~:text=These%20crystals
%20can%20settle%20in,kidney%20disease%20and%20heart%20disease.

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gout/symptoms-causes/syc-20372897#:~:text=Gout
%20occurs%20when%20urate%20crystals,found%20naturally%20in%20your%20body.

https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/best-diet-for-gout#TOC_TITLE_HDR_8

Exercise 4
Instruction: Read the situation carefully and answer the questions below.
A student obtained a solid product in a laboratory synthesis. To verify the identity of the solid,
she measured its melting point and found that the material melted over a 12°Crange. After it had
cooled, she measured the melting point of the same sample again and found that this time the
solid had a sharp melting point at the temperature that is characteristic of the desired product.
1. Why were the two melting points different?
2. What was responsible for the change in the melting point?
The initial solid contained the desired compound in an amorphous state, as indicated by the wide
temperature range over which melting occurred. Slow cooling of the liquid caused it to crystallize, as
evidenced by the sharp second melting point observed at the expected temperature.