GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

AND HYDRAULICS
FINAL COACHING 11-05-2017

Engr. Kimuel Suyat

Civil/Structural Engineer
Professor, Mapua University
Reviewer, Holy Angel University
Aqueous nitric acid is separated from an insoluble oil in a vessel. Dip legs extend
into both phases through which air is gently discharged sufficient to overcome the
hydrostatic pressure. Determine the position of the interface between the legs if
the legs are separated a distance of 1 m for which the differential pressure
between the legs is 10 kPa. The densities of oil and nitric acid are 900 kg/m3 and
1070 kg/m3, respectively:

𝐻1 + 𝐻2 = 1
𝐻2 = 1 − 𝐻1
γ𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝐻1 + γ𝑁𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝐻2 = 10
(900)(9.81)𝐻1 + 1070 9.81 𝐻2 = 10
OIL
(900)(9.81)𝐻1 + 1070 9.81 1 − 𝐻1 = 10,000
H1
𝐻1 = 0.2978 m
H2 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟕𝟖 𝐦 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐮𝐩𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐝𝐢𝐩 𝐥𝐞𝐠
NITRIC ACID
A liquid hydrocarbon mixture of density 950 kg/m3 is transferred by pipeline to a
ship at a loading terminal. Prior to transfer, the ship has an unloaded
displacement of 5000 tonnes and draft of 3 m. Transfer of the hydrocarbon is at
steady rate of 125 m3/ hr. If the sea bed is at a depth of 5.5 m, determine the
quantity delivered and time taken if the ship requires at least 1m of clearance
between the sea bed and hull to maneuver away safely from the loading terminal.
Prior to transfer
1000 𝐴𝐻1 = 5000 1000
1000 𝐴 3 = 5000 1000
𝐴 = 5000/3 m2
After transfer
1000 𝐴𝐻2 = 5000 1000
1000 5000/3 4.5 = 5000 1000 + 𝑊
𝑊 = 2,500,000 kg
1m The time required is:
2,500,000 kg = 950 kg m3 125 m3 hr 𝑇
𝑻 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟎𝟓 𝐡𝐫𝐬
 A fireman has to put out a fire but is blocked by a firewall. To reach over the wall,
he directed the water jet from the nozzle at an angle of 30 degree to the
horizontal. Evaluate the velocity of the water in meter/sec, leaving the nozzle of
his hose to reach over the wall if he stands 30 meters away from the wall and the
wall is standing 2 m higher than the nozzle of the hose. Neglect friction in the jet.

𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜 cos 30° 𝑡
34.64 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑡
1 2
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜 sin 30° 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡
2m 2
𝑣𝑜 1
2 = (34.64) sin 30° − (9.81)𝑡 2
30° 2
𝑡 = 1.77 seconds

30 m 𝒗𝒐 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟓𝟕 𝐦/𝐬𝐞𝐜
A mercury barometer strategically located at the Gulf of Albay reads 760mm.
Another barometer located at the top of Mayon Volcano reads 538 mm. Assuming
that the unit weight of air is 12 N/m3 and is constant, estimate the height of
Mayon Volcano.

𝑃𝑇 = 538 mm Hg 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝑇 + γℎ
0.760 13.6 9810 = 0.538 13.6 9810 + (12)ℎ
ℎ 𝒉 = 𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟖. 𝟏𝟗𝟔 𝐦

𝑃𝐵 = 760 mm Hg
 A concrete cube 0.60m on an edge, weighing 23.5 kN/m3 in air, rests on the
bottom of a tank in which seawater (specific gravity =1.03) stands 5 m deep. The
bottom edges are sealed off so that no water is admitted under the block. Evaluate
the vertical pull required to lift the block in kN.

𝑊1 = 23.5(0.60)3
𝑊1 = 5.076 kN
𝑊2
4.4 m
𝑊2 = 1.03(9.81) 0.60 2 (4.4)
𝑃
𝑊1 = 16.005 kN

𝑃 = 𝑊1 + 𝑊2
0.60 m
𝑃 = 5.076 + 16.005

𝑊1 𝑷 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟎𝟖𝟏 𝐤𝐍
Situation 1
A circular concrete pile with a diameter of 350mm is to support a load of 270kN.
The pile is driven in a stiff clay (𝛼 = 0.50). The unconfined compressive strength of
the clay is known to be 170kPa. If the factor of safety is 2.50, and Nc = 9
Determine the end bearing capacity of the pile.

𝑄𝑇𝐼𝑃 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 𝐴 𝑇𝐼𝑃

𝑞𝑢 170
𝑐= → 𝑐= = 85 kPa
2 2
𝑄𝑇𝐼𝑃 = (85)(9) π 4 0.35 2

𝑸𝑻𝑰𝑷 = 𝟕𝟑. 𝟔𝟎 𝐤𝐍

𝑄𝑇𝐼𝑃
A circular concrete pile with a diameter of 350mm is to support a load of 270kN. The
pile is driven in a stiff clay (𝛼 = 0.50). The unconfined compressive strength of the
clay is known to be 170kPa. If the factor of safety is 2.50, and Nc = 9
Determine the developed skin friction along the surface of the pile.
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝐹𝑆 =
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
2.50 =
270
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 675 kN
𝑄𝐹𝑅𝐼𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 𝑄𝑇𝐼𝑃 + 𝑄𝐹𝑅𝐼𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁
675 = 73.60 + 𝑄𝐹𝑅𝐼𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁
𝑸𝑭𝑹𝑰𝑪𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 = 𝟔𝟎𝟏. 𝟒𝟎𝐤𝐍
𝑄𝑇𝐼𝑃
A circular concrete pile with a diameter of 350mm is to support a load of 270kN.
The pile is driven in a stiff clay (𝛼 = 0.50). The unconfined compressive strength of
the clay is known to be 170kPa. If the factor of safety is 2.50, and Nc = 9
Determine the minimum length of the pile.

𝑄𝐹𝑅𝐼𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 = α𝑐𝑝𝐿 →

601.40 = 85 π 0.35 (0.50)𝐿

𝑄𝐹𝑅𝐼𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑳 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝟕 𝐦

𝑄𝑇𝐼𝑃
Situation 2
A cantilever sheet pile, 8.2 m high with an embedment depth of 3.2m supports a soil with
an angle of internal friction of 34° and has a specific gravity of 1.91.
Determine the total active thrust behind the wall.

𝐹𝑎 = 𝑘𝑎 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
1 − sin φ 1 − sin 34°
𝑘𝑎 = 𝑘𝑎 =
1 + sin φ 1 + sin 34°
𝑘𝑎 = 0.2827
8.2 m
1
𝐹𝑎 = (0.2827) (153.64)(8.2)(1)
2
𝐹𝑎 𝑭𝒂 = 𝟏𝟕𝟖. 𝟎𝟖 𝐤𝐍
3.2 m

γℎ = 1.91 9.81 8.2

= 153.64 kPa
A cantilever sheet pile, 8.2 m high with an embedment depth of 3.2m supports a soil with
an angle of internal friction of 34° and has a specific gravity of 1.91.
Determine the total passive thrust behind the wall.

𝐹𝑝 = 𝑘𝑝 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
1 + sin φ 1 + sin 34°
𝑘𝑝 = 𝑘𝑝 =
1 − sin φ 1 − sin 34°
𝑘𝑝 = 3.5371
8.2 m
1
𝐹𝑝 = (3.5371) (59.96)(3.2)(1)
2
𝑭𝒑 = 𝟑𝟑𝟗. 𝟑𝟒 𝐤𝐍
𝐹𝑝 3.2 m

γℎ = 1.91 9.81 3.2

= 59.96 kPa
Situation 3
Water is being discharged from a reservoir through a turbine, as shown in the figure. The
turbine generates 56 kW of power on a maximum flow of 0.28 m3/sec. The suction line
has a diameter of 300mm and is 50m long. The discharge line has a diameter of 600mm
and is 20m long. Neglect minor losses. Assume C=120 for all pipes.
Calculate the required energy that the turbine must draw from the flow.

𝑃 = 𝑄γ𝐸
56 1000 = (0.28)(9810)𝐸
𝑬 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟑𝟖𝟕 𝐦
Water is being discharged from a reservoir through a turbine, as shown in the figure. The
turbine generates 56 kW of power on a maximum flow of 0.28 m3/sec. The suction line
has a diameter of 300mm and is 50m long. The discharge line has a diameter of 600mm
and is 20m long. Neglect minor losses. Assume C=120 for all pipes.
Calculate the total head loss
ℎ𝐿 = ℎ1 + ℎ2
10.67𝐿𝑄1.85
ℎ = 1.85 4.87
𝐶 𝐷
10.67(50)(0.28)1.85
ℎ1 = 1.85 4.87
= 2.537 m
120 (0.30)
10.67(20)(0.28)1.85
ℎ2 = 1.85 4.87
= 0.035
120 (0.60)
ℎ𝐿 = 2.537 m + 0.035 m

𝒉𝑳 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟕𝟐 𝐦
Water is being discharged from a reservoir through a turbine, as shown in the figure. The
turbine generates 56 kW of power on a maximum flow of 0.28 m3/sec. The suction line
has a diameter of 300mm and is 50m long. The discharge line has a diameter of 600mm
and is 20m long. Neglect minor losses. Assume C=120 for all pipes.
Calculate the required elevation of the water surface in the upper reservoir
1
B. E from 1 to 2

𝑃1 𝑣1 2 𝑃1 𝑣1 2
𝑧1 + + = 𝑧1 + + − ℎ𝑙 − 𝐸
γ 2𝑔 γ 2𝑔
𝑧1 + 0 + 0 = 50 + 0 + 0 − 2.572 − 20.387
𝒛𝟏 = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟗𝟔 𝐦

2
Situation 4
A circular gate with a diameter of 1.5 m is inclined at angle of 45°. Fresh water stands on
one side of the gate to a height of 10 m above the center of the gate.
Find the total hydrostatic force acting on the gate

π 2
𝐹𝑇 = (9.81)(10) 1.5
4
10/ sin 45°
10 m = 14.1421 m 𝑭𝑻 = 𝟏𝟕𝟑. 𝟑𝟓𝟕 𝐤𝐍
𝑭𝑻
A circular gate with a diameter of 1.5 m is inclined at angle of 45°. Fresh water stands on
one side of the gate to a height of 10 m above the center of the gate.
Find the location of the force from the bottom of the gate

γ𝐼 sin 𝜃
𝑒=
10/ sin 45° 𝐹
10 m (9810)π 0.754 4 sin 45°
= 14.1421 m 𝑒=
173.357(1000)
𝑒 = 0.01 m
𝑒
𝑚 𝑚 = 0.75 − 0.01
𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒 𝐦
A circular gate with a diameter of 1.5 m is inclined at angle of 45°. Fresh water stands on
one side of the gate to a height of 10 m above the center of the gate.
If the gate is hinged at the top, find the force normal to the gate applied at the bottom that
will open the gate.

𝑀𝑂 = 0
10/ sin 45°
10 m 𝑂 = 14.1421 m 𝐹𝑁 1.5 − 𝐹𝑇 0.75 + 0.01 = 0
𝑭𝑻
𝐹𝑁 1.5 − (173.357) 0.76 = 0
𝑒 𝑭𝑵 = 𝟖𝟕. 𝟖𝟑𝟒 𝐤𝐍

𝑭𝑵
Situation 5
The flow rate of the pipe system shown is 50 liters per second. The total head loss from A
to D is 9 m. The pipe properties are tabulated as shown.
PIPE LENGTH (m) DIAMETER (mm) HAZEN WILLIAMS COEFFICIENT

A 300 200 120

B 266 160 120
C 190 x 120
D 510 250 120
Determine the head loss at pipeline B
B
ℎ𝐿 𝑇 = ℎ𝐿𝐴 + ℎ𝐿𝐵 𝑜𝑟 𝐶 + ℎ𝐿𝐷
A D 10.67𝐿𝑄1.85 10.67(300)(0.05)1.85
ℎ𝐿𝐴 = 1.85 4.87 → ℎ𝐿𝐴 = = 4.53 m
𝐶 𝐷 (120)1.85 (0.2)4.87
C 10.67𝐿𝑄1.85 10.67(510)(0.05)1.85
ℎ𝐿𝐷 = 1.85 4.87 → ℎ𝐿𝐷 = 1.85 4.87
= 2.60 m
𝐶 𝐷 (120) (0.25)

9 = 4.53 + ℎ𝐿𝐵 + 2.60 𝒉𝑳𝑩 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟕 𝐦

The flow rate of the pipe system shown is 50 liters per second. The total head loss from A
to D is 9 m. The pipe properties are tabulated as shown.
PIPE LENGTH (m) DIAMETER (mm) HAZEN WILLIAMS COEFFICIENT

A 300 200 120

B 266 160 120
C 190 x 120
D 510 250 120
Determine the discharge at pipeline C
B 𝑄𝐵 + 𝑄𝐶 = 0.050

A 10.67𝐿𝑄1.85 10.67(266)𝑄1.85
D ℎ𝐿𝐵 = 1.85 4.87 → 1.87 =
𝐶 𝐷 (120)1.85 (0.160)4.87

C 𝑄𝐵 = 0.018 m3 /s
0.018 + 𝑄𝐶 = 0.050
𝑸𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟐 𝒎𝟑 /𝐬
The flow rate of the pipe system shown is 50 liters per second. The total head loss from A
to D is 9 m. The pipe properties are tabulated as shown.
PIPE LENGTH (m) DIAMETER (mm) HAZEN WILLIAMS COEFFICIENT

A 300 200 120

B 266 160 120
C 190 x 120
D 510 250 120
Determine the diameter of pipeline C
B

A 10.67𝐿𝑄1.85 10.67(190)(0.032)1.85
D ℎ𝐿𝐶 = 1.85 4.87 → 1.87 =
𝐶 𝐷 (120)1.85 (𝑥)4.87

C 𝑥 = 0.185 m
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟖𝟓 𝐦𝐦
The semicircular channel 𝑛 = 0.010 shown is to carry water at a
depth of 1.0 ft. Find the discharge at the critical stage.

At critical stage; 𝐹𝑁 = 1
𝐵 = 2.0 ft 𝑄2 𝑇
𝐹𝑁 = 3
𝐴 𝑔
𝑄2 (2)
1=
𝜋 1 2 0.5 3 (32.2)

𝑑 = 1.0 ft 𝑸 = 𝟕. 𝟗𝟎 𝐟𝐭 𝟑 𝐬
Situation 6
An irrigation canal with trapezoidal cross sections has the following dimensions:
Bottom width = 2.0 m, depth of water = 0.90 m, side slope = 1.5 horizontal to 1
vertical, slope of the canal bed = 0.001, coefficient of roughness = 0.025. The
canal will serve clay – loam Riceland for which the duty of water per hectare is 3.0
liters per second.
Determine the hydraulic radius of the canal

Area of water cross section

𝑅ℎ =
2+2(1.35) Wetted Perimeter
=4.7
1
(4.7 + 2) 0.90
𝑅ℎ = 2
0.90
2 + 2 1.352 + 0.902

𝑹𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟓
2 0.90(1.5)
=1.35
An irrigation canal with trapezoidal cross sections has the following dimensions:
Bottom width = 2.0 m, depth of water = 0.90 m, side slope = 1.5 horizontal to 1
vertical, slope of the canal bed = 0.001, coefficient of roughness = 0.025. The
canal will serve clay – loam Riceland for which the duty of water per hectare is 3.0
liters per second.
Determine the velocity of the water in meters/second

1 2 3 1 2
𝑣= 𝑅 𝑆
2+2(1.35) 𝑛
=4.7
1
𝑣= (0.575)2 3 (0.001)1 2
0.025
0.90
𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝐦/𝐬𝐞𝐜

2 0.90(1.5)
=1.35
An irrigation canal with trapezoidal cross sections has the following dimensions:
Bottom width = 2.0 m, depth of water = 0.90 m, side slope = 1.5 horizontal to 1
vertical, slope of the canal bed = 0.001, coefficient of roughness = 0.025. The
canal will serve clay – loam Riceland for which the duty of water per hectare is 3.0
liters per second.
Determine the number of hectares served by the irrigation canal.

𝑄 = 𝑣𝐴
2+2(1.35) 4.7 + 2
=4.7 𝑄 = 0.875 0.90
2

0.90 𝑄 = 2.638 m3 /sec

𝑄 = 2638 Li/sec
2638
2 0.90(1.5) 𝑛=
3
=1.35
𝒏 = 𝟖𝟕𝟗
Situation 7
According to the elastic theory, the vertical stress induced by flexible line load of infinite length
that has an intensity of q units/length on the surface of a semi-infinite soil mass can be estimated
by the expression

𝑝 = 0.637𝑞/𝑁

𝑁 = 𝑧 1 + (𝑟 𝑧)2 2

Where: 𝑟 = horizontal distance from the line of the load

𝑧 = depth of interest at which stress is induced
A concrete hollow block wall weighing 6kN per linear meter is carried by a wall footing 0.60 m
wide.
Evaluate the bearing pressure, in kPa, exerted by the footing onto the supporting soil.

6 kN/m
𝑞=
0.60 m

𝒒 = 𝟏𝟎 kPa
According to the elastic theory, the vertical stress induced by flexible line load of infinite length
that has an intensity of q units/length on the surface of a semi-infinite soil mass can be estimated
by the expression

𝑝 = 0.637𝑞/𝑁

𝑁 = 𝑧 1 + (𝑟 𝑧)2 2

Where: 𝑟 = horizontal distance from the line of the load

𝑧 = depth of interest at which stress is induced
A concrete hollow block wall weighing 6kN per linear meter is carried by a wall footing 0.60 m
wide.
Evaluate the stress in the soil caused by the load depth equal to twice its width.

𝑧 = 2 0.60 = 1.2 𝑁 = 1.2 1 + (0 1.2)2 2

𝑁 = 1.2
𝑝 = 0.637(10 1.2)
𝒑 = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟎𝟖 𝐤𝐏𝐚
According to the elastic theory, the vertical stress induced by flexible line load of infinite length
that has an intensity of q units/length on the surface of a semi-infinite soil mass can be estimated
by the expression

𝑝 = 0.637𝑞/𝑁

𝑁 = 𝑧 1 + (𝑟 𝑧)2 2

Where: 𝑟 = horizontal distance from the line of the load

𝑧 = depth of interest at which stress is induced
A concrete hollow block wall weighing 6kN per linear meter is carried by a wall footing 0.60 m
wide.
Evaluate the stress in the soil at a depth of 2 m and a horizontal distance of 3 m from the line of the
load.

𝑁 = 2 1 + (3 2)2 2

𝑁 = 21.125
𝑝 = 0.637(10 21.125)
𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟐 𝐤𝐏𝐚
An unconfined compression test was conducted on a sample of clay having a
diameter of 50mm. The failure load was recorded at 240N. The cohesion strength
of the clay, in kPa is?

240
σ= 2
π/4 0.050

σ = 122.23 kPa
122.23
𝑐 𝑐=
2
𝒄 = 𝟔𝟏. 𝟏 𝐤𝐏𝐚
σ = 122.23 kPa
The balloon in the figure is filled with helium pressurized to 111 kPa. Compute the
tension in the mooring line. γ𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 11.76 N/m3 ; γ𝐻𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑢𝑚 = 1.787 N/m3

𝑊 𝐹𝑉 = 0

𝐵𝐹 − 𝑊 − 𝑇 = 0
D=9m
3 3
𝐵𝐹 4 9 4 9
11.76 π − 1.787 π −𝑇 =0
3 2 3 2

𝑇 𝑻 = 𝟑𝟖𝟎𝟔. 𝟕𝟐𝟗𝟏 𝐍
A piston of weight 21 lb slides in a lubricated pipe, as shown in the figure. The
clearance between piston and pipe is 0.001 in. If the piston decelerates at 2.1 ft/s2
when the speed is 21 ft/s, what is the viscosity of the oil?

𝜏 = 𝜇 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦
𝑣
𝜏=𝜇 → 𝜏 = 12,000𝜇𝑣
0.001 12
𝐹𝐹 = 𝜏𝐴
6 in 𝐹𝐹 = (12,000𝜇𝑣) π(5 12)(6 12)
𝐹𝐹 = (12,000𝜇𝑣) π(5 12)(6 12)
𝐹𝐹 = 7853.9816 𝜇𝑣
5 in
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
5 in 𝐹𝐹
21 − 7853.9816𝜇𝑣 = 21 32.2 (2.1)
𝑣 = 21 ft/s 21 − 7853.9816𝜇 21 = 21 32.2 (−2.1)
𝑎 = 2.1 ft/s 2
𝝁 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟔 𝐱 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐥𝐛 − 𝐬𝐞𝐜/𝐟𝐭 𝟐
Situation 8
Reservoir A is the source of water supply and is at Elev. 91.46 m, C is a town at Elev. 30.49 m with
25,000 inhabitants, D is another town at Elev. 15.24 m with a population of 30,000. Length AB is
15240 m, BC is 9150 m, BD is 6100 m. Determine the size of the pipes if the consumption is 150
Liters per capita per day. 𝑓 = 0.02

PIPE AB 1 day 1 hr
𝑄2 = 25,000 0.15 = 0.043 m3 /sec
24 hrs 3600 secs
1 day 1 hr
𝑄3 = 30,000 0.15 = 0.052 m3 /sec
24 hrs 3600 secs
ELEV. 150 𝑄1 = 𝑄2 + 𝑄3 = 0.095 m3 /sec

TOWN C BE FROM A TO B 2
ELEV. 30.49 0.095 1
150 + 0 + 0 = 91.46 + + 0 + 𝐻𝐿
A π/4 𝐷2 19.62
Q1 Q2
7.4571 𝑥 10−4 0.0826𝑓𝐿𝑄2
𝐻𝐿 = 58.54 + 𝐻𝐿 =
B 𝐷4 𝐷5
Q3 7.4571 𝑥 10−4 0.0826(0.02)(15240)(0.095)2
ELEV. 91.46 58.54 + =
𝐷4 𝐷5
TOWN D 𝐷 = 0.32946 m
ELEV. 15.24 𝑫 = 𝟑𝟑𝟎 𝐦𝐦
Reservoir A is the source of water supply and is at Elev. 91.46 m, C is a town at Elev. 30.49 m with
25,000 inhabitants, D is another town at Elev. 15.24 m with a population of 30,000. Length AB is
15240 m, BC is 9150 m, BD is 6100 m. Determine the size of the pipes if the consumption is 150
Liters per capita per day. 𝑓 = 0.02

1 day 1 hr
PIPE BC 𝑄2 = 25,000 0.15 = 0.043 m3 /sec
24 hrs 3600 secs
1 day 1 hr
𝑄3 = 30,000 0.15 = 0.052 m3 /sec
24 hrs 3600 secs
𝑄1 = 𝑄2 + 𝑄3 = 0.095 m3 /sec
ELEV. 150
BE FROM B TO C
TOWN C 91.46 + 0 + 0 = 30.49 + 0 + 0 + 𝐻𝐿
ELEV. 30.49
A 𝐻𝐿 = 60.97
Q1 Q2
0.0826𝑓𝐿𝑄2
𝐻𝐿 =
B 𝐷5
Q3 0.0826(0.02)(9150)(0.043)2
ELEV. 91.46 60.97 =
𝐷5
TOWN D 𝐷 = 0.21492 m
ELEV. 15.24 𝑫 = 𝟐𝟏𝟓 𝐦𝐦
Reservoir A is the source of water supply and is at Elev. 91.46 m, C is a town at Elev. 30.49 m with
25,000 inhabitants, D is another town at Elev. 15.24 m with a population of 30,000. Length AB is
15240 m, BC is 9150 m, BD is 6100 m. Determine the size of the pipes if the consumption is 150
Liters per capita per day. 𝑓 = 0.02

1 day 1 hr
PIPE BD 𝑄2 = 25,000 0.15 = 0.043 m3 /sec
24 hrs 3600 secs
1 day 1 hr
𝑄3 = 30,000 0.15 = 0.052 m3 /sec
24 hrs 3600 secs
𝑄1 = 𝑄2 + 𝑄3 = 0.095 m3 /sec
ELEV. 150
BE FROM B TO D
TOWN C 91.46 + 0 + 0 = 15.24 + 0 + 0 + 𝐻𝐿
ELEV. 30.49
A 𝐻𝐿 = 76.22
Q1 Q2
0.0826𝑓𝐿𝑄2
76.22 =
B 𝐷5
Q3 0.0826(0.02)(6100)(0.052)2
ELEV. 91.46 76.22 =
𝐷5
TOWN D 𝐷 = 0.20448 m
ELEV. 15.24 𝑫 = 𝟐𝟎𝟓 𝐦𝐦
Aggregates from a material storage site are required for the embankment of a
roadway. The porosity of the aggregate at the storage site is 80%, and the desired
porosity of the compacted aggregates in the embankment is 20%. For a section of
the embankment 7.6 m wide x 0.61 m compacted thickness x 305 m long,
calculate the volume of aggregates required.

The volume of the embankment is:

𝑉𝑒𝑚𝑏 = (7.6)(0.61)(305)
𝑉𝑒𝑚𝑏 = 1413.98 m3
The volume of aggregate required is: Let 𝑉𝑠𝑠 = volume required from the storage site
𝑛𝑠𝑠 0.80
𝑉𝑠𝑠 1 + 𝑒𝑠𝑠 1 + 𝑉𝑠𝑠 1+
1 − 𝑛𝑠𝑠 1 − 0.80
= = → =
𝑉𝑒𝑚𝑏 1 + 𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑏 1 + _ 𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑏 1413.98 1 + 0.20
1 − 𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑏 1 − 0.20
𝑽𝒔𝒔 = 𝟓𝟔𝟓𝟓. 𝟗𝟐 𝐦𝟑
Situation 9
An open cylindrical tank 30cm in diameter and 80cm tall is filled with
water and revolved about its own vertical axis at constant angular speed.

What angular speed will cause 1.4 liters of water to spill?

a. 42.22rpm b. 56.11rpm c. 60.33rpm d. 62.23rpm

1 𝐷2
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 = π 𝑦
2 4
y
1𝑚3 1 0.302
1.4𝐿𝑖 = π 𝑦
1000𝐿𝑖 2 4

𝑦 = 0.0396𝑚

ω2 𝑟 2 ω2 (0.15)2 𝑟𝑎𝑑 1𝑟𝑒𝑣 60𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑦= 0.0396 = ω = 5.876
2𝑔 2(9.81) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2π 1𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝝎 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟏𝟏𝒓𝒑𝒎
An open cylindrical tank 30cm in diameter and 80cm tall is filled with water
and revolved about its own vertical axis at constant angular speed.

What will be the depth of water in the tank when it is brought to rest from an
angular speed of 240rpm.
a. 0.437m b. 0.512m c. 0.462m d. 0.521m

𝑟𝑒𝑣 2π 1𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑

ω = 240 = 25.133
𝑚𝑖𝑛 1𝑟𝑒𝑣 60𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐
y
ω2 𝑟 2 25.1332 (0.15)2
𝑦= =
2𝑔 2(9.81)

𝑦 = 0.724𝑚

1 𝐷2 1 0.302
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 = π 𝑦= π 0.724
2 4 2 4
3
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 0.0256𝑚
 Volume Lost
y

h
Volume Retained

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 0.0256𝑚3
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 − 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡
π
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 = 0.30 2 0.80 − 0.0256
4
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 = 0.0309𝑚3

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 = ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

π 2
0.0309 = ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 0.30
4
𝒉𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟕𝒎
An open cylindrical tank 30cm in diameter and 80cm tall is filled with
water and revolved about its own vertical axis at constant angular speed.

What angular speed will just zero the pressure at the bottom?
a. 241.11rpm b. 252.22rpm c. 263.33rpm d. 274.44rpm

ω2 𝑟 2
y = 0.80m 𝑦=
2𝑔
ω2 (0.150)2
0.80 =
2(9.81)
𝑟𝑎𝑑 1𝑟𝑒𝑣 60𝑠𝑒𝑐
ω = 26.412
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2π𝑟𝑎𝑑 1𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝝎 = 𝟐𝟓𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝒓𝒑𝒎
SITUATION 10
 A rectangular canal 5.7m wide and 1.4m deep has a roughness coefficient
of 0.013 and is laid on a slope of 0.002.

What is the capacity of the canal when flowing full in m3/s?

a. 28.654 b. 27.543 c. 26.321 d. 25.210

𝑄 = 𝑣𝐴
1.4m
1 2 1
𝑄 = 𝑅3 𝑆 2 𝐴
5.7m 𝑛
2
1 5.7𝑥1.4 3 1
𝑄= 0.002 2 (5.7𝑥1.4)
0.013 1.4 + 5.7 + 1.4

𝒎𝟑
𝑸 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟑𝟐𝟏
𝒔
What is the savings in excavation volume per meter length of canal if the
most efficient section is used for the same discharge and slope?

a. 0.201m3 b. 0.143m3 c. 0.243m3 d. 0.212m3

Oiginal Section For Most Efficient Section

1.4m x x

5.7m 2x

2𝑥(𝑥)
𝑅𝐻 𝑀𝐸𝑆 = = 0.5𝑥
(2𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥)
1 2 1
𝑄 = 𝑅3 𝑆 2 𝐴
𝑛
1 2 1
26.321 = 0.5𝑥 3 0.002 2 (2𝑥 2 ) 𝑥 = 1.967𝑚
0.013
 x=1.967m 1.4m

2x = 3.934m 5.7m
Most Efficient Section Original Section
𝑉𝑀𝐸𝑆 = 3.934 1.967 1 𝑉𝑂 = 5.7 1.4 1
𝑉𝑀𝐸𝑆 = 7.738𝑚3 𝑉𝑂 = 7.98𝑚3
𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑉𝑂 − 𝑉𝑀𝐸𝑆
𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 7.98 − 7.738 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟐𝒎𝟑
𝑃𝑀𝐸𝑆 = 3.934 + 2(1.967) 𝑃𝑂 = 5.7 + 2(1.4)
𝑃𝑀𝐸𝑆 = 7.868𝑚 𝑃𝑂 = 8.5

𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑃𝑂 − 𝑃𝑀𝐸𝑆
𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 8.5 − 7.868 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟐𝒎

13. What is the savings in lining per meter length of canal if the most
efficient section is used for the same discharge and slope?
a. 0.559m2 b. 0.517m2 c. 0.478m2 d. 0.632m2
An earth dam requires 1 million cubic meters of soil compacted to a void ratio of 0.8. In
the vicinity of the proposed dam, three borrow pits were identified as having suitable
materials. The cost of purchasing the soil and the cost of excavation are the same for each
borrow pit. The only cost difference is transportation cost. The table below provides the
void ratio and the transportation cost for each borrow pit. Which borrow pit would be the
most economical?
Multiplying Eq. 1 by the swell factor, we obtain the volume
Borrow Void Swell Transportation required for each borrow pit.
Pit Ratio Factor Cost
1 + 1.8
1 1.8 1.1 P 0.60 𝑉1 = 1,000,000 (1.1) = 1,711,111
1 + 0.8
2 0.9 1.2 P 1.00
1 + 0.9
3 1.5 1.1 P 0.75 𝑉2 = 1,000,000 (1.2) = 1,266,667
1 + 0.8
𝑉𝑖 1 + 𝑒𝑖 1 + 1.5
= 𝑉3 = 1,000,000 1.1 = 1,527,778
𝑉𝑜 1 + 𝑒0 1 + 0.8
1 + 𝑒𝑖 The volume required to each borrow pit is:
𝑉𝑖 = 𝑉𝑜 → Eq. 1
1 + 𝑒0 𝑉1 = 1,711,111 0.60 = P 1,026,667
𝑉2 = 1,266,667 1.00 = P 1,266,667
𝑉2 = 1,527,778 0.75 = P 1,145,834
Answer: Borrow Pit 1 is more economical
SITUATION 11
The figure shows a layer of granular soil in a tank with an upward seepage
by applying water through the valve at the bottom of the tank. The loss of
head caused by upward seepage between the levels of A and B is 0.70m
and between levels A and C is 0.28m. The void ratio of the soil is 0.52 and
its specific gravity is 2.72.

Determine the effective stress at C.

𝑃𝐸 = 𝑃𝑇 − 𝑃𝑊
𝐺𝑆 +𝑆𝑒 2.72+ 1 0.52
γ𝑠 = γ = 9.81
(1+𝑒) 𝑤 1+0.52

γ𝑠 = 20.91𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
𝑃𝑇 = 9.81 1 + 20.91 2 = 51.63𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑤 = 9.81 1 + 2 + 0.28 = 32.18𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝐸 = 51.63 − 32.18 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟒𝟓𝒌𝑷𝒂
The figure shows a layer of granular soil in a tank with an upward seepage
by applying water through the valve at the bottom of the tank. The loss of
head caused by upward seepage between the levels of A and B is 0.70m
and between levels A and C is 0.28m. The void ratio of the soil is 0.52 and
its specific gravity is 2.72.

Determine the critical hydraulic gradient for zero effective stress

γ𝑠 −γ𝑤
𝑖𝑐𝑟 =
γ𝑤

20.91−9.81
𝑖𝑐𝑟 =
9.81

𝒊𝒄𝒓 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑
The figure shows a layer of granular soil in a tank with an upward seepage
by applying water through the valve at the bottom of the tank. The loss of
head caused by upward seepage between the levels of A and B is 0.70m
and between levels A and C is 0.28m. The void ratio of the soil is 0.52 and
its specific gravity is 2.72.

Determine the effective stress at B.

γ𝑠 = 20.91𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
𝑃𝑇 = 9.81 1 + 20.91 5 = 114.36𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑤 = 9.81 1 + 5 + 0.70 = 65.73𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝐸 = 51.63 − 32.18 = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟔𝟑𝒌𝑷𝒂
SITUATION 12
A barge floating along the Pasig River is in the form of a parallelepiped having
dimensions of 10m x 30m x 3m. When loaded, has a weight of 4500kN. Assuming the
specific gravity= 1.01 of the water in the river. Determine the draft of the barge, in
meter(s)

∑𝐹𝑣 = 0

3m BARGE
𝐵𝐹 − 𝑊 = 0
10m x 30m 𝐵𝐹 = γ𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑
W
𝐵𝐹 = 1.01(9.81)(10)(30)(𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑡)
Draft BARGE
2972.43 Draft = 4500
BF 𝐃𝐫𝐚𝐟𝐭 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟏 𝐦
A barge floating along the Pasig River is in the form of a parallelepiped having
dimensions of 10m x 30m x 3m. When loaded, has a weight of 4500kN. Assuming the
specific gravity= 1.01 of the water in the river. The center of gravity is located 4 m
from the bottom of the barge. Determine the metacentric height with respect to
rolling.

M
𝐼
𝑀𝐵𝑜 =
MG 𝑉

G 30 10 3 /12
30 m 𝑀𝐵𝑜 =
1.51 (10)(30)
BARGE
1.51 Bo 𝑀𝐵𝑜 = 5.52 m
10m x 30m
1.51
𝑀𝐺 = 5.52 − 4 −
2
10 m
𝑴𝑮 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟕𝟓 𝐦
A barge floating along the Pasig River is in the form of a parallelepiped having
dimensions of 10m x 30m x 3m. When loaded, has a weight of 4500kN. Assuming the
specific gravity= 1.01 of the water in the river. The center of gravity is located 4 m
from the bottom of the barge. Determine the metacentric height with respect to
pitching.

M
𝐼
𝑀𝐵𝑜 =
MG 𝑉

G 10 30 3 /12
30 m 𝑀𝐵𝑜 =
1.51 (10)(30)
BARGE
1.51 Bo 𝑀𝐵𝑜 = 49.67 m
10m x 30m
1.51
𝑀𝐺 = 49.67 − 4 −
2
10 m
𝑴𝑮 = 𝟒𝟔. 𝟒𝟐𝟓 𝐦
SITUATION 13
 The angle of internal friction of a cohesive soil which was tested using tri-
axial shear test is equal to 26.57°. Failure occurred when the shearing
stress is 250kPa and the normal stress is 480kPa. Determine the
following: 21. Deviator Stress at Failure

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝐵𝐷

𝐵 26.57° + α + 90° = 180°
α = 63.43°
R 250
c α 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐵𝐶𝐷
𝐴 26.57°
𝐶 𝐷 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛63.43 = 250

x 480
𝑅 = 279.52𝑘𝑃𝑎
2R = Δd
2𝑅 = 𝜟𝒅 = 𝟓𝟓𝟗. 𝟎𝟒𝒌𝑷𝒂
 The angle of internal friction of a cohesive soil which was tested using tri-
axial shear test is equal to 26.57°. Failure occurred when the shearing
stress is 250kPa and the normal stress is 480kPa. Determine the
following: 22. Cohesion of soil.

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝐵𝐶

𝐵 250
𝑡𝑎𝑛26.57 =
480+𝑥

𝐸 R 250
c x = 19.89
𝐴 26.57° α
𝐹 𝐶 𝐷

x 480 2R = Δd
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝐸𝐹
𝑐
tan26.57 =
19.89

𝒄 = 𝟗. 𝟗𝟓𝒌𝑷𝒂
The angle of internal friction of a cohesive soil which was tested using tri-
axial shear test is equal to 26.57°. Failure occurred when the shearing
stress is 250kPa and the normal stress is 480kPa. Determine the
following: 23. Max. Principal stress at failure

σ1 = 480 + 279.52𝑐𝑜𝑠63.43° + 279.52

𝝈𝟏 = 𝟖𝟖𝟒. 𝟓𝟓𝒌𝑷𝒂
279.52
26.57° α

480 559.04

σ1
 Find the minimum depth z for which the gate in the figure will open if the gate is
square.
𝐹𝐻 = 𝑝𝑐𝑔 𝐴 𝐼𝑔
𝑒=
𝐹𝐻 = (62.4)(𝑧 − 1.5)(3)(3) 𝐴𝑦
𝐹𝐻 = (62.4)(𝑧 − 1.5)(3)(3) 3(33 )/12
𝑒=
𝐹𝐻 = 561.6(𝑧 − 1.5) (3)(3)(𝑧 − 1.5)
𝐹𝐺 = 5 122 (3)(3) 0.75
z WATER 𝑒=
5 𝐹𝐺 = 6480 (𝑧 − 1.5)
psi

𝐹𝐺 𝑀𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 0
𝐹𝐻 GAS 3 ft
𝐹𝐻 1.5 + 𝑒 − 𝐹𝐺 1.5 = 0
𝐹𝐺 0.75
𝐹𝐻 561.6(𝑧 − 1.5) 1.5 + − 6480 1.5 = 0
(𝑧 − 1.5)
𝒛 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟑𝟖𝟓 𝐟𝐭
 Find the force on the conical plug in the figure. Neglect the weight of the plug.

𝐹𝑉 = 𝑝𝐴ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 + weight of water above the cone

AIR P=4.5 lb/in2 2 ft
𝐹𝑉 = 4.5 122 π 12 4 +
2
1
62.4 4 π 1 4 − π 12 4 1.207
3
WATER
4 ft 𝑭𝑽 = 𝟔𝟖𝟓. 𝟐𝟔 𝐥𝐛

1.207 ft
CON
E

1 ft
SITUATION 15
The cross section of the gate in the figure is given by 10𝑥 = 3𝑦 2 and its dimension
normal to the paper is 7 m. The gate is pivoted about point O. The depth of water
is 1.8 m. Find the horizontal force acting on the gate.

𝐹𝐻 = 𝑝𝑐𝑔 𝐴
𝐹𝐻 = (9.81)(0.9)(1.8)(7)
WATER 𝑭𝑯 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟒𝟓𝟒 𝐤𝐍

𝐹𝐻
𝑥
The cross section of the gate in the figure is given by 10𝑥 = 3𝑦 2 and its dimension
normal to the paper is 7 m. The gate is pivoted about point O. The depth of water
is 1.8 m. Find the vertical force acting on the gate.

𝑦 𝐹𝑉
𝐹𝑉 = weight of water above the gate
1.8
𝐹𝑉 = 9.81 7 𝑥𝑑𝑦
WATER 0
1.8

𝑥 𝐹𝑉 = 9.81 7 (0.3𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦

0
𝑭𝑽 = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟖𝟑 𝐤𝐍
The cross section of the gate in the figure is given by 10𝑥 = 3𝑦 2 and its dimension
normal to the paper is 7 m. The gate is pivoted about point O. The depth of water
is 1.8 m. Find the clockwise moment acting on the gate.

𝑦 𝐹𝑉
1.8
𝑥
𝑀𝑂 = 111.2454 1.8 3 + 9.81 7 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
0 2
1.8
WATER 1 2
𝑀𝑂 = 111.2454 1.8 3 + 9.81 7 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
0 2
𝐹𝐻
𝑥 𝑀𝑂 = 111.2454 1.8 2 +
1.8
1
9.81 7 0.3𝑦 2 2 𝑑𝑦
0 2
𝑴𝑶 = 𝟕𝟖. 𝟒𝟐𝟓𝟑 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦
SITUATION 16
 A retaining wall is required to retain a soil having a depth of 26ft. The dry unit
weight of soil is 100pcf with an angle of internal friction of 30°. Ground water
table is located 10ft below the level ground surface. The saturated unit weight
ot the soil below the water table is 120pcf. What is the resultant active force
on the wall?

1
𝐹1 = 2 333 10 = 1665

𝐹2 = 333 16 = 5328
10ft 𝐹1
0.333(100)(10) 𝐹1 1
𝐹3 = 306.893 16 = 2455.144
2
=333
1
𝐹4 = 2 998.4 16 = 7987.2

16ft 𝐹2
𝐹2
𝐹𝑅 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 + 𝐹3 + 𝐹4
𝐹4 𝐹3
𝐹4 𝐹3
62.4(16) 0.333(120-62.4)(16) 𝑭𝑹 = 𝟏𝟕𝟒𝟑𝟓. 𝟑𝟒𝟒𝒍𝒃
=998.4 306.893
A retaining wall is required to retain a soil having a depth of 26ft. The dry unit weight
of soil is 100pcf with an angle of internal friction of 30°. Ground water table is
located 10ft below the level ground surface. The saturated unit weight ot the soil
below the water table is 120pcf. What is the location of the active force on the wall
from the bottom?

𝐹𝑟 𝑦𝑏𝑜𝑡 = ∑𝐹𝑖 𝑦𝑖
10
17435.344𝑦𝑏𝑜𝑡 = 1665 + 16 + 5328(8)
10ft 3
16
0.333(100)(10) 𝐹1 +2455.144 +
3
=333 16
7987.2
3

16ft 𝒚𝒃𝒐𝒕 = 𝟕. 𝟒𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒕

𝐹2

𝐹4 𝐹3

62.4(16) 0.333(120-62.4)(16)
=998.4 306.893
 A retaining wall is required to retain a soil having a depth of 26ft. The dry unit
weight of soil is 100pcf with an angle of internal friction of 30°. Ground water
table is located 10ft below the level ground surface. The saturated unit weight
ot the soil below the water table is 120pcf. What is the overturning moment
developed by the active forces?

𝑀 = 𝐹𝑟 𝑦𝑟

10ft
0.333(100)(10) 𝐹1 𝑀 = 17435.344 7.485
=333

𝑴 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟓𝟎𝟑. 𝟓𝟓𝒍𝒃 − 𝒇𝒕
16ft 𝐹2

𝐹4 𝐹3

62.4(16) 0.333(120-62.4)(16)
=998.4 306.893
SITUATION 17
 A 7m deep braced cut in sand is shown in Figure no. 3. The struts are
placed at a spacing of 2m center to center. Using Peck’s empirical pressure
diagram. Determine the strut load at level A.

1−𝑠𝑖𝑛φ 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛30
𝐾𝑎 = = = 0.333
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛φ 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛30
A 1m

𝑅𝑎 1m
2m
Sand B
2m
φ=30° 𝑅𝑏1
γ=16kN/m3 2m
C = 24.24
∑𝑀𝑏 = 0
2m 𝑅𝑎 2 − 24.24 3 1.5 (2) = 0
𝑹𝒂 = 𝟏𝟎𝟗. 𝟎𝟖𝒌𝑵
0.65𝐾𝑎 γℎ
5m = 0.65 0.333 16 (7)
∑𝐹𝐻 = 0
𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑏1 = 24.24 3 2
= 24.24𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝑅𝑏1 = 36.36𝑘𝑁
 A 7m deep braced cut in sand is shown in Figure no. 3. The struts are
placed at a spacing of 2m center to center. Using Peck’s empirical pressure
diagram. Determine the strut load at level C.

1−𝑠𝑖𝑛φ 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛30
𝐾𝑎 = = = 0.333
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛φ 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛30
A 1m
𝑅𝑏2 24.24

2m 2m
Sand B 𝑅𝑐
φ=30°
γ=16kN/m3 2m 2m
C

2m ∑𝑀𝑏 = 0
𝑅𝑐 2 − 24.24 4 2 (2) = 0
𝑹𝒄 = 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟗𝟐𝒌𝑵
0.65𝐾𝑎 γℎ
5m = 0.65 0.333 16 (7) ∑𝐹𝐻 = 0
= 24.24𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 𝑅𝑐 + 𝑅𝑏2 − 24.24 4 (2) = 0
𝑹𝒃𝟐 = 𝟎𝒌𝑵
 A 7m deep braced cut in sand is shown in Figure no. 3. The struts are
placed at a spacing of 2m center to center. Using Peck’s empirical pressure
diagram. Determine the strut load at level B.

A 1m

2m
B 𝑅𝑏 = 𝑅𝑏1 + 𝑅𝑏2
Sand
φ=30°
γ=16kN/m3 2m
C 𝑅𝑏 = 36.36 + 0

2m
𝑹𝒃 = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟑𝟔𝒌𝑵
0.65𝐾𝑎 γℎ
5m = 0.65 0.333 16 (7)
= 24.24𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
A layer of soft clay having an initial void ratio of 1.50 is 10m thick. Under a
compressive load applied above it, the void ratio decreased by one-half. Find
the reduction in thickness of the clay layer.

𝐻Δ𝑒
𝑆=
1 + 𝑒𝑜
(10)(1.5 − 0.75)
𝑆=
1 + 1.50
𝑺=𝟑𝐦
The component of shear strength of a rock or soil that interparticle friction
is called:
a. plasticity b. skin friction c. adhesion d. cohesion

If the discharge passing a given cross section of a stream is constant with

time, the flow at that section is called
a. uniform b. continuous c. steady d. laminar

Section 302.4.5 of the National Structural Code of the Philippines C101-10)

provides that the slope of fill surfaces shall be no stiffer than is safe for the
intended use and shall not be steeper than
a. 1 to 1 b. 1 to 1.5 c. 1 to 3 d. 1 to 2
The volume of liquid passing a cross section of a stream…..
a. permeability b. discharge c. flow d. capillarity

A ship floating in seawater is stable if the metacenter

a. is below the center of gravity
b. is above the center of gravity
c. coincides with the center of gravity
d. if the draft of the ship causes a buoyant force weight of the
ship and its cargo.
Which of the following is not a component of the soil mass?
a. minerals b. organic matter c. gas d. none in the list

If with steady flow in any length or reach of a stream, the average velocity
at every cross section is the same in that reach, the flow is said to be
a. continuous b. steady c. laminar d. uniform

The cohesion strength of a cohesive soil Compression strength, qu, or

c=kqu, where k is equal to
a. 1.00 b. 0.33 c. 0.25 d. 0.50
A process by which water-saturated soil sediment temporarily loss
strength and acts as a fluid.
a. Consolidation b. Plasticity c. Settlement d. Liquefaction

The unit of weight of dry air (at 0oC and standard barometric pressure) in
N/meter3 is
a. 12.7 b. 13.8 c. 14.4 d. 11.4
In accordance with the Unified Soil Classification System, soil grains are
considered coarse grained if the percentage passing the No. 200 sieve is
less than
a. 30 b. 40 c. 50 d. 60

If water used to measure the atmospheric, to what height of column of the

liquid, in meters, would it rise?
a. 11.5 b. 10.3 c. 8.54 d. 9.62

𝐴𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 101.3𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑃 = γℎ
101.3 = 9.81 ℎ
𝒉 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝒎