La Loba Negra o The friar that led it was Sebastian

de Totanes
Introduction o Gov-Gen Toribo de Cosio y Campo
came to the Philippines in 1720,
- Written by Jose Burgos (apparently)
and first thing he did was to reopen
- La Loba Negra – ‘asong itim’
Bustamante’s case
- Published version by Luciano de la Rosa
 He fell under the influence
- Manuscript’s authenticity questioned by
of Sebastian de Totanes
Professor Teodoro Agoncillo
o Handwriting similar to José Marco, - Series of murders of friars were executed
by Bustamante’s wife Luisa, later known
a known copyist
o José Marco was the one who wrote as La Loba Negra, and his daughter
this Dolores
o The night after Bustamante’s
Summary death, the wife and daughter
stayed in Cainta, Rizal, where they
- La Loba Negra is about the Gov-Gen changed their names
Fernando Bustamante y Bustillos’ fight  Luisa → Maria Perez de San
against graft and corruption, which Cristobal
brought about his death at the hands of  Dolores → Florentina
o October 17, 1719: Fray Domingo de

m
the clergies. His widowed wife and

er as
daughter then launched a series of bloody Santa Maria was killed in the

co
vendettas as revenge for his death. confessional at 5 in the morning

eH w
- Bustamante arrived in the Philippines on  Luisa and Dolores joined the
1770. He planned to eradicate graft and band of outlaws headed by

o.
corruption in the Philippine government Don Magtatanga
rs e
o His treasury inspection revealed  Luisa → La Loba Negra
ou urc
P3500 in silver, P2000 in gold, and  Dolores → Vicenta la
lots of promissory notes Tulisana or Sargenta Betay
o Confiscated cargos to retrieve o Killed Fr. Antonio de Otualde,
o

monetary loss Dominican of Juao

 He dishonored Dolores and
aC s

o Consignment of Spanish official and

killed the child born out of
vi y re

clergies → Chinese
o Ordered the arrest of treasury his desecration of Dolores’
officials: Torralba, Fernandez, virtue
Verdan, and de Venegas (all high - Five years of continued revenge. Victims
ed d

officials in the Royal Audiencia) were Dominican, Franciscan, and

 Sought refuge in churches Augustinian priests from neighboring
ar stu

- October 2, 1719: arrest of Archbishop towns of Manila

Cuesta (was hiding the officials that were - When La Loba Negra died, Dolores married
wanted), which angered clergies → Capitan Sandugo, Imus’ most formidable
is

excommunicated Bustamante outlaw

- October 10, 1719: friars dressed in black o When they went to Manila, they
Th

were seen armed in the Franciscan church changed their names

- October 11, 1719: San Agustin church  Capitan Sandugo → Emilio
bells pealed. Armed friars marched Melgar
towards Gov-Gen’s residence. Bustamante  Dolores → Florentina
sh

was stabbed and dragged away by his feet Santibaňez

o Silvestro Perlas, a native, said that  They had a child, Carmen
a government official was the one o Dolores continued revenge, when
who killed Bustamante she led a raid on October 11, 1725
o Que Sing, a Chinese businessman, in Dilao, Manila
testified that a friar killed - The ending was like a prediction of the
Bustamante, but he refused to author, and a summary of what was still
name the friar happening in the country at that time, like

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 o Social ills other than those There are omissions of

committed by the church words, lines, and
o Cruelty to domestic help paragraphs
o Lack of equality between the rich 2. The false signatures of Father
and the poor Burgos and Gov-Gen de la Torre in
o Monopoly of education by the the manuscript
ilustrados  Padre Burgos always signs
o Lack of justice for the poor in simply as “Jose Burgos”
courts 3. Strange inability of Burgos to
express himself coherently in
Historical Analysis Spanish
 Burgos was not as good in
- Fernando Bustamante: 37th Gov-Gen of
Spanish as he is good in
Spanish Philippines – similar to his fictional
Filipino, and La Loba Negra
counterpart, that he was strict and was
was written very well in
against graft and corruption
Spanish, as compared to the
- Murders for revenge are fictitious
pamphlet of Burgos that he
- According to historian Conception in Blair
wrote to defend Father
and Robertson’s The Philippine Islands
Pelaez
1700-1735, Bustamante had a wife, but
4. Resemblance in style and language

m
she died after reaching the Philippines

er as
between La Loba Negra and the
through Bustamante’s neglect of her

co
works of Rizal
during a serious illness

eH w
- Bustamante also had six children, and

o.
when he died, his children returned to
Spain
rs e Luisa vs. Simoun
ou urc
Is La Loba Negra really written by Padre Burgos? - Both were motivated by revenge
o Simoun saw the movement for his
- La Loba Negra was unpublished during the own personal purposes
o

lifetime of Burgos o Luisa became genuine in her

aC s

o Appeared publicly in 1938 nationalism

vi y re

- “Original manuscript” (1960) is a forgery - “La Loba Negra”

o 276 pages o Luisa was a Spanish – definitely not
o Written legibly on officially dark-skinned
stamped paper of 2 reales o She painted her face with ashes
ed d

(required for official documents  This is done to signify that

ar stu

during the Spanish regime) in terms of ethnicity, she is

o Every second page is authenticated not the same, but the cause
with initials “J.A.B.” of their fight will do
o Novel ends on page 268, followed  It was a fight for all, not just
is

by a kind of epilogue, summarizing only for the Filipinos

the story, closing on page 275
Th

o With the signature “Jose Apolonio

Burgos” and the date “18 dias Julio
de 1869”
o Next page was signed by
sh

“Archivero de la Real Audiencia,

Antonio de Guzman” countersigned
by Gov de la Torre
- Proofs that Burgos DID NOT write La Loba
Negra:
1. The evidences in the manuscript
text itself shows that it has been
copied from some other source

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