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GuIEm:l ³ dccam@online.com.kh
eKhTMB½r ³ www.dccam.org b¤ www.cambodiatribunal.org
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3
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4
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6
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8
 TU samut TTYlxusRtÚvelIskmμPaB kargarrbs;bkSenATIRkúgedaymanCMny Y BI nYn Ca nig saLút s
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sarI nig sun esn CabBaØvnþmkBIRbeTs)araMg.
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10
mhasn)iñ atbkSkmu y
úμ nsI kþ mCú< a ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
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ehIytMbn;EdlmanépÞBN’paá QUkRsalbgðajBItbM n;RKb;RKgedayrdæaPi)alénrbbsaFarNrdæExμr¦ ¬mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<Cú a¦

enATIRkúgnigdb;bnY rUbBIsaxabkSenACnbT. mhasnñ)i at)anseRmcerobcMbkSsaCafμI begátI maKa’neya)ayfμI

nigbþrÚ eQμaHbkSeTACabkSBlkrkm<Cú a. TU samut )anTTYltMENgCaelxabkS ehIy nYn Ca CaGnuelxa.
enAeBlenaH b:ul Bt manzan³lMdab;TIbIkñúgbkSehIyTTYltMENgCaGnuelxaTIBIrenAqñaM1961.
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11 enAExkumÖ³qñaM1963. mhasnñi)at)aneRCIstaMg b:ul Bt CaelxabkS. nYn Ca EdlmantMENgx<s;
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suIv ehg. mü:ageTot nYn Ca KWCaCnkumμúynIsþesμaHRtg;mñak; Edlcg;[bkSBlkrkm<úCakan;EtrwgmaMeLIg

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haNUy edIm,IeFVIkarBiPakSaCamYyevotNamxageCIg. b:ul Bt )aneTAeFVITsSnkic©enARbeTscin nigkUer:
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rbs;evotNamteTAeTot.
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bkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCa edayehtufa b:ul Bt cg;bnßy
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13
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úμ nIskþ m<Cú a. GñkTaMgenHRtÚv)andwknaMCasm¶at;
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Pwm/ eGog sarI/ sun esn/ tam:uk nig vn ev:t.16 enAqñaM1977 smaCikbInak;eTotKW jwm rs;/ exov 22
sMpn nig Ek Bk RtÚv)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúgKN³kmμaFikarenH. b:ul Bt/ eGog sarI/ sun esn nig exov
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b:ul Bt
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esa Pwm* eGog sarI sun esn* tam:uk* vn ev:t* Ek Bk*

* vn ev:t nig jwm rs; RtÚv)ansmøab;enAqña1M 978. esa Pwm eFVGI tþXatenAqñaM exov sMpn
1978. sun esn RtÚv)ansmøab;kgúñ qña1M 997. Ek Bk søab;edaysarCMgeW nA
qñaM2002. tam:uk søab;edaysarCMgWenAqñaM2006.
jwm rs;*

2> karyagnivtþn_mkkm<úCarbs; semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu

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rdæaPi)alrYbrYmCatikm<úCa EdlRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgenATIRkúgeb:kaMgenA
qña1M 970 EdlmansemþcRBH neratþm sIhnu CaRBHRbFan. mkdl;
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b:Eu nþedIm,I)ankarTTYlsÁal;BGI nþrCatingi karKaMRTBIRbCaCnenAkñgú RbeTs
clnaenHenAbnþsßiteRkamGFibtIPaBrbs;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu
nigraCrdæaPi)alnireTsrbs;RBHGgÁdEdl.
enAExkkáda qña1M 975 ExμrRkhm)ansuy M agsemþcRBH neratþm
sIhnu EdlkMBugKg;nireTsenATIRkúgBüúgy:ag RbeTskUer:xageCIg mk
km<úCa. munyagnivtþn_mkkm<úCa RBHGgÁ)anyagmkkan;TIRkúgeb:kaMg
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Fbi etyü elx4 Exemsa qañ 1M 978
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 kmaμ P)i alExrμ RkhmRbCCMu amy
Y TW kam smaCki KN³mCÄmi bkSkmu y
úμ nsi eþ votNam ¬rbU eqgV ¦ ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<Cú a¦

bnÞÚlfa ³ {karseRmcRBHT½yrbs;´kñúgkarvilRtLb;mkkm<úCavij minmann½yfa ´yl;RBmTTYlsÁal;Exμr

RkhmTaMgenaHeT b:Eu nþ´RtÚvEteFVBI likmμedIm,ICakityiþ sdl;RbeTscin ehIyCaBiessdl;elaknaykrdæm®nþI
cin CU eGnLay Edl)anCYyRbeTs
km<úCa nigxøÜn´y:ageRcInelIslb;}17. ceRmógCatikm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
RBHGgÁ)anyagRtLb;CamYyRBHmehsI 17 emsa mhaeCaKC½y
enAedIm ExkBaØa qñaM1975 edayman QamRkhmRcal eRsacRsBRkúgvalkm<Cú a matuPmU i
semþc Eb:n nut ¬naykrdæm®nþIénraCrdæa Qamkmμkrksikrd¾]tþm QamyuT§Cn yuT§narIbdivtþn_.
Pi)alrYbrYmCatikm<Cú a¦ exov sMpn/ eGog QamERbkøayCakMhwgxøaMgkøa ts‘UemaHmut 17emsa
FIriT§ ¬søab;edayCMgWenAéf¶TI22 ExmIna eRkamTg;bdivtþn_ QamrMedaHputBIPaB´eK.
qñaM2015¦ nigraCvgSanuvgSmYycMnYn Ceya¡Ceya 17emsaeCaKC½y mhaGs©arü mann½y
GmRBHraCdMeNIreTotpg. FMeFgelIssm½yGgÁr. eyIgrYbrYmKñaksagkm<úCanigsgÁmfμI
I agnivtþnm_ kdl;km<Cú aPøam bvr RbCaFibetyü smPaB nigyutFiþ m’ tammaKa’ma© s;kar
bnÞab;By
RBHGgÁ)aneFVCI aGFibtIkgúñ sm½yRbCuKM N³ ÉkraCürwgmaM ebþCJadac;xat karBarCatimatuPUmi TwkdI]tþm
Y b:Eu nþmni RtÚv)anGnuBaØat[man bdivtþn_d¾rugerOg.
rdæm®nþmI y
RBHbnÞÚlGVITaMgGs;. tMENgCaRBHRbmux fáeMú fágI Ceya¡ Ceya¡ Ceya km<Cú afμI RbCaFibetyü sm,Úr
ebþCJaeRCagRKvITg;bdivtþn_Rkhmx<s;eLIg sagmatuPUmi 24
rdæ EdlRkúmemdwknaMkmu y úμ nIsfþ aV yRBHGgÁ eyIg[ceRmI nelatepøaH mharugerOg mhaGs©arü.
enaHminmanGMNaceT. bIs)þah_eRkay
 Tg;Catikm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
maRta16énrdFæ mnμ Bu akØ mCú< aRbCaFbi etyü)anEcg
GMBIrUbPaBnigxøwmsarénTg;CatienHmandUcteTA ³
{épRÞ khmmanrUbR)asaTkMBUlbIBN’elOgenAcM
kNaþ l. épRÞ khmCanmi ti rþ bU énclnabdvi tnþ _ kar
RbyTu e§ maHmtu Gg;GackøahankñúgkarrMedaHCati
karBarCati nigksag C a t i k m < ú C a r b s ; R b C a C n
kmCú< a. R)asaTBNe’ lOgCanmi ti rþ bU énRbéBNI
Cati nigRbCaCnkm<úCaEdlCaGñkkarBarRbeTs
CaGñksßabnaRbeTs[)anfáúMefáIg rugerOg}.

karyagRtLb;mkdl;km<úCa RBHGgÁRtÚv)anbBa¢ÚneTA
GgÁkarshRbCaCatiedIm,ITamTarykGasn³rbs;km<Cú a
enAmhasnñ)i atGgÁkarshRbCaCati. enAkñgú RbeTs
ÉeNHvij RkúmGñkKaMRTRBHGgÁCaeRcInnak;)an)at;xøÜn
edayKμandMNwg. smaCikraCvgSanuvgSRbEhl20
GgÁ)ancUlTivgÁtkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü ehIy
y:agticmanRBHraCvgSanuvgS 7GgÁepSgeTotRtÚv)an
eFVIKutenAKukTYlEsøg.
3> rdæFmμnuBaØkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
mhasnñ)i atCatielIkTI3EdlRtÚv)anR)arB§eFVI
eLIgenAéf¶T1I 4 ExFñÚ qña1M 975 )anGnumt½ [mankar
begáItrdæFmμnuBaØfμImYyEdlRtÚv)anRbkasCapøÚvkarenA sBaØaCati maRta17énrdFæ mnμ Bu akØ mCú< aRbCaFbi etyüEcg
éf¶TI5 Exmkra qñaM1976.18 RbeTskm<úCaRtÚv)an fa {sBaaØ CatKi mW anRbBn½ E§ Rs ngi RbLayTkw Canmi ti rþ bU én
bþrÚ eQμaHCapøvÚ karfa {km<Cú aRbCaFibetyü}. rdæFmμnBu aØ ksikmμeCOnelOn maneragcRkCanimitþrUbén]sSahkmμ
)anbegáItsPatMNagRbCaCncMnYn250Gasn³ Edl mankRmgkYrRsUv CaEsñgRkbIB½T§BIeRkA ehIymanGkSr
kñúgenaH150rUbtMNag[vNѳksikr 50rUbtMNag[ {kmCú< aRbCaFbi etyü} enABeI Rkam}.
vNѳkmμkrnigBlkr nig50rUbeTottMNag[kgT½B
bdivtþnk_ m<Cú a. rdæFmμnBu aØmni manEcgGVTI aMgGs;Tak;TgnwgbkSkumy
úμ nIskþ m<Cú a ehIyrdæsPa)anebIksm½yRbCuM
25 EtmþgKt;enAExemsa qñaM1976.
ceRmógCatifμImaneQμaHfa {17emsa mhaeCaKC½y}. bTceRmógenHniBn§eday b:ul Bt.
Tg;CatifμImanépÞBN’RkhmehIymanrUbR)asaTGgÁrvtþkMBUlbIBN’elOgenAcMkNþal.
4> semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu laElgBItMENgRbmuxrdæ
enAéf¶T1I 1 ExmIna qña1M 976 KN³Gcié®nþyb_ kSkumyúμ nIskm<Cú a)anCYbBiPakSaKñaGMBbI BaðasulM aElgBI
tMENgrbs;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu. KN³Gcié®nþy)_ anRBmeRBógTTYlyksMeNIsyMu agcUlnivtþnr_ bs;RBHGgÁ
b:Eu nþngw minGnuBaØat[RBHGgÁcakecjBIRbeTs eFVeI sckþEI føgkarN_ b¤CbY BiPakSaCamYyGgÁTtU breTsNamYy
eLIy. rbbraCaniymenAkm<úCaEdlekItmaneLIgGs;ry³eBlCit2Ban;qñaMmkehIyenaHRtÚv)anbBa©b;.
enAExemsa qñaM1976 sPatMNagRbCaCnkm<úCa)anebIksm½yRbCuMelIkTImYynigEtmþgKt;rbs;
xønÜ . GgÁRbCu)M anRBmeRBógKñaCaÉkcäneÞ TAelIseM NIsy Mu agcUlnivtþnr_ bs; semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu eday
pþl;fVayRBHGgÁnUvR)ak;esaFnnivtþn_cMnYn8Ban;duløarshrdæGaemrikkñúgmYyqñaM EdlminEdlebIkfVayRBHGgÁ
Tal;EtesaH. RBHGgÁngi RBHraCvgSanuvgSRtÚv)anXuXM aMgenAkñgú RBHbrmraCvaMg. RBHGgÁ)anCab;XeMu nATIenaH
rhUtdl;Exmkra qñaM1979 KWrhUtdl;éf¶dYlrlMénrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü19.
5> rcnasm<½n§cat;taMgrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü
bkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCaKWCaGgÁkarEtmYyKt; EdlmanGMNacenAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. RksYg
EdlmanskmμPaBkargareRcIn RtÚv)anbegátI eLIgenATIRkúgPñeM BjrYmmanRksYgkarbreTs dwknaMeday eGog
sarI RksYgkarBarCati dwknaMeday sun esn RksYg]sSahkmμdwknaMeday ecg Gn nigRksYgesdækic©
dwknaMeday vn ev:t. KN³kmμaFikarEtmYyKt;EdlmansiTGi§ N M ackñgú kareFVeI sckþsI eRmccitþ nigGnumt½ eKal
neya)ayrdæaPi)alniglkçnþik³epSg² KWKN³kmμaFikarGcié®nþy_bkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCaEdlman b:ul Bt
Caelxa nig nYn Ca CaGnuelxa. emdwknaMbkSkumy úμ nIskþ m<Cú aminEdlykcitTþ ku dak;eKarBrdæFmμnBu aØ nigbT
bBaØtþinana EdlemdwknaMTaMgenHCaGñkGnum½tbegáIteLIgedayxøÜnÉgmþgNaeT. smaCikénKN³kmμaFikar
Gcié®nþy_ nigKN³kmμaFikarmCÄimbkSk¾mantMENgenAkñúgrdæaPi)alEdr20.

26
 6> karpøas;bþÚréf¶kMeNItbkS
exov sMpn ¬smmitþEhm¦ enAExmIna qña1M 976 KN³kmμaFikarmCÄimbkS)an
exov sMpn ekItqña1M 931enAextþsaV yerog. seRmcykqñaM1960 ¬minykqñaM1951¦ CaqñaM
bnÞab;BITTYl)anGaharUbkrN_eTAsikSaenARbeTs kMeNItbkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCa. emdwknaMTaMgenaH)an
)araMg exov sMpn )anbBa©b;sBaØab½Rtfñak;bNÐit seRmcfa GñkTaMgLayNaEdlcUlCasmaCikmunqñaM
viTüasa®sþesdækic© ehIy)anvilRtLb;mkkm<úCa 1960nwgminRtÚv)ancat;TukfaCasmaCikbkSeTot
vijkñúgqñaM1959. bnÞab;mk semþcRBHneratþm eT. mCÄimbkSmincg;TTYlsÁal;sarsMxan;énkarCYy
sIhnu )anEtgtaMg exov sMpn CardæelxaFikar eRCamERCgrbs;evotNammunqña1M 960eLIy ehIy
RksYgBaNiC¢kmμ. enAqñaM1964 exov sMpn
)anlaElgBImuxtMENg b:uEnþbnþsßitenACasmaCik cg;bdiesFecal\T§iBlrbs;evotNammkelIbkS
sPary³eBlbYnqñaMeTot. kumy
úμ nIskþ m<Cú a nigcg;kat;paþ c;TnM ak;TnM gTaMgLayEdl
qñaM1967 edayRtÚvecaTRbkan;faCaPñak;gar Føab;manCamYyevotNampg.
rbs;RkúmkumμúynIsþ exov sMpn )anrt;eTAlak;xøÜn bkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCa)anbnþdwknaMRbeTsCasm¶at;
enAkñúgéRB. qñaM1976bnÞab;BIkarsuMlaElgrbs; enAeRkameQμaHfa{GgÁkar}. eTaHCay:agenHkþI enAEx
semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu exov sMpn RtÚv)anEtgtaMg kBaØa qñaM1977 KWmundMeNIrTsSnkic©eTARbeTscin
CaRbFanKN³RbFanrdærbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü. bnþic b:ul Bt )anRbkasCasaFarN³nUvGtßiPaB
exov sMpn )ancUlrYmCamYyrdæaPi)alnireTsrbs; rbs;bkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCa nigtYnaTIrbs;xøÜnCanayk
b:ul Bt BIqñaM1979 dl;qñaM1998 ehIybnÞab;mk rdæm®nþIénkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.
exov sMpn )ancuHcUlCamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa.
exov sMpn RtÚv)anGgÁCMnuMCRmHvisamBaØkñúg
tulakarkm<úCa ¬G>v>t>k¦ cab;nigXuMxøÜnCabeNþaH
GasnñenAExvicäika qñaM2007. exov sMpn RtÚv
)anecaTRbkan;BIbT]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati
GMeBIbMBarbMBany:agF¶n;F¶reTAelIGnusBaØaTIRkúg
hSWENv cuHéf¶TI12 ExsIha qñaM1949 GMeBI
Rbl½yBUCsasn_ kareFVImnusSXat kareFVITaruN
kmμ nigkareFVITukçbukemñjxagEpñksasna.
exov sMpn RtÚv)ankat;eTaseday G>v>t>k
[Cab;eTasGs;mYyCIvit. b:uEnþrhUtmkdl;cugqñaM
2015enH exov sMpn enAEtminRBmTTYleTas
kMhus ehIysMNuMerOgrbs;Kat;enAEtbnþeTAeTot.
27
 kmμaPi)alCan;x<s;ExμrRkhmeFVITsSnkic©enACnbT ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
CMBUk5
PUmisa®sþrdæ)alkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
enAqñaM1976 bkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCa)anEbgEckkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüeTACa6PUmiPaK EdlrYmman
32tMbn;. PUmPi aKnImy Y ²KWykextþBrI b¤eRcInmkbBa©lÚ Kña b¤kat;Rsuk1 b¤eRcInecjBIextþenHxøHb¤extþenaHxøH
mkbBa©ÚlKña. PUmiPaKnigtMbn;TaMgGs;suT§EtRtÚv)andak;kMNt;smÁal;Caelx. PUmiPaKnImYy²Eckecj
CaeRcIntMbn; ehIytMbn;nImYy²EckecjCaRsuk XuM nigshkrN_.
PUmiPaKbUBa’ ¬PUmiPaK203¦ dwknaMeday esa Pwm EdleFVIGtþXatenAEx]sPa qñaM1978.
PUmiPaKenHrYmmanextþéRBEvgnigextþsVayerogTaMgmUl EpñkxøHénextþkMBg;camEdlsßitenAeRtIyxagekItTenø 28
emKgÁTaMgGs; nigkat;ecjBIRsukmYykñgú extþRkecHKWRsukqøgÚ nigkat;ykRsukxøHBIextþkNþalEdlrYmmanRsuk
 xSac;kNþal lVaÉm nigmuxkMBlU . PUmPi aKenHEckecjCaR)aMtbM n;EdlrYmmantMbn;20 tMbn;21 tMbn;22
tMbn;23 nig tMbn;24.
PmU Pi aKnri tI ¬PUmiPaK405¦ dwknaM
eday Qit eCOn ehAtam:uk. PUmiPaKenH
rYmmanextþkBM tnigextþtaEkvTaMgmUl RsukBIr
kñgú extþkBM g;sW< ¬RsuksMeragTg nigRsukKgBis¦I
nigRsukR)aMkgúñ extþkNþal ¬RsukkNþalsÞgw
s¥ag ekaHFM ekonsVay nigRsukelIkEdk¦.
PUmiPaKenHEckecjCabYn tMbn; KWtMbn;13
tMbn;33 tMbn;35 nig tMbn;25.
PmU Pi aK]trþ ¬PUmiPaK303¦ dwknaM
eday kuy FYn ehA Fuc BIqñaM1970dl; TI kam ¬rbU T2I rabB; sI aþ ¦M Camy
Y kmaμ P)i alExrμ Rkhm
¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
edImqñaM1976. bnÞab;BI kuy FYn RtÚv)an
cab;xøÜn nigsmøab;enAKukTYlEsøg enAqñaM1977 Ek Bk RtÚv)ancat;taMgCaelxaPUmiPaK. enAqñaM1977
dEdl Ek Bk RtÚv)ancat;taMg[eFVICaelxaPUmiPaKkNþalEdleTIbbegáItfμI ehIyelxafμIrbs;PUmiPaK]tþrKW
kg cab. PUmPi aKenHrYmmanextþkBM g;FTM aMgmUl EpñkxaglicTenøemKgÁTaMgGs;énextþkBM g;cam nigRsukmYykñgú
extþRkecH ¬RsukERBkRbsb;¦ ehIyEckecjCabItMbn;KW tMbn;41 tMbn;42 nig tMbn;43.

29
emdwknaMCan;x<s;ExμrRkhmeFVITsSkic©enACnbT ¬BIeqVgeTAsþaM eGog sarI nig nYn Ca¦ ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
 PmU Pi aKBayB½ ü ¬PUmPi aK560¦ dwknaMeday jwm rs;. PUmPi aKenHrYmmanextþeBaF×sat; nigextþ)at;dbM g
TaMgmUl EdlEckecjCaR)aMBIrtMbn;rYmmantMbn;1 tMbn;2 tMbn;3 tMbn;4 tMbn;5 tMbn;6 nigtMbn;7.
PmU Pi aKbsmi© ¬PUmPi aK401¦dwknaMedayCU eCt.PUmPi aKenHrYmmanextþekaHkug nigextþkBM g;qañ gM TaMgmUl
nigEpñkxøHénextþkBM g;sW< ehIyEckecjCaR)aMtbM n;KW tMbn;31 tMbn;32 tMbn;37 tMbn;15 nigtMbn;11.
PUmiPaK|san ¬PUmiPaK108¦ dwknaMeday éN sar:an; ehA y:a ¬smøab;enAqñaM1976¦.
PUmPi aKenH rYmman extþrtnKIrTI aMgmUl extþmNÐlKIrTI aMgmUl EpñkxøHénextþRkecH nigEpñkxøHénextþsgwÞ ERtg
EdlsßitenA eRtIyxaglicTenøemKgÁ. PUmiPaKenHEckecjCaR)aMmYytMbn; KW tMbn;101 tMbn;102
tMbn;104 tMbn; 105 tMbn;107 nigtMbn;505.

PUmiPaKnigtMbn;kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüqñaM1976
30
e)aHBum<pSayedayRksYgsikSaFikarkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüqñaM1976 ¬mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
 kñgú qña1M 976enH km<Cú aRbCaFibetyü)anbegátI tMbn;sy V t½ cMnnY BIrepSgeTotEdlmincMNHu [PUmPi aK
NamYyeLiy ehIyeFVIkarTak;TgkargarpÞal;CamYyKN³kmμaFikarmCÄimbkS. tMbn;TaMgenHrYmmantMbn;
esomrab ]tþrmanC½y ¬tMbn;106¦ nigtMbn;RBHvihar¬tMbn;103¦. RkúgkMBg;esam ¬bc©bú ,nñextþRBHsIhnu¦
k¾RtÚv)ancat;taMgedayELkBIPUmiPaKEdr.
enAqña1M 977 PUmPi aKfμmI y
Y eTot KWPmU Pi aKkNþalRtÚv)anbegátI eLIg. PUmPi aKenHmanTItaMgsßti enA
Rtg;GtItPUmPi aK]tþr cMENkPUmPi aK]tþrfμRI tÚv)anbþrÚ TItaMgeTAtMbn;esomrab-]tþrmanC½ynigtMbn;RBHvihar.
tMbn;RkecH¬b¤tbM n;505¦ nigtMbn;mNÐlKIr¬I b¤tbM n;105¦ RtÚv)anbMEbkecjBIPmU Pi aK|sannigcat;taMgCa
tMbn;sVy½t.

31
 kmμaPi)alExμrRkhmeFVIkarRbmUlplRsUv ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

CMBUk6
KeRmagEpnkarbYnqñaM ¬1977-1980¦
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nigksagkm<Cú amYyfμeI dayBwgEp¥kelIkarBRgIkplitkmμRsUv. edImqña1M 976 bkSkumy úμ nIskþ m<Cú a)anRbjab;
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neya)ayd¾sMxan;bMputrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü.
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mYyéndMeNIrkarenHEdr RKÜsarExμrTaMgGs;RtÚv)anbMEbkecjBIKañ ehIyRbCaCnRKb;rbU RtÚv)ancat;taMg[eTA
eFVkI artamRkúmerog²xønÜ . bþRI bBn§RtÚv)anbMEbk[rs;enAepSgBIKañ ehIykUn²RtÚv)anbMEbkecjBI«Bukmþay. 32
EpnkarbYnqñamM aneKaledAseRmc[)annUvplitplRsUvbIetankñgú mYyhiktaCamFüm. enHCakick© ar
 mYyEdlminGaceFVIeTAekIt edayehtufaRbCaCnkm<úCaminEdlRtÚv)anbgçM[eFVIkardaMduHRsUvy:agsem,Imkñúg
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nigCMgWEdlKμankarBüa)al. kñúgry³kalén
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bMpaø jsuPmgÁlnigesckþéI føfrÚñ rbs;mnusS esÞrI
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kgcl½tnarIExμrRkhmeFVIkarRbmUlplRsUv mYyRtÚvkarGñkecHdwgedIm,IGPivDÆn_RbeTs.
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bTBiesaFn_[mkeFVIkarenAtameragcRkmYYycMnYntUcenATIRkúgPñMeBj.
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nigkgT½BExμrRkhmb:ueNÑaHEdlman)ayhUbRKb;RKan;. Gñk
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enaH KWkarxVHxatGahary:agxøaMg.
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karhUbminRKb;RKan;fa ³

34
skmμPaBCBa¢ÚndIenAkñúgKeRmagelIkTMnb;CIkRbLay ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
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eTaHCay:agenHkþI ´ bþI ehIynigkUn )anRbwgERbgrs;y:agevTnaCaTIbMput.

35
 RbCaCnmlU daæ n ³ maþ yngi knU ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

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Tab}EdlmansmaCik3-4rynak; b¤k¾PUmimYyTaMgmUl. rhUtdl;qñaM1977 shkrN_kRmitTabRtÚv)an 36
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Y TaMgmUl.
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shkrN_mann½yfaRbCaCnrs;enACamYyKña eFVIkarCamYyKña hUbcukCamYyKña nigEckrMElkkarkmSanþCa
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hUbcukCYbCuMKñarab;Ban;qñaMmkehIy dUecñHkarbgçMRbCaCn[hUbrYmKñaenAkñúgshkrN_ CaBiessenAeBlEdl
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)anBN’nashkrN_faCa {kmøaMgFMeFgxøaMgkøa} kñúgkarksagRbeTsnigCa {kMEpgEdkEfby:agrwgmaMbMput}
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vNѳsgÁmy:agNak¾eday b:Eu nþFatuBti ExμrRkhm)an
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sMNak;GgÁkar. RbCaCnTaMgenHRtÚv)anGgÁkarcat;Tku faCa{CnbeBaØEI k¥k} ehIyKμansiTGi§ TIV aMgGs;dcU EdlBakü
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´bYnnak;ngi kUnRsImañ k;)ansøab;bnþbnÞab;Kañ . xøHsøab;edaysarGt;GaharnigCMgW xøHeTot

39
karsEmþgsil,³rbs;ExμrRkhmenAkñúgtMbn;rMedaH ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
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manBI30eTA50KU b¤rhUtdl;Cag100KUkgúñ BiFnI mI y Y ². bursnarIPaKeRcInminRtÚv)anGnuBaØat[eRCIserIs
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40
 BFi eI robkarrbsE; xrμ Rkhm ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

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karkmøagM bEnßmedIm,IvayrMlrM dæaPi)alRkúgPñeM Bj. ´)anGgVrRbFanPUm[i bþ´I sñak;enAkñgú
PUmi b:Eu nþKat;)anbdiesF. enAqña1M 976 ´sRmal)ankUnRbúsmñak; b:Eu nþ)ansøab;eTA
vijmYys)þah_eRkaymkedaysarCMgW.
GaBah_BiBah_edaybgçMkan;EtmansPaBtwgEtgeLIg bnÞab;BIC½yCmñHrbs;ExμrRkhmqñaM1975.
burs®sþCI aeRcInKURtÚv)anbgç[M erobkarkñgú eBlEtmYy. epg hgS RbCaCnmkBIextþkBM g;cam)anerobrab;BI
mgÁlkarrbs;Kat;dUecñHfa ³
enAqña1M 978 KWmyY ExmunkardYlrlMénrbbenH GgÁkarcat;taMg[´erobkar. Es¥keLIg
´GgÁyú elIekAGIenAkñgú BiFeI robkar edaytaMgcitfþ anwgeFVtI amGVEI dlGgÁkarbBa¢a. BiFeI naH
manyuvCnyuvnarIEdlRtÚverobkarsrub160KU. ´nigRbBn§´)ansc©afanwgrYmrs;
CamYyKñanigmankUnmYykñgú eBlmYyqña.M ExμrRkhm)anEckexaGavexμAmYykMebøngi Rkma
mYy ehIymanerobcMmðÚbGahar[hUb. eRkaybdivtþn_ ´nigRbBn§´vilmkpÞHvij.
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ehIyeFVkI arebþCaJ fanwgrYmrs;CamYyKñaGs;my Y CIvti . enHbBa¢ak;fa bursnarITaMgGs;enaH)anerobkarrYcehIy.
BiFId¾xøIenHnwgRtÚvbBa©b;bnÞab;BImankarhUbGaharbnþicbnþÜc.
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eTAdb;éf¶mþgEdr.
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sasna nigkarsikSaenAtamsalab¤mhaviTüal½yEdr. ExμrRkhmyl;favaCakarcMNayeBl\tRbeyaCn_
nigKμan)anCYyGVTI al;EtesaHkñgú karbgábegánI plRsUv. mgÁlkarrYmRtÚvbegátI eLIg edaysarEtvacMNayeBl
tic ehIyeBlevlaEdlenAsl;ngw RtÚvcMNayeTAelIkargarshkrN_ nigGVEI dlExμrRkhmehAfa {bdivtþn_
mhaelatepøaH mhaGs©arü} EdlCaBaküesøakcmøgecjmkBIkumμúynIsþcin. emdwknaMkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
cg;bBa¢ak;[c,as;fa nwgmanekμg²cab;keM NItEdlGacbnþbdivtþnr_ bs;xnÜø )an. sRmab;ExμrRkhm eKalbMNg
cm,génkarerobkarminEmnedIm,IbegátI sgÁmRKÜsarenaHeT buE: nþedIm,IbegátI mnusSEdlGacbeRmIbdivtþn)_ an.
4> karrMelaPelIsiT§inigBlkmμrbs;kumar
kñgú rbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyüminmansalaeronCapøvÚ kareT. kumarRtÚv)anbBa¢nÚ [eTAeronenAeRkamedIm 42
eQI b¤enAeRkampÞHRbCaCn. RKÚPaKeRcInCaksikrRkEdlGacGan nigsresrEtbnþci bnþcÜ b:eu NÑaH. eTaHCa
 karGb;reM nAtamtMbn;my
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esøak Tak;TgnwgkarGb;rM dMeNIrkareBjeljEdr. ExμrRkhmniyayfa {GgÁkarKμaneTsBaØab½Rt manEt
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kgkarBar b¤nirsar.
kUnekμgk¾RtÚv)ancat;taMg[eFVkI argarEdrenAkñgú rbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyü. kargarrbs;kmu arKWedIrerIs
Gacm_eKa kab;T®nÞanExRt RbmUllamkmnusSedIm,IeFVCI I nigCBa¢nÚ GavuFeTAsmrPUmi EdlenATIenaHCYnkalkumar
RtÚvTTYlrgrbYs b¤k¾RtÚvRKab;kaMePøIgsøab;k¾man. CagenHeTAeTot kumarakumarITaMgenH RtÚvbMEbkecjBI
«Bukmþay ehIyminEdlsÁal;PaBkk;ekþAenAkñúgRKÜsareLIy.
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Gayudb;qñaMmñak; kñúgqñaM1975fa ³

43
knU kmaμ P)i alCanx; s< E; xrμ Rkhm ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
 kmu areronGBM kI ardadM Hu RsvU ¬rUbPaBeday ec> x½sem:n nigrUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

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daMenACuMvijpÞHhUbNas;. ´RtÚv)ancat;taMg[eTAeFVIkarenAkgcl½tkumarEdlsßitenA
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eTot. ´RtÚv)ancat;taMg[eRsacbEnøngi ekIbGacm_RCÚk. éf¶my Y edaysar´mankar
Gs;kmøagM xøagM nigTn;CgÁgp; g ´dYl ehIyeFV[I kMBb;Gacm_RCÚkBIGERmk. RbFankgykrMBat; 44
ExSeKamkvay´ ehIyrMBat;enaHxÞatRtÚvEPñkrbs;´. cab;BeI BlenaHmk´ecHEtehor
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minehIy eyIgnwgRtÚvkat;rbbGaharnigTTYlTaruNkmμ. «Bukrbs;´søab;edayCMgW
RKúncaj; cMENkbgRsI´søab;edaysarCMgWehImeBaH. RKamYybnÞab;BIeFVIkarehIy
eyIg)anmkCYbCuKM añ ehIyR)ab;Kañ eTAvijeTAmkGMBRI bvtþRi KÜsarrbs;eyIg. bnþci eRkay
mkbgRbúsmñak;)anedIrcUlmkehIyR)ab;´famþayrbs;´RtÚvGgÁkarykeTAsmøab;ecal
)at;eTAehIy. eRkayBITTYl)andMNwgenHPøam TwkEPñk´hUrFøak;mkedaymindwgxøÜn.
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Edl)an)at;xnÜø edayKμandMNgw GVbI nþci
bnþÜcesaH rhUtmkTl;sBVéf¶enH.
kumarTaMgLayRtÚv)anbgðat;beRgónfa
{GgÁkarCa«Bukmþayrbs;kumarakumarInigyuvCn
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GgÁkar dUecñHGgÁkarminRbNIeLIy}. kmμaPi)al
ExμrRkhm)an[kumaresubI karN_B«I Bukmþayrbs;
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mþaybegáItrbs;xøÜneTotpg RbsinebITTYl)an
bBa¢aBIGgÁkar. mYyry³kalknøgputeTA kumar
TaMgLayeCOEteTAelIGEIV dlGgÁkar)anR)ab; nig
eKarBtamEtbBa¢arbs;GgÁkarb:ueNÑaH.
kñúgGMLúgeBls®gÁamCamYyevotNam
kñgú qña1M 977-1978 kgT½BExμrRkhmCaeRcIn
)ansøab;br¤ grbYsCaTm¶n.; ExμrRkhm)anbBa¢nÚ
45 kumar[eTAsmrPUmmi xu EdlenATIenaHkumarrab;Ban;
nak;)anRtÚvrbYsnigsøab;)at;bg;CIvit. kmaμ P)i alExrμ Rkhm ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
 karR)arB§BiFIGbGrsaTcMeBaHkarbBa©b;edayeCaKC½ynUvKeRmagRbB½n§RbLayTwk
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5> karbgçM[eFVIkarCaTm¶n;
RbCaCnRKb;rUbkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüRtÚv)ancat;taMg[eFVIkargarTaMgGs;. kumarRtÚv)an
dak;[eFVkI argarRsal² cMENkmnusScas;²mannaTIemIlEfTaMkmu artUc²nigstVBahn³nigt,ajkE®Ba©gl¥.I
mnusSEdlmanGayuelIsBI14qñaM ¬kumarv½yCMTg;¦ RtÚvTTYlkargarF¶n²; niglM)ak. kumarCMTg;²TaMgenHRtÚv
CIkRbLay b¤GagsþúkTwk elIkTMnb; kab;eQIeFVIpÞH randIedIm,IeFVIERscmáar nigdaMRsUv. burs®sþIRbEhl
BIr-bIBan;nak; EdlbkSTukcitþRtÚv)anbBa¢Ún[eTAeFVIkarenAeragcRkÉTIRkúgPñMeBj.
RbCaCnesÞrI RKb;rbU eFVkI areRcInCagdb;BrI em:agkñgú mYyéf¶ nigR)aMBrI éf¶kgúñ mYys)þah_ edayminmaneBl
sRmaknigTTYlTanGahartictYcbMput. CYnkalRbCaCneFVIkartaMgBIRBlwmRsag²rhUtdl;Bak;kNþalyb;
ebIsinCaExPøW. éf¶NaEdlminmanBnøWEx eKGucePøIgbMPøWvalERsedIm,IeFVIkarbnþ. RbsinebIRbCaCntv:anwg
kargarEdlkMNt;[edayRbFanshkrN_ RbCaCnTaMgenHnwgRtÚvecaTRbkan;faCaxμagM rbs;bdivtþn_ ehIynwg
RtÚvbBa¢nÚ eTAGb;r.M GñkEdlRbRBwtkþ hM su dEdl² b¤khM su F¶nF; r¶ nwgRtÚvykeTAsmøab;ecal. karRbRBwtEþ bb 46
enH KWpÞúyTaMgRsugeTAnwgmaRta12énrdæFmμnuBaØkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüEdlmanesckþICaGaT×fa ³
  RbCaCnkm<úCaRKb;rUbmansiT§iCIvPaBeBjTIxagsmÖar³ xagsμartI nigxagvb,Fm’ EdlRtÚv)an
EkERb[rIkceRmInkan;Etx<se; LIgCanic.© RbCaCnkm<Cú aRKb;rbU suTE§ tRtÚvFanaGHGagxagCIvPaB
TaMgGs;.
 kmμkrRKb;rUbCam©as;eragcRk.
 ksikrRKb;rUbCam©as;ERscmáar.
 BlkrepSgeTotmansiT§imankargareFVITaMgGs;.
 PaBKμankargareFVIminmandac;xatkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.
6> bnSúT§kmμnigkarsmøab;rgÁal
ExμrRkhmEtgEtRsavRCavrkcab;xaμ gM ehIyeCOCak;faxμagM manenARKb;TkI EnøgTaMgGs;kgúñ TUTaMgRbeTs.
CnsgS½yCaeRcInRtÚv)anecaTRbkan;TaMgRcLMfaCaPñak;garsm¶at;rbs;shrdæGaemrik¬es-GuI-Ga¦ Pñak;gar
sm¶at;rbs;sUevot¬ka-ehS-eb¦ b¤k¾Pñak;garsm¶at;rbs;evotNam.
karb:HTgÁicCamYyevotNamkñúgqñaM1977 nigqñaM1978 )annaMeTAdl;kareFVIvisuT§kmμd¾FMeFgmYy.
enAcugqña1M 977 bnÞab;BI b:lu Bt vilRtLb;mkBIRbeTscinvij kgT½BevotNam)anvaycUlPUmPi aKbUBa’én
RbeTskm<Cú a. bI-bYnExeRkaymk kgT½BevotNam)andkfyeTAvij eday)anekorykRbCaCnsuvI li Exμr
rab;rynak;eTACamYypg. enAeBlenaH ExμrRkhm)anecaTRbCaCn nigkmμaPi)alPUmiPaKbUBa’fa )an

47 KeRmagelkI TnM b; ¬ftenAeBlEdlkmμaPi)alCan;x<s;ExμrRkhmeFVIdMeNIrTsSnkic©eTAkan;tMbn;enH¦

¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
 kgcl½tnarIrbs;ExμrRkhm)acTwkbBa©ÚlERs ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
cUlédcUleCIg CamYyevotNam. ehtukarN_enH)annaMeTAdl;karcab;xnÜø nigsmøab;mnusSCaeRcInnak; rYmTaMg
GñkEdlesμaHRtg;nwgExμrRkhm nigédKUneya)ayeCIgcas;rbs;xøÜnd¾yUrlg; dUcCa esa Pwm eTotpg.
visuT§kmμd¾sahavyg;XñgbMputenAkñúgPUmiPaKenHekIteLIgenAqñaM1978 bnÞab;BIkgBlmYycMnYnén
PUmPi aKenH)aneFVkI arbHe)arRbqaMgnwgrdæaPi)alkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyü. cab;taMgBIExmifnu adl;ExkBaØa enAeBl
Edlkarb:HTgÁci CamYyevotNamkMBgu Etbnþ tMbn;PaKeRcInenAkñgú PUmPi aKenH)ankøayeTACasmrPUmri vagkgT½B
rbs;rdæaPi)alkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyünigkgT½BbHe)ar. rdæaPi)alkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyü)anbBa¢nÚ T½BBIPmU Pi aKnirtI
eTAb®gáabRkúmbHe)ar. mnusSRbEhlmYyEsnnak;kñúgPUmiPaKbUBa’)ansøab;kñúg smrPUmi nigedaysarkar
smøab;rgÁal. RbCaCnrab;Ban;nak;)anrt;eTARBMEdnevotNam edIm,IeKcBIkarsmøab;rgÁalEdlpÞHú eLIg bnÞab;BI
karmkdl;énkgT½BTaMgenH.
visTu k§ mμke¾ kItmaneLIgEdrenAPUmPi aK]tþrkñgú qña1M 977. visTu k§ mμenHepþateTAelIbBaØvnþ nigGñkEdl
manCab;Bak;Bn½ n§ gw kuy FYn elxaPUmPi aK]tþrdl;edImqña1M 976. GMLgú eBleFVvI si Tu k§ mμenH GgÁkar)ancab;xnÜø
rdæm®nþRI ksYgB½tm’ an h‘U nwm/ TIv Gul ¬RKÚrbs; kuy FYn¦ nigmitPþ kþCi aeRcInnak;eTotEdlrYmman ePaK qay
nig eDOn CaedIm. manKeRmageFVrI dæRbharbI-bYnelIk nigmankarbHe)arCaeRcIndg ¬CaBiess karbHe)ar
rbs;CnCaticam¦ kñgú rbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyü21. b:Eu nþEpnkarTaMgenHsuTE§ tbraC½y ehIy)aneFV[I karRsav 48
RCavrkxμaMgbgáb;suIrUgépÞkñúgmansPaBkan;EtxøaMgkøaeLIg EdlnaMeTAdl;kareFVIvisuT§kmμenATUTaMgRbeTs.
 san; tIm:aNas; Gayu74qñaM rs;enAkñúgextþkMBg;cam )anrMB£kBIkarsmøab;rgÁalCnCatiPaKticcam
edayExμrRkhmkñúgGMLúgeBlénkarbHe)ar CaBiesskarsmøab;RkúmRKÜsarrbs;Kat;pÞal;.
enAsm½ysgÁmra®sþniym manRKÜsarCnCaticamrab;Ban;RKÜsarrs;enAkñúgPUmi
rbs;´. BYkExμrRkhm)ansmøab;BkY eKesÞrI TaMgGs;. RbCaCnenAkñgú PUm´i nigPUmei kaHpl
TTYlrgnUvGMeBIéRBépSenHeRcInCageK BIeRBaHBYkeyIgbHe)arRbqaMgnwgBYkExμrRkhm.
cMeBaHRKÜsar´vij BYkvasmøab;«Bukmþay´ kUn´BIrnak; ecABIrnak; nigbgb¥nÚ begátI rbs;´
TaMgGs;. kUnRbúsrbs;´eQμaH mUsa RtÚvExμrRkhmnaMykeTAbnÞab;BkI arbHe)ar ehIy
k¾)at;xøÜnrhUt. ´B¤BaküccamGar:amfa vaRtÚv)ansmøab;enAeBlvatamrk´. kUnRsI
rbs;´eQμaH r:hVIGH RBmTaMgbþInigkUnBIrnak;eTotRtÚv)ansmøab;edayminmanmUlehtu
GVITaMgGs;.
bnÞab;mk BYkExμrRkhm)anbBa¢ÚnRKÜsarrbs;´eTAPUmiERsvalkñúgRsuksÞwgRtg;.
mundMbgU BYkvacat;taMg´[eTAkab;edImeQICamYyGñkCemøósmkBIPeMñ Bj. mnusSCaeRcIn
RtÚv)ansmøab;edaysarEtBYkeKeFVkI armin)anl¥ b¤RtÚvedImeQIdlY rlMsgáte; lI. bnÞab;
mk´RtÚv)ancat;taMg[ciBa©wmRCÚk. ´)anRbEkkedayGHGagfa ´xøacRCÚkNas;.
buE: nþ BYkvabgç´M [eFVI ehIyKMramkMEhg´fa GgÁkarnwgbBa¢nÚ ´eTAeronsURt RbsinebI´min
eFVI. BYkExμrRkhmEfmTaMgbgçM[´hUbsac;RCÚkeTotpg b:uEnþ´RbEkkedayniyayfa
´minEdlhUbsac;stVeTtaMgBItcU mk. taMgBIeBlenaHmk BYkva)anbdiesFmin[Gahar
GVITaMgGs;mk´. ´)ansMuGMbilxøH b:uEnþBYkvaniyayfarbbGMbil)andak;enAkñúgsmø
sac;RCÚkGs;ehIy. xøÜnrbs;´eLIgehIm. CasMNagl¥ ´)anrYcrs;CIvitBIrbbenH.
´)anvilRtLb;mkRsukkMeNItrbs;´vijenAqñaM1979.

49
 Rkmú kmu ar ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

CMBUk8
RbB½n§snþisux
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eTaHbICavisTu k§ mμenAPUmPi aKbUBa’kgúñ qña1M 978 CaRBwtkiþ arN_éRBépSbMptu kñgú rbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyü
k¾eday k¾RbCaCnrab;Esnnak;epSgeTotRtÚv)ancab;xøÜn ehIykñúgkrNICaeRcIn RtÚv)ansmøab;ecalenAtam
tMbn;epSg²eTotTUTaMgRbeTs. RbB½ns§ nþsi xu rbs;ExμrRkhm EdlrYmmanCitBIrryKukRtÚv)anbegátI eLIgesÞrI 50
RKb;kEnøgTaMgGs;elIépÞRbeTs. ExμrRkhm)anehAKukTaMgenHfa {mnÞrI snþsi xu } CaCagkareRbIBakü {Kuk}22.
 mnÞrI snþsi xu kñgú rbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyü RtÚv)anerobcMeLIgCaR)aMfañ k;. mnÞrI snþsi xu TaMgenHRtÚv)an
eRbIR)as;CakEnøgXuXM aMg kEnøgsYrcemøy I nigkEnøgsmøab;. GñkeTasEdlCab;XkMu gúñ KukbIfañ k;dbM gU ¬fñak;tbM n;
fñak;Rsuk nigfñak;X¦Mu PaKeRcInCaGtItTahan nigm®nþrI dækarsuvI li rbs;rdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExμr ehIyGñkeTas
epSgeTotKWCaRbCaCnsamBaØ EdlRtÚv)anecaTRbkan;BbI TlYcrbs;rbrb¤cN M GI ahar rt;ecalkEnøg b¤ny i ay
GaRkk;BIGgÁkar. mnÞIrsnþisuxfñak;PUmiPaKmanXuMXaMgGñkeTasrab;Ban;nak;. mnÞIrsnþisuxTaMgenHeRbIsRmab;
XuMXaMgyuT§CnExμrRkhmnigRkúmRKÜsar ehIynigGñkEdlCab;ecaTBIbT]RkidæEdl)anRbRBwtþenAkñúgPUmiPaK.
mnÞrI snþsi xu fñak;xs< b; pM tu KWCamnÞrI snþsi xu mCÄimenAPñeM BjEdlmaneQμaHsm¶at;fa{mnÞrI s-21}. GñkeTasenA
kñúgmnÞIrs-21esÞIrEtTaMgGs;KWCakmμaPi)al nigkgT½BExμrRkhmEdlCab;ecaTBIbTk,t;bdivtþn_.
enAmnÞrI snþsi xu fñak;eRkam kareFVTI NÐkmμmni sUvCaF¶nF; r¶ b:nu aμ neT edaysarEtCaTUeTAGñkeTasRtÚv)an
bBa¢ÚnBImnÞIrsnþisuxeTACMrMBlkmμ EdlenATIenaHGñkeTasRtÚv)ancat;taMg[sagsg;pÞH daMbEnøbgáar nigcm¥in
mðbÚ Gahar. GñkeTasCaeRcInEdlCab;XkMu gúñ mnÞrI snþsi xu TaMgenHRtÚv)anedaHElgvijenAmunqña1M 976. b:Eu nþ
cab;taMgBIqañ eM naHmk esÞrI EtKμanGñkeTasNamñak;RtÚv)anedaHElgecjBImnÞrI snþsi xu fñak;Rsuk nigfñak;tbM n;eLIy
ehIymanGñkeTastictYcNas;EdlGacrs;CIvitBImnÞIrs-21Edr.
2> xμaMgrbs;GgÁkar
ExμrRkhmcg;[bdivtþnr_ bs;xnÜø nigRbCaCnkm<Cú aTaMgGs;manPaB
s¥ats¥.M RbCaCnTaMgGs;RtÚvEts¥ats¥TM aMgstiGarmμNn_ gi Rbvtþri bU .
ksikrRkIRkRtÚvExμrRkhmcat;TukfaCaGñkbdivtþn_Edls¥ats¥MbMput.
ExμrRkhmminTukcitGþ kñ epSgeRkABIksikrRkTaMgenHeLIy. RbCaCnEdl
)anRbRBwtþkMhustUctac dUcCakarrGU‘rTaMGMBIkareFVIkarlM)akb¤k¾kar
lYcmðbÚ Gahar RtÚv)ancat;Tku faCaxμagM rbs;GgÁkar nigCajwkjy)an
køayeTACamuxsBaØaEdlRtÚvykeTAsmøab;ecal. emdwknaMExμrRkhm
)anEbgEcksRtÚvrbs;xnÜø CaBIrRbePTKW {sRtÚvxagkñgú } nig {sRtÚv smmti þ fa nri sarrbs; h‘ ngi Dcu
xageRkA}. enAmnrIÞ s-21
sRtvÚ xagkgúñ KWCa{RbCaCnfμI} b¤ {RbCaCn17emsa} nig ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
GñkEdlFøab;eFVkI arkñgú rbbcas;. GñkTaMgenHRtÚvExμrRkhmcat;bBa©lÚ CaBYkmUlFnniym nigBYkskþPi mU ni y i m.
CMBkU RbCaCnTaMgenHk¾rmY bBa©lÚ TaMgGñkEdlminmanedImkMeNItCaCnCatiExμrpgEdr. sRtÚvxagkñgú TaMgenHeFV[I
mCÄimbkS23 mankarxVl;xVayCagGVI²TaMgGs;. RkúmEdlExμrRkhmcat;TukfaCasRtÚvxagkñúgrYmman ³
Gkñ rdkæ arrbsr; daæ P)i alsaFarNrdEæ xrμ ³ kñgú qña1M 975 ExμrRkhm)aneFVkI arsmøab;rgÁalGñkrdækar
rbbsaFarNrdæExμrCaeRcInBan;nak;. ExμrRkhmeFVIkarsmøab;cab;BIfñak;dwknaMCan;x<s;rhUtdl;kUnTahan.
51 GñkEdlFøab;beRmI[rdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExμrTaMgb:unμansuT§EtCamuxsBaØaEdlRtÚvsmøab;. CaTUeTA sUm,IEt
smaCikRKÜsarnigsac;jatirbs;Gkñ rdækarTaMgenHk¾RtÚvsmøab;Edr. eTaHCay:agenHkþI CasMNagl¥ GtItTahan
nigGñkrdækarrab;Ban;nak;)anBüayamlak;GtþsBaØaNrbs;xøÜn ehIy)anrYcrs;CIvitmYyRKa b¤rYcrs;CIvitrhUt
dl;éf¶dYlrlMrbs;rbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.
RkúmCnCatiPaKtic ³ ExμrRkhmcg;)anCnCatiExμrEdlminmanCab;Bak;B½n§CamYyrdæaPi)alcas;kñúg
karGnuvtþn_Epnkarbdivtþn_rbs;xøÜn. CnCatiPaKticepSgeTotEdlminTTYl)ankarTukcitþ b¤mankarsgS½yBI
bkSRtÚv)aneFVITukçbukemñj.
k¦ CnCatPi aKtci tbM nP; Mñ ³ muneBleLIgkan;GN M acenAqña1M 975 emdwknaMExμrRkhmPaKeRcInFøab;)an
rs;enAkñúgcMeNamCnCatiPaKtictMbn;PñMkñúgPUmiPaK|san. emdwknaMExμrRkhmTaMgenHmankareCOTukcitþelI
CnCatiPaKtictMbn;PTMñ aMgenHNas; edayyl;eXIjfa CnCatiTaMgenHmanciteþ sμaHRtg;. CnCatiPaKticmYy
cMnnY )ankøayCakgkarBarrbs; b:lu Bt eTotpg. b:Eu nþ eTaHbICarbbenH)anGHGagfaRsLaj;esμaHsμR½ Knig
eCOTukciteþ lICnCatiPaKtictMbn;Py Mñ a: gNak¾eday k¾ExμrRkhm)ancab;epþmI eFVkI arpøas;TlI eM nACnCatiPaKtickñgú
extþmNÐlKIrI[eTArs;enApþúMKñakñúgRsukekaHEjk enAedImqñaM1972 EdlbNþal[RbCaCnsøab;CaeRcIn.
GñkEdlCMTas;minRBmpøas;bþÚr RtÚv)ansmøab;ecal.
pSús éRb CnCatiBgñ rs;enAkñgú extþmNÐlKIrI erobrab;BsI aß nPaBRKÜsarrbs;Kat;bnÞab;BRI tÚvbgç[M pøas;
bþÚrTIlMenAkñúgrbbExμrRkhmfa ³

52
eyaFaExμrRkhmenAvimanÉkraCü TIRkúgPñMeBj ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
 kμÜyRsIrbs;´Gayu15qñaMRtÚvExμrRkhm)aj;smøab; edaysarEtvaERskfavamincg;
eTArs;enAkEnøgepSg. ´RtÚv)anbMEbkecjBIRKÜsar[eTAeFVEI RscmáarenAkEnøgCaeRcIn.
enAkñgú RsukekaHEjk RbCaCneFVkI arTaMgéf¶TaMgyb; edayTTYl)anrbbGahartictYcnig
mankarht;ehvGs;kmøaMgCaxøaMg. kUnRsIrbs;´EdleTIbEtqøgTenøehIyminmanGVIhUb
eRkAEtBIkcÜþ enaHeT dUecñHehIybþrI bs;vaeTArkGgár)anR)aMbkI bM gu: nigman;my
Y BIPmU ei pSg.
RbFanXuM)anecaTkUnRbsa´fahUbÉkCn. smaCikRKÜsarkUnRsI´TaMgGs;RtÚvGgÁkar
cab;xnÜø . kñgú PUmLi aMTkw RbCaCnBIrnak;RtÚv)ancab;ykeTAsmøab;ecal eRBaHBYkeK)anhUb
pøitXμúMedayminEckGñkPUmi.
x¦ CnCatiPaKticcam ³ ExμrRkhm)anbgçM[
CnCaticamcakecjBIlMenAzanrbs;xøÜn ehIyeTA
rs;enAlayLMKañ CamYyshKmn_CnCatiExμr. CnCati
camRtÚv)anhamR)ammin[niyayPasacam b¤eKarB
bUCasasnaGuIsøam. ExμrRkhm)ansmøab;emdwknaM
sasnaGusI aø m ¬hakwm/ TYn/ muTI nY nig GumI au ¦M nigCnCati
camTaMgLayNaEdlRtÚv)ansgS½yfa eFVkI arRbqaMg
nwgeKalneya)ayrbs;rdæaPi)alGs;CaeRcIn. Cag
enHeTAeTot ExμrRkhm)anbgç[M CnCaticamhUbsac;RCÚk
karhbU cku enAkgúñ pHÞ )ayrmY EdlpÞúyeTAnwgkarhamR)amrbs;sasnaGuIsøam.
¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦
eRkamrbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyü CnCaticamrab;mnWu nak;
)ansøab;edaykarsmøab; CMgW karGt;Xøan nigeFVIkar hYskmøaMg24.
K¦ CnCatiPaKticevotNam ³ CnCatievotNamTaMgGs;RtÚv)anbeNþjecjBIRbeTskm<úCakñúg
qña1M 975. CnCatievotNammYycMnnY Edl)anerobkarCamYyCnCatiExμr)anrs;enAkñgú RbeTskm<Cú abnþeTA
eTot. kñúgqñaM1977nigqñaM1978 ExμrRkhm)ancab;epþIme)assm¥at nigsmøab;CnCatievotNam Edl
esssl;TaMgenHy:agrgÁal ehIymanEtmYycMnYntUcb:ueNÑaHEdl)anrYcrs;CIvit.
X¦ CnCatPi aKtci cni ³ smaCikénshKmn_enHEdlCaGñkCMnjY nigCashRKinRkúmh‘nu k¾RtÚv)anbgçM
[eFVIdMeNIreTACnbTeTAeFVIkargarksikmμEdr. CnCatiPaKticcinRtÚvExμrRkhmRbRBwtþmkelIy:ageXareXA
enAeBlEdlGñkTaMgenHminGacRTaMRTnwgkargarlM)ak)an. b:Eu nþCnCaticni minRtÚv)ansRmaMgeRCIserIsedIm,I
ykeTAsmøab;ecaleT.
bBavØ nþ ³ emdwknaMExμrRkhmEdlmYycMnnY CabBaØvnþ )ancat;Tku bBaØvnþdéTeTotfaCasRtÚvcm,grbs;
53 RbeTs nigCaCMBUkCnBukrlYyEdlemdwknaMTaMgenHyl;faCaGñkEdleFVI[RbeTsCatikøayeTACaGay:g
rbs;breTs. bBaØvnþCaeRcIn)ankøayCamuxsBaØasRmab;karsmøab;. GñkEdlGacRtÚvcat;bBa©ÚlkñúgCMBUk
GñkecHdwgRtÚvEteFVIButCamnusSl¶g;exøA. bBaØvnþGacrYcrs;CIvit)an luHRtaNaEtGñkTaMgenaHGaclak;)aMg
cMeNHviC¢anigGaCIBkargarrbs;xøÜn. sa®sþacarünignisSitmhaviTüal½yrab;Ban;nak;RtÚv)ansmøab;kñúgrbb
km<úCaRbCaFibetyü.
enAkñgú esovePA {CIvti kUnéfø kUnRtÚvEtrs;} viskV r Bin
y:aéf )anerobrab;BIbTBiesaFn_Edlelak)anCYbRbTHkñúg
rbbExμrRkhm. kñgú GMLgú eBlCemøósqña1M 975 RKÜsarrbs;
elak EdlmansmaCikdb;R)aMbInak; RtÚv)anbgçM[pøas;TItaMg
CaeRcIndg EdlenAcugeRkayRtÚv)anbBa¢ÚneTAextþeBaF×sat;.
elak Bin y:aéf CamnusSEtmñak;Kt;kñúgRKÜsarEdlenArs;ran
manCIvit ehIy)anrt;eKceTARbeTséfnaedImqñaM1977.
mUlehtumYyEdleFVI[ Bin y:aéf rYcrs;CIvit)anenaHKW
edaysarelakGaclak;)aMgviC¢aCIv³rbs;elak. elak)an kmμaPi)alExμrRkhmviltLb;mkBIeFVIkarenAvalERs
erobrab;dUecñHfa ³ ¬rUbxagmux m:m éN GnuRbFanmnÞIrs-21¦
¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞrI ]Rkidkæ mμRbl½yBUCsasn_TlY Esøg¦
éf¶mYy enAPUmivalvg;kñúgextþeBaF×sat; RbFanPUmi)anerobcMRbCuMneya)ayd¾KYr[
FujRTan;mþgeTot. Kat;)anRbkasfasemþcRBH neratþm sIhnu )anyagnivtþcUl
RbeTsvijehIy ehIykMBgu EterobcMrdæaPi)alfμmI yY dUecñHGgÁkarsUmesñ[I GñkÉkeTs
bBaØvnþ GtItnay Tahan evC¢bNÐit visVkr nignisSit GeBa¢IjmkcuHeQμaHkñúgbBa¢I
BiessmYy. mnusSRbEhl40nak;)anelIkéd edayrYmTaMgGtItTahanEdl)anxitxM
lak;GtþsBaØaNrbs;xøÜntaMgBIyUrmkehIy. ´mankarraErkkñúgcitþ b:uEnþ´GacTb;
GarmμNx_ nÜø Ég)anehIymin)anelIkédnwgeKeT. cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmk eyIgminEdl
)anTTYldMNwgGVIBIGñkTaMgenaHeT. GñkPUmi)anxSwbexSóvR)ab;Kñafa {GtItm®nþICan;x<s;
nigGñkÉkeTsTaMgenaHRtÚvExμrRkhmsmøab;Gs;eTAehIy}25.
Gkñ EdlExrμ RkhmecaTfaCaCnk,tC; ati ³ kmμaPi)alExμrRkhmCaeRcInnak;RtÚv)anecaTfak,t;bdivtþn_
nigcUlédCamYyevotNam. RbCaCnsamBaØEdleFVxI su bnþci bnþcÜ k¾RtÚvecaTfaCaCnk,t;bdivtþnE_ dr. CaTUeTA
bT]RkidæEdlkmμaPi)alnigRbCaCnTaMgenH)ansarPaBrYmman lYcmkelgpÞHedaymin)anR)ab;RbFanRkúm
eFV[I Ebk)ak;]bkrN_pHÞ )ay lYccMNGI ahar niyayriHKn;GgÁkar mkeFVkI aryWty:avminTan;eBlevla eFVkI ar
min)anl¥ t¥ÚjEt¥rBIlkçxNÐrs;enA Bak;eRKÓgGlgáar manTMnak;TMngesñhaxusvin½ybkS yMesaksþay
RseNaHbgb¥nÚ b¤mti Pþ kþEi dl)ansøab; b¤bgðajTwkcitkþ gúñ kareKarBCMenOsasnaCaedIm. RbCaCnmYycMnnY Edl
Føak;xnÜø QWedaysareFVkI arF¶nF; r¶ b¤hbU minRKb;RKan; RtÚv)anecaTfaeFVBI tu CaQW nigRtÚv)ancat;Tku faCamnusS 54
x¢li RcGUs b¤QsW tiGarmμN._ GñkTaMgenHCajwkjab;RtÚv)at;xnÜø edayminmandanGVTI aMgGs;. kñgú rbbkm<Cú a
 kmμaPi)alExμrRkhmenAkñúgpÞH)ayrYm ¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦

RbCaFibetyü eFVIeRcInCag b¤ticCagkarkMNt;rbs;GgÁkarmann½yesμIesckþIsøab; dUcBaküesøakExμrRkhm

niyayfa {GgÁkar faem:c RtÚveFVy I a: ghñgw ¡ GgÁkardak;Tsi RtÚvGnuvtþ[)anseRmc¡ mitmþ ni )ac;téføeT¡}.
sRtvÚ xageRkA sMedAeTAelIshrdæGaemriknigsm<n½ m§ ti dþ cU CaRbeTséf nigRbeTssgÁmniymmYycMnnY
CaBiessRbeTsevotNamnigGtItshPaBsUevot. ExμrRkhmyl;faRbeTsTaMgGs;enHmaneKalbMNg
QøanBan nigb:unb:gcg;ykkm<úCadak;eRkamGaNaniKm. ExμrRkhm)anecaTRbkan;mnusSCaeRcInrYmTaMg
kmμaPi)alnigkgT½Brbs;xnÜø pgfa)anbeRmI[menaKmn_vCi a¢ rbs;RbeTsTaMgenH. ExμrRkhm)anehAGñkTaMgenH
faCa {xμaMgbgáb;suIrUgépÞkñúg}. GñkTaMgenaHrYmmanGñkEdlmkBIRbeTsEdlRbqaMgnwgrbbsgÁmniymdwknaM
edayshrdæGaemrik nigRbeTsesIerIny i m b¤RbeTsGnutrþ PaBniym dUcCaGtItshPaBsUevot evotNam
nigsm<n½ m§ ti dþ éTeTot. mnusSPaKeRcInEdlRtÚv)ancat;Tku faCaxμagM bgábs; rIu gU épÞkgúñ RtÚv)anecaTRbkan;eday
RcLMfa)aneFVkI ar[Pñak;garsm¶at;es-Gu-I Garbs;shrdæGaemrik Pñak;garsm¶at;ka-ehS-ebrbs;GtItshPaB
sUevot nigPñak;garsm¶at;rbs;evotNam. ExμrRkhmk¾)ancat;TukGñkEdlGacniyayPasabreTsfaCa
Pñak;garsm¶at;pgEdr. karecaTRbkan;enH)ankøayeTACaviFImYyd¾manRbsiT§PaBsRmab;kmμaPi)almUldæan
ykeFVICaelssmøab;RbCaCnNamñak;EdlxøÜns¥b;ex<Im.
3> karcab;xøÜnnigkarXuMXaMg
55 enAcugqña1M 976nigedImqña1M 977 karRsavRCavrkxμagM bgábs; rIu gU épÞkgúñ )ankøayCakick© arcm,grbs;
ExμrRkhm. ExμrRkhm)aneFV[I GñkPUmei subI karN_BKI añ eTAvijeTAmk edayeRbIR)as;BaküesøakmYy {RtÚvecH
tamdanKñaeTAvijeTAmk. RtÚvraykarN_CnU GgÁkar}. meFüa)ayepSg²eTotEdlExμrRkhmeRbIkgúñ karEsVgrk
cab;xøÜnxμaMgbgáb; rYmman karQøbykkarN_ r)aykarN_BIGñkykkarN_ kareFVIRbvtþirUbpÞal;xøÜnjwkjab;
nigcemøIysarPaB.
enAeBlEdlxμagM RtÚv)anrkeXIj eQμaHrbs;Gkñ TaMgenHnwgRtÚvraykarN_eTAKN³kmμaFikarXuM b¤KN³
kmμaFikarRsuk ehIybnÞab;mkGñkTaMgenHnwgRtÚvcab;xnÜø . GgÁkarkRmcab;xnÜø GñkNamñak;CasaFarN³Nas;.
RbsinebImansmaCikNamñak;enAkñgú shkrN_my Y RtÚv)ansgS½y kmμaPi)alshkrN_enaHnwgR)ab;Gkñ enaHfa
{GgÁkarGeBa¢jI smmiteþ TAeronsURt}. eRkamelsGeBa¢jI enH CnrgeRKaHCaeRcInRtÚv)ancab;bBa¢nÚ eTAmnÞrI
XuMXaMg nigsmøab;ecalCajwkjab; edayminmankarkat;esckþIb¤RsavRCav[)anhμt;ct;fa etIGñkTaMgenaH
BitCa)anRbRBwtþbT]RkidæEbbenaHEmnb¤k¾minEmneT. ExμrRkhmniyayfa {suxcitþcab;xus10 min[Elg
xus1}.
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GñkEdlCab;ecaTBIbTelμsI Rsal² b¤Cab;XeMu nAmnÞrI snþsi xu fñak;Tab CaTUeTAeRcInTTYlrgnUvkarTTYlTan
GaharminRKb;RKan; CMgKW aμ nkarBüa)al nigkarRbRBwtGþ eM BIyg;Xgñ epSg²eTot. eTaHCamanmnusSCaeRcInsøab;
kñúgsßanPaBEbbenHk¾eday k¾manmYycMnYneTot)anrYcputBITaruNkmμnigkarsmøab;Edr. b:uEnþenAmnÞIrsnþisux
fñak;x<s;rbs;ExμrRkhmdUcCamnÞIrs-21 karsYrcemøIynigkareFVITaruNkmμKWCaskmμPaBFmμtaRbcaMéf¶.
CU sUPa rs;enAkñúgextþkMBg;camkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. sUPa RtÚv)ancab;xøÜnenAEx]sPa
qña1M 977 edaymindwgmUlehtuGTIV aMgGs;. sUPa )anerobrab;BkI arcab;xnÜø nigsßanPaBrbs;Kat;kalenAkñgú Kuk
Rsukt,ÚgXμúMy:agdUecñHfa ³

56
kgkmu ar ¬rUbPaBeday eGlIhSaEbt eb‘kx½r kñúgqñaM1978 nigrUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
 éf¶my
Y kgsnþsi xu bYnnak;)anmkdl;kgrbs;´ ehIy)anesñ´I kñgú smþsI Pu aBrabsafa[
eTACYytExSePøgI . enAeBl´ecjmkdl;eRkA snþsi xu sÞHú mkP¢gk; aMePøgI tRmg;rk´ ehIy
cgéd´. ExμrRkhm)ancab;´ykeTAdak;Kuk. bnÞab;BIsñak;enAkñúgKukGs;ry³eBl
Essibéf¶ ExμrRkhmbBa¢Ún´mksYrcemøIyEdlmansPaBeXareXACagmuneTAeTot.
kgsnþsi xu )anykExSePøgI mkqk;´edIm,IsrY cemøy I . CYnkaleKvay´y:agxøagM eFV[I ´
snøb;CaeRcInsa. eTaHCaeFVITNÐkmμ´xøaMgy:agNak¾eday k¾´enAEteqøIyfamindwg.
bnÞab;mk ExμrRkhmbBa¢nÚ ´eTAmnÞrI sYrcemøyI fμmI yY eTot. ´enATIenaHry³eBldb;BrI éf¶.
cab;BeI BlenaHmk ExμrRkhmElgsYrcemøy I b¤eFVTI aruNkmμ´eTotehIy. xønÜ R)aN´cuH
sÁmy:agxøagM . bIéf¶eRkaymk ExμrRkhmedaHElg´ edayniyayfaGgÁkarmankarP½nþ
RcLM. b:uEnþ´RtÚvsnüafanwgminR)ab;GñkNaTaMgGs;GMBIsßanPaBenAkñúgKuk. RbsinebI
manGñkNamñak;sYr´ cemøIyrbs;´KW {mindwg minB¤ mineXIj}26.
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)ankb;TaMgrs;ehIysøab;edayfb;degðIm.
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eTABan;nak;RtÚv)an)aj;smøab;kgúñ eBlEtmYy ehIykb;kgúñ reNþAEtmYy. GñkxøHeTotRtÚv)aneFV[I fb;degðmI søab;
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smaCikmñak;. ExμrRkhm)anEsVgrkcab;xnÜø smaCikTaMgGs;ykeTAsmøab;eRkamRTwsfIþ a {CIkesμARtÚvCIkTaMg
57 b£s}.
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58
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65
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kñúgkareKarBbTbBa¢ad¾twgEtgrbs;GgÁPaB. kgsnþisuxminGnuBaØat[ Duc ekItqñaM1942 enAextþ
niyayCamYyGñkeTas sYreQμaH b¤vaytb;GñkeTaseLIy. kg kMBg;FM. Duc eronenAviTüal½y
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lYc edk GgÁúyelg b¤Ep¥kCBa¢aMgkñúgeBleFVIkargar. kgsnþisux KNitviTüaenAsalaeronmYykñúgextþ
RtÚvedIreTAedIrmk eFVkI aryaml,at nigBinti üBicy ½ GV²I RKb;ya: geday kMBg;FM. enAqñaM1964 Duc eFVIkar
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sun esn ¬smmitþexov¦ NaEdl)anRbRBwtkþ hM su F¶nF; r¶ esn )anrt;cUléRB. Duc cUlCa
sun esn ekItenAéf¶TI12 Ex nwgRtÚvcab;xøÜnsYrcemøIy yk smaCikbkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCaenAqñaM
mifuna qñaM1930 enAextþRtavij eTAXuMXaMg nigykeTAsmøab; 1970.
RbeTsevotNamxagt,Úg. RbBn§ ecal. mnusSPaKeRcIneFVIkar Duc )anrt;ecjBIRkúmExμrRkhm
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RksYgGb;rMnigvb,Fm’kñúgrbbkm<úCa EdlGacekIteLIg nigP½yxøac cab;xøÜnenAEx]sPa qñaM1999.
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1950nigqñaM1956 ehIy)an CaRkúmrgekþA RkúmrgRtCak; nig Rbkan;BIbT]Rkidækmμs®gÁamnigkar
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qñaM1963 sun esn )anrt;cUl kalehA kgkac¦ GaceFVTI aruN ry³kalénrbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyü.
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I edayKμanxVlx; aV y

67
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enAeBlyb;ykeTAkan;bwgeCIgÉk ¬sßitenAcm¶ay13KILÚEm:Rt PaKnirtITIRkúgPñMeBj¦ EdlenAkEnøgenaH
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mnÞIrs-21 nig bwgeCIgÉk RtÚv)anERbkøayeTACasarmnÞIrRbl½yBUCsasn_edayrdæaPi)alén
saFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa eRkamCMnYy]btßmÖrbs;evotNamkñúgqñaM1979.

68
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vijenAqñaM1957 ehIy)ancUlCasmaCikbkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_Exμr.
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70
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71
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  xμaMgEdlykmkBIkEnøgsYrcemøIyvij RtÚvEqkeqrxøÜnva[)anmFü½tnigenAeBlbþÚryam TaMgkg
rng.
 Rcvak;RtÚvcak;[xøI y:agEvgknøHEm:Rt ebIkrNIBiess RtÚvxagelIseRmc.
3> xagviFankar
 xμaMgvaenAtampÞH min[vaTak;TgKña)aneT.
 xμaMgEdlenAkEnøgeyIg KWdac;xatmin[vaniyayKña.
 cMeBaHGñkEdlmanParkicx© agkñgú KWdac;xatminGnuBaØat[edIrecjmkeRkAeT Rby½txñ aμ gM vaTak;TgKña
)anb¤xμaMgvamanRbtikmμepSg².
 enAtampÞHnImYy² RtÚvmanbBa¢IeQμaHxμaMgnigelxbnÞb;.
 cMeBaHGavuF eBlyamRtÚvedaHRKab;ecjBIbg;EdlCab;GavuF EtcMeBaHbg;EdlCab;nwgkaest
¬bg;RKab;kaMePøIg¦ RtÚvmanRKab;eBj.
 GñkyamCab;CamYyxμaMgxagkñúg min[kan;GavuF GnuBaØat[kan;dMbg.
 GavuFRtÚvmanGñkkan;c,as;las;.
 minRtÚvTukGavuFecal RtÚvkan;Cab;nwgxøÜn.
 minRtÚvTukGavuFenAEk,rxμaMgb¤s<ayGavuFeTAQrCitxμaMg.
 bþrÚ yamRtÚvRbKl;Parkicc© ,as;las; nigraykarN_BsI PaBkarN_Gkñ eTasnigsPaBkarN_epSg²
eTot[eTAGñkyamfμI.
 eBlbþrÚ yam eTIbGnuBaØat[ykFugGacm_ngi Fugenam nigEqkeqr. Parkice© nH GñkbþrÚ yambMeBj
ehIyGñkyamcas;minTan;[eTANaeT Tal;EtGñkbþÚryambMeBjParkic©xøÜnCadMbUgenHehIy.

81
 KnßnieTÞs
ÉksarbNÑsardæan
ÉksarPaKeRcInEdlRtÚv)anykmkeRbIkñúgkarsresrGtßbTenH KWykecjBIbNÑsardæan nig
bNÑal½yrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<Cú a EdlCaXøagM tmálÉ; ksaredImBIrbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyüFMCageKbg¥s;
enAelIBiPBelak. ÉksarEdlRtÚv)aneRCIserIsykmkeFVICaÉksareyag rYmman ³
 RbvtþirUbrbs;GtItkmμaPi)alExμrRkhm
 cemøIysarPaBnigbBa¢IraynamGñkeTasEdlRtÚv)ansmøab;enAmnÞIrs-21
 rdæFmμnuBaØnigeKalneya)ayrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü
 esovePATg;bdivtþn_nigyuvCnyuvnarIbdivtþn_ ¬TsSnavdþIrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü¦
 kMNt;ehtusþIBIkic©RbCuMKN³Gcié®nþy_bkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCa
 BaküesøaknigceRmógrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü
 EpnTIkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
 rUbftedImrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü nig
 esovePAsikSaBIrbbmun².
bEnßmBIelIenH B½tm’ anmYycMnnY eTotRtÚv)andkRsg;ecjBITsSnavdþRI bcaMExrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksar
km<Cú a {TsSnavdþEI sVgrkkarBit} kalRbvtþki m<Cú aRbCaFibetyü sarB½tm’ an nigGtßbTEtgesckþEI dl)an
cUlrYmkarRbkYtRbECgkñgú kmμvFi I {evTikaEfrkSaRbvtþsi a®sþkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyü} EdlerobcMedaymCÄmNÐl
Éksarkm<úCashkarCamYysmaKmGñkniBn§Exμr RBmTaMgGtßbTsmÖasn_.
esovePAe)aHBum<nigGtßbT
eGlIhSaEbt eb‘kx½r/ {enAeBlEdls®gÁamrlt;eTA ³ km<Cú anigbdivtþnE_ xμrRkhm} ¬bkERbCaPasa
Exμr¦ PñMeBj/ mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa/ e)aHBum<qñaM2005.
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PñMeBj/ mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa/ e)aHBum<qñaM2003.
qaMg yu {etI´rs;ranmanCIvti BIrbbExμrRkhmedayrebobNa?} GtßbTecjpSaykñgú kaEstPñeM Bj
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Rbl½yBUCsasn_enAkm<úCa} GtßbTe)aHBum<pSayTI6rbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa/ e)aHBum<enAPñMeBj
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Bin y:aéf/ {CIvti kUnéfø kUnRtÚvEtrs; ³ esaknadkmμdC¾ ak;Esþgkñgú rbbExμrRkhm} ¬GtßbTbkERb¦
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___{karbHe)arrbs;CnCaticam ³ CnCaticamnigCnCatiExμreRkamenAkñgú rbbExμrRkhm} esovePA
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84
 sTÞanuRkm
1
semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu )aneFVIesckþIEføgkarN_mYycMnYnTak;TgeTAnwgvtþmanrbs;RkúmExμrRkhmenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa.
kñgú cMeNamesckþEI føgkarN_TaMgenaH esckþEI føgkarN_my Y mancMNgeCIgfa {RBHsarlixti énsemþcshCIvni RBHRbmuxrdæ
RTg;EføgeTAkan;sPaTaMgBIr} EdlenAkñgú esckþEI føgkarN_enH RBHGgÁ)aneRbIBakü {ExμrRkhm} sMedAeTARkúmkumy úμ nIsEþ dl
RbqaMgnwgRBHGgÁ. esckþEI føgkarN_enHecjpSayedayTsSnavdþGI kñ Catiny i m elxecjpSayéf¶T2I 3 tula 1967.
ÉksarbNÑsardæan mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa elx D42188.
2
karkMNt;teY lxGMBcI nM nY RbCaCnkm<Cú a Edl)ansøab;kgúñ rbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyümanPaBxus²Kña. rbbsaFarNrdæRbCa
manitkm<úCa ¬1979-1989¦ tamry³karRsg;sßititamRKÜsarTUTaMgRbeTs)anGHGagfa RbCaCnkm<úCaCag3lan
3Esnnak;)ansøab;kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. enAkñúgesovePA{rbb b:ul Bt ³ Catisasn_ GMNac nigGMeBIRbl½y
BUCsasn_enAkm<úCa eRkamrbbExμrRkhm 1975-1979} ¬e)aHBum<enATIRkúgjÚvehvinnigLúgdug/ kare)aHBum<pSay
rbs;saklviTüal½yey:l qña1M 996¦ Rbvtþvi Ti U Eb‘n eXonin )an)a:ns; aμ nfamanmnusScMnnY mYylanR)aMEsnnak;)ansøab;
kñgú rbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyü. karkMNt;cnM nY mnusSsøab;rbs;Rbvtþvi Ti U Eb‘n eXonin Ep¥keTAelIbTsmÖasn_CamYyRbCaCn
500nak;kñúgqñaM1980 Edl100nak;CaCnePosxøÜn enARbeTs)araMgkñúgqñaM1979 ehIyeRkABIenHCaGñkrs;enAkñúg
RbeTs. eRkaymkRbvtþvi Ti U Eb‘n eXonin )anniyayfa eyagtamkarKNnarbs;Gkñ RbCasa®sþ cMnnY RbCaCnEdlsøab;KW
mankñúgrgVg;mYylanR)aMBIrEsnnak;. TIPñak;gar es-GuI-Ga enAkñúgr)aykarN_mYyEdlmancMNgeCIgfa {km<úCa ³ kar
)at;bg;cnM nY RbCaCn} ¬elxecjpSayEx]sPa qña1M 980¦ )ansnñdi aæ nfa RbCaCnkm<Cú aRbmaNmYylanbYnEsnnak;)an
søab;kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. RbvtþiviTU ém:eXIl vIkxWrI )anGHGagfa RbCaCnExμrEdlsøab;kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFib
etyümancMnYnRbEhlR)aMBIrEsnbYnmuWnnak;. karsikSarbs;elakEp¥keTAelIkarRsg;sßiticMnYnRbCaCneLIgvij eday
eRbóbeFobcMnnY RbCaCnmunqña1M 975 nigcMnnY RbCaCneRkayqña1M 979 ehIydkcMnnY mnusSsøab;tamFmμCatiBcI nM nY mnusS
søab;srub. ¬km<úCaBIqñaM1975dl;qñaM1982/ Bangkok: O.S. Printing House, e)aHBum< qñaM1984¦.
3
shB½n§\NÐÚcinKWCaeQμaHEdlGaNaniKm)araMgdak;[RbeTsbIEdlxøÜnRtÜtRta rYmmanRbeTsevotNam RbeTsLav
nigRbeTskm<úCa. s®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTImYy)ancab;epþImBIqñaM1946dl;qñaM1954 rvag)araMgnigclnats‘UevotNam
¬evotmij¦ dwknaMeday hU CImij. CemøaHenH)anrIkraldalelIépÞRbeTsTaMgmUl ehIy)anraldaldl;RbeTskm<úCa
nigRbeTsLav.
4
bkSenHRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgeday hU CImij enAeBlEdlelakkMBugrs;enATIRkúghugkug. mundMbUgbkSenHmaneQμaHfa
bkSkumμúynIsþevotNam ehIyeQμaHenHRtÚv)anbþÚrmkCabkSkumμúynIsþ\NÐÚcinenAExkumÖ³ qñaM1930.
5
edIm,IBRgwgclnats‘URbqaMgnwgGaNaniKm)araMg[kan;EtxøaMgkøaEfmeTot nigTTYl)ankarKaMRTBIRbCaCn enAqñaM1951
evotNam )anbMEbkbkSkumμúynIsþ\NÐÚcinCabIbkS EdltMNag[RbeTsTaMgbIkñúg]bTVIb\NÐÚcin ³ bkSBlkrevotNam
bkSRbCaCnbdivtþnE_ xμr nigbkSRbCaCnbdivtþnL_ av. eTaHCay:agenHkþI clnats‘kU gúñ RbeTsTaMgbIstiß eRkamkarRKb;RKg
rbs;evotNamdEdl.
6
sm<n½ e§ dIm,IÉkraCüevotNam ehAkat;fa{evotmij} RtÚv)anbegátI eLIgeday hU CImji enAqña1M 941 edIm,ITamTarÉkraCü
BIGaNaniKm)araMg.
7
kicR© BmeRBógenHRtÚv)aneFVeI LIgenAÉsnñsi TI TIRkúghSWENvqña1M 954 kñgú karbBa©bC; emøaHnignaMmkvijnUvsnþPi aBkñgú ]bTVbI
\NÐÚcin.
85 8
9
minTan;manÉksarNamYybBa¢ak;[)anc,as;GMBImUlehtuénkar)at;xøÜnrbs; TU samut enAeLIyeT.
edvId eqndl½r/ {bgFMTmI y Y ³ Rbvtþri bU neya)ayrbs; b:lu Bt} Boulder, CO: Westview Press, e)aHBumq< añ 1M 992/
 TMB½r69-73.
10
smasPaBsmaCikKN³rdæm®nþIénraCrdæaPi)alrYbrYmCatikm<úCarYmman ³ semþc Eb:n nut ¬naykrdæm®nþI¦ exov sMpn
¬]bnaykrdæm®nþI nigCardæm®nþRI ksYgkarBarCati¦ sarin qak ¬rdæm®nþRI ksYgkarbreTs¦ h‘U yn; ¬rdæm®nþRI ksYgmhaépÞTTYl
bnÞkú erobcMCnbTnigshkrN_¦ h‘U nwm ¬rdæm®nþRI ksYgB½tm’ annigeXasnakar¦ ecA esg ¬rdæm®nþTI TYlbnÞkú ebskkmμBei ss¦
can; yUr:an; ¬rdæm®nþIRksYgGb;rMCatinigyuvCn¦ eg:a h‘U ¬rdæm®nþIRksYgsuxaPi)al kic©karsasna nigsgÁmkic©¦ CYn muM
¬rdæm®nþI RksYgesdækic©nighirBaØvtßú¦ ]tþmesnIy_ dYg sMGul ¬rdæm®nþITTYlbnÞúkPsþúPareyaFa nigeRKÓgsBVavuF¦ hYt
sm,tþi ¬rdæm®nþIRksYgsaFarNkar TUrKmnaKmn_ nigsagsg;¦ Ca san ¬rdæm®nþIRksYgyutþiFm’ nigkMENTRmg;tulakar¦
Kat Qn; ¬rdæm®nþITIsþIkarKN³rdæm®nþI¦ CYn RbsiT§ ¬rdæm®nþITTYlbnÞúksRmbsRmÜlkarxitxMRbwgERbgts‘UedIm,IrMedaHCati¦
RBHGgÁma© s; neratþm PUrsi Sra ¬rdæm®nþkI ti y
iþ s¦ Kg; supl ¬Gnurdæm®nþRI ksYgkarBarCati¦ b:ku dWskumar ¬Gnurdæm®nþRI ksYg
karbreTs¦ v:an; BInI ¬Gnurdæm®nþRI ksYgkarbreTs¦ suk FYk ¬Gnurdæm®nþRI ksYgmhaépÞTTYlbnÞkú erobcMCnbTnigshkrN_¦
TIv Gul ¬Gnurdæm®nþIRksYgB½t’mannigeXasnakar¦ eGog FIriT§ ¬Gnurdæm®nþIRksYgGb;rMCatinigyuvCn¦ CU eCt ¬Gnurdæm®nþI
RksYgsuxaPi)al kick© arsasna nigsgÁmkic¦© nig kuy FYn ¬Gnurdæm®nþRI ksYgesdækci n© gi hirBaØvtߦú . esÞrI EtRKb;smaCik
KN³rdæm®nþTI aMgenHmanEteQμaHb:eu NÑaH. GñkEdlmansiTsi§ eRmc kick© arRKb;Ebby:ag KWKN³Gcié®nþyb_ kSkumy úμ nIskþ m<Cú a
Edlman b:lu Bt Caelxa nig nYn Ca CaGnuelxa. Éksarelx D24008 kñgú bNÑsardæanrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<Cú a.
11
Éksar {RbvtþiénkarTmøak;RKab;Ebkrbs;shrdæGaemrikmkelIRbeTskm<úCa} sresreday fayl½r GUevn nig Eb‘n
eXonin. enAkñúgÉksarenH fayl½r nig eXonin )anerobrab;fa RbFanaFibtIshrdæGaemrik b‘Íl KøIntun )anbeBa©j
Éksary:ageRcInTak;TgnwgkarTmøak;RKab;Ebkrbs;shrdæGaemrik mkelI]bTVIb\NÐÚcinBIqñaM1964dl;qñaM1973.
fayl½r nig eXonin )anGHGagfa shrdæGaemrik)ancab;epþmI Tmøak;RKab;EbkmkelIRbeTskm<Cú acab;taMgBIqañ 1M 965.
BIéf¶T4I Extula qña1M 965 dl;éf¶T1I 5 ExsIha qña1M 973 shrdæGaemrik)anTmøak;RKab;EbkcMnnY 2/756/941etan
mkelIRbeTskm<Cú a. tYelxfμeI nHbgðajfa cMnnY RbCaCnkm<Cú aEdlsøab;edaysarkarTmøak;RKab;EbkGacmaneRcInCagcMnnY
):an;saμ ncas; EdlmancMnnY EtBI5mM nWu eTA1Esn5munW nak;. sRmab;Bt½ m’ an bEnßmGMBkI arTmøak;RKab;Ebkrbs;shrdæGaemrik
mkelIRbeTskm<úCa sUmemIleKhTMB½rrbs;kmμviFIsikSaBIGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_enAkm<úCa rbs;saklviTüal½yey:l
www.yale.edu/cgp/.
12
ExμrhaNUyKWCaCnCatiExμrEdlFøab;rs;enARbeTsevotNamtaMgBITsvtSr_50. GñkTaMgenH)anvilRtLb;mkkm<Cú avijkñgú
GMLúgeBls®gÁam¬1970-1975¦ edIm,ICYyExμrRkhmRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgrdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExμr.
13
munTTYl)anC½yCmñH ExμrRkhm)anRbkasfaxønÜ nwgeFVkI arRbharCIvti m®nþCI an;xs< r; bs;rdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExμrrbs;elak
esnaRbmux ln; nl; EtR)aMBrI rUbb:eu NÑaH EdlExμrRkhmehAfa {mhaCnk,t;}. GñkTaMgenHrYmmanRbFanaFibtI ln; nl;/
RBHGgÁma© s; susI vu tiß sirmi t³/ naykrdæm®nþI Lúg bUer:t/ ecg ehg/ Guni taM/ sUEsþn EhVNg;eds/ nig sWg g:ku faj;.
14
vIelom s½rRkÚs/ {XIssugI C½r niksun nigkarbMpciø bMpaø jRbeTskm<Cú a} e)aHBume< nATIRkúgLúgdun edaykare)aHBump< Say
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15
Éksar D01266 enAkñúgbNÑsardæanrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa {esckþIENnaMGMBIkareRbIBaküGgÁkarnigBakübkS}.
esckþEI NnaMenHecjpSayBIKN³870 EdlCakariyal½yeFVkI arrbs; b:lu Bt enAéf¶T1I 1 Exkkáda qña1M 977 Edl
manesckþfI a {BaküGgÁkarb¤BakübkSeRbIEtcMeBaHGgÁkarcat;taMg minRtÚveRbIsRmab;bKu lÁ eLIy. cMeBaHbuKlÁ RtÚveRbIBakü
smmitþeQμaHenH b¤smmitþtMENgenH b¤smmitþtMNagGgÁkarfñak;enH. ]TahrN_ smmitþ etg smmitþelxa smmitþ
tMNagGgÁkar.l.}
16
sa®sþacarü Eb‘n eXonin )anGHGagfa smaCikKN³mCÄimbkSkumy úμ nIskþ m<Cú amancMnnY 20nak; EdlrYmman ³ b:lu Bt/ 86
nYn Ca/ esa Pwm/ eGog sarI/ sun esn/ tam:ku / vn ev:t/ jwm rs;/ exov sMpn/ ekI/ eGog FIrTi /§ y:nu y:at/ Ek Bk/
eDOn/ ePaK qay/ éN sar:an;/ PYg/ esg hug ehA can;/ kg cab nig CU eCt. Eb‘n eXonin {GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_
 nigRbCaFibetyüenAkm<Cú a ³ ExμrRkhm GgÁkarshRbCaCati nigshKmn_GnþrCati} e)aHBume< nATIRkúgjÚvehvinnigLúgdug/
kare)aHBum<pSayrbs;saklviTüal½yey:l/ e)aHBum<enAqñaM1993/ TMB½r13-14.
17
Nay:an; can;da/ {sRtÚvbgb¥nÚ Ég ³ s®gÁambnÞab;BsI ®gÁam} j:vÚ y:k/ e)aHBume< dayeragBum< Macmillan qña1M 986.
18
ÉksarrdæFmμnuBaØkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü bNÑsardæanmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa.
19
Nay:an; can;da )anGHGagfaenAéf¶T2I Exmkra qña1M 979 kgkumgμ: d; eU votNam)anqøgkat;Tenøctumxu Ek,rRBHbrmraCvaMg
edIm,Icab;BRgt;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu ykeTAevotNamkñgú eKalbMNg[RBHGgÁdkw naMclnats‘mU y Y eRkamkarCYyTMnku
bRmúgrbs;evotNamRbqaMgnwgrbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyü b:Eu nþEpnkarenHRtÚvbraC½y. enAéf¶enaHEdr edaysarsPaBkarN_
EdlevotNamvaycUlkm<Cú akan;EtmansPaBF¶nF; r¶ enaH exov sMpn )anCemøósRBHGgÁeTAkan;RsuksusI pu nu Ek,rRBMEdnExμr-
éf. BIréf¶eRkaymk exov sMpn )aneTAyagRBHGgÁcUlmkTIRkúgPñMeBjvijedayniyayfaevotNam)andkfyvij
ehIy. éf¶T5I Exmkra b:lu Bt )anyagRBHGgÁeTACYbRbCukM gúñ eKalbMNgesñsI [Mu RBHGgÁeFVCI atMNagrbs;km<Cú aRbCaFib
etyüenAGgÁkarshRbCaCati edIm,ITamTarkarKaMRTrbs;RkúmRbwkSasnþsi xu GgÁkarshRbCaCati RbqaMgnwgkarlukluyrbs;
evotNam. CafñrÚ nwgkick© ard¾mansarsMxan;enH b:lu Bt yl;RBmGnuBaØat[RBHraCvgSanuvgSTaMgGs;cakecjBIkm<Cú aCamYy
RBHGgÁEdr eTaHbICamankarCMTas;BI eGog sarI Edlcg;TukRBHraCvgSanuvgSTaMgGs;enAkñúgRbeTsCacMNab;xμaMgk¾eday.
RBHGgÁ nigRBHraCvgSanuvgS)anyagcakecjeTARbeTscintameCIgynþehaHcinmYyeRKÓg enAéf¶T6I Exmkra. Nay:an;
can;da/ {sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg ³ s®gÁambnÞab;BIs®gÁam} j:Úvy:k/ e)aHBum<edayragBum< Macmillan qñaM1986.
20
KN³kmμaFikarGcié®nþyé_ nsPatMNagRbCaCnkm<Cú arYmman nYn Ca ¬RbFan¦ gYn kg ¬GnuRbFanTI1¦ eBA s‘U ¬GnuRbFan
TI2¦ nig rs; nwm/ s s‘an/ muI qaM/ exg sux/ m:at; lI/ fg su/I nig rs; RBab ¬CasmaCik¦. KN³RbFanrdækm<Cú aRbCa
FibetyürYmman ³ exov sMpn ¬RbFan¦ esa Pwm ¬GnuRbFanTI1¦ nig jwm rs; ¬GnuRbFanTI2¦. smasPaBsmaCik
rdæaPi)alkm<úCa RbCaFibetyürYmman b:ul Bt ¬naykrdæm®nþI¦ eGog sarI ¬]bnaykrdæm®nþITI1 nigCardæm®nþIRksYg
karbreTs¦ vn ev:t ¬]bnaykrdæm®nþTI 2I nigCardæm®nþRI ksYgesdækci ¦© sun esn ¬]bnaykrdæm®nþTI 3I nigCardæm®nþRI ksYg
karBarCati¦ h‘U nwm ¬rdæm®nþRI ksYgeXasnakarnigB½tm’ an¦ CYn eCOn ¬rdæm®nþRI ksYgsuxaPi)al¦ eGog FIrTi § ¬rdæm®nþRI ksYg
sgÁmkic©¦ tUc ePOn ¬rdæm®nþIRksYgsaFarNkar¦ yun y:at ¬rdæm®nþIRksYgvb,Fm’ Gb;rM nigsikSaFikar¦. eRkABIenH
km<úCaRbCaFibetyümancat;taMgKN³kmμaFikarmYycMnYndUcCaKN³kmμaFikarksikmμdwknaMeday C½y sYn KN³kmμaFikar
]sSahkmμdkw naMeday ecg Gn KN³kmμaFikarBaNiCkmμdkw naMeday kuy FYn KN³kmμaFikarcmáarekAs‘U dwknaMedaysmmitþ
PYg KN³kmμaFikarKmnaKmn_dkw naMeday muI R)ag nigKN³kmμaFikarfamBl. KN³kmμaFikarTaMgR)aMmy Y enHsßti eRkamkar
RKb;RKgrbs;]bnaykrdæm®nþTI TYlbnÞkú xagesdækci © ehIyRbFanKN³kmμaFikarnImy Y ²manzan³esμnI gw rdæm®nþ.I eTaHCay:ag
enHkþI sßab½nxagelIenHminmandMeNIrkareBjeljc,as;las;eT. ¬dkRsg;ecjBIÉksarelx D21227 enAkñúgbNÑsar
dæanrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa sþIGMBI{GgÁRbCuM snñi)atelIkTI1 kñúgsm½ykalTI1 rbs;sPatMNagRbCaCnkm<úCa
éf¶11-13 emsa 1976}.
21
GuIsa ]sμan {karbHe)arrbs;CnCaticam} esovePAe)aHBum<pSayTI9rbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa qñaM2006.
22
enAéf¶T5I ExsIha qña1M 978 b:lu Bt )anCYbsnÞnaCamYyKN³RbtiPsU maKmEblhSIk-km<Cú a. b:lu Bt )anGHGagfa
{eyIg´minmanKukeT ehIyeyIg´k¾mineRbIBaküKukenHpg. GgÁehtuBit ³ b:ul Bt nigGñkeTasenAmnÞIrs-21
nigÉksarbNÑsardæanmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa ¬D00108¦.
23
mCÄimbkSKWCaBaküEdlbkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCaeRbIsMedAeTAelIfñak;dwknaMkMBUlrbs;rdæaPi)al nigRksYgEdlmanGMNac
TaMgLay. sßab½nTaMgenHGacCaKN³kmμaFikarmCÄimKN³kmμaFikarGcié®nþy_ b¤kgT½B.
87 24
GñkRsavRCavrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<Cú a GusI a ]sμan )an[tYelxCnCaticamEdlsøab;kgúñ rbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyücMnnY
BI4EsneTA5Esnnak;. GuIsa ]sμan )anGHGagfa tYelxenH)anmkBIbTsmÖasn_rbs;elakCamYyfñak;dwknaMCan;x<s;
 GusI aø mCaeRcInrUb EdlFøab;dgw nig)anRbmUlsßti Ci nCaticamenAkm<Cú a. fñak;dkw naMGsIu aø mTaMgenaH)anniyayfa CnCaticammun
qña1M 975mancMnnY RbEhl7Esnnak; ehIyenAqña1M 979 manCnCaticamenAesssl;EtRbmaNBI2EsneTA3Esnnak;
b:eu NÑaH. ¬{G‘KU bU H ³ yutFiþ m’rbs;CnCaticameRkamrbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyü} esovePAe)aHBumT< 2I rbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksar
km<úCa/ PñMeBj/ e)aHBum<qñaM2002¦. RbvtþiviTU Eb‘n eXonin )an[tYelxTabCagenH. eXonin )anGHGagfa cMnYn
CnCaticamkñgú qña1M 975man2Esn5munW nak; ehIyeyagtamGRtakMeNInCnCaticam cMnnY enHGacekIneLIgdl;2Esn6munW
nak;kgúñ qña1M 979. eXonin )anTajesckþsI nñdi aæ nfa cMnnY CnCaticameRkayqña1M 979manRbEhl1Esn7munW 3Ban;nak;
mann½yfaCnCaticam Edlsøab;kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFiibetyümancMnYnRbEhl8muWn7Ban;nak;. ¬Eb‘n eXonin {etI b:ul
Bt eLIgkan;GN M aceday rebobNa ³ Rbvtþci lnakumy úμ nIseþ nAkm<Cú a1930-1975} e)aHBume< nATIRkúgjÚvehvin nig
Lúgdug/ kare)aHBum<pSayrbs;saklviTüal½yey:l/ e)aHBum<qñaM1996¦.
25
Bin y:aéf/ {CIvti kUnéfø kUnRtÚvEtrs; ³ esaknadkmμdC¾ ak;Esþgkñgú rbbExμrRkhm} ¬GtßbTbkERb¦ kare)aHBump< Sayrbs;
RKwHsßane)aHBum<pSay SIPAR e)aHBum<enAPñMeBj qñaM2003.
26
CU sUPa {maneTaseRBaHGV?I } dkRsg;ecjBIGtßbTEtgesckþcI N M at;fañ k;Cy
½ laPIelxBIr enAkñgú karRbkYtRbECgkñgú kmμvFi I
EfrkSaRbvtþsi a®sþkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyü EdlerobcMeLIgeRkamkics© hRbtibtþki arrvagmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<Cú anigsmaKm
GñkniBn§Exμr enAExemsa qñaM2004.
27
m:m épb‘Un/ {sMNl;CIvitnigRsemalGtItkal} C½ylaPITIbYnkñúgkarRbkYtRbECgsMeNrEtgesckþIEdl]btßmÖeday
smaKmGñkniBn§ExμrnigmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa enAExemsa qñaM2004.
28
{GgÁehtuBit ³ b:ul Bt nigGñkeTasenAmnÞIrs-21} eday yin nan nig Ekv dasuIl. ÉksarbNÑsardæanrbs;
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa.
29
enAkñúgkareFVIskçIkmμenAcMeBaHmuxGgÁCMnuMCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa Duc )anniyayfaxøÜnminEmnCaGñksresrvin½y
snþ)i alenAkñgú mnÞrI s-21eT.sRmab;Bt½ m’ anbEnßm sUmemIleKhTMBr½ XøaeM mIltulakarExμrRkhm www.cambodiatribunal.org.
30
v:an; Nat {rUbKMnrU GñkeTasmñak;enAkñgú Kuk ³ mYyqñakM gúñ mnÞrI s-21rbs;ExμrRkhm} e)aHBume< nATIRkúg)agkk edayRkúmh‘nu
White Lotus enAqñaM1998.
31
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa {GMBIeQμaH tun kmμkrCYsCulreTHePøIg} ÉksarcemøIysarPaBelx D02831.
32
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa {taMg Lúj GtItGñkeFVIkarenARksYgéRbsNIy_ eRkaymkeFVITahanBak;skþiBIr \LÚveFVIkar
enAPUmiCIeGak Rsuk)arayN_} ÉksarcemøIysarPaBelx D02845.
33
km<Cú aeRkamCaTwkdIPaKxagt,Úgrbs;GaNacRkExμr. TwkdIenHRtÚv)andak;eQμaHfa kUsaMgsunI enAkñgú CMnan;GaNaniKm)araMg.
rdæaPi)alGaNaniKm)araMg)anRbKl;km<úCaeRkameTA[evotNamkñúgqñaM1949. RbCaCnExμrCaeRcInmanrs;enAEpñkxøHén
TwkdIenH b:uEnþRbCaCnPaKeRcInCaCnCatievotNam.
34
enAéf¶T2I ExFñÚ qña1M 978 clnats‘RU bqaMgnwgrbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyü)anR)arB§mTi giÞ enARsuksñlÜ extþRkecH edIm,IbegátI
{rNsirSsamKÁsI e®gÁaHCatikm<Cú a} EdleRkaymkkøayeTACa{rNsirSsamKÁkI sagkarBarmatuPmU ki m<Cú a}. smaCikBIrry
nak;)ancUlrYmenAkñúgGgÁmiTÞigenH edIm,ITTYlsÁal;KN³kmμaFikarmCÄimrbs;rNsirSdb;bYnrYb Edlmansmmitþ ehg sMrin
CaRbFan smmitþ Ca suIm CaGnuRbFan nigsmmitþ rs; sm½y CaGKÁelxaFikar.
35
semþcbvresdæa sWn san ekItenAqñaM1911 enAkm<úCaeRkam. semþcCanaykrdæm®nþIkñúgsm½ysgÁmra®sþniym BIEx
]sPa qñaM1967 dl;Exmkra qñaM1968. kñúgTsvtSr_qñaM1980 semþc sWn san )andwknaM {rNsirSCatirMedaH
RbCaBlrdæExμr}. bnÞab;BIkarcrcasnþiPaBRkúg):arIs semþc sWn san )anbegáItnigdwknaM{KNbkSRbCaFibetyüesrI
niymRBHBuTs§ asna}cUlrYmkñgú kare)aHeqñatCatiqañ 1M 993. semþc sWn san )anTTYlmrNPaBedayeraKaBaFenARbeTs
)araMg enAéf¶TI19 ExFñÚ qñaM2000 kñúgCnμayu89qñaM.
88
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DI xaMblU I ekItenAqña1M 981 enAextþRkecH. DI xaMblU I cab;epþmI bMeBjkargarenAmCÄmNÐlÉksar
km<Cú a taMgBIqañ 2M 003. bUlI )ansresrGtßbTCaeRcInEdl)ancuHpSayenAkñgú TMBr½ TsSnavdþ{I EsVgrkkarBit}
nigCaGñksRmbsRmÜlKeRmagénkarsikSaBIGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_enAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. bUlI
TTYl )ansBaØab½RtbriBaØab½RtEpñkPasaGg;eKøsBIsklviTüal½yPUmni PÞ eMñ Bj nigbriBaØab½RtBaNiCk¢ mμBvI Ti üasßan
CatiRKb;RKg. bUlI Føab;)aneTAsikSamuxviC¢aBIGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ enAsaklviTüal½ykugxdedorRbeTs
kaNada nigFøab;)aneTAeFVkI mμski SaenAsarmnÞrI Rbl½yBUCsasn_ nigviTüúseM LgshrdæGaemrik enATIRkúgv:asunI
etanDIsuI shrdæGaemrik. bUlI )anbBa©b;karsikSafñak;GnubNÐit nigbNÐitEpñkkic©karsakl enAsakl
viTüal½yr:at;há½r shrdæGaemrik.
90
karrakM mSanþrbsk; maμ P)i alExrμ Rkhm ¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦