MA 603: LS14

MA 603 T OPOLOGY-I: L ECTURE S LIDES 14

Instructor: Swadesh Kumar Sahoo

Department of Mathematics
Indian Institute of Technology Indore
Simrol, Indore 453 552

September 7, 2021

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R ECALL : T HEOREM 13.8

A necessary and sufficient condition for two topological spaces
(X , T) and (Y , T ∗ ) to be homeomorphic (or topologically
equivalent) is that there exists a function f : X → Y such that
( I ) f is bijective; and
( II ) O is open in X if and only if f (O) is open in Y .

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E XAMPLE 14.1 ( WITH A SLIGHT MODIFICATION OF E XAMPLE

13.6)
For the unit circle

S 1 = {(x, y ) : x 2 + y 2 = 1}

considered as a subspace of R2 , we define f : [0, 1) → S 1 by

f (t) = (cos 2πt, sin 2πt).

Then bijectivity and continuity of f follow from properties of

trigonometric functions (Exercise!).

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I NDEED ,
continuity also follows from Theorem 13.8: inverse image of an
open circular arc is an open interval (a, b) ⊂ [0, 1) and
(a, b) = ∪x [x, b) for all x ∈ (a, b) is union of open subsets of
[0, 1) in lower limit topology.

O N THE OTHER HAND ,

we prove that f −1 is not continuous and hence f is not
homeomorphism. Indeed, we see that f ([0, 1/4)) is not open in
S 1 since the point p = f (0) lies in no open set V of R2 such that
V ∩ S 1 ⊂ f ([0, 1/4)). 

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T HE M ETRIC T OPOLOGY

D EFINITION 14.2 (M ETRIC )

A metric on a set X is a function d : X × X → R having the
following properties:
(1) d(x, y ) ≥ 0 for all x, y ∈ X ; equality holds if and only if
x = y;
(2) d(x, y ) = d(y , x) for all x, y ∈ X ; and
(3) d(x, y ) ≤ d(x, z) + d(z, y ) for all x, y , z ∈ X .

D EFINITION 14.3 (D ISTANCE )

Given a metric d on X , the number d(x, y ) is often called the
distance between x and y in the metric d.

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D EFINITION 14.4 (BALL )

Given an  > 0, the set

Bd (x, ) = {y : d(x, y ) < }

is called the -ball centred at x.

L EMMA 14.5
If d is a metric on the set X , then the collection of all -balls
Bd (x, ), for x ∈ X and  > 0, is a basis for a topology on X .

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P ROOF
We use the definition of basis (that is, two conditions to be
verified).
1 For any x ∈ X , the -ball Bd (x, ) contains the point x for
any  > 0. Thus, the first condition in the definition of basis
satisfied.
2 Assume that B1 and B2 be two basis elements and that
y ∈ B1 ∩ B2 . We show that there exists a basis element B3
such that y ∈ B3 ⊂ B1 ∩ B2 .
• For this, choose positive numbers δ1 and δ2 such that
Bd (y , δ1 ) ⊂ B1 and Bd (y , δ2 ) ⊂ B2 . If δ = min{δ1 , δ2 } then
we see that Bd (y , δ) ⊂ B1 ∩ B2 , completing the proof. 

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R EMARK 14.6
• In the above proof, we have used the fact that if
y ∈ Bd (x, ) then there exists a δ such that
Bd (y , δ) ⊂ Bd (x, ). This is possible for the choice
δ =  − d(x, y ).
• Indeed, if z ∈ Bd (y , δ), then we have
d(y , z) < δ =  − d(x, y ).
• From this, it follows by the triangle inequality that

d(x, z) ≤ d(x, y ) + d(y , z) < .

• Thus, the same z also belongs to Bd (x, ).

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D EFINITION 14.7 (M ETRIC T OPOLOGY )

If d is a metric on the set X , then the collection of all -balls

T = {Bd (x, ) : x ∈ X ,  > 0}

is called the metric topology induced by d.

We have seen that a set O is open in the metric topology

induced by d if and only if for each y ∈ O there is a δ > 0 such
that Bd (y , δ) ⊂ O.

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E XAMPLE 14.8
Given a set X , recall from Real Analysis that the quantity
(
1 if x 6= y
d(x, y ) =
0 if x = y

defines a metric for x, y ∈ X . Then we show that the topology it

induces is the discrete topology. Hence, this metric is known as
the discrete metric.

I NDEED ,
for an arbitrary element x ∈ X , for instance the basis element
Bd (x, 1) contains the point x only, i.e. Bd (x, 1) = {x}. This
means that every singleton set is open and so, every set, being
union of singleton sets, is open.

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E XAMPLE 14.9
• The standard metric on R defined by d(x, y ) = |x − y |
induces the order topology in R.
• Each basis element (a, b) in the order topology is a basis
element for the metric topology, as on the one hand we
have
a+b b−a
(a, b) = Bd (x, ), with x = and  = ,
2 2
and on the other hand each -ball Bd (x, ) = (x − , x + ).

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D EFINITION 14.10 (M ETRIZABLE T OPOLOGICAL S PACE )

A topological space (X , T) is said to be metrizable if there
exists a metric on the set X that induces the topology T of X .

E XAMPLE 14.11
Rn is metrizable.

E XAMPLE 14.12
An indiscrete topological space where X consists of more than
one point is not metrizable.

P ROOF
The sets ∅ and X are only the closed sets here. But all finite
sets in a metric space are closed. Hence, X and ∅ cannot be
the only closed sets in a topology on X induced by a metric.
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L EMMA 14.13
Let d and d 0 be two metrics on X that induce the topologies T
and T 0 respectively. Then T 0 ⊃ T if and only if for each x ∈ X
and each  > 0, there exists a δ > 0 such that

Bd 0 (x, δ) ⊂ Bd (x, ).

P ROOF : R ECALL L EMMA 5.4:

Let B and B 0 be bases for the topologies T and T 0 , respectively,
on X . Then the following are equivalent:
( I ) T 0 is finer than T;
( II ) for each x ∈ X and for each basis element B ∈ B
containing x, there is a basis element B 0 ∈ B 0 such that
x ∈ B 0 ⊂ B.
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P ROOF OF =⇒ PART
• Suppose first that T 0 ⊃ T.
• Given the basis element Bd (x, ) for T, there is a basis
element B 0 for the topology T 0 such that x ∈ B 0 ⊂ Bd (x, ).
Indeed, within B 0 we can find a ball Bd 0 (x, δ) centred at x.

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P ROOF OF ⇐= PART
• Suppose that for each x ∈ X and for each  > 0, there
exists a δ > 0 such that

Bd 0 (x, δ) ⊂ Bd (x, ).

• Let B be a basis element for T containing x.

• Then within B we can find a ball Bd (x, ) centred at x.
• By hypothesis, there is a δ > 0 such that
Bd 0 (x, δ) ⊂ Bd (x, ).
• Then by Lemma 5.4, it follows that T 0 is finer than T. 

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T HEOREM 14.14
Let (X , d) be a metric space. Define d : X × X → R by

d(x, y ) = min{1, d(x, y )}.

Then d is a metric that induces the topology of X .

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P ROOF
• Recall from Real Analysis that d is a metric.
• The fact that d and d induce the same topology follows
from the trivial inclusions (using Lemma 14.13)

Bd (x, ) ⊂ Bd (x, ) and Bd (x, δ) ⊂ Bd (x, ),

where δ = min{1, }.

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I NDEED ,
they follow from the following implications:

y ∈ Bd (x, ) =⇒ d(x, y ) <  =⇒ d(x, y ) < min{1, } ≤ 

=⇒ y ∈ Bd (x, )

and

z ∈ Bd (x, δ) =⇒ d(x, z) < δ = min{1, }

=⇒ min{1, d(x, z)} < min{1, }
=⇒ d(x, z) < 
=⇒ z ∈ Bd (x, ),

completing the proof. 

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