9.1 Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) 9.2 Kinematics of Simple Harmonic Motion 9.3 Graphs of Simple Harmonic Motion 9.4 Period of Simple Harmonic Motion

Chapter --- Simple Harmonic Motion
9.1 Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) (1 Hour)

9.2 Kinematics of Simple Harmonic Motion (2 Hours)
9.3 Graphs of Simple Harmonic Motion (1 Hour)
9.4 Period of Simple Harmonic Motion (1 Hour)
9.1 SIMPLE HARMONIC

MOTION (SHM)
(a) Explain SHM as periodic
motion without loss of
energy
(b) Use SHM equation:

d 2x
a  2   x
2
dt
• SHM is about a system that doing a periodic
motion/ oscillations
• Examples of SHM system are simple pendulum, vertical
and horizontal spring oscillations

aa 
FF a
s
s Fs
x
O
O
x O x 
x
Fs a
9.1: SIMPLE GARMONIC MOTION (SHM)
Periodic motion/ oscillations
WHAT WHY
• The back & forth motion of • There is a force, restoring
an object about a fixed force FS which causes simple
point (equilibrium position) harmonic motion to occur
• This force is proportional to
the displacement from
 equilibrium & always
aa directed towards
FF
s
s equilibrium
x 
a
O Fs
O
x O x 
x
Fs a
9.1: SIMPLE GARMONIC MOTION (SHM)
Restoring force, FS: A force that tends to
restore the spring to its equilibrium position
Frequency (f)
• the number of cycles
Amplitude (A) in one second
• maximum magnitude • Unit: hertz (Hz):
of the displacement
from the equilibrium 1 Hz = 1 cycle s1 = 1 s1
position • Equation:
• Unit: metre (m) 2
  2f 
T
Period (T)
• the time taken for one
cycle
• Unit: second (s)
• Equation: 1
T
f
9.1: SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

The negative sign in the equation indicates that

• is defined as a periodic the direction of the acceleration, a is always
motion without loss of opposite to the direction of the displacement, x
energy in which the
acceleration of a body is
directly proportional to a x 2
 (9.1)
its displacement from the a: acceleration of the body
equilibrium position (fixed : angular frequency
point) and is directed x: displacement from the
towards the equilibrium equilibrium position, O
position but in opposite
2
direction of the d x
displacement a   x 2 2

dt
9.4 PERIOD OF SHM
Derive and use expression

for period of SHM, T for
simple pendulum and single
spring

a 
A) Horizontal spring oscillation Fs
 A spring is initially stretched with a m
displacement, x = A and then released
 According to Hooke’s law, 
Fs  0
Fs  kx
 The mass accelerates toward  Compare with a   2 x
equilibrium position, x = 0 by the
restoring force, Fs hence a  x executes
linear SHM
Fs  ma 2
k
ma  kx  
2
and 
k m T
a    x
m where
m
T  2
k
9.4: PERIOD OF SHM
 The object is then pulled downwards to a

B) Vertical spring oscillation distance, x and released as shown in figure
 Figure shows
a free light  F  ma
spring with F1  W  ma
spring constant,
  and F1  k x1  x 
k hung F1
vertically
x1
F  k x1  x    kx1   ma
O O  k
m x a a    x
 An object of mass, m is tied
to the lower end of the spring
m
m
as shown in figure. When the
object achieves an equilibrium  a  x Vertical
spring
condition, the spring is mg oscillation
stretched by an amount x1 .
FW  0  executes
F  0 mg
Thus
 kx1  W  0 linear SHM
W  kx1
9.4: PERIOD OF SHM
Simple pendulum oscillation

• Figure 9.18 shows the oscillation of the simple
pendulum of length, L.
L
 
T
x m P
O
Figure 9.18

mg
9.4: PERIOD OF SHM
 The restoring force, Fs contributed by the tangential

 A pendulum component of the weight pulls the bob back to
equilibrium position
Fs  mg sin 
bob is pulled
slightly to
point P. The L
string makes  
 By applying Newton’s second law of motion,
an angle,  to
the vertical T  F  ma  F mgx s g
 a    x
and the arc
length, x ma   L
x m P L
O mg cos   Compare with a   2 x
mg sin 
x  a  x Simple pendulum
sin    
executes linear
L SHM
x mg
Fs  mg   
g 2 L
L 
L
 2 and T  2
x L T g
9.4: PERIOD OF SHM
Example 9.9
A certain simple pendulum has a period on the Earth surface’s of
1.60 s. Determine the period of the simple pendulum on the
surface of Mars where its gravitational acceleration is 3.71 m s-2.
(g = 9.81 m s-2)
Solution: TE  1.60 s; g E  9.81 m s 2 ; g M  3.71 m s 2

The period of simple pendulum on the Earth’s surface is
l
TE  2 (1)
gE
But its period on the surface of Mars is given by
l
TM  2 (2)
gM
9.4: PERIOD OF SHM
Solution: TE  1.60 s; g E  9.81 m s 2 ; g M  3.71 m s 2
By dividing eqs. (1) and (2), thus
l
2
TE gE

TM l
2
gM
TE gM

TM gE
1.60 3.71

TM 9.81
TM  2.60 s
9.4: PERIOD OF SHM
Example 9.10
A mass m at the end of a spring vibrates with a frequency of
0.88 Hz. When an additional mass of 1.25 kg is added to the
mass m, the frequency is 0.48 Hz. Calculate the value of m.
Solution : f1  0.88 Hz; f 2  0.48 Hz; Δm  1.25 kg
The frequency of the spring is given by
1 m
f1  and T1  2
T1 k
1 k
f1  (1)
2 m
After the additional mass is added to the m, the frequency of the
spring becomes
1 k
f2  (2)
2 m  Δm
9.4: PERIOD OF SHM
Solution: f1  0.88 Hz; f 2  0.48 Hz; Δm  1.25 kg
By dividing eqs. (1) and (2), thus
1 k
f1
 2 m
f2 1 k
2 m  Δm
f1 m  Δm

f2 m
0.88 m  1.25

0.48 m
m  0.529 kg
9.4: PERIOD OF SHM
9.2 KINEMATICS OF SIMPLE

HARMONIC MOTION (SHM)
(a) Use SHM of displacement equation, x  A sin t
(b) Derive and apply equations:
(i) velocity, v  dx   A2  x 2
dt
(ii) acceleration, dv d 2 x
a  2   2 x
dt dt
1

(iii)kinetic energy K  m 2 A2  x 2
2
 and
potential energy, U  1 m 2 x 2
2
SHM
a = – 2x 2
=
𝑇
Spring:
Pendulum/ Swing
Horizontal/ Vertical
𝑘 𝑔
𝑎=− 𝑥 𝑎=− 𝑥
𝑚 𝐿
𝑘
2
= , 𝑘
𝑚 𝑚 2= , 𝐿
𝑇=2 𝑚 𝑇=2
𝑘 𝑘 𝑔 𝑔
= =
𝑚 𝐿

aa
FF
s
s
x O x x
O 
 a
x Fs
Fs a
O
4.2: KINEMATICS OF SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM)

  
  
    
  
 

DIFFERENTIATION OF TRIGONOMETRY FUNCTIONS
𝑦 = sin 𝑥 𝑦 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦= = cos x 𝑦= = −sin x
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
𝑦 = 2 = − sin 𝑥 𝑦 = 2 = − cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
• From Ch2
𝑥 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑥
𝑣=
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 𝑑2 𝑥
𝑎= = 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

y = sin x

y = 3 sin x

y = sin 2x

y = sin (2x + 1)
0.5


• Springs and Waves

behave very similar to
objects that move in
circles
• The radius of the circle
is symbolic of the
displacement, x, of a
spring or the
amplitude, A, of a
pendulum or wave

Displacement, x
• Uniform circular motion can be translated into linear SHM
and obtained a sinusoidal curve for displacement, x against
angular displacement, graph as shown in Figure 9.1
Figure 9.1

• Consider a complete round-trip in SHM: O→A→O→– A→O
x (m)
A A T
x
A A
θ t (s)
–A –A
• A = amplitude = radius of the circle A
• From the reference circle, the displacement θ
x = A sin θ
of the object from equilibrium: x  A sin 
• The object moves with a constant angular velocity, ω &
assuming at t = 0 s, θ = 0°,thus: 
    t
t
• In general the equation of displacement as a function of
time in SHM is given by
• It is the time-varying quantity (t + )
• Unit: radian (rad)
• is determined by the initial displacement and velocity
of the particle
phase
x  A sin  t   
displacement from
(9.2)
equilibrium position
Unit: metre (m)
Initial phase angle
amplitude (phase constant)
angular time
frequency

Initial phase angle (phase constant), 
• Indicate the starting point in SHM where the time, t = 0 s
 
• If  =0 , the equation 9.2 can be written as x  A sin  t
where the starting point of SHM is at the equilibrium
position, O
• For examples:
(a) At t = 0 s, x = +A x  A sin  t   
A  A sin 0   

  rad
A O A 2
 
Equation: x  A sin  t   OR x  A cos  t 
 2

  
  
    
  
 

(b) At t = 0 s, x =  A
x  A sin  t   
 A  A sin 0   
3 
 rad OR  rad
A O A 2 2
 3 
Equation: x  A sin   t   OR
 2 
 
x  A sin  t   OR
 2
x   A cos  t 

(c) At t = 0 s, x = 0, but v =  vmax


 vmax
A O A
Equation: x  A sin  t    OR
x   A sin  t 

Velocity, v
• From the definition of instantaneous velocity,
dx and x  A sin t
v
dt
v  A sin t 
d
dt
v  A sin (t   )
d
v  A cos (t   ) (9.3)
dt
• Eq. 9.3 is an equation of velocity as a function of time in SHM,
with it’s unit is m s– 1
• The maximum velocity, vmax occurs when cos(t+)=1
hence
vmax  A  (9.4)
• If  = 0 , equation (9.5) becomes
v  A cos t
Relationship between velocity, v and displacement, x
• From the eq. 9.3: v  A  cos( t   ) (1)
• From the eq. 9.2: x  A sin  t   
sin t    
x
(2)
A
• From the trigonometry identical,
sin 2   cos 2   1   t   
and
cos t     1  sin 2 t    (3)
• By substituting equations (3) and (2) into equation (1), thus
2

 x    A2  A2  x 2

v  A 1     v   A  x2 2
 A2  (9.5)
 A  
v  A cos t
Acceleration, a
• From the definition of instantaneous acceleration,
and v  A cos t   
dv
a
dt
a   A cos( t   )
d
dt d
a  A cos( t   )    sin( t   )
2
a A (9.6)
dt
• Eq. 9.6 is an equation of acceleration as a function of time in
SHM and it’s unit is m s-2
• The maximum acceleration, amax occurs when
sin (t+) = 1 hence
a max  A  2
(9.7)
• If  = 0 , equation (9.8) becomes
a   A 2 sin t
Relationship between acceleration, a & displacement, x
• From the eq. (9.6) : a   2 A sin(  t   ) (1)
• From the eq. (9.4) : x  A sin  t    (2)
• By substituting eq. (2) into eq. (1), therefore
a   2 x

Caution:
Some of the reference books use other general equation for
displacement in SHM such as
x  A cos  t    (9.8)
The equation of velocity in term of time, t becomes
dx
v   A sin(  t   ) (9.9)
dt
And the equation of acceleration in term of time, t becomes
dv
a   A 2 cos( t   ) (9.10)
dt

Example 9.1: An object executes SHM whose
displacement x varies with time t according to the relation
 
x  8 sin  3t  
 2
where x is in centimetres and t is in seconds. Determine
(a) the amplitude, frequency, period and phase constant of
the motion,
(b) the velocity and acceleration of the object at any time, t,
(c) the displacement, velocity and acceleration of the
object at t = 2 s,
(d) the maximum speed and maximum acceleration of the
object.

Solution:
b. i. Differentiating x respect to time, thus
dx d    
v   8 sin  3t   
dt dt   2 
 
v  83  cos 3t  
 2
 
v  24 cos 3t  
 2
where v is in cm s  1 and t is in seconds.

b. ii. Differentiating v respect to time, thus
dv d    
a   24 cos 3t   
dt dt   2 
 
a  24 3  sin  3t  
 2
 
a  72 sin  3t  
2
 2
where a is in cm s  2 and t is in seconds.

c. For t = 2 s
i. The displacement of the object is
 
x  8 sin  3 2   
 2
x  8 cm
ii. The velocity of the object is
 
v  24 cos 3 2   
1
 2 
v  0 cm s
OR v   A 2  x 2
 2  8    8 
2 2
v  0 cm s 1
c. For t = 2 s
iii. The acceleration of the object is
 
a  72 sin  3 2   
2
 2
a   72 cm s   711 cm s
2 2 2
OR
a   x2
  3  8 
2
a   72 2 cm s 2   711 cm s 2

d. i. The maximum speed of the object is given by
v max  A 
 8 3 
v max  24 cm s 1
ii. The maximum acceleration of the object is
a max   2 A
 3  8 
2
a max  72 cm s
2 2

Example 9.2: A body hanging from one end of a vertical
spring performs vertical SHM. The distance between two
points, at which the speed of the body is zero is 7.5 cm. If
the time taken for the body to move between the two points
is 0.17 s,
(a) determine the amplitude of the motion,
(b) the frequency of the motion,
(c) the maximum acceleration of body in the motion.
Solution: (a) The amplitude is
7.5  10 2
A  3.75  10  2 m
A 2
(b) The period of the motion is
7.5 cm O t  0 .17 s T  2t  20.17 
m T  0 .34 s
A
Solution:
b. Therefore the frequency of the motion is
1 1
f  
T 0.34
f  2 .94 Hz
c. From the equation of the maximum acceleration
in SHM, hence
a max  A  and   2f
2
 A2f 
2
a max
a max  
 3.75  10 2 2.94 
2 2
a max  12 .8 m s 2

Example 9.3: An object of mass 450 g oscillates from a
vertically hanging light spring once every 0.55 s. The
oscillation of the mass-spring is started by being
compressed 10 cm from the equilibrium position and
released.
(a) Write down the equation giving the object’s
displacement as a function of time.
(b) How long will the object take to get to the equilibrium
position for the first time?
(c) Calculate
(i) the maximum speed of the object,
(ii) the maximum acceleration of the object.

Solution: m  0 .450 kg; T  0 .55 s
a. The amplitude of the motion is A  10 cm
The angular frequency of the oscillation is
2 2
 
T 0.55
  11.4 rad s 1
10 cm m t  0 and the initial phase angle is given by
x  A sint   
A  A sin0   
0

 10 cm   rad
2
Therefore the equation of the displacement as a function

of time is x  A sin  t   
 
x  10 sin 11.4t   OR x  10 cos 11 .4t 
 2
where x is in cm and t is in seconds.
b. At the equilibrium position, x = 0
  T 0.55
x  10 sin 11.4t   OR t  
 2 4 4
  t  0 .138 s
0  10 sin 11.4t  
 2
 
11.4t    sin 0 
1
 2
 
11.4t    
 2
t  0 .138 s

c. i. The maximum speed of the object is
vmax  A 
v max  0 .111.4 
v max  1 .14 m s 1
ii. The maximum acceleration of the object is

a max  A  2
a max  0.111.4 
2
a max  13 .0 m s 2

Potential energy, U
• Consider the oscillation of a spring as a SHM hence the
potential energy for the spring is given by
1 2
U  kx and k  m 2
2
1
U  m 2 x 2 (9.11)
2
• The potential energy in term of time, t is given by

U  m 2 x 2 and x  A sint   
1
2
U  m 2 A 2 sin 2 t   
1
(9.12)
2

Kinetic energy, K
• The kinetic energy of the object in SHM is given by
1 2
K  mv and v   A 2
 x 2
2
K  m A  x 
1 2 2 2
(9.13)
2
• The kinetic energy in term of time, t is given by
K  mv and v  A  cos  t   
1 2
2
K  m  2 A 2 cos 2  t   
1
(9.14)
2

Total energy, E
• The total energy of a body in SHM is the sum of its kinetic
energy, K and its potential energy, U
E  K U
• From the principle of conservation of energy, this total energy is
always constant in a closed system hence
E  K  U  constant
• The equation of total energy in SHM is given by
1
2
2 2

2 1
E  m A  x  m x
2
2 2
1
E  m 2 A 2 (9.15)
2 Simulation 9.2
1
OR E  kA2 (9.16)
2
Example 9.4: An object of mass 50.0 g is connected to a spring
with a force constant of 35.0 N m-1 oscillates on a horizontal
frictionless surface with an amplitude of 4.00 cm. Determine
(a) the total energy of the system,
(b) the speed of the object when the position is 1.00 cm,
(c) the kinetic and potential energy when the position is 3.00 cm.
3 1 2
Solution: m  50 .0  10 kg; k  35 .0 N m ; A  4 .00  10 m
a. By applying the equation of the total energy in SHM, thus
1 2
E  kA
2
1
2

E  35.0  4.00  10  2 
2
E  2 .80  10 2 J

b. The speed of the object when x = 1.00 x 10-2 m
k
v   A  x and
2 2 
m
v
k
m
 A2  x 2
35.0  2 2 
3  
v 4.00  10   1.00  10  
2 2
50.0  10  
v  1.03 m s 1

c. The kinetic energy of the object when x = 3.00  10-2 m
is
K
2
1

m 2 A 2  x 2  and k  m 
2
1

K  k A2  x 2
2

1
2

K  35.0  4.00  10   3.00  10 
2 2 2 2

K  1 .23  10 2 J
and the potential energy of the object when x = 3.00  10-2
m is
35.0 3.00  10 
1 2 1
U
2 2
kx U
2 2
U  1 .58  10 2 J
Exercise 9.1
1. A mass which hangs from the end of a vertical helical spring is
in SHM of amplitude 2.0 cm. If three complete oscillations take
4.0 s, determine the acceleration of the mass
(a) at the equilibrium position,
(b) when the displacement is maximum.
U think ; 44.4 cm s-2
2. A body of mass 2.0 kg moves in simple harmonic motion. The
displacement x from the equilibrium position at time t is given
by  
x  6.0 sin 2 t  
 6
where x is in metres and t is in seconds. Determine
(a) the amplitude, period and phase angle of the SHM.
(b) the maximum acceleration of the motion.
(c) the kinetic energy of the body at time t = 5 s.
6.0 m, 1.0 s, /3 rad; 24.0-2 m s-2; 355 J
3. A horizontal plate is vibrating vertically with SHM at a
frequency of 20 Hz. What is the amplitude of vibration so
that the fine sand on the plate always remain in contact with
it?
6.21  10-4 m
4. An object of mass 2.1 kg is executing simple harmonic
motion, attached to a spring with spring constant k = 280 N
m 1. When the object is 0.020 m from its equilibrium
position, it is moving with a speed of 0.55 m s– 1. Calculate
(a) the amplitude of the motion
(b) the maximum velocity attained by the object.
5.17  10-2 m; 0.597 m s-1
5. A simple harmonic oscillator has a total energy of E.
(a) Determine the kinetic energy and potential energy when
the displacement is one half the amplitude.
(b) For what value of the displacement does the kinetic
energy equal to the potential energy?
(¾)E, (¼)E, (2/2)E
x  A sint
v  A cos t v   A  x 2 2
a   A sin t
2
a   x 2
1
U  m x
2 2

2 a
Fs
x
 
O
1 O
K  m A  x
2 2 2 x O x x
2
9.3 GRAPHS OF SHM

Sketch, interpret and distinguish the following
graphs:
(i) displacement-time
(ii) velocity-time
(iii) acceleration–time
(iv) energy-displacement
Graphs of SHM
Graph of displacement-
time (x-t)
• General equation of
displacement as a
function of time in SHM, x
x  A sint    Period
▫ If  = 0 , thus
x  A sin  t  Amplitude
▫ The displacement-time
graph is shown in
Figure 9.3
Figure 9.3
Simulation 9.3
9.3: GRAPHS OF SHM
• For examples:
a. At t = 0 s, x = +A
Equation:
 
x  A sin  t   x
 2
OR
x  A cos  t 
Graph of x against t:
9.3: GRAPHS OF SHM

b. At t = 0 s, x = A
Equation:
 3 
x  A sin  t  
 2 
OR
x
 
x  A sin  t  
 2
OR
x   A cos  t 
Graph of x against t:
9.3: GRAPHS OF SHM

How to sketch the x against t graph when   0
Sketch the x against t graph for the following expression:
 π
x  2 cm sin  2t  
• From the expression,  2
▫ the amplitude, A  2 cm
▫ the angular frequency,   2 rad s 1 
2
T 1s
T
• Sketch the x against t graph for equation
T
4
9.3: GRAPHS OF SHM

• Because of  T hence shift the y-axis to
   rad  t  the right by T
2 4
• Sketch the new graph. 4
RULES
If  = negative value
shift the y-axis to the left
If  = positive value
shift the y-axis to the right
9.3: GRAPHS OF SHM

Example 9.5: The displacement of an oscillating object as a
function of time is shown in Figure 9.2.
x(cm)
15.0
0 t (s)
0 .8
 15.0
Figure 9.2
From the graph above, determine for these oscillations
(a) the amplitude, the period and the frequency,
(b) the angular frequency,
(c) the equation of displacement as a function of time,
(d) the equation of velocity and acceleration as a function of time.
9.3: GRAPHS OF SHM

Solution:
a. From the graph,
Amplitude, A  0.15 m
Period, T  0.8 s
Frequency, 1 1
f  
T 0.8
f  1.25 Hz
b. The angular frequency of the 2 2
oscillation is given by  
T 0.8 1
  2.5 rad s
c. From the graph, when t = 0, x = 0 thus   0
By applying the general equation of displacement in SHM
x  A sin t    x  0.15 sin 2.5t 
where x is in metres and t is in seconds.
9.3: GRAPHS OF SHM
d. i. The equation of velocity as a function of time is
 0.15 sin 2.5t 

dx d
v
dt dt
v  0.152.5 cos 2.5t
v  0.375 cos 2.5t
where v is in m s 1 and t is in seconds.
ii. and the equation of acceleration as a function of time is
 0.375 cos 2.5t 

dv d
a
dt dt
a  0.375 2.5 sin 2.5t
a  0.938 2 sin 2.5t
where a is in m s 2 and t is in seconds.
9.3: GRAPHS OF SHM
Graph of velocity-time (v-t)

• From the general equation • From the relationship
of velocity as a function of between velocity and
time in SHM, displacement,
v  A cost    v   A  x 2 2
▫ If  = 0 , thus
v  A cost  thus the graph of velocity
▫ The velocity-time graph against displacement
is shown in Figure 9.3 (v-x) is shown in Figure 9.4
Figure 9.3
Figure 9.4
9.3: GRAPHS OF SHM

Graph of acceleration-time (a-t)
• From the general equation • From the relationship between
of acceleration as a function acceleration and displacement,
of time in SHM, thus the graph of a   2
x
a   A 2 sint   
acceleration against
displacement (a-x) is
▫ If  = 0 , thus
shown in Figure 9.7.
a   A 2 sin t 
▫ The acceleration-time
graph is shown in Figure
9.5
• The gradient of the a-x

graph =
Figure 9.5
gradient , m   2
9.3: GRAPHS OF SHM
Example 9.6 a(m s 2 )
0.80
 4.00 0 4.00 x(cm)
Figure 611  0.80

Figure 9.6 shows the relationship between the acceleration a and
its displacement x from a fixed point for a body of mass 2.50 kg at
which executes SHM. Determine
(a) the amplitude,
(b) the period,
(c) the maximum speed of the body,
(d) the total energy of the body.
9.3: GRAPHS OF SHM

Solution: m  2.50 kg
2
a. The amplitude of the motion is A  4.00 10 m
2
b. From the graph, the maximum acceleration is amax  0.80 m s
By using the equation of maximum acceleration, thus
amax  A 2 and   2
 2 
2
T
amax  A 
T 
 2  2 
2
0.80  4.00 10   T  1.40 s

T 
OR The gradient of the a-x graph is
y2  y1 0  0.80
gradient     2

x2  x1 0   4.00 10 2 
 2 
2
 20    T  1.40 s
T 
9.3: GRAPHS OF SHM
c. By applying the equation of the maximum speed, thus
2
vmax  A and  
 2  T
vmax  A 
T 
 2  2 
vmax  4.00 10  
1  1.40 
vmax  0.180 m s
d. The total energy of the body is given by
1
E  m 2 A2
2
 2 
2
E  2.50  4.00 10 

1 2 2
2  1.40 
E  4.03 102 J
9.3: GRAPHS OF SHM
x

  3
2
x  A sin  t 
  
 
 
2 
v  A  cos  t 
At, , t = 0 At, , t =T/4

x=0 x=A a   A  2 sin  t 
v = A (max) v=0
a=0 a = – 2 A (min)
9.3: GRAPHS OF SHM

9.3: GRAPHS OF SHM

Graph of energy-displacement (E-x)
• The equations of kinetic, potential and total energies as a term of
displacement
1
K  m A  x
2
2 2
2
 ;
1
U  m 2 x 2 and
1
E  m 2 A2
2
2
thus the graph of energy against displacement (a-x) is shown
in Figure 9.7 1
E  m A 2 2
2
1
U  m 2 x 2
2
Figure 9.7 1 2 2 2
K  m A  x
2
 
9.3: GRAPHS OF SHM
• The graph of Energy against time (E-t) is shown in Figure
9.8
Energy
1
E  m 2 A2
2
U  m 2 A2 sin 2 t 
1
2
K  m 2 A2 cos 2 t 
1
2
t
Simulation 9.4
Figure 9.8
9.3: GRAPHS OF SHM

Example 9.7 x ( m)
0.2
0 t (s)
1 2 3 4 5
 0.2
Figure 9.9
Figure 9.9 shows the displacement of an oscillating object of
mass 1.30 kg varying with time. The energy of the oscillating
object consists the kinetic and potential energies. Calculate
(a) the angular frequency of the oscillation,
(b) the sum of this two energy.
9.3: GRAPHS OF SHM

Solution: m  1.30 kg
From the graph,
Amplitude, A  0.2 m
Period, T  4 s
2 2
a. The angular frequency is given by  
T 4

  rad s 1
2
b. The sum of the kinetic and potential energies is
1
E  m 2 A2
2
 
2
E  1.30  0.2
1 2
2  22 
E  6.42 10 J
9.3: GRAPHS OF SHM
Phase difference, 
• Considering two SHM with the following equations,
x1  A1 sin 1t  1  x2  A2 sin 2t  2 
• is defined as   phase 2   phase 1 
  2t  2   1t  1 
• For examples,
a.
x
x2  A cost 
A
x2
OR
t  
0 T T x2  A sin  t  
2 x1  2
A x1  A sin t 
9.3: GRAPHS OF SHM
• Thus the phase difference is given by
 
Δ   t    t 
 2

Δ  rad
• If  > 0 , hence 2
x2 leads the x1 by phase difference ½ rad and constant with
x time.
b.
A
x2   A cost 
OR
 
0 T T t x2  A sin  t  
2 x1  2
A x1  A sin t 
x2
9.3: GRAPHS OF SHM
• Thus the phase difference is given by
 
Δ   t    t 
 2

Δ   rad
2
• If  > 0 , hence x2 lags behind the x1 by phase difference ½ rad
and constant with time.
x
c.
A
x2 x2   A sin t 
OR
0 t x2  A sin t   
T T
2 x1 x1  A sin t 
A
9.3: GRAPHS OF SHM

▫ Thus the phase difference is given by
Δ  t     t 
Δ   rad
▫ If  = ± , hence
x2 is antiphase with the x1 and constant with time.
d. x
A x2  A sin t 
x1  A sin t 
x2 The phase difference is
Δ  t   t 
0 T T t
2 x1 Δ  0
Simulation 9.5 A
Simulation 9.6 ▫ If  = 0 , hence

x2 is in phase with the x1 and constant with time.
9.3: GRAPHS OF SHM
Example 9.8
x(cm)
4
0 1.0 2.0 3 .0 t (s)

4
Figure 9.17 shows the variation of displacement, x with time, t for an object in SHM.
(a) Determine the amplitude, period Figure 9.17 of the motion.
and frequency
(b) Another SHM leads the SHM above by phase difference of0.5 radian where the
amplitude and period of both SHM are the same. On the same axes, sketch the
displacement, x against time, t graph for both SHM.
Solution:
a. From the graph,
Amplitude,
Period, A  4 cm
T is 2given
The frequency .0 sby
1 1
st
f  
b. Equation for 1 SHM (from T
the graph):
2.0
f  0.5 Hz
x1  A sin t   
x1  A sin 2ft   
 
x1  4 sin  t  
 2
Solution:
b. The 2nd SHM leads the 1st SHM by the phase difference of 0.5
radian thus 
Δ   rad
2  
Δ  t      t  
 2

Equation for 2nd SHM : t     

 t      rad
2  2
x2  4 sin t   
x(cm)
4 x1
x2
0 3 .0
t (s)
1.0 2.0
4
Summary :
Chapter --- Simple Harmonict Motion
x v a K U
amax
1 2
0 A 0  A 2 0 kA
 max 2
vmax
T 1
0  A 0 mA2 2 0
4 2
v   A2  x 2
amax
a   2 x T 1 2
 max 1 2 A 0 A 2
0 kA
K  mv 2 2
vmax 2
1 2 3T 1
U  kx 0 A 0 2
mA2 2 0
2 4
amax
1 2
T A 0  A 2 0 kA
 max 2
A O A
THE END.
Next Chapter…
CHAPTER 10 :
Mechanical waves

9.1 Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) 9.2 Kinematics of Simple Harmonic Motion 9.3 Graphs of Simple Harmonic Motion 9.4 Period of Simple Harmonic Motion

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9.1 Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) 9.2 Kinematics of Simple Harmonic Motion 9.3 Graphs of Simple Harmonic Motion 9.4 Period of Simple Harmonic Motion

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Chapter --- Simple Harmonic Motion

9.1 Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) (1 Hour)

9.1 SIMPLE HARMONIC

(b) Use SHM equation:

9.1: SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

The negative sign in the equation indicates that

9.4 PERIOD OF SHM

Derive and use expression

 The object is then pulled downwards to a

Simple pendulum oscillation

 The restoring force, Fs contributed by the tangential

Solution: TE  1.60 s; g E  9.81 m s 2 ; g M  3.71 m s 2

9.2 KINEMATICS OF SIMPLE

4.2: KINEMATICS OF SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM)

9.1: SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

9.1: SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

9.1: SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

9.1: SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

9.1: SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

9.1: SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

9.1: SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

• Springs and Waves

4.2: KINEMATICS OF SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM)

4.2: KINEMATICS OF SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM)

4.2: KINEMATICS OF SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM)

4.2: KINEMATICS OF SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM)

9.1: SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

4.2: KINEMATICS OF SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM)

(c) At t = 0 s, x = 0, but v =  vmax

4.2: KINEMATICS OF SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM)

• From the eq. (9.6) : a   2 A sin(  t   ) (1)

• From the eq. (9.4) : x  A sin  t    (2)

• By substituting eq. (2) into eq. (1), therefore

4.2: KINEMATICS OF SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM)

4.2: KINEMATICS OF SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM)

4.2: KINEMATICS OF SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM)

4.2: KINEMATICS OF SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM)

b. ii. Differentiating v respect to time, thus

4.2: KINEMATICS OF SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM)

4.2: KINEMATICS OF SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM)

4.2: KINEMATICS OF SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM)

4.2: KINEMATICS OF SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM)

4.2: KINEMATICS OF SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM)

4.2: KINEMATICS OF SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM)

ii. The maximum acceleration of the object is

4.2: KINEMATICS OF SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM)

• The potential energy in term of time, t is given by

4.2: KINEMATICS OF SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM)

4.2: KINEMATICS OF SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM)

4.2: KINEMATICS OF SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM)

4.2: KINEMATICS OF SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM)

9.3 GRAPHS OF SHM

9.3: GRAPHS OF SHM

9.3: GRAPHS OF SHM

9.3: GRAPHS OF SHM

9.3: GRAPHS OF SHM

9.3: GRAPHS OF SHM

 0.15 sin 2.5t 

 0.375 cos 2.5t 

Graph of velocity-time (v-t)

9.3: GRAPHS OF SHM

• The gradient of the a-x

 4.00 0 4.00 x(cm)