CHAPTER 1

Mechanics
 Motion
DIVISION OF SCIENCE
Life Physics
Mathematics
Thermodynamics
 Arithmetic  Heat
 Plane and Analytic Geometry  Fluid
 Statistics
 Algebra Atomic Physics
 Trigonometry
 Differential and Integral Calculus
 Differential Equation SIGNIFICANT
FIGURES
Logic
 All non-zero digits are significant.
 Inductive Ex. numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9
 Deductive
 Zeros in between non-zero digits are
Physical Science significant
Ex. 105 – 3 20008 – 5
 Physics
 Geology  Zeros to the right of a non-zero digits in
 Astronomy unexpressed decimal point are not
 Chemistry significant
 Meteorology Ex. 200 - 1

Life Science  Zeros at the right of a non-zero digit in

an express decimal point are significant.
 Anatomy Ex. 200.0 – 4
 Physiology
 Microbiology  Zeros at left of a non-zero digit but to
 Pathology the right of a decimal point are not
significant.
Ex. 0.01 – 1
Social Science

 Sociology Rounding Off

 Psychology
 Political Science
 Economics  When the number to be rounded off is
 Anthropology less than 5 change that number to zero
“0” to retain the preceding number.
Ex. 12.34 – 12
PHYSICS
 When the number to be rounded off is
greater than or equivalent to 5 change
Wave that number to zero “0” and add one to
 Acoustic “sound” the preceding number.
 Optics “light” Ex. 98.76 – 99

Electromagnetism
 Electricity
 Magnetism

Page 1 of 21
 SCIENTIFIC
NOTATION
 It simplifies the writing, reading and
computation of very large and small
number thereby decreasing the risk of
errors.
Exponential
 Uses the power of ten
Writing as: N=ax 10b
Where:
N = any given number
a = number having single non-
zero digit to the left of a decimal point and two
decimal places.
RULES IN SIGNIFICANT NUMBER IN
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
a. Determine “a” – by shifting the decimal
point of the original number to the left or
right, until one digit is to the left of it.
b. Determine “b” – by counting the number
of decimal places the point has moved, if
it has been to the left “b” is positive if to
the right “b” is negative.
Ex. 123456 – 1.23 x 10 5
left - +
0.0009876 9.88 x 10-4
right - -
BASIC CONCEPTS IN
PHYSICS
Matter = anything that occupied space and has
mass.
Mass = Quantity of matter
Force = It is capable of changing the condition
of rest or motion of a certain body.
Physical Quantity = any number used to
describe a physical phenomenon.
Ex. Height 5’2 – Quantity
2 WAYS OF DESCRIBING A PHYSICAL
QUANTITY
a. Direct – which means measuring
b. Indirect – calculating, gather information
Operational Definitions = Definitions that
gives of procedure of measuring the quantity.
BASIC MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS
1. Algebraic Methods
 Solving an unknown of a given
operation
 Trigonometric functions and law
 Analytical method – interprets through
graphs
Units and Problem
Solving
Important Terms:
Unit = a quantity in terms of which another
quantity is used.
Standard = a unit established to have a precise
definition of a unit.
Standard Unit = if a unit becomes officially
accepted
System of Units = a group of standard units and
their combinations
International System of Units = the
modernized version of the metric system which
includes the base quantities and derived
quantities
SI Base Units = represented by standards
SI Derived Units = other quantities that may be
expressed in terms of combinations of the base
units
Meter (m) = the SI unit for length,
1/10,000,000 of the distance from the North
Pole to the Equator along the meridian running
through Paris
Kilogram (kg) = The SI unit of mass, specific
volume of water but is now referenced to a
specific material standard The mass of a
cylinder of a platinum, iridium, alloy, kept at the
international Bureau of Weights and
Measurements in Paris, France
Second (s) = the SI unit of time, time required
for cesium 133/133 CS to undergo 9192631770
vibration
MKS System = meter-kilogram-second
Page 2 of 21
 PREFIXES
CGS System = centimeter-gram-second,
Gaussian System
1m = 100 cm 1 kg = 2.2 lb
FPS System = foot-pounds-second, British 1m = 3.28 ft 1 hr = 60 min
Engineering System 1in = 2.54 1 min = 60 sec
cm
Liter (L) = the nonstandard unit of volume 1ft = 12 in 1 mL = 1 cc
1 yd = 3 ft 1L = 1000 ml
Dimensional Analysis = a procedure by which
1 mi = 5280 ft 1 kips = 1000 lbs
the dimensional consistency of any equation
1 mi = 1.609
may be checked
km
Unit Analysis = using units instead of symbols 1 km = 0.62 mi
in dimension analysis
100 212
Density (ρ) = ratio of mass to the volume o o
C F
Conversion Factor = equivalent statements
expressed in the form of ratios 1 32

Exact Number = those without any uncertainty 9

° F= ° C +32
or error 5

Measured Number = obtained from 5

° C= ( ° F−32 )
measurement processes and so generally have 9
some degree of uncertainty or error
100−0 212−32 100 180
= , =
Significant Figures (sf) = the number of C−0 F−32 C F−32
reliably known digits it contains
100 C 5 C
= , =
Important Equations: 180 F−32 9 F−32

Density K = 273 + oC
ρ = m/V R = 460 + oF
Where:ρ = density
m = mass
V = volume

Zetta x 1021 Zepto x 10-21

Exa x 1018 Atto x 10-18
Peta x 1015 Femto x 10-15
Tera x 1012 Meter/Gram/Liter/ Pico x 10-12
Giga x 109 Pascal x 100 Nano x 10-9
Mega x 106 Micro x 10-6
Kilo x 103 Milli x 10-3
Hecto x 102 Centi x 10-2
Deca x 101 Deci x 10-1

Page 3 of 21
 Resolution of Vectors
- Graphical Method
Example 1:
- Rules in determining the magnitude and
1. 40 km/hr → ft/sec = directions of “R”
40 km 1000 m 3.28 ft 1 h r
x x x =36.44 ft /s
hr 1km 1m 3600 s 1. Construct an accurate Cartesian plane.
2. Plot the first force using a given scale.
2. 500g → lbs 3. At the end of the first force construct
1 kg 2.2 lbs another accurate C.P. and make sure that
500 g x x =1.1lbs
1000 g 1 kg it is parallel to the first C.P.
4. Plot the second force using the new
3. 5 ft 5 in → m Cartesian Plane and so on so forth.
1 ft 5. Using an arrow connect the tail of the
5∈x first force to the head of the last force
12∈¿=0.42 ft ¿
1m and label it “R” for resultant
5.42 ft x =1.65 m 6. To determine the magnitude of R,
3.28 ft
simply measure the length of R using the
4. 4000 mi → km given scale.
1 km 7. To determine the direction of R, simply
4000 mi x =6,451.61km measure the angle with respect with the
0.62 mi
1.609 km Y - axis.
4000 mi x =6,436 km
1mi
5280 ft 1m 1 km Resultant Vectors
4000 mi x x x =6,439.02 km - It is a vector whose effect is the
1 mi 3.28 ft 1000 m
same as all the component
vectors put together.
5. 1 metric ton to kilograms

1,000 kg
1 metric ton x =1000 kg Case I: Two or more forces acting on an object
1 metric ton
in the same direction

Ex. Given F1 = 10N due E

F2 = 20 N due E

Scale 10 N = 1 cm
N = +Y
F1 = 10N/10 = 1cm
F2 = 20 N/10 = 2cm
S(-x, y)
A(x, y)
R = 3cm due E
R = 30N, due E
W = -x
E = +x

T(-xC(x, -y)

S = -y
Note: The direction will just be represented at
the angle from any two of the fixed axes which
Case II: Two or more forces acting on an
the vector is enclosed.
object on opposite directions

Page 4 of 21
F1 = 40N due E
F2 = 60N due W
Scale: 20N = 1cm
F1 = 40N/20N = 2cm
F2 = 40N/20N = 2cm
F3 = 40N/20N = 2cm
R = 5.8cm, N76oE
R = 116N

Scale: 20N = 1cm

F1 = 40N/20N = 2cm
Ex.
F2 = 60N/20N = 3cm
F1 = 50N 50o E of S = 50N, S50E
R = 1cm, due W
F2 = 50N 30o W of N=50N, N30W
R = 20N, due W

Case III: Two forces acting on an object

perpendicular to each other.
Scale: 20N = 1cm
F1 = 30N due E F1 = 50N/20N = 2.5cm
F2 = 40N due S F2 = 50N/20N = 2.5cm
R = 0.95cm, N48oE
R = 19N,
Scale: 10N = 1cm
F1 = 30N/10N = 3cm
ANALYTICAL METHODS
F2 = 40N/10N = 4cm
R = 5cm, S37oE
Case I: Just add and follow the direction of the
R = 50N forces.

F1 = 10 N due E
F2 = 30 N due E
R = 40 N due E

Case II: You just subtract and follow the

directions of greater value.

F1 = 40N due E
F2 = 60N due W
R = 20N due W

Case III: Use Pythagorean Theorem and

Case IV: Two or more forces acting on an tangent.
object at random directions. R=√ F 2x + F 2y
−1 F x
F1 = 40N due E
F2 = 40N due E
θ=tan ( )Fy
F3 = 40N NE Example:
F1 = 30N due E
F2 = 40N due S

R=√ 30 2+ 402=50 N

Page 5 of 21
 Fx −1 30
θ=tan
−1
Fy ( )
=tan ( )
40 a 2=b2 +c 2−2(b)(c)cos cos θ
sin sin A sin sin B sin sinC
= S 36.8 E = =
= 36.87 E of S a b c
Case IV: Construct a Cartesian plane without a
need of a scale, plot the given vectors in the 50N
Cartesian plane and use component method or 50 2030
sine and cosine law. 50N
40
2 2
Ex.1 R=√50 +50 −2(50)(50)cos cos 20
F1 = 50N 50oE of S = 17.36 N
F2 = 50N 30o W of N
sin sin β sin sin 20
=
50 17.36 β=80.09

5020 ∅=180−( 80.09+50 )

β= ( 17.36 )
∅=N 49.91° E
Forces Direction Fx Fy
50N S50E 50Sin50 = +38.30 50Cos50 = -32.14
50N N30W 50Sin30 = -25 50Cos30 = +43.30
+13.30 +11.16

Solution:
F x : 50 sin sin 50=38.30=+38.30 F y: 50 cos cos 50=32.14=−32.14
50 sin sin 30=25=−25 50 cos cos 30=43.30=+43.30

R=√13.302 +11.16 2=17.36 N

13.3
θ= (
11.16 )
=N 50 ° E

Page 6 of 21
 Inclined Axis

F1 = 50#,1:2
F2 = 100#, 3:1 y : x = rise is to run
F3 = 155#, 3:2

3
3
1
2
2
1
y
x
155#
100#
50#

Forces # Fx Fy
50 2 −1
50( )
√5
=+ 44.7 50( )
√5
=−22.36

100 1 3
100( )
√ 10
=+ 31.67 100 ( )
√ 10
=+ 94.87

155 −2 3
155( )
√ 13
=−85.97 155( )
√ 13
=+128.97

-9.63 +201.48
R=√ 9.632+ 201.482=201.71 ¿
9.63
θ=tan −1(201.48 )
=N 2.74 ° W

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3 DIMENSIONAL
Components:

F x =F m x , F y =F m y , F z=F m z , F=F m d

F 2=F2x + F 2y + F 2z

d 2=x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , d= √ x 2 + y 2+ z2
Slope:
F x F y F z Fm
= = =
x y z d
Direction:
Fx Fy Fz
cos θ x = , cos θ y = , cos θ z=
F F F

F x =FCos θx , F y =FCos θ y , F z=FCos θz ,

Given:
x=3
y=4
z=5
F = 100#

Req’d.: Components & Directions

Solution:
d 2=x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , d= √ x 2 + y 2+ z2
d= √3 2+ 42 +52 =√50=5 √ 2
F 100 20 20 √ 2
F m= = = = =10 √2
d 5 √2 √ 2 2

F x =F m x =3 ( 10 √2 ) =30 √ 2=42.43 ¿

F y =F m y =4 ( 10 √ 2 )=40 √ 2=56.57 ¿

F z =F m z=5 ( 10 √ 2 )=50 √ 2=70.71¿

Fx F 42.43
cos θ x =
F ( )
; θ x =cos−1 x =cos−1
F 100( =64.89 ° )

Page 8 of 21
 Fy F 56.57
cos θ y =
F ( )
; θ y =cos−1 y =cos−1
F (
100 )
=55.55 °

Fz F 70.71
cos θ z =
F ( )
; θz =cos−1 z =cos−1
F (100 )
=45.00°

Coordinate = head - tail

x = right or left
y = upward or downward
z = forward or backward
Example:
From (0, 12, 0)

P = 280# → (-4, 0, 6)
F = 210# → (6, 0, 4)
T = 260# → (-4, 0, -3)

Required:
a. Resultant
b. Components
c. Directions.
Y

Solution:
force x y z d fm fx fy fz
280 -4 -12 6 14 20 -80 -240 120
260 -4 -12 -3 13 20 -80 -240 -60
210 6 -12 4 14 15 90 -180 60

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 ❑
-70 -660 120
∑
❑
❑
θ 84.04 11.89 79.75

R=√70 2+660 2+120 2=674.46 ¿ ¿ forward

F F 70
F ( )
cos θ x = x ; θ x =cos−1 x =cos−1
F 674.46 ( )
=84.04 °

Fy
cos θ y =
F
; θ y =cos−1( FF )=cos ( 674.46
y −1660
)=11.89 °
F F 120
cos θ z = z ; θz =cos−1
F ( F )=cos ( 674.46
z −1
)=79.75°
Unit Vectors = A unit vector is vector with magnitude of unit. Its purpose is only to show
direction in space.

SUM OF UNIT OF VECTORS

A = Axi + Ayj
B = Bxi + Byj

Let C = SUM OF A & B

C=A+B
= (Axi + Ayj) + (Bxi + Byj)
= (Ax + Bx)i + (Ay + By)j

Page 10 of 21
 C = Cxi + Cyj

Mag of C = Cx2 + Cy2

Difference of Two Vectors

Let D = A – B
= (Axi + Ayj) – (Bxi + Byj)
= (Ax - Bx)i + (Ay – By)j
D = Dxi + Dyj

Mag of D = Dx2 + Dy2

Products of Vectors
I. Scalar Product (Dot Product)

The Scalar product of 2 L Vector is Zero.

A.B = AB Cos ∅
Cos 0 = 1

A.B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz

Note = ixi=1 ixj=0

jxj=1 ixk=0
kxk=1 kxj=0

II. Vector Product of 2 Vectors is zero when they are parallel.

Page 11 of 21
A x B = AB sin ∅

AxB Ax Bx i Ax Bx
Ay By j Ay By
Az Bz k Az Bz
AxB= (Ay Bz – Az By)i + (Az Bx – Ax Bz – Ax Bz) jt
(Ax By – Ay Bx) k

Example:
A=−i+ 2 j – 5 k
B=2 i+ 3 j – 2 k

Mag of A
A=√ 12 +22 +52= √30

Mag of B
B= √22 +32 +22=√ 17

C= A+ B
C=i+5 j – 7 k

Mag of C
C=√ 12+ 52+ 72=√ 75=5 √ 3

D= A−B
D=−3i – 1 j – 3 k

Mag of D
D= √32 +12 +32= √ 19

Dot Product

A · B=(−1 x 2 ) + ( 2 x 3 ) + (−5 x−2 )=−2+ 6+10=14

Cross Product =
−1 2i 23 j−5−2 k −1 22 3−5−2 = (-3k – 10j – 4i) – (-15i + 2j + 4k)

Page 12 of 21
AXB = 11i – 12j – 7k

Mag of AxB= √ 112 +122 +72= √ 314

A · B = ABθ
¿ cos−1 ( ) ( √3014x 17 )=51.69
A·B
AB
=

A × B= ABSinθ
314
θ= √ (
√ 30 x 17 )
=51.69

Name:
Course/Year/Section:

A. Count the number of significant figures and place the answer before the number and
transform the following to Scientific Notation
1. 0.000567 –
2. 6705001 –
3. 0.00090350 –
4. 84.650 –
5. 0.01425001 –

B. Perform the following operations. Final answer should be in scientific notation.

1. 0.03451 x 250 – 670.8 =

705 + 96.20  (0.35 x 0.00065)

2. (15430.0 4x 0.052) – 600 =

0.00705 + 6208  (3550 x 0.00015)

3. (3165 x 5.35) – 0.0002643 =

905000 + 0.0051  (0.46 x 0.0006708)

C. Convert the following.

1. 78.8 in to m

2. 1.53 m to ft

Page 13 of 21
3. 1.8 lbs to kg

4. 9500 mg to kg

5. 4520 cm/s to ft/s

6. 2.4g to cg

7. 45.2 oC to oF

8. 77 oF to C

9. 20 mi/hr to m/s

10. 1120 oF to oK

11. 97.75 oK to C

12. -1 oC to K

13. 87.9 oF to C

Page 14 of 21
14. 101.97 ft/sec to m/hr

15. 5oF to R

D.1. F1 = 89N, 73o W of N

F2 = 77N, N 40o E

Analytical

Forces Direction Fx Fy

Page 15 of 21
R=

2. F1 = 157# 46 E of S
F2 = 175# 56 E of N

Analytical

Forces Direction Fx Fy

Page 16 of 21
R=

3. F1 = 155, N 68o E
F2 = 196N, N 72 W

Analytical

Page 17 of 21
 Forces Direction Fx Fy

R=

4. F1 = 70N due W
F2 = 150N due N
F3 = 20N due E
F4 = 30N due S

Analytical

Forces Direction Fx Fy

Page 18 of 21
R=

E.
From (3,6,-1)

A 100KN(-5,0,4)
To B 200KN(4,0,-5)
C 300KN(2,0,1)
Y

Force x y z d fm fx fy fz

Page 19 of 21
R=

F.
A = -3i + 5j – 6k
B = 7i + 8j – 3k

Mag of A

A=

Mag of B

B=

C=

Mag of C

C=

D=

Mag of D

D=

Dot Product

A.B =

Cross Product

AXB =
Mag of AXB =

Page 20 of 21
=

θ=¿

Page 21 of 21