‫‪THERMODYNAMICS‬‬

‫الديناميكا الحرارية‬
 ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

If objects A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third object C, then A and B are in
thermal equilibrium with each other .

Two objects are in thermal equilibrium with each other if they do not exchange energy when in thermal
contact.
Quick Quiz 19.1
Page 570 ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

• Two objects, with different sizes, masses, and temperatures, are placed in thermal contact. In which
direction does the energy travel?
a) Energy travels from the larger object to the smaller object.
b) Energy travels from the object with more mass to the one with less mass.
c) Energy travels from the object at higher temperature to the object at lower temperature.
 TEMPERATURE

• The Celsius, and Kelvin temperature scales :

conversion between these temperatures is
𝑇 = 𝑇℃ + 273.15 𝑇℃ = 𝑇 − 273.15

• The Celsius, and Fahrenheit temperature scales :

conversion between these temperatures is
𝑇℉ = 𝑇℃ + 32 𝑇℃ = 𝑇℉ − 32

∆𝑇 = ∆𝑇℃ = ∆𝑇℉
 TEMPERATURE

Temperature Unit Ice Point Of Water Steam Point Of Water

℃ 0 100

℉ 32 212

K 272.15 372.15
Example 19.1
Page 573 CONVERTING TEMPERATURES

• On a day when the temperature reaches 50 , what is the temperature in degrees Celsius and in
Kelvins ?
Solution
i.
𝑇℃ = 𝑇℉ − 32 𝑇℃ = 50℉ − 32 = 10℃

ii.

𝑇 = 𝑇℃ + 273.15 𝑇 = 10℃ + 273.15 = 283.15𝐾

 THERMAL EXPANSION OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

• When the temperature of an object is changed by an amount T, its length changes by an amount
L that is proportional to T and to its initial length L

• is the average coefficient of linear expansion for a given material and has units of
EXAMPLE 19.2
PAGE 576 EXPANSION OF A RAILROAD TRACK

• A segment of steel railroad track has a length of 30.000 m when the temperature is 0.00 .
a) What is its length when the temperature is 40.0 ?
Solution

∆𝐿 = 𝛼𝐿 ∆𝑇 ∆𝐿 = 11 × 10 30 40 − 0 = 0.0132𝑚

𝐿 = 30 + 0.0132 = 30.0132𝑚
 HEAT AND INTERNAL ENERGY

• Internal Energy is all the energy of a system that is associated with its microscopic
components(atoms and molecules)when viewed from a reference frame at rest with respect to the
center of mass of the system.

• Heat is defined as a process of transferring energy across the boundary of a system because of a
temperature difference between the system and its surroundings. It is also the amount of energy Q
transferred by this process.
Problem Section 20.1
Page 617 HEAT AND INTERNAL ENERGY

• 1 . A 55.0kg woman eats a 540 calorie (540 kcal) jelly doughnut for breakfast.
a) How many joules of energy are the equivalent of one jelly doughnut?
b) How many steps must the woman climb on a very tall stairway to change the gravitational
potential energy of the woman–earth system by a value equivalent to the food energy in one
jelly doughnut assume the height of a single stair is 15.0 cm.
c) If the human body is only 25.0% efficient in converting chemical potential energy to mechanical
energy, how many steps must the woman climb to work off her breakfast?
Problem Section 20.1
Page 617 HEAT AND INTERNAL ENERGY

Solution
a) 4.186 𝐽
𝐸 = 540000 𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 2.26 × 10 𝐽
1 𝑐𝑎𝑙

𝑊
b) ∆𝑈 =𝑊 𝑛𝑚𝑔ℎ = 𝑊 𝑛=
𝑚𝑔ℎ

2.26 × 10
𝑛= = 27953 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝𝑠
55 9.8 0.15

c) 2.26 × 10 0.25
𝑛= = 6988 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝𝑠
55 9.8 0.15
 SPECIFIC HEAT

• The Specific Heat of a substance is the heat capacity per unit mass.

• The unite of The Specific Heat is ⋅

 CALORIMETRY

• One technique for measuring specific heat involves heating A sample to some known temperature
, placing it in A vessel containing water of known mass and temperature , and
measuring the temperature of the water after equilibrium has been reached. This technique is
called Calorimetry, and devices in which this energy transfer occurs are called Calorimeters.
Example 20.2
Page 595 Cooling a Hot Ingot

• A 0.0500 kg ingot of metal is heated to 200.0 and then dropped into a calorimeter containing
0.400 kg of water initially at 20.0 . The final equilibrium temperature of the mixed system is
22.4 . Find the specific heat of the metal.
Solution
𝑚 𝑐 𝑇 −𝑇
𝑚 𝑐 𝑇 −𝑇 = −𝑚 𝑐 𝑇 −𝑇 𝑐 =−
𝑚 𝑇 −𝑇

0.4 4186 22.4 − 20 𝐽

𝑐 =− = 452.5 𝑘𝑔 ⋅ 𝐾
0.05 22.4 − 200
Problem Section 20.2
Page 617 SPECIFIC HEAT AND CALORIMETRY

• 5. What mass of water at 25.0 must be allowed to come to thermal equilibrium with a 1.85 kg
cube of aluminum initially at 150 to lower the temperature of the aluminum to 65.0 ?Assume
any water turned to steam subsequently condenses.
Solution
𝑚 𝑐 𝑇 −𝑇
𝑚 𝑐 𝑇 −𝑇 = −𝑚 𝑐 𝑇 −𝑇 𝑚 =−
𝑐 𝑇 −𝑇

1.85 900 65 − 150

𝑐 =− = 0.845𝑘𝑔
4186 65 − 25
 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

• The First Law Of Thermodynamics is a special case of the law of conservation of energy that
describes processes in which only the internal energy changes and the only energy transfers are
by heat and work:
 REFERENCES

• Physics for scientists and engineers 9th edition by Raymond A. Serway