VICTOR KIMARU KIPLIMO

SCT212-0047/2018

C.T 3.1

DATA COMMUNICATION CAT

a)
 Attenuation. Signal strength falls off with distance. It is an increasing function
of frequency. Higher frequencies suffer from more attenuation.

It is solved by equalization. Higher frequency components are boosted.

 Noise. Refers to additional signals inserted between transmitter and receiver.

A method of solving it is shielding. This means adding insulation to the medium of

transmission e.g. cables.

b) Shannon’s theorem states that communication speed is proportional to bandwidth.

Nyquist theorem states that for acceptable quality, the audio must be sampled at
twice the frequency of the voice grade bandwidth.
They are useful in data communication in that they enable digitization of data which
allows it to be transmitted via digital means.
c) Quantization error refers to the effect where the original signal is approximated and
cannot be recovered exactly during quantization. The aliasing effect on an image is
an effect that causes different signals to become indistinguishable (or aliases of one
another) when sampled.
Uniform quantization refers to the type of quantization where the quantization
levels are equal whereas non uniform quantization is where the quantization levels
are unequal and the relationship between them is mostly logarithmic.

d) Modulation is the process of impressing a low-frequency information signal

(baseband signal) onto a higher frequency carrier signal. Modulation is done to bring
information signals up to the Radio Frequency (or higher) signal.
 Amplitude shift keying
 Frequency shift keying
 Phase shift keying
 e) Multiplexing saves money hence cost efficient. It allows efficient use of bandwidth as
well.
Signal modulation is not power efficient. It can also be expensive due to cost of
modulators and demodulators. It is however bandwidth efficient.
Spread spectrum is bandwidth inefficient.

.
f) A signal is an electromagnetic or electrical current that carries data from one system
or network to another. The properties include:
- Amplitude. Amplitude of a data signal is also known as its height or magnitude
- Frequency. Frequency is the number of cycles the data signal completes in the form of
oscillation in a single second.
- Wavelength. Wavelength is the length of a signal, which is measured in meters.
- Phase. The phase of a data signal is the shift of its amplitude angles, which is commonly
measured in degrees.

Amount of information is measured via a method called sampling.

g) Modulation is the process of impressing a low-frequency information signal

(baseband signal) onto a higher frequency carrier signal.
 Amplitude shift keying
 Frequency shift keying

h)

Network ID Subnet Mask CIDR prefix Host IP range Broadcast ID

201.70.64.0 255.255.255.224 /27 201.70.64.1- 201.70.64.31
201.70.64.30
201.70.64.32 255.255.255.224 /27 201.70.64.33- 201.70.64.63
201.70.64.62
201.70.64.64 255.255.255.224 /27 201.70.64.65- 201.70.64.95
201.70.64.94
201.70.64.96 255.255.255.224 /27 201.70.64.97- 201.70.64.127
201.70.64.126
201.70.64.128 255.255.255.224 /27 201.70.64.129- 201.70.64.159
201.70.64.158
201.70.64.160 255.255.255.224 /27 201.70.64.161- 201.70.64.255
201.70.64.254
 i) Supernetting refers to combining several IP network addresses into one IP address.
255.255.248 = 1(21)
255.255.255.0 = 1(24)
24 – 21 = 3 ; 2^3=8.
Range is from 205.16.32.0 to 205.16.39.0

First address is 205.16.32.0 and last address is 205.16.39.255.

j) On a straight through cable, the wired pins match. Straight through cable use one wiring
standard: both ends use T568A wiring standard or both ends use T568B wiring standard.
E.g. both sides are arranged like so: white orange, orange, white green, blue, white
blue, green, white brown, brown.
On a crossover cable, the RJ45 crossover cable uses two different wiring standards. One
end uses the T568A wiring standard and the other end uses the T568B wiring standard.
Side one is arranged like so: white orange, orange, white green, blue, white blue,
green, white brown, brown.
Side two: white green, green, white orange, blue, white blue, orange, white brown,
brown.
k)

Group 1
8 (log 2 256) bits are needed to define each host.
prefix length is 32 - 8 = 24.
The addresses are
1st Customer: 190.100,0.0/24 190.100.0.255/24
2nd Customer: 190.100.1.0/24 190.100.1.255/24
..........
64th Customer: 190.100.63.0/24 190.100.63.255/24
Total = 64 x 256 = 16,384

Group 2
7 (log 2 128) bits are needed to define each host.
prefix length is 32 - 7 = 25.
The addresses are
1st Customer: 190.100.64.0/25 190.100.64.127/25
2nd Customer: 190.100.64.128/25 190.100.64.255/25
........
128th Customer: 190.100.127.128/25 190.100.127.255/25 3.
Total = 128 x 128 = 16,384
 Group 3
6(log 2 64) bits are needed to define each host.
prefix length is 32 - 6 = 26.
The addresses are
1st Customer: 190.100.128.0/26
2nd Customer: 190.100.128.64/26
........
128th Customer: 190.100.159.192/26
Total = 128 x 64 = 8192
Number of granted addresses to the ISP: 65,536
Number of allocated addresses by the ISP: 40,960
Number of available addresses: 24,576

l)

m) True color = 24 bits

So number of bytes per second is
3*160*120*25 = 144000 bytes or 1.37 Mb
n)
Stereo audio = 44100*2 (16 bit/s byte)*2 = 176400 bps
So uncompressed bytes stream is 144000 + 176400 = 320400 bps
compression ratio is (128*1024)/( 320400 *8) = 0.05.

o)
i. CD quality audio bit rate = 44.1khz

Bit rate= log2L * 2 * bandwidth

44.1 = log2L * 2 * 200

L = 1.0796 levels

ii. AM and FM audio quality bit rate = 30khz

30 = log2L * 2 *200
L = 1.0534 levels
iii. Voice grade = 48

48 = log2L * 2 *200

L = 1.0867 levels.
p) The bit rate of a system increases with an increase in the number of signal levels we
use to denote a symbol. As the number of levels go up, the spacing between levels
decreases, thus increasing the probability of an error occurring in the presence of
transmission impairments.

q) In the time domain, a plot of amplitude vs time.

In the frequency domain, a plot of amplitude vs frequency.