PowerPlantEqui

pment
BEL4thyearpar
t-
I

QN1 Twogener ator

sofcapaci t
ies600MW and400MW ar econnectedi nparal
leltosupplya
commonl oadof600MW.Thei rdr
oopregul
ati
onsare4%and5%r especti
velyw.r
.t
.thei
r
respecti
verati
ngs.Atno-
load,theyoper
atesatacommonf requencyof51Hz.Howt hey
willsharethecommonl oadof600MW? Whent hel
oadisi ncreased by100MW,at
whichf r
equencytheywil
loperateandcal
culat
ethepowersuppliedbyeachgener ator
.

Sol
uti
on:

LetPbase=1000MW,
fbase=50Hz

Atno-
load,
bot
hgener
ator
soper
atesatacommonf
requencyf
NL=51Hz

f
NL(
pu)=51Hz/f
base =51/50=1.
02pu

Case-
1:Whenacommonl oadPL=600W =600/ 1000=0. 6pu
Letusassumet hatgeneratorsareoper
atedatno-loadwit
hf=51Hz=1.02pu
Andwhenl oadedupt oPL=600MW, l
etfrequencydecr
easest
of1.
Thenchangei nfr
equency∆f 1=fNL–f1 andG1suppl i
esP1andG2suppl
i
esP2.
Theref
orefrom no-l
oadtoPL=600MW
∆P1 =P1 and∆P2=P2 asshowni nFigure.
Asperdefi
ni t
ionofdroopregulat
ion,

Ther
efor
e,∆f
1=R1×∆P1 f
orG1 andf
orG2∆f
1=R2×∆P2

As∆f
1iscommonf
orbot
hgener
ator
s,∆f
1=R1×∆P1=R2×∆P2

And ∆P1+∆P2 =PL =0.

6pu(
eqn2)

1
 OR OR OR
Thenf
rom eqn2 ∆P1+∆P2 =0.
6pu Or∆P1 =0.
6pu-∆P2 = 0.
6pu–0.
207=
0.
393pu

I
nabsol
utev
alue:∆P1 =0.393pu×Pbase=0.393×1000MW =393MW
∆P2 =0.207pu×Pbase=0.207×1000MW =207MW

:P1 =393MW andP2 =207MW

Thatmeans:

Now,∆f1=R1×∆P1 =0.
066×0.
393=0.
0259pu=0.
0259×f
base =0.
0259×50Hz
=1.
295Hz
Ther
efor
e,f
1=fNL–∆f1=51Hz–1.295Hz=49.
29Hz

Case-
2:Whenaload∆PL=100W =100/1000=0.1pui
sswi
tchedON:
Letnewf
requency=f
2 asshowni
nFigbel
ow:

Her
e,∆P1+∆P2 =0.
1pu(
eqn-
3) and∆f
2=R1×∆P1=R2×∆P2

Or (
eqn-
4)

Fr
om (
eqn-
3): Or

OR OR ∆P2 =0.
0345pu
And∆P1 =0.
1pu-∆P2 =0.
1–0.
0345=0.
0655pu
2
 I
nabsoluteval
ue:∆P1 =0. 0655pu×Pbase=0.
0655×1000MW =65. 5MW
∆P2 =0.0345pu×Pbase=0. 0345×1000MW =34.5MW
∆f2=R1×∆P1 =0.066×0.0655=0. 00423 pu=0.00423×f
base =0.
00423×50Hz
=0.
216Hz
Ther
efore,f
2=f1–∆f 1=49.29Hz–0. 216Hz=49.07Hz

Powersuppli
edbyeachgener
ator
:
PowersuppledbyG1=P1+∆P1=393MW +65.
i 5MW =458.5MW
PowersuppledbyG2=P2+∆P2=207MW +34.
i 5MW =241.5MW
_
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QN2 Figurebelow showst

wogener atorsoperatingi nparal
l
elandsuppl yi
ngal oadof 800
MW.G1i sr at
edas800MW andG2i sratedas300MW.G1 suppl i
es600MW andG2
supplies200MW andsy st
em frequencyis50Hz.Atno- load,t
heyoperateatacommon
frequencyof51Hz.Calculat
edr oopregulationsR1 andR2 ofG1 andG2 withrespectto
theirrati
ngs.Assume base power= 1000 MW.When t he l
oad is decreased,the
frequencyincr
easest
o50.2Hz.Cal culat
et het otall
oadinMW andl oadshar edbyeach
generatorat49Hz.
Ans:R1=0.
026pu,R2=0.
03pu,
P1new=720MW,
P2new=240MW

Case-
1:WhenG1 suppl
i
es600MW andG2suppl
i
es200MW andsy
stem f
requencyi
s
50Hz.Atno-
load,t
heyoper
ateatacommonfrequencyof51Hz.
Thesef
actsareshowninDroopchaccur
vesi
nFigshownbelow:

3
LetPbase=1000MW,f
base=50Hz
From No-loadt
o800MW load:
P1=∆P1 =600MW =600/ 1000=0.
6pu
P2=∆P2 =200MW =600/ 1000=0.
2pu

Whenthel
oadi
ncr
easesf
rom no-
loadt
o800MW,thechangei
nfr
equencyi
s:
∆f=fNL–f
1=51Hz–50Hz=1Hz=1Hz/f base=1/50=0.02pu

Asperdef
ini
ti
onofdr
oopr
egul
ati
on,
(
Basedon1000MW basepower
)

And (
Basedon1000MW basepower
)

NowR1basedoni
tsownr
ati
ngof800MW i
sgi
venby
:

AndR2basedoni
tsownr
ati
ngof300MW i
sgi
venby
:

Case-
2:Whent
hel
oaddecr
easesbysomeamount
,thef
requencyi
ncr
easest
of2=50.
2
Hz
Thi
sisshowni
ndr
oopcur
vesbel
ow:

4
 Theoper
ati
ngpoi
ntf
orG1i
sshi
ft
edt
o‘A’
andpowergener
ati
ondecr
easest
oP1(new)
Theoper
ati
ngpoi
ntf
orG2i
sshi
ft
edt
o‘B’
andpowergener
ati
ondecr
easest
oP2(new)

Her
e,∆f=f
2–f
1=50.
2Hz–50Hz=0.
2Hz=0.
2Hz/f
base=1/
50=0.
004pu

Asperdef
ini
ti
onofdr
oopr
egul
ati
on,
×Pbase =0.
12pu×1000MW =120

MW
×Pbase =0.
04pu×1000MW =40

MW
Therefore,Newgener ati
onofG1=P1(new)=P1-∆P1=600–120=480M
AndNewgener ati
onofG2=P2(new)=P2-∆P2=200–40=160MW
__
___
________
_ _
_ _
______
_________
______
_______
____
_ _
___
___
__________
________
__
QN3 Thr eegener at
inguni t
sof600MW,400MW and200MW capaci t
iesrespecti
vely
areoperatinginpar all
elandsupplyingpowertoacommonl oadatacommon
fr
equencyof50Hz.Thef i
rstunitsuppli
es300MW,t heseconduni tsupplies
200MW and t hethi r
d unitsuppl
ies100MW.Atno- load,theyoper atesata
commonf requencyof50. 6Hz.Whent heloadisi
ncreasedby200MW,atwhi ch
fr
equencyt heywill
oper at
e.Alsocalcul
atethepowersuppliedbyeachgener ator.

Ans:

5
Thef
igur
eabov
eshowstheoper
ati
onati
nit
iall
oadi
ngcondi
ti
onandaddi
ti
onal
l
oadof∆P=200MW i
sswit
chedONlat
er.

Case-
1:No-
loadt
oini
ti
all
oadcondi
ti
on:

G1,
G2andG3operat
esati
nit
ial
operati
ngpoint
sA1, B1andC1r
espect
ivel
yandG1,
G2andG3suppl
i
espowerofP1,P2andP3respect
ively
.

LetPbase=1000MW,fbase=50Hz
ThenP1=300MW /Pbase=300/ 1000=0.
3pu
P2=200MW /Pbase=200/1000=0.
2pu
P1=100MW /Pbase=100/1000=0.
1pu

ForNo-
loadt
oini
ti
all
oadcondi
ti
on:
∆P1 =P1=300MW =0.3pu
∆P2 =P2=200MW =0.2pu
∆P3 =P3=100MW =0.1pu

Fr
om No-
loadtoint
ial
loadchangei
nfr
equencyi
s:
∆f1=f
NL–f1=50.
6Hz–50Hz=0. 6Hz=0.6Hz/f base=0.
6/50=0.
012pu

Asperdef
ini
ti
onofdr
oopr
egul
ati
on,

6
Case-
2:Whent
hel oadisi
ncreasedby:∆P=200MW /1000=0.
2pu
Frequencydecreasest
of2(
say
)asshowninFi
gbelow:

Nowt henewoper
ati
ngpointsofG1,
G2andG3ar eA2,B2andC2r espect
ivel
yand
cor
respondi
ngnewgener
ationsar
eP1(new),
P2(new)andP3(new)r
especti
vel
y.

Theref
ore,forload change f
rom 600MW to 600MW+200MW cor
respondi
ng
i
ncreaseinpowergenerati
onare:
∆P1,∆P2and∆P3respect
ivel
y.

Asperdef
ini
ti
onofdr
oopr
egul
ati
on,

and

Al
soTot
alchangei
nloadi
s:∆P=∆P1+∆P2+∆P3

OR

7
 OR

Ther
efor
e,
I
nabsol
utev
alue:

Then

I
nabsol
utev
alues:

Newf
requencyf
2=f
1-∆f
2=50Hz–0.
2Hz=49.
8Hz.

Newgenerat
ion:
Powersuppl
i
edbyG1:P1(new)=P1+∆P1=300MW +100MW =400MW
Powersuppl
i
edbyG2:P2(new)=P2+∆P2=200MW +66.
6MW =266.
6MW
Powersuppl
i
edbyG3:P3(new)=P3+∆P3=100MW +33.
3MW =100.
3MW

QN4 Two gener ati

ng units of500MW and 250 MW capaci ti
es r espect
ively are
operati
ng in parall
eland supply
ing powerto a common l oad.When each
generatorishalfloaded,t
heyoperateatacommonf requencyof50Hz.I ft he
droopr egul
ati
onof500MW gener atori
ssetat5%basedoni t
sr ati
ng,whatmust
bethedr oopregulati
onof250MW gener at
ingunitbasedoni tsownr at
ingshow
thattheysharethechangeinloadaccordi
ngtotheircapacit
ies. { Ans:0.05pu)

Ans:

8
Theabovef
igureshowst hepar
all
eloperat
edG1andG2athalfload.
Oper
ati
ngpointofG1isA1andcorrespondingpowergener
ati
onisP1=250MW
Oper
ati
ngpointofG2isB1andcorrespondi
ngpowergenerati
onisP2=125MW
Thei
rcommonf requencyf1=50Hz

LetPbase=500MW, f
base=5 0Hz
ThenP1=250MW/Pbase=250MW/500MW =0.
5pu
P2=125MW/Pbase=125MW/500MW =0.
25pu
f1=50Hz/f base=50/50=1pu

Ifthe load was changed f r

om No- l
oad to hal
fload,the sy
stem f
requency
decreasesby∆f( pu)and∆P1and∆P2bet heloadsharedbyG1andG2.
From thedroopcurves,iti
sclearthat∆P1=P1=0.5puand∆P2=P2=0. 25pu
Itissaidint hequestionthatbot hgenerat
orsshallshar
ethechangei nload
accordingt
ot hei
rcapaciti
es.Thatmeans∆P2=0. 5∆P1

Asperdef
ini
ti
onofdr
oopr
egul
ati
on,

Forsame∆f, ∆P2=0. 5∆P1=0.25pu(sot

hebot
hgener
atorshar
ethechange
i
nloadaccor
dingt
othei
rcapaci
ti
es)
Now

R2basedoni
tsownr
ati
ngof250MW i
sgi
venby
:

QN5 Twogener at
orsG1 andG2 r at
edas100MW and500MW r especti
velyare
operat
ingi
npar al
lel.Athalfload,theyoperat
eatacommonf r
equencyof50Hz.
Whent heloadi sincreasedby100MW,t hefrequencydecr
easest o49. 5Hz.
Whatmustbet hei ndivi
dualdroopr egul
ati
onssot hatt
wogeneratorssharesthe
i
ncreasedl
oadi npr oport
ionaltotheircapaci
ti
es.{Ans:R1=0.03pu,R2=0. 075
pu}

Ans:

9
 Fi
gureshowst
hespeeddr
oopchacoft
wogener
ator
sG1 andG2 oper
ati
ngi
n
par
all
el.

LetPbase=500MW,
fbase=50Hz

Athal
fload:
P1=50MW/Pbase=50MW/500MW =0.1pu
P2=250MW/Pbase=250MW/500MW =0.5pu
f1=50Hz/fbase=50/50=1pu

Whenl oadisincreasedby∆P=100MW =100MW/ Pbase=100MW/ 500MW =

0.
2pu
Frequencydecreasestof 2=49.
5Hz=49. 5Hz/fbase=49. 5/
50=0.99pu
Therefor
echangei nfrequency∆f=f1–f2=1–0 .
99=0. 01pu
I
fG1andG2shar estheloadIpropor
ti
onalt
hei
rcapacit
ies,
then∆P2=5∆P1

And∆P=∆P1+∆P2
OR 0.
2=∆P1+5∆P1 =6∆P1
Or∆P1=0.
2/6=0.
0333pu
And∆P2=∆P-∆P1=0.2–0.0333=0.
1667pu

Asperdef
ini
ti
onofdr
oopr
egul
ati
on,

R1basedoni
tsownr
ati
ngof100MW i
sgi
venby
:

Numer
ical
sonReact
or

QN1 Fort
hesy
stem shownbel
ow,
cal
cul
atet
hef
aul
tlev
eli
nMVAatoutgoi
ngf
eeder
10
 forathreephaset
ogroundfaul
tont
hisf
eeder.Cal
cul
atethevalueofr
eact
ance
tobeconnect edi
nthefeederi
nordert
or educethefaul
tlevelby40%.[Ans:
0.726ohm]

Ans:

Fi
g.1showst
hedi
agr
am ofgi
vensy
stem

LetPbase=25MVAand Vbase=11kV

Then

And

Gi
venthatX1=0.
15pubasedon25MVAand11kV
And X2=0.3pubasedon25MVAand11kV

SincethepuvaluesbothX1 andX2 ar
ebasedonsamebasepowerandbasev
olt
age,
theyneednotr
equiredt
oconv er
toncommonbase.

Equi
val
entr
eact
anceupt
ofaul
tpoi
nt‘
F’i
sgi
venbypar
all
elequi
val
entofX1andX2and
i
tsgi
venby:

Thenequi
val
entf
aul
tedci
rcui
tcanbewr
it
tenasshowni
nFi
g.2

Faul
tcur
rentont
heout
goi
ngf
eederi
sgi
venby
:

11
Absol
utev
alueoff
aul
tcur
renti
sgi
venby
:If=I
(
fpu)×I
base=10pu×1.
312kA=13.
12kA
Faul
tlev
elatpoi
nt‘
F’=

Absol
utev
alueoff
aul
tlev
el(
power
)isgi
venby
:

Faul
typower=Faul
tpower(
pu)×pbase=10pu×25MVA =250MVA

Par
t-
II
:Faul
tlev
elt
ober
educedby40%

Ther
efor
edesi
redf
aul
tlev
el=10pu–40%of10pu=6pu

I
nor
dertoreducet
hefaul
tlevelt
o6pu,anreact
anceofXaddshallbeconnect
edont
he
f
eederasshowninFig.
3belowandi
tsequival
entci
rcui
tisshowninFig.
4

Nowthet ot
alequi
valentreact
anceupt
othef aultpoi
nti
sgiv
enby:
Xf=Xeq+X¬add (eqn.1)
Newf aultl
evel=1/Xf (
pu)=6pu ORXf=1/ 6=0. 166pu
Wehav e,Xf=Xeq+X¬add OrXadd=Xf+X¬eq =0. 166–0.1=0.
066pu
Absol
uteValueofXadd=0. 066pu×Zbase=0. 066pu×4.84Ω=0.32Ω

QN2Fol
l
owi
ngf
igur
eshowst
wogener
atoroper
ati
ngpar
all
el
12
 i
) Ifa3-phasetogroundf aultoccur
sont heoutgoingfeeder,
calculat
ethefault
curr
entandfaultl
evelont hefeeder.
i
i
) Ifa3rdgener
ator(G3:10MVA, 11kV,X3=0.2pu)isaddedatpoi nt‘C’
,cal
culat
e
thevalueofreact
ortobeaddedont heoutgoi
ngf eedersothatthefaul
tlevel
remainssameasbef ore.
Part
-I
LetPbase=20MVAand Vbase=11kV

Then

And

X1andX2ar
einpar
all
el,
ther
efor
eequi
val
entr
eact
anceupt
othef
aul
tpoi
nti
sgi
venby
:

Ther
efor
e,Tot
alf
aul
tcur
rent
:

Absol
utev
alueofI
f=20pu×I
base=20×1.
049kA=20.
98kA

Absol
utev
alueoff
aul
tlev
el=20pu×Pbase=20×20MVA=400MVA

Par
t-
II
:
When3rd generat
orisadded,LetXadd bethereact
ancetobeaddedonthef
eederas
showni nFigbel
owsot hatt
hef aul
tlev
elremainsameasbef
ore.
13
Her
eX3=0.2pubasedon10MVA,11kV
Val
ueofX3basedon20MVAisgi
venby:

Equi
val
entofX1,
X2andX3i
npar
all
el:

Aft
eraddingXadd,
thefaultlevelonfeedershal
l r
emai nsameasbef or
e=20pu
Thatmeans: Newequi v
alentr eact
anceupt ofaultpointshal
lremai
nssame=0.
05pu
Therefor
eX123+Xadd=0. 05pu
OR Xadd=0.05pu-X123=0. 05–0. 0444=0.0056pu
Absoluteval
ueofXadd=0. 0056pu×Zbase=0. 0056×6. 05=0.0333Ω

QN3 Figbel ow show t

hesingl
eli
nediagr
am ofpar
all
eloper
atedgener
ator
s.Thei
r
rat
ingsare:
G1:capacity=50MW, 11kV,X1=0.
16pu basedonit
sr at
ing
G2:capacity=40MW, 11kV,X2=0.
08pu basedonit
sr at
ing
XL=2ohms

14
 Calcul
atet
hev al
ueofinductor(i
nmH)oft hereact
ortobeconnectedinseri
es
wit
hX1sot hatbothgenerat
orsdeli
ver
sequalampoffaul
tcur
rentduri
ng3phase
togroundf
aultonthefeeder.[
Ans: 0.46mH]

Ans:
LetPbase=50MW and Vbase=11kV

Then

And

X1=0.
16pu basedonPbase=50MW and Vbase=11kV
X2=0.
08pu basedonPbase=40MW and Vbase=11kV

X2basedoncommonbasepoweri
sgi
venby
:

SinceX2(new)<X1,G2wil
ldel
ivermor
efaul
tcur
rent
LetXaddhast obeaddedi nseri
eswit
hX2sothatG1andG2del
i
ver
sequalamount
offaultcur r
ent(AsshowninFigbel
ow):

Accor
dingt
ocur
rentdi
vi
sionr
ule,
inor
dert
omakeI
1=I
f 2,
f

15
 X1(
pu)=X2(
pu)+Xadd(
pu)

OrXadd(
pu)=X1(
pu)+X2(
pu)=0.
16pu-0.
1pu=0.
06pubasedon50MVA

Ther
efor
e,absol
utev
aluesofXadd=0.
06×Zbase=0.
06×2.
42Ω=0.
145Ω

Xadd=2πf
LOR

QN4 Thefigur
ebelowshowsfourident
icalgener
ator
s,eachratedas25MVA,11kV
andeachhav
ingasub-
tr
ansientr
eactanceof16%oni t
srati
ngs.

i
) Ift herei s3-phasetogroundf aul
tont heoutgoingfeeder,cal
culat
efaul
t
currentand f aultlev
el(power )to be carri
ed bythe cir
cuitbreakerand
breakingcapaci t
yofCBrequired.
i
i
) Ifthef aultl
eveli
stobeli
mi t
edt o500MVAorl ess,
Calcul
atethevalueofbus
barr eactor(X)tobeconnectedbetweenpoi ntAandB.

Ans:
LetPbase=25MVAand Vbase=11kV

Then

And

Si
nceall4gener
ator
shavesamer ati
ngsand t
heirpureact
ancear
eal
readyont
he
commonbasequant
it
ies.
Equi
val
entr
eact
anceof4machinesi
nparal
l
eli
sgivenby
:

16
Si
nceal
lreact
ancear
eequal
, OR

Faul
tcur
rentont
heout
goi
ngf
eederi
sgi
venby
:

Absol
utev
alueoff
aul
tcur
renti
sgi
venby
:If=I
(
fpu)×I
base=25pu×1.
312kA=32.
8kA

Faul
tlev
elonC.
B.=

Absol
utev
alueoff
aul
tlev
el(
power
)isgi
venby
:

Faul
typower=Faul
tpower(
pu)×pbase=25pu×25MVA =625MVA

Thestandardbr
eakingcapaci
ti
esofcommer ci
alC.Bar
e500MVA, 700MVA
Ther
efore,C.
B.wit
h700MVAbr eaki
ngcapaci
tyshal
lbesel
ect
ed.

Par
t-
II
:Calcul
atet
heval
ueofXt
obeconnect
edbet
weenAandBt
oreducet
hef
aul
t
l
evel
to500MVA.

Thefaul
tpowersuppl
iedbyG1andG2r emainssamebefore,
Theref
oreG1andG2t oget
hersuppl
i
esfaul
tpower=625MVA/ 2=312.5MVA
Nowbyaddi ngXbetweenAandB,t hefaultpowersuppl
iedbyG3andG4t oget
her
shallbel
imit
edto 500MVA–312. 5MVA=187. 5MVA=187. 5/Pbase=187.
5/
25=7. 5pu

Equi
val
entofX3andX4i
npar
all
eli
sgi
venbyX34=0.
16/2=0.
08pu
17
 Andequi
val
entofX34i
nseri
eswi
thX i
sgi
venby
:
Xt=X34+X=0.08+X (eqn.
1)
Ther
efor
e, OR

From (
eqn.
1)Xt=0.
08+X (
eqn.
1)Theref
oreX=Xt-0.08=0.
133–0.
08=0.
053
pu
Absol
uteval
ueofX=0.
053pu×Zbase=0.053pu×4.
84Ω=0.256Ω

QN5 Fig.bel
owshowsabus- barreactorschemewi thfourgener
ator
s.I
fa3phaseto
groundf aul
toccursont heoutgoingf eeder
,calcul
atethefaul
tcurr
ent(i
nkA)
suppli
edbyeachgener at
orandf aultMVAr equir
edfortheci
rcui
tbr
eaker(
CB)on
thefeeder.Rat
ingsofgenerat
orsaregivenasf ol
low:

G1/
G2:25MVA,11kV,
Xg1”=0.2pu
G3/
G4:50MVA,
11kV,Xg2”=0.
1pu

Ans:

Whent
herephasetogr
oundfaul
toccur
sont
heout
goi
ngf
eeder
,thef
aul
tcur
rent
s
f
lowsasshowni
nFigbel
ow:

18
 Fi
g.1
Her
e,X1andX2areinpar
all
el,X3andX4areinpar
all
elandthepar
all
elcombi
nat
ionof
X3andX4ar
einseri
eswithX=0.2ohm.Hencet hegi
vennet
workcanbewr i
tt
en
asfol
l
ow:

Fi
g.2

Wher
e, basedon25MVA,
11kV

basedon50MVA,
11kV

LetPbase=50MVAand Vbase=11kV

19
Then

And

Nowal
lthereactanceshallbeinpuwit
hacommonbaseval
ues.Asvol
tageis11kV
f
orallreactances,conv
ersi
ont
ocommonbaseshal
lbedoneonl
yforPbase=50
MVA

X12basedoncommonbasepowerof50MVAi
sgi
venby
:

X(pu)basedoncommonbasepowerof50MVAi
sgi
venby
:

Theref
oret
heabovenet
wor
kbasedoncommonbasev
aluesof50MVA,11kV
wil
lbeasshownbel
ow:

Fi
g.3
Equi
val
entofX34andXinseri
esisgi
venbyXB=0. 05+0.
0826=0.
1326pu
Equi
val
entreact
anceuptofaul
tpoi
ntisgi
venby:

Ther
efor
e,t
otal
faul
tcur
rent

Absol
utev
alueofI
f=16pu×Ibase=12. 624kA =42kA
57×2.

20
 I
f=I
12+I
f 34 (
f eqn-
1) and I
34×
f XB=I
12×
f X12 OR

Ther
efor
efr
om (
eqn-
1):

OR OR

OR I
f12=5pu
Ther
eforeI
34=I
f f–I
12=1
f 2.
57pu–5pu=7.
57pu

Refer
ingtoFig.
1:X1=X2¬.Theref
oreIf1=I
2=I
f f 2=5/
12/ 2=2.5pu
Absolut
evaluesofI
f1=I
f2=2 .
5pu×Ibase=2.5×2.624kA=6.
56kA

Si
milarl
y,I
f3=I4=I
f 34/
f 2=7.57pu/2=3.785pu
Absolut
evaluesofI
f3=If
2 =3.785pu×Ibase=3.
785×2.
624kA=9.
93kA

Faul
tlev
elonC.
B.=

Absol
utev
alueoff
aul
tlev
el=16pu×Pbase=12.
57×50MVA=628MVA

QN6 Fig.belowshowsagener at
orreactorschemewi thfourgenerat
ors.
Giventhat:
Eachgener at
orisr atedas:20MVA, 11kV, Xg”=0.2pu
X1=X2=X3=X4=0. 5ohms( generatorreactors)
a) Ifa3-phaset ogr oundfaultoccursonout goingfeeder,
Calculat
ef aul
tcurr
ent
suppli
edbyeachgener atorandt hef aultl
evel(
MVA)ont hefeeder.
b)I fbusbarr ectorseachof1ohm ar eaddedbet ween A-BandC- D,calcul
ate
thefaultcurrentsuppli
edbyeachgener at
orfaultl
evel(
MVA)ont hefeeder.

ANS:
LetPbase=20MVAand Vbase=11kV

Then

21
And

X1=X2=X3=X4=0. 5ohms/Zbase=0. 5/6.

05=0.0826pueach
Consi
deri
ngthesub-
transi
enti
nter
nal
reactanceofeachgener
atorXg”=0.
2pu
Thenetworkcanbeas:

Equi
val
entser
iesr
eact
ancei
neachgener
atorpat
his:
X=0.
0826+0.
2=0.
2826

Equi
val
entofr
eact
anceof4-
par
all
elpath:Xeq=0.2826/
4=0.
0706pu
Hencet
heabovenetwor
kcanberepresent
edasfoll
ow:

Ther
efor
e,Tot
alf
aul
tcur
renti
sgi
venby:

Absol
utev
alueofI
f=13.
15pu×I
base=13.
15pu×1.
049kA=13.
79kA

Si
nceX1=X2=X3=X4,Faul
tcur
rentsuppl
i
edbyeachgener
ator=13.
79kA/
4=3.
45kA
Faul
tlev
elonf
eeder=

Absol
utev
alueoff
aul
tlev
el=13.
15pu×Pbase=13.
15×20MVA=263MVA

22
Part
-2:I
fbusbarr ect
orseachof1ohm areaddedbet
ween A-
BandC- D,
cal
cul
atet
he
faul
tcur
rentsuppl
i
edbyeachgenerat
orfaul
tlevel
(MVA)ont
hefeeder
.

Thebusbarr
eactorXbhel
pstoreducet
hef
aul
tcur
rentI
1a
f ndI
f
2
Xb=1Ω/Zbase=1/6.05=0.165pu

Equi
val
entr
eact
anceofpat
h-1:X1eq=Xg”+X1+Xb=0.
4476pu
Equi
val
entr
eact
anceofpat
h-2:X2=0.286pu
Equi
val
entr
eact
anceofpat
h-3:X3=0.286pu
Equi
val
entr
eact
anceofpat
h-1:X4eq=Xg”+X4+Xb=0.
4476pu

Ther
efor
e, =2.
234×1.
049kA=2.
34kA

=3.
5×1.
049kA=3.
67kA

Totalf
aultcurr
entthroughthefeeder=I 1+I
f f2+I
3+I
f 4=1
f 1.
468pu
Inpusy stem f
aultlev
el(
power)=f aultcurr
ent
Theref
oreFaultleveli
nfeeder=11. 468pu×Pbase=11.468×20MVA=229.
3MVA

QN7 Fig.below shows a gener atorreactorand bus react

orscheme withtwo
generator
s.
Eachgener at
orisr
atedas:20MVA, 11kV,Xg”=0. 2pu
X1=X2 =0. 5ohms( gener
atorreact
ors)
XB=0. 3ohm (Busbarrect
or)
a)I fa3-phasetogroundfaul
toccur sonout goi
ngfeeder
,Calcul
atef
aul
tcur
rent
suppli
edbyeachgeneratorandthef aul
tlevel(
MVA)ont hefeeder
.
23
 b)Cal
cul
atethevalueoffeederreact
ortobeconnect
edont
heout
goi
ngf
eeder
sot
hatfaul
tlev
el ont
hef eederr
educesby25%.

ANS:
LetPbase=20MVAand Vbase=11kV

Then

And

X1=X2=0.
5Ω/Zbase=0.
0826pu
XB=0.
3Ω/Zbase=0.
495pu

Consi
deri
ngtheint
ernalsu-
transi
entreact
anceofgener
ator
,thenet
wor
kincommon
basepusy
stem candrawnasf oll
ow:

Equi
val
entr
eact
anceofpat
h-1:X1eq=Xg”+X1=0.
2826pu
24
Equi
val
entr
eact
anceofpat
h-2:X2eq=Xg”+X2+Xb=0.
777pu
Ther
efor
e, =3.
54×1.
049kA=3.
71kA

Equi
val
ent r
eact
ance up t
o f
aul
t poi
nt:

Faul
tlev
elonf
eeder=

Part
-b:
Faul
tlev
elonfeedertobereducedby25%
Thatmeans–faul
tlevelshal
lber
educeto0.75×4.
83pu=3.
622pu
Ther
efor
e, OR Xeq(new) =0.
2176pu

Hence,
addi
ti
onal
react
ancet
obeaddedont
hef
eeder
:

Xadd=Xeq(
new)–Xeq(
old) =0.
217-
0.207pu=0.
01pu×Zbase=0.
01x6.
05=
0.
0605

Numer
ical
sonPowerEl
ect
roni
cs

QN1 Fi
g.showsadcst
epdownchopperwi
thr
esi
sti
vel
oadof20ohmsandi
nputv
olt
age

Vdc=220V.Thechopperisoperat
edataconstantchoppi
ngfrequencyof200Hz.
Calcul
ateONti
me,OFFtimeandav er
agev al
ueofoutputv
olt
agef ordut
ycycl
eof75%.
Giventhatt
heswi
tchhasint
ernalr
esi
stanceof2ohms.

ANS:
Giventhatthechoppingf
requency=200HZ
Theref
ore,Timeperi
odT=1/ f=1/200=0.
005sec
Dutycycl
e=75%=0. 75pu

25
Dut
ycy
clei
sgi
venby:
OR t1=K.T=0.
75×0.005sec=0.00375sec
Ther
efor
e,Offt
imet2=T -
t1=0.
005–0. 00375=0.
00125sec

Consi
der
ingt
hei
nter
nalr
esi
stanceoft
heswi
tch,t
heabov
eci
rcui
tcanbedr
awnas
fol
l
ow:

Duri
ngOnperi
od,t
hel oadcurrentfl
ow throughtheswit
chandt
her
ewi
l
lbesome
vol
tagedr
opi
nthei
nter
nalresi
stance(Ri)oftheswi
tch.

Loadcur
rentdur
ingOnper
iodi
sgi
venby
:

Volt
agedropi
ntheswitch=Vi=I
0.Ri=10×2=20V
Theref
ore,
out
putvol
tagedur
ingOntimeV0=Vin-Vi=220–20=200V

Ther
efor
e,t
hewav
efor
m ofout
putv
olt
age wi
l
lbeasshownbel
ow:

Ther
efor
e,Av
eragev
alueoft
heout
putv
olt
agei
sgi
venby

26
QN2 Fi
g.2showst
hewav
efor
m ofout
putv
olt
age(
perphase)oft
hreephasei
nver
ter
.Cal
cul
ate:

Fi
g.2

a)RMSv
alueoft
heout
putv
olt
age.(
Ans:
141.
42V)

b)Fundament
alcomponentoft
heout
putv
olt
age.(
Ans:
190.
98peakv
alue)

c) Har
moni
cfact
orandTHDofout
putv
olt
age.(
Ans:
0.31and0.
95)

27
28
29
30