Hydraulic actuators: cylinders

Cylinder types: Double acting piston:

Single acting: Work is done in both
work can be done only in one direction directions
Plunger
Piston rod on both sides

Piston

Tandem

Telescopic Telescopic
Fast moving Fast moving

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 Hydraulic cylinders

Properties:
• The cylinders have to be good quality steel with close tolerances.
• There have to be good sealing both at the piston rod and at the cylinder.
• With time dirt may come in and damage the surfaces. This has to be
possibly reduced.
• In this case, the leakage will increase all the time.

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 Hydraulic cylinders
Calculation of cylinders
Fcmax = FLmax + FF + F1 FCmax  FLmax + FF

maximum load friction forces inertial forces

slow motion, can
be often
neglected

Outward:
FC 0 = A1 p1 − A2 p2 A1 A2

p2 vB
Backward:
FCB = A2 p2 − A1 p1
p1
v0

Q Q Q
v0 = vB =
A1 A2
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 Hydraulic cylinders
Calculation of cylinders Ff
1. Stick-slip 1 2 3
2. Transition
3. Normal behaviour
Hydraulic cylinders should be possibly operated
in the 3rd region for smooth operation.
If the cylinder is new, the leakage losses are v
negligibly small so that:
ηc = ηmech v  FL FL
c = =
ηc p1Q1 − p2Q2 p1 A1 − p2 A2

outwards
inwards cmax
= 0,85 − 0,92
at higher pressures

Δp
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Hydraulic cylinders
Checking for buckling n: safety factor: 1-3,5
Maximum permissible force: lk: buckling length
2
1  I1: moment of inertia of the piston rod
Fmax L =    E  I1 d 4
n  lk  E: elasticity modulus of the rod material
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Hydraulic cylinders
Cushioning of cylinders:
A hard impact of the piston at the end surfaces has to be
inhibited – kinetic energy has to be absorbed.
This is done by increasing the hydraulic resistance at the
end of the stroke.

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Rotary hydraulic actuators
Swivel vane rotary actuator: Parallel
piston
Limited angle in both directions rotary
actuator
Maximum angle always smaller than 360°
The same torque in both directions

Limited angle rotary Limited angle rotary

actuator actuator

Piston rotary actuator:

With rack and gear coupling
Here maximum angle may be larger than 360°

??? ???

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Cylinder types:
1- plunger

smaller force, better efficiency, axial support is necessary

but cylinder does not have to be so good quality

Without inner buffer With inner buffer (pilot piston)

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Cylinder types:
2- piston, single acting, pressing-cylinder

Spring

inside outside

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Cylinder types:
3- piston, single acting, puller

Spring

inside outside

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Cylinder types:
4- single acting, fast moving

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Cylinder types:
5- telescopic, single acting

Large working paths or limited space

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Cylinder types:
6- piston, double acting

Velocity is different

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Cylinder types:
7- piston, double acting, Piston rod on both side

Velocity is the same in both directions

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Cylinder types:
8- double acting piston, tandem

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Cylinder types:
9- double acting, fast moving

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Cylinder types:
9- telescopic, double acting
Large working paths or limited space

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Cushioning of cylinders:

1. Piston
2. Cushion nose
3. Cylinder cap
4. Stroke volume
5. Cushion orifice
6. Throttle
7. Cushion adjustment screw
8. Mother
9. Non-return valve
10. Gas valve

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 Cushion Illustration

The cushion slows the cylinder down just before it hits the back (or
front) of the cylinder.

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Rotary hydraulic actuators

1- Parallel piston

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 Rotary hydraulic actuators
2- reciprocating axial-piston:

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 Rotary hydraulic actuators
3- Rack-and-pinion piston:

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Rotary hydraulic actuators
4a- Limited angle rotary actuator:

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Rotary hydraulic actuators
4b- Limited angle rotary actuator:

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Rotary hydraulic actuators
5- Helix actuator:

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 Axial piston motors
Hydraulic Motor types:
Properties:
• generally high speed
(n= 500-10.000 min-1)
• low speed high torque - LSHT Tilting cam plate / swash plate
(n= 0,5-1.000 min-1)
Radial piston motor

Gear motor

Internal radial piston motor with

multiple stroke Standing shaft, multiple stroke

Gerotor motor

Bent axis piston motor Standing housing, multiple stroke

Vane motor
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 Hydraulic Motor Types
1- Gear motor

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2-Vane motor

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3- Radial piston motor

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4- Axial piston motor with tilting cam plate

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5- Bent axis piston motor

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Mechanics of Hydraulic Cylinders Loading
1- First Class Lever System

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2- Second Class Lever System

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3- Third Class Lever System

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