GREAT BUILDINGS
JPT Review Center
EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
(circa 1200 BC – AD 1st Century)
Temple of Luxor
 or Southern Sanctuary at
Luxor, Egypt, 18th dynasty
king
 dedicated to Amon-Re, king
of the Gods
 built of sandstone for the
quarries of Gebel Silsila
Abu Simbel
 dedicated chieftly to Re-
Harakhti, God of the rising sun
 built during the reign of Ramses
II (1304 – 1237 BC)
Pyramid of King Zoser
Architect: Imhotep
 earliest pyramidal structure of
the ancient world, the Step
Pyramid (c.2630 BC) of King
Zoser at Saqqara, Egypt
 consist of six terraces of
receding sizes with a one staba
The Great Pyramid
 the Pyramid of Khufu is the largest in the
world, measuring 230m (756 ft)
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
(circa 300 – 30 BC)
Parthenon
447-438
Architect: Itchinus and Callicrates with Phidias
Location: Athens, Greece
Style: Ancient Greek Doric
 on the historic Acropolis. Doric exemplar
Erechtheum
421 – 405
Architect: Mnesicles
Location: Athens, Greece
Style: Ancient Greek, Ionic
 has Caryatid Porch with figural columns.
On the Acropolis, uses grade change.
Epidaurus Theater
Architect: Polykleitos
Location: Epidauros, or Epidhavros, Greece
Style: Ancient Greek
 and the quality of its acoustics make the Epidaurus theatre one of the  three-quarter columns and entablatures, Doric in the first story, Ionic in the second,
great architectural achievements of the fourth century. and Corinthian in the third, face the three tiers of arcades
 the largest and best preserved ancient theaters in Greece.  largest Roman Amphitheater
 can accommodate 14,000 spectators.  designed to hold 50,000 spectators
 had approximately eighty entrances so crowds could arrive and leave easily and
quickly
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
(300BC – 365 AD)
AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE
The Pantheon
White House
118 - 126
Architect: James Hoban
Architect: Acrippa
Location: Washington, D.C.
Location: Rome, Italy
Date: 1793 to 1801, burned 1814, porticos
Style: Ancient Roman
1824 to1829
 great domed hall with oculus
Style: Georgian Neoclassical
oculus – a single circular opening
 official residence of the president of the
 one of the great spiritual buildings of
United States of America, for the last 200 years
the world
 it was built as a Roman temple and
later consecrated as a Catholic Church Capitol of the United States
 revived the use of brick and concrete Architects: Thornton-Latrobe-Bulfinch
in temple Architecture Location: Washington, D.C.
Date: 1793 to 1830
Style: Neoclassical
Trajan’s Forum
 meeting place of the U.S. Congress, the
100 – 112
national assembly of the United States of
Architect: Apollodorus of Damascus
America, consisting of the House of
Location: Rome, Italy
Representatives and the Senate
Style: Roman
 composed of an arc of arched arcade National Gallery of Art
 most magnificent and architecturally Architect: John Russel Pope
most pleasing  houses one of the finest collections of painting,
 largest known forums sculptures, and graphic arts in the world

Colosseum Washington Monument

70 – 82 Architect: Robert Mills
Architect: Vespacian and Domitian Location: Washington, D.C.
Location: Rome, Italy Style: Neo-Egyptian
Style: Ancient Roman  the obelisk is the only remnant of the original
blue print that remains
 with George Marsh, competition 1836. standard
Egyptian proportion of 10:1 height to base
  beautiful hilltop home is a classical example of the late 18th Century American
architecture and a national historic landmark

New York City Hall

University of Virginia Architect: Pierre L’enfant
1826 Style: French Renaissance - Georgian Style
Architect: Thomas Jefferson  one of the most historical architecturally distinguished building in New York
Location: Charlottesville, Virginia
Building Type: University campus Fallingwater
Style: Classical, Neo-Palladian 1934, 1938, 1948
 ideas of symmetry and use of brick Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright
 arcades connect buildings around Location: Ohiopyle, Pennsylvania
central lawn Building Type: house
 curving brick walls surround campus Style: Expressionist Modern
 cantilevers dramatically over rock outcropping
and rushing stream
Massachusetts State House  sends out free-floating platforms audaciously
Architect: Charles Bulfinch - first native-born professional American over a small waterfall and anchors them in the
architect natural rock
 classical elements are pilasters, porticos and domes

Saint Patrick’s Cathedral

Architect: James Renwick
Location: New York
 shaped like a Latin cross
 the largest Roman Catholic Cathedral in the United States Guggenheim Museum
 designed in a Gothic Revival materials at English and French Gothic 1956 to 1959
Style Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright
Connecticut State Capitol Location: New York, New York
Architect: Richard Upjohn Building Type: art museum
Style: Modern
Monticello  a gift of pure architecture—or rather of
1768 to 1782 sculpture
Architect: Thomas Jefferson  based on organic forms that the architect
Location: Charlottesville, Virginia found in seashells and snails
Building Type: House
Style: Colonial Georgian
 Remodeled1796 to 1808
Coonley House
1908
Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright
Location: Riverside. Illinois
Style: Prairie style
Building Type: house
Construction System: wood frame with stucco
 a large, sophisticated prairie house
Ennis House
1923
Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright
Location: Los Angeles, California
Building type: house
Style: Deco Modern
Construction system: bearing masonry,
concrete blocks
 the last of the four Los Angeles textile
block house
Johnson Wax Building
1936 to 1939 and 1944
Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright
Location: Racine, Wisconsin
Construction system: precast
concrete and brick
Style: modern
 unique structural expression in
open hall, tower with rounded
corners
 the tower is totally enclosed and
does not allow for horizontal
expansion of work space
 articulated by dendriform columns capable of supporting six times the weight
imposed upon them, a fact Wright had to demonstrate in order to obtain a building
permit
Larkin Building
1904, demolished 1950
Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright
Location: Buffalo, New York
Building Type: commercial offices
Construction system: brick masonry
Style: Early modern
 large four-storey central atrium
 the first entirely air-conditioned modern
office building on record
Wingspread
1937
Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright
Location: Wind Point, Wisconsin
Building type: large house
Style: neo-Vernacular
 living room, dining room, kitchen, family
sleeping rooms, guest rooms, were separate
unites grouped together and connected
by corridors
Golden Gate Bridge
1933 to 1937
Architect: Joseph Strauss
Location: San Francisco, California
Building type: suspension bridge
Construction system: steel frame, steel cables
Styles: Structural Modern with some Art Deco
details
 one of the longest bridge in the world
 a powerful and elegant human structure
in an equally beautiful natural location
 overall bridge length of 9266 feet, or 2824
meters
 bridge main span length of 4200 feet, or 1280
meters

FRENCH ARCHITECTURE
The Louvre
1546 to 1878
Architect: Pierre Lescot
Location: Paris, France
Building type: palace, art museum
Construction system: cut stone bearing
masonry
Style: French Renaissance
 also designed by Catherine de Medici,
J.A. du Cerceau II, Claude Perrault,
etc.
 I.M. Pei: design the glass pyramid,
which serves as the main public entrance
Sacre-coeur
 located at the hill of Montmartre which is the highest point in the city of paris
 1874: Paul Abadie
 1910: completed by Lucien Magne
Hotel de Ville
 largest renaissance building
 16th and 17th century
 Italian designer Domenico de Cortona
 1871: burned, renovated in 2 years
Arc de Triomphe
 Napoleon, the French emperor decided to build
a very big arch of triumph, which stands at the
top of the Champs Elysees

Tuileries
 the Tuileries Garden of
Paris is part of the
Triumphal way, which
begins at the Louvre and
continues to the City’s
Western edge
Palais Royal Pompidou Centre
 commissioned by Cardinal 1972 to 1976
Richeliev Architect: Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano
 original name is Palais Location: Paris, France
Cardinal Building Type: modern art museum
 17th century Construction system: high-tech steel and glass
 Daniel Buren: stripped columns Style: High-tech modern
 a cost of $100,000,000, with an average
attendance of approximately seven million
people a year
 massive structural expressionist cast
exoskeleton, "exterior" escalators enclosed
in transparent tube

Notre Dame de Paris

1163 to 1250  surrounded by 52 Corinthian columns
Architect: Maurice de Sully
Location: Paris, France
Building Type: church, cathedral
Construction system: bearing masonry, cut stone
Style: Early Gothic
 one of the most celebrated Gothic cathedrals in France
 twin towers marking the entrance Sorbonne
 probably the most famous image in French Gothic art  most famous building at the University of Paris

Chartres Cathedral
Paris Opera House 1194 to 1260
1857 to 1874 Location: Chartres, France
Architect: Charles Garnier Building type: cathedral
Location: Paris, France Construction system: bearing masonry
Building type: theater, opera house Style: Gothic exemplar
Construction system: masonry, cut  the elevation was in three tiers as it had no
stone gallery and the vaulting was
Style: Neo-Baroque quadripartite, which eliminated the need for
 polychrome façade, opulent staircase alternating supports
 commission by competition  supreme monument of High Gothic art and
 masterpiece of 19th century architecture
architecture Amien’s Cathedral
 one of the largest and most opulent theaters in the world 1220
 false ceiling painted by Marc Chagall  145 meters long
 largest French Gothic Cathedral ever built
Elysee Palace  intricate façade completed during the 15th century
1718
Architect: Claude Mollet
 official residence of the president of France

Hotel de Invalides
 Napoleons tomb is within the structure
 founded by Louis XIV for disabled soldiers
 late 17th century
Rheims Cathedral
La Madeleine  one of the greatest monument of Gothic art and
Architect: Napoleon I architecture
 church of Ste. Marie Madeleine  construction commerced by Jean d’Orbais and
 constructed as a church in 1842 was completed by Robert de Coucy
 a work of remarkable unity and harmony Style: modern
 an early and classic exemplar of the "International Style", which hovers above a
grass plane on thin concrete pilotti, with strip windows, and a flat roof with a deck
area, ramp, and a few contained touches of curvaceous walls

GERMAN ARCHITECTURE
Eiffel Tower
1887 to 1889 Burgtheater
Architect: Gustave Eiffel 1874 to 1888
Location: Paris, France Architect: Gottfried Semper with Karl von
Building Type: exposition observation Hasenaver
tower
Construction system: exposed iron
Style: Victorian Structural Expressionist Berlin Opera House
 dominates the sky line of Paris (STAATSOPER)
 one of the most famous landmarks in Architect: Georg Wenzeslaus von
the world Knobelsdorf
 built for the Paris Exposition of 1889

Notre dame du Haut Wurzburg Residenz

1955 Architect: Balthazar Neumann
Architect: Le Corbusier  one of the best structure of the
Location: Ronchamp, France Baroque-Rococo period
Building type: church
Construction system: reinforced
concrete
Style: Expressionist Modern
 soft-form composition, deep windows
with colored glass (wall thickness 4' to
12') Einstein Tower
 Le Corbusier’s dramatic pilgrim church 1919 to 1921
Architect: Erich Mendelsohn
Location: Potsdam, Germany
Villa Savoye Building type: laboratory, observatory
1928 to 1929 Construction system: bearing masonry,
Architect: Le Corbusier concrete over brick
Location: Poissy, France Style: Expressionist Early Modern
Building type: house  curvaceous, streamlined form
Construction system: concrete and
plastered unit masonry
 designed to hold Einstein's own astronomical laboratory Style: Palladian, Late English Renaissance
 this 'sarcophagus of architectural Expressionism' is one of the most  was built by Jones for Anne of Denmark, wife of James I
brilliantly original buildings of the twentieth century

ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE Somerset House

1776 to 1786
British Museum Architect: William Chambers
1823 to 1847 Location: London, England
Architect: Sir Robert Smirke Building type: government offices and art school
Location: London, England Construction system: cut stone masonry
Building type: art and historical Style: Neoclassical
museum, library  Home of Royal Academy of the Arts. Corinthian
Construction system: orders above arched courtyard apertures, rusticated
masonry, cut stone base
Style: Victorian Ionic façade, Saint Paul’s Cathedral
Classical Revival 1675 to 1710
 Includes one of the world's great library rooms. Glazed roof over Architect: Sir Christopher Wren
restored courtyard by Norman Foster Location: London, England
Building type: church
Salisbury Cathedral Construction system: masonry, brick, timber
1220 to 1258 and cut stone
Location: Salisbury, England Style: Late renaissance to Baroque
Building type: Cathedral (church, temple)  the dome peaks at 366 feet above pavement
Construction system: bearing masonry,  a masterpiece of Baroque architecture
cut stone  largest cathedral in England
Style: English Gothic
 Cathedral of Saint Mary Chiswick House
 an outstanding example of the Early 1729
English architectural style Architect: Lord Burlington
 tallest in England 404ft (123m) Location: Chiswick, England
 use of Purbeck marble to create a Building type: large house
strongly coloured scheme Construction system: bearing masonry
Style: Palladian
Queen’s House  also known as “Burlington House”
1616 to 1635
Architect: Inigo Jones – the greatest of
English Classical architect
Location: Greenwich, England
Building type: large house Westminster Palace
Construction system: bearing masonry 1836 to 1868
Architect: Sir Charles Barry
Location: London  built during the reign of king James I
Building type: seat of government, government center
Construction system: cut stone bearing masonry
Style: English Gothic Revival
 Big Ben: the clock tower best known is a great symbol of London
 originally seat of kings as a royal residence
CHINA, TURKEY, ITALY, INDIA AND SPAIN ARCHITECTURE

Temple of Heaven
Location: China
Glasgow School of Art  700 acre enclosure built by the Ming
1897 to 1909 Dynasty emperor Yongle (Yung-Io)
Architect: Charles Rennie Mackintosh  means “Perpetual Help”
Location: Glasgow, England
Building type: college
Construction system: bearing masonry
Style: art and crafts, art nouveau
 imaginative synthesis of elements of
Art Nouveau and Scottish Architecture
Hagia Sofia
532 to 537
Architect: Isidoros and
Anthemios
Durham Cathedral Location: Istanbul, Turkey
1093 to 1280 Building type: church
Location: Durham, England Construction system: bearing masonry
Building type: church, cathedral Style: Byzantine
Construction system: bearing masonry, cut  a tremendous domed space
stone  built as the new Cathedral of
Style: Romanesque Constantinople by the Emperor
 one of the most impressive Norman Justinian
Romanesque style in Europe  a masterpiece of Byzantine architecture
 had a reciprocal influence on the  additional minarets when the church became a mosque
architecture of Normady
 the rib vault covering of Durham Cathedral Cathedral of Siena
is the oldest example that has survived Location: Southern Italy
 incorporated Gothic elements in a
strongly Mediterranean design

Buckingham Palace
Architect: sir George Goring
 Krak des Chevaliers
Pisa Cathedral 1150 to 1250
103 to 1350 Location: Syria
Location: Pisa, Italy Building type: fort
Building type: church complex Style: Medieval
Construction system: bearing masonry,  crusader castle
cut stone, white marble  the best preserved and most wholly
Style: Romanesque admirable castle in the world
 "Pisa Cathedral with Baptistery,
Campanile and Campo Santo,
together form one of the most famous
building groups in the world Alhambra
 the cathedral complex includes the 1338 to 1390
famous Leaning Tower, La Torre Pendente Location: Granada, Spain
 white marble with colonnaded facades Building type: palace
Construction system: bearing masonry
Florence Cathedral Style: Moorish (Islamic)
1296 to 1462  palace of Nasrid Dynasty
Architect: Arnolfo di Cambio  the most beautiful remaining example of
Location: Florence, Italy Western Islamic Architecture
Building type: domed church, cathedral  built as a cathedral in the mid-1200’s
Construction system: bearing masonry  “hall of justice”: noted from its elaborate
Style: Italian Romanesque stalactite (maqarnas) decoration
 1296: Cathedral begun on design by
Arnolfo di Cambio Casa Batllo
 1357: Project continued on a modified 1905 to 1907
plan by Francesco Talenti Architect: Antonio Gaudi
 1366-7: Talenti's definitive design Location: Barcelona, Spain
emerged calling for an enormous Building type: apartment building
octagonal dome Construction system: concrete
 1418: competition for construction of dome. Style: Expressionist or Art Nouveau
 1420: technical solution for vaulting proposed by Brunelleschi  uses animal styles al through-out the structure
approved and construction begun
 The Duomo – dome added by Brunelleschi
 1436— church consecrated
  museum for Mogul emperor’s consort

Casa Mila
1905 to 1910
Architect: Antonio Gaudi
Location: Barcelona, Spain
Building type: multifamily housing
Construction system: masonry and
concrete
Style: Art Nouveau
 expressionistic, fantastic, organic
forms in undulating facade and roof
line
 light court
 it could be compared with the steep
cliff walls in which African tribes build their cave-like dwellings

Sagrada Familia
1882 to 1926
Architect: Antonio Gaudi
Location: Barcelona, Spain
Building type: church
Construction system: masonry
Style: Expressionist
 Church of the Holy Family
 uncompleted during Gaudi’s lifetime
 crowned by four spires

Taj Mahal
1630 to 1653
Architect: Emperor Shah Jahan
Location: Agra, India
Building type: Islamic tomb
Construction system: bearing masonry,
inlaid marble
Style: Islamic
 onion-shape domes, flanking towers,
built for wife Mumatz Mahal
 located on the Jumna River