Sensory System I: Vision

Sensory System I
Vision
With Thad Wilson
Nitish Kumar MV, nitishkumarmv.682@gmail.com

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Eye-Structure and Function
2 primary functions are to distinguish brightness and wavelength of light.
λ
(wavelengths between 400-750 nm)

Eye-Structure and Function
Anterior
chamber Choroid
Cornea Vitreous humor

Retina
Zonule
fibers
Iris Central
fovea
Posterior Lens Optic disc
chamber (blind spot)
Ciliary
epithelium
Optic nerve
Sclera
© by LecturioNitish Kumar MV, nitishkumarmv.682@gmail.com
Camera vs. Eye Comparisons
Think of your eye being like a camera.

In a camera the aperture is the hole that the light travels through and the
focus adjusts the clarity and the depth that is brought into clear view.
In a camera you also have a lens that projects the image

onto photographic film.

Humors and Lens
Humors Object
• Aqueous humor fills the anterior chamber. Air

1.00
• The humor is drained by canal of Schlemm and the
fluid is produced by the ciliary epithelium. Cornea
1.38
• Vitreous humor fills the posterior chamber.
Aqueous
• Humor refracts light. humor
1.33
Lens Lens
1.40
• Changing the lens shape through accommodation
alters the focal length, which can account for Vitreous
refraction and to adjust seeing near and far items. Image humor
1.34
How Does the Lens Make Adjustments?
Lens (tensed) Lens

(relaxed)
Ciliary muscle Zonule fibers Ciliary muscle Zonule fibers

(relaxed) (contracted)
When the ciliary muscle is relaxed, Ciliary muscle contraction releases

the zonule fibers are tensed and the tension on the zonule fibers, and the
lens is pulled elliptical. The eye focuses lens becomes more spherical. The eye
on distant objects. focuses now on objects close at hand.

Pupil Size
Light levels Light levels
Sphincter Radial
muscle Pupil muscle
The eye uses Iris
sympathetic and
parasympathetic nerves
to cause contraction of Parasympathetic Constrict Sympathetic
either the radial or nerve < 1 second nerve
sphincter muscle to
adjust the aperture.
Miosis Mydriasis
Signal Convergence
The light travels toward the retina. It passes through layers of Photoreceptor Pigment
nerves down to the pigment epithelium, which absorbs the light. layer epithelium
To optic nerve and brain

Ganglion cells
Photoreceptors adjacent to
pigment layer are then
activated by the light. Bipolar cells Rod Cone
Light
Photoreceptors Types
Photoreceptors come in 2 primary types: rods and cones.
Structure of photoreceptors
Membrane
Cone infoldings
Synaptic Inner Outer

terminals segments segments
Double-
membrane
Rod
discs

Steps in Photoreception in Rods
11-cis-retinal Decreased cyclic GMP Closure of Na+

channels
+
Light
Cyclic GMP 5‘ GMP
all-trans- Activation of
retinal phosphodiesterase
Hyperpolarization
Meta- Activation of of photoreceptor
rhodopsin II transducin (G protein) membrane

Signal Termination
GC activating
Rhodopsin kinase Arrestin GTPase
protein

Dark
Nonselective
Na+ cation channel Inner High cGMP
segment levels keep
Na+ cGMP-gated Na+
cGMP K+ channels open
and sustain the
Depolarized: high dark current.
transmitter release
Hyperpolarized: low Outer segment Rod

transmitter realease
cGMP levels fall,
the cGMP-gated
Na+ channels
Inner segment close and the
dark current ends.
Na+
Cones Respond to Different Wavelengths of Light
S cones M cones L cones

420 nm 530 nm 560 nm
Relative
absorbance
400 450 500 550 600 650

Wavelength (nm)

Signal Convergence
Peripheral ganglion cells transmit data Photoreceptor
collected from a wide area of the retina. layer
To optic nerve and brain Rod

Ganglion cells
Cone
Pigment
epithelium
Signal
convergence Bipolar cells
Photoreceptors
Data flow
Light
ON and OFF Center Responses
• Photoreceptors release glutamate continuously to bipolar cells in the dark.
• Bipolar responses are graded.
• ON cells utilize an inhibitory metabotropic glutamate receptor.
• OFF cells utilize a stimulatory ionotropic glutamate receptor.

Bipolar ON and OFF Center Responses
Horizontal Bipolar
Photoreceptors cell cells
↓Glutamate Depolarization
Light (metabolic receptors)
Visual On-center,
receptive off-surround
fields
↓Glutamate Hyperpolarization
Light (ionotropic receptors)
Off-center,
on-surround
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Sensory System I

With Thad Wilson

Nitish Kumar MV, nitishkumarmv.682@gmail.com

2 primary functions are to distinguish brightness and wavelength of light.

Nitish Kumar MV, nitishkumarmv.682@gmail.com

Cornea Vitreous humor

Think of your eye being like a camera.

In a camera you also have a lens that projects the image

Nitish Kumar MV, nitishkumarmv.682@gmail.com

• Aqueous humor fills the anterior chamber. Air

Lens (tensed) Lens

Ciliary muscle Zonule fibers Ciliary muscle Zonule fibers

When the ciliary muscle is relaxed, Ciliary muscle contraction releases

© by LecturioNitish Kumar MV, nitishkumarmv.682@gmail.com

To optic nerve and brain

Synaptic Inner Outer

© by LecturioNitish Kumar MV, nitishkumarmv.682@gmail.com

11-cis-retinal Decreased cyclic GMP Closure of Na+

Nitish Kumar MV, nitishkumarmv.682@gmail.com

Nitish Kumar MV, nitishkumarmv.682@gmail.com

Hyperpolarized: low Outer segment Rod

S cones M cones L cones

400 450 500 550 600 650

Nitish Kumar MV, nitishkumarmv.682@gmail.com

To optic nerve and brain Rod

• Photoreceptors release glutamate continuously to bipolar cells in the dark.

• Bipolar responses are graded.

• ON cells utilize an inhibitory metabotropic glutamate receptor.

• OFF cells utilize a stimulatory ionotropic glutamate receptor.

Nitish Kumar MV, nitishkumarmv.682@gmail.com

Nitish Kumar MV, nitishkumarmv.682@gmail.com

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