Busbar Protection using Arduino

SUBMITTED BY

NAMES ROLL NUMBER

IRFAN ALI (G.L) K-17EL-52
KHADIM HUSSAIN (A.G.L) K-17EL-49

Supervisor:
ENGR. RASOOL AKHTAR ALIAS OSAMA
(lecturer )

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB
CAMPUS KHAIRPUR MIR’S.

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE

DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.
(September 2021)

i
 DEDICATION

Our thesis is dedicated to our parents, supervisors, and Mehran University of

Engineering and Technology, Shaheed Z.A Bhutto Campus Khairpur Mir's, which

served as the focal point of this research. Thank you for all their help,

encouragement, and motivation in guiding us to partake in this fascinating effort

with the goal of safeguarding and improving power.

ii
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work presented in this thesis, titled "Busbar Protection
Using Arduino," was written entirely by the following students as a partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Electrical Engineering degree,
under the supervision of Engr. Rasool Akhtar Alias Osama.

SUBMITTED BY

NAMES ROLL NUMBER

IRFAN ALI. (G.L) K-17EL-52
KHADIM HUSSAIN (A.G.L) K-17EL-49

Engr. Rasool Akhtar Alias Osama External Examiner

(Thesis Supervisor)

Dr. Mazhar Hussain Baloch (Chairman)

Department of Electrical Engineering

Date:

iii
 Acknowledgements

Dedicated to Our Parents and Teachers

First and foremost, we would like to express our gratitude to Almighty Allah for
providing us with the strength and bravery to accomplish this research, as well as
to those who have helped and encouraged us along the way.

Without the generous support, cooperation, and courtesy of honourable supervisor

‘'Engr. Rasool Akhtar Alias Osama”, doing such a research would be difficult. We
salute our illustrious teacher's profound impact on our professional lives. He has
instructed us to seek out all necessary sources of information for our research and
has assisted us in creating the ideal environment in which we were able to
accomplish it.

We also thank our esteemed chairman, Dr. Mazhar Hussain Baloch, for allowing
us to practice in this field.

We are grateful for the coordination and assistance provided by ‘'Dr Mohsin Ali
Tunio," who aided us with this research.

Finally, we want to express our deepest gratitude to our parents for their unending
tolerance and understanding.

THESIS GROUP

iv
 ABSTRACT

Every management system is trying to make an automatic, portable, accurate

and reliable system to for measurement. This project work presents a novel
smart meter for an automatic and superior metering, controlling, protecting,
and warning system. The integration of the Arduino and LCD provide the
meter reading system with some automatic functions that are pre-defined.
The proposed protection system can incorporate with an embedded
microcontroller and PZEM-004T AC Digital Multifunction Meter. PZEM-
004T having the ability to measure Electrical parameters such as voltage,
current, active power and energy, power factor and frequency. Measured
parameters are directly transmitted with TTL serial interface with Arduino
nano board and display on 20*4 LCD Display. Our implemented project is
able to provide all required measurements for controlling and protection with
high fidelity. Some of the special features of our project is

 Overload and underload alarm function

 AC Voltage and Current Measurement with a range of 80 ~ 260VAC
which cover major country voltage range like 110V and 230V and 0 ~
100A current measurement capability.
 Power measurement range is 0 ~ 22kW and energy range 0 ~
9999kWh.
 Frequency measurement 
 Power Factor measurement 

Keyword:- microcontroller, smart system, SMART Energy Meter,  AC

Digital Multifunction Meter, Arduino, PZEM-004T, AC Voltmeter,
Digital Ammeter

v
 Table of Contents
DEDICATION................................................................................................................................ii
CERTIFICATE..............................................................................................................................iii
Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................iv
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................v
List of Figures.................................................................................................................................ix
List of Tables...................................................................................................................................x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................................xi
CHAPTER NO. 01.......................................................................................................................xii
INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................xii
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY..........................................................................................1
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT........................................................................................................2
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES.........................................................................................................3
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY..........................................................................................3
1.5 GEOGRAPHICAL DETAILS.................................................................................................4
1.6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.............................................................................................5
1.7 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS................................................................................................6
CHAPTER 2...................................................................................................................................7
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................7
2.1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................8
2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................................................................8
2.3 SUMMARY.............................................................................................................................13
CHAPTER 3.................................................................................................................................14
METHODOLOGY........................................................................................................................14
3.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................15
3.2 ENERGY NEED ASSESSMENT...........................................................................................15
3.2.1 DATA COLLECTION.....................................................................................................15
3.2.2 DATA ANALYSIS...........................................................................................................15
3.3 CURRENT ENERGY SITUATION.......................................................................................16
3.3.1 LOAD PROFILE..............................................................................................................17

vi
 3.3.2 BILL DATA......................................................................................................................17
3.4 ELECTRICAL LOAD DATA.................................................................................................19
3.4.1 CONNECTED LOAD OF MUET SZAB CAMPUS.......................................................20
3.5 ENERGY MODELING USING RET SCREEN.....................................................................22
3.5.1 Input Data..........................................................................................................................23
3.5.1.1 Site Selection..............................................................................................................24
3.5.1.2 Resource Data.............................................................................................................24
3.5.1.3 Load Data...................................................................................................................24
3.5.1.4 Equipment Characteristics..........................................................................................24
3.5.1.5 Economic Data...........................................................................................................24
3.5.2 Sensitivity Analysis...........................................................................................................25
3.5.3 Simulation and Optimization............................................................................................25
3.6 Resource Assessment...............................................................................................................26
3.6.1 Solar Irradiance Data........................................................................................................26
3.7 Solar System Components.......................................................................................................26
3.7.1 PV Array..........................................................................................................................27
3.7.2 Converter..........................................................................................................................27
3.7.3 Battery...............................................................................................................................28
3.7.4 Solar Cables......................................................................................................................28
3.8 Economic Inputs......................................................................................................................28
3.9 Conclusion..............................................................................................................................29
CHAPTER 04...............................................................................................................................30
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS..................................................................................................30
4.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................31
4.2 SCENARIO 1..........................................................................................................................31
4.2.1 Battery Bank Designing....................................................................................................32
4.2.2 Inverter..............................................................................................................................33
4.2.3 Solar Panel Selection........................................................................................................34
4.3 Cost Summary for SCENARIO – 1.........................................................................................35
4.3.1 Electrical Output...............................................................................................................35

vii
 4.3.2 Cost Summary...................................................................................................................36
4.3.3 Financial Viability of the System......................................................................................37
4.3.4 Cash Flow Summary.........................................................................................................38
4.3.5 Sensitivity & Risk Analysis..............................................................................................39
4.3.5.1 Risk Analysis..............................................................................................................40
4.4 GHG Emissions.......................................................................................................................41
4.5 SCENARIO-2 (CRITICAL ANALYSIS)...............................................................................42
4.5.1 Peak Load Requirement....................................................................................................42
4.5.2 Cost Summary...................................................................................................................43
4.6 Comparison of SCENARIOS..................................................................................................44
4.6.1 SCENARIO-1...................................................................................................................45
4.6.2 SCENARIO-2...................................................................................................................45
4.7 Findings...................................................................................................................................45
4.8 Conclusion...............................................................................................................................46
CHAPTER 05...............................................................................................................................47
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................47
5.1 INTORDUCTION...................................................................................................................48
5.2 CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................48
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS.........................................................................................................48
5.4 FUTURE WORK.....................................................................................................................49
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................50

viii
 List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Geographical details of MUET SZAB Campus, Khairpur Mir’s.................................10
Figure 1-2 Monthly Average Temperature Data...........................................................................11
Figure 1-3 Methodology for Research Analysis............................................................................12
Figure 3-1 Research Framework for Analysis...............................................................................22
Fig 3-2 Graphical Representation of Electricity Consumption.....................................................25
Figure 3-3 Single Line Diagram of Distribution System of MUET SZAB Campus.....................26
Figure 3-4 Methodology Framework of RET Screen....................................................................29
Fig 3-5 Monthly Solar Radiation and Air Temperature Data........................................................32
Fig 4-1 PV- Battery System Configuration...................................................................................37
Fig 4-2 Optimization Results of PV-Battery configuration...........................................................41
Figure 4-2 Monthly Electricity Production from PV-Battery System...........................................42
Fig 4-3 Financial Analysis (General)............................................................................................44
Fig 4-5 Annual Cash Flow Graph..................................................................................................45
Fig 4-6 Cumulative Cash Flow......................................................................................................46
Fig 4-7 Impact - NPV....................................................................................................................47
Fig 4-8 Gross Annual Reduction of GHG Emissions....................................................................48
Fig 4-9 Solar System with Net Metering Solution........................................................................49

ix
 List of Tables

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

IEA International Energy Agency

GHG Green House Gases
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
RES Renewable Energy Sources
GDP Gross Domestic Products
HEI Higher Education Institute
COE Cost of Energy
NPV Net Present Value
HOMER Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Renewables
PV Photovoltaic

x
kW Kilo Watt
AC Alternating Current
DC Direct Current
EMS Energy Management System
HRES Hybrid Renewable Energy System
NASA National American State Agency
CPEC China Pakistan Economic Corridor
NREL National Renewable Energy Institute
CSP Concentrated Solar Power
LCSA Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment
SPV Solar Photovoltaic
MW Mega Watt
M Million
Rs Rupees

CHAPTER NO. 01
INTRODUCTION

xi
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Electricity is one of the most important blessings of science we people have got.
It has become the part of the modern life of the world and one cannot think life
without electricity, it is forecasted that the energy demand of the world will be
doubled by 2020[1] Before knowing the concept of busbar protection, let us first
know what a busbar is. So, a busbar is an electric device that is defined as a
single or array of conductors that collects electric power from entering feeder
devices and distributes it to outgoing feeder devices. It can alternatively be
defined as the point at which the incoming and outgoing feeders collide. As a
result, an electric bus bar collects power from a single source. A circuit breaker
and an isolator are integrated in the device. When a circuit breaker trips due to
faulty conditions, the damaged part is disconnected from the circuit. Now we'll
look at the concept of busbar protection and different types of protection
schemes. Busbars are very critical elements in a power system, since they are the
points of coupling of many circuits, transmission, generation, or loads. A single
bus fault can cause damage equivalent to many simultaneous faults and such
faults usually draw large currents. So, a high-speed bus protection is often
required to limit the damage on equipment and system stability or to maintain
service to as much load as possible. The term “bus protection” refers to
protection at the bus location, independent of equipment at remote locations.
Most of faults incurred on buses are one phase to ground, but faults may be
caused from different sources and a significant number are inter-phase clear of
earth. In fact, a large proportion of busbar faults result from human error rather
than the failure of switchgear components. Nowadays, with the advent of fully
phase-segregated metal-clad gear, only earth faults are possible, therefore we
only worry about earth fault sensitivity. Otherwise, the ability to detect phase
faults clear of earth is an advantage, although the phase fault sensitivity need not
be very high. Differential protection is the most sensitive and reliable method for
protecting a station bus. The phasor summation of all the measured current
entering and leaving the bus must be zero unless there is a fault within the
protective zone. For a fault not in the protective zone, the instantaneous direction
of at least one current is opposite to the others, and the sum of the currents in is
identical to the sum out. A fault on the bus provides a path for current flow that is
not included in these summations. This is called the differential current.
Detection of a difference exceeding the predictable errors in the comparison is
one important basis for bus relaying. In dealing with high-voltage power systems,
the relay is dependent on the current transformers in the individual circuits to
provide information to it regarding the high-voltage currents. The following
figures show typical examples of the location of current transformers that are
1
used for this purpose. The arrowheads indicate the reference direction of the
currents.

Figure 1-2: Multiple Bus Sections with Bus Tie

Figure 1-1: Single Bus Arrangement Arrangement

figure 1-3: Double Bus Double Breaker

Figure 1-4: Main and Transfer Bus Arrangement
Arrangement

2
Figure 1-5: Double Bus Single Breaker with Bus Tie

Arrangement Figure 1-6: Breaker-and-a-half Arrangement

Figure 1-7: Ring Bus Arrangement

What is Busbar Protection?

Busbar protection has previously been accomplished using current relays, and
it is anticipated that any transformer or feeder connected to the busbar will
not disrupt other busbar systems. As a result, the current relays' length has
been increased. As a result, when the busbar is damaged, it takes longer to
detach the bus, which could result in additional damage. While every
developed country is evolving toward a smart digital and efficient system, all
large infrastructures and corporations, as well as the electricity producing
sectors, currently employ smart systems for controlling data transmission and
protecting busbars and other equipment and machineries. Most power
systems are currently dealing with a wide variety of power levels, and any
disturbance in the busbar will result in significant losses. As a result, it is
much more critical to safeguard busbar systems. The busbar system's main
purpose is to improve the power system's dependability by maintaining
power removal when feeder devices trip. To know in detail, let us consider the
below example. In the circuit which shows a faulty condition. In order to
safeguard the device, it is needed to disconnect the faulty section from all the
electric power resources as quickly as possible. This corresponds that circuit
breaker sections 1, 2 3, and 4 should be in open condition while functioning of
the busbar safety. One may possibly be in the thought that only CB-1 should
be open, but not. As all the feeder devices 2, 3, and 4 have connections with
the grid, those might impose damage as the grid is the main power resource.
On the whole, the entire feeders should be opened. The main operation of
busbar protection is to detach the busbar system in faulty conditions.

Protection Requirements

Basic protection of a busbar is not much different from other components, but the
key role of a busbar makes two of the requirements the more important: speed,
and stability.

Speed

The primary objective of busbar protection is to limit the damage and also to
remove busbar faults before back-up line protection, to maintain system stability.
Formerly, a low impedance differential system was used which had a relatively
long operation time, of up to 0.5 seconds. However, most modern protection
schemes are a differential system capable of operating in a time of the order of
one cycle. Of course, the operating time of the tripping relays should be added to
this, but an overall tripping time of less than two cycles is achievable. Nowadays,
with the introduction of high-speed circuit breakers, complete fault clearance may
be obtained in approximately 0.1 seconds.

Stability

The stability of bus protection is very important. It should be noted that rate of
fault in busbar are quite low (about one fault per busbar in twenty years).
Therefore, a weakness in the stability of a protection system may have detrimental
effects on the stability of the protection system. Formerly, this has led to some
uncertainty in placing protection systems in busbars or placing very sophisticated
protection mechanisms. With better analysis of the system, these systems can be
applied with correct settings. To achieve a higher stability index, most of the time
two independent measurements are required for tripping command.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

For busbar protection, conventional over current relays were utilized in the
beginning. However, any malfunction in a feeder or transformer connected to the
busbar system should not disrupt the busbar system. In light of this, the busbar
protection relays' time settings have been lengthened. When a problem occurs on
the busbar, it takes a long time to isolate the bus from the cause, which might result
in significant damage. Busbars are critical components in the transmission and
distribution of electricity. They serve as a single distribution point for all feeders.
In the event of a problem, the current on the busbar rises, resulting in mechanical
failure that affects all feeds. The concern is that busbars are frequently left
exposed without special shielding because it is considered that they are quite
reliable. It was thought that if a busbar had its own protection strategy, it might
malfunction and disrupt the entire power supply. Another rationale was that
backup protection was thought to be adequate for providing adequate bus
protection. When implementing backup protection, a specialized busbar
protection scheme is required due to issues such as loss of loads and extended
times to clear faults. When it comes to dedicated busbar protection, high-speed
operation necessitates reliability and stability. In the event of a failure to trip
during an external fault or erroneous tripping during busbar service, the power
system may become unstable. This will result in a total blackout.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The goal of this study is to provide an effective, rapid, and intelligent busbar
protection and control mechanism for the safe and secure transmission of electrical
energy.

Following are the objectives on which our work is based:

i) To understand the conventional protection schemes.

ii) To design a controller for protection scheme using Arduino.
iii) To design protection schemes for the system against the different
faults i.e under/over voltage and under/over current.
iv) To design the protection which also protect and indicate the system
back current or from reverse flow the power (from load to source).
v) Design and develop energy measurement system which is
reliable, portable, accurate and low cost.
 vi) To analyze the designed system under different conditions and
parameters.
vii) To operate the designed system under different values and ranges.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

As we all know, a safe and reliable electrical supply not only attracts new
customers to a business, but it also makes power safe and simple to use for both
consumers and employees. The goal of this thesis is to design and implement a
multi-function protection system using an advanced microcontroller. The adaptive
multi-function relay is designed to safeguard the busbar in an attractive manner.

1.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Data collection on the condition of network parameters from relay protection

devices, converting devices, or converting devices. Calculation of the degree of
variation in regulated parameters. Adaptive settings are calculated. Adaptive
settings are transferred to relay protection devices. To perform all of the
aforementioned activities, the adaptation system must have enough computing
power to provide a high polling rate and modification of the protective settings,
which can be accomplished in one of two methods. Using the computing power of
microprocessors built into protection devices. Using of external computing
processors (personal computer, Arduino).

Data Data System Sensitivity Results

Collection Analysis Modelling Analysis Discussion

Figure 1-3 Methodology for Research Analysis

1.6 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS

The remaining chapters of the thesis are arranged as follows:

Chapter 2: presents a literature review regarding this research work, research gap
and findings of the literature review.

Chapter 3: Demonstrates research methodology for the development and design of

prototype protection scheme.

Chapter 4: This chapter describes the results and findings based on collected data
for economic analysis and development of the model.

Chapter 5: Conclusion of the analysis and recommendations are described in this

chapter.
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION

The literature evaluation backs up the information and methods employed in this
study. It includes all essential study information, as well as descriptions of research
gaps from past studies using simulation tools such as MATLAB, Etabs, Simulink
Multisim, and others. A literature review is a comprehensive summary of previous
research on a certain topic. A literature review looks at scholarly publications,
books, and other sources that are relevant to a certain research topic. In the review,
this previous work should be listed, detailed, summarized, objectively appraised,
and clarified.

2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

A lot of research is being done in the electricity sector on various protective

techniques. In this context, MATLAB, Multisim, Etabs, and other relay or CTs and
PTs-based research are evaluated and debated:

Kpochi Paul Kpochi1 ,Eiyike JeffreySmith2 ,AbubakarAttai Ibrahim3 2018

profound that, the use of a microcontroller, a simple technique to tackling the
problem of under and over voltage conditions is used in this work. This system can
be upgraded to provide more protection against under and over voltages for
industrial equipment. This technology would give more reliable house and
appliance security.
Mohamed F.KOTH, Magdi El-Saadawai and Eman H.El-Desueky, 2018 studied
that The Arduino microcontroller is used in this research to provide a new design
for an over/under voltage (OV/UV) protection method. The solid is protected
under the protection plan. A branch of a Future Renewable Electric Energy
Delivery and Management (FREEDM) system is the state transformer (SST). It is
employed as a backup safeguard for the distribution medium voltage loop's
instantaneous, momentary, and transitory voltage fluctuations. To represent a
branch of the FRREDM network with the intended OV/UV relay, very basic, user-
friendly software and hardware simulators were constructed.

Guibin Zou 1,* ID , Shenglan Song 2 , Shuo Zhang 1 ID , Yuzhi Li 2 and Houlei
Gao 2018 studied that, This work provides a quick busbar protection solution
based on the average product of aerial mode component characteristics. A
simulation model was constructed based on an actual 500 kV substation, and huge
simulations were run.

Borbad G. Mirzoevich 1 , Murodbek S. Kholnazarovich2 , Ismoil O.

Nazrimadovich 3 , Rajabbek O. Ayombekovich 4 2016 defended that, To prevent
the effects of CT saturation, microprocessor bus protection utilizing standard CTs
includes a number of additional algorithms for matching and processing the
observed data, which necessitates more calculations. Because digital CTs can
eliminate the effect of saturation, they can be utilized in relay protection systems to
overcome these issues.
Ahmad Kamaludin , Hikmah Prasetia , Yudha Nugroho 2020 analyzed that, There
are numerous benefits to using GOOSE for overcurrent relays in medium voltage
switchgear as a breaker failure and busbar protection system. Medium voltage
switchgear with GOOSE busbar protection has a faster transmission time between
IEDs, resulting in a faster clearing time when a busbar fault or breaker failure
occurs, compared to the conventional protection system. It can reduce IED
malfunction by minimizing copper wiring, which reduces the likelihood of a DC
ground fault in the substation.

Kramer and Elmore 2014, strong interests in applying digital methods to protective
relaying are developed for power system protection studied that the availability of
a microprocessor-based inverse time overcurrent relay with customizable
characteristics, which would considerably alleviate the application challenges
formerly associated with their fixed-characteristic electromechanical equivalents
Manzoul also revealed a technique that uses a single 8085 microprocessor to
control several overcurrent relays.

MD TANVIRUL KABIR CHOWDHURY 2013, IMPLEMENTATION OF

INTERLOCKING SCHEME FOR BUS BAR AND ARC PROTECTION USING
IEC , The theoretical framework was implemented through extensive study for the
thesis. It aids comprehension of the theoretical concept's main idea. The research
effort comprises an organised approach to the creative work progress. It could be a
study that develops a concept on the basis of a fundamental. Previous knowledge is
a vital catalyst for the advancement of the research route. The new work has
confirmed facts and reaffirmed the previous work. A fresh study discovery may be
able to provide a solution to a new or existing problem. It may be used to support
theorems that have been employed in the recent past, or it may be used to develop
the theory from its current state. Physical instrument configuration was required
during the research's implementation phase. A crucial role was played by the
instrument selection from its own variety. The expected outcomes of the
experimental setting may be influenced by the right experimental approach and
calibration.

Guibin Zou , Shenglan Song, Shuo Zhang , Yuzhi Li and Houlei Gao, 2010, A
Novel Busbar Protection Based on the Average Product of Fault Components ,
This work provides a quick busbar protection solution based on the average
product of aerial mode component characteristics. A simulation model was
constructed based on an actual 500 kV substation, and huge simulations were run.

Anup Suresh B.Eng., Ryerson University A STUDY OF PROGRAMMABLE

LOGIC CONTROLLERS (PLC) IN CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR EFFECTIVE
LEARNING 2018, The purpose of this project was to create experiments with
various levels of complexity so that students may learn how to programme PLCs
for real-world applications. The control issues offered here not only expose
students to automation principles, but also show how PLCs are used in industries
including electronics, automotive, power, and oil & gas.
Neha R. Ovhal1 , Maya G. Namwad2 , Vikrant Kumar3 2018, Feeder Protection
from Over Load and Earth Fault Relay , We learned about achieving control and
monitoring of feeder protection from overload scenarios by detecting temperature
in this assignment. We created a prototype module based on GPS technology for
collecting real-time data from various remote sites and sending it to the user's
mobile phone via IoT technology.

V. Thiyagarajan & T.G. Palanivel, An efficient monitoring of substations using

microcontroller based monitoring system 2013, The paper provides a novel
architecture for developing a system based on an AVR microcontroller that
monitors the voltage, current, and temperature of a distribution transformer in a
substation and protects the system from increases in these parameters. The
distribution transformer can be protected by shutting down the entire unit using
radio frequency communication. Furthermore, the system shows the same on a PC
at the main station, which is located at a different location. It's also capable of
detecting malfunctions caused by overload, high temperature, and over voltage.
The architecture typically consists of two units: a transmitter and display unit in the
substation and a controlling unit in the main station. The voltage, current, and
temperature are continuously monitored by the AVR microcontroller and shown
through the transmitter and display units at the substation.

Krupal Dhimar, Mr. Jenish Patel, Mr. Yasin Shaikh, Mr. Anas Musani, Mr. Krishn
Patel 2011, station monitoring and control using microcontroller & GSM, The goal
of this project is to collect remote electrical data such as voltage, current, and
frequency and broadcast these real-time values, as well as temperature at the power
station, over a gsm network using a gsm modem/phone. This project also includes
the use of a spdt relay to protect the electrical circuits. When the electrical
parameters surpass the predefined limits, this relay is actuated. The relay can be
used to turn off the primary power source. To read the distant electrical
characteristics, the user can send commands in the form of SMS messages. This
system can also provide real-time electrical parameters as SMS messages on a
regular basis (depending on time settings).

2.3 SUMMARY

According to the conclusions of the literature review, such a smart electronic

device will be more important and efficient than traditional bus protection
measures. In comparison to previous protective devices such as CTs and PTs,
digital electronics devices will be less expensive, easier to use, more reliable, and
more efficient.
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION
The methodological foundation and related specifics are detailed in this chapter.
Figure 3-1 depicts the study's research framework in this setting. For optimization
and analysis, the PROTEUS modelling programme is employed. In this chapter,
the PROTEUS methodological steps are also covered. The fundamental operation
of each component, including its functionality, rating, and overall performance.

3.2 Pzem004t Sensor

PZEM-004T Multifunction Power Monitoring. This PZEM-004T circuit is ideal

for measuring AC voltage, current, and power (RMS) (single phase). Using the
code library supplied below, the unit may simply connect with Arduino and other
electronics. Simply connect the circular sensor to the board and power it with a
power supply (or the AC source you're measuring). After passing the wire through
the circular sensor, you may begin monitoring voltage, current, and power. A TTL
to USB adaptor wire is included in the kit for easy connecting to a computer or
microcontroller.

3.2.1 Arduino Code of Pzem004t

#include <PZEM004Tv30.h>
PZEM004Tv30 pzem(11, 12);

void setup() {

Serial.begin(115200);

void loop() {

float voltage = pzem.voltage();

if(voltage != NAN){

Serial.print(“Voltage: “); Serial.print(voltage); Serial.println(“V”);

} else {

Serial.println(“Error reading voltage”);

float current = pzem.current();

if(current != NAN){

Serial.print(“Current: “); Serial.print(current); Serial.println(“A”);

} else {

Serial.println(“Error reading current”);

float power = pzem.power();

if(current != NAN){

Serial.print(“Power: “); Serial.print(power); Serial.println(“W”);

} else {

Serial.println(“Error reading power”);

}
float energy = pzem.energy();

if(current != NAN){

Serial.print(“Energy: “); Serial.print(energy,3); Serial.println(“kWh”);

} else {

Serial.println(“Error reading energy”);

float frequency = pzem.frequency();

if(current != NAN){

Serial.print(“Frequency: “); Serial.print(frequency, 1); Serial.println(“Hz”);

} else {

Serial.println(“Error reading frequency”);

float pf = pzem.pf();

if(current != NAN){

Serial.print(“PF: “); Serial.println(pf);

} else {

Serial.println(“Error reading power factor”);

Serial.println();

delay(2000);

}
3.2.2 Ratings and Function description of pzem004t
3.3 Arduino nano

Based on the ATmega328, the Arduino Nano is a compact, comprehensive,

and breadboard-friendly board (Arduino Nano 3.x). It offers a lot of the
same features as the Arduino Duemilanove, but it comes in a different
packaging. It just has a DC power jack and uses a Mini-B USB cable rather
than a conventional one. Based on the ATmega328P launched in 2008, the
Arduino Nano is a compact, comprehensive, and breadboard-friendly board.
It has the same connectivity and specifications as the Arduino Uno board,
but in a smaller package. The Arduino Nano has 30 male I/O headers in a
DIP30-style arrangement that can be programmed using the Arduino Software
integrated programming environment (IDE), which is common to all Arduino
boards and can be used both online and offline. The board can be powered by a 9
V battery or a type-B micro-USB connection.
3.3.1 Arduino Nano specifications

3.3.2 Busbar

A busbar (also bus bar) is a metallic strip or bar used in electric power distribution
that is commonly contained inside switchgear, panel boards, and busway
enclosures for local high current power distribution. They're also utilised to
connect high-voltage equipment and low-voltage equipment in battery banks at
electrical switchyards. They're usually uninsulated and rigid enough to be
supported in the air by insulated pillars. These features allow for adequate
conductor cooling and the ability to tap in at numerous spots without having to
create a new junction.

Fig;1 busbar strip fig;2 busbar strip

3.4 Current Transformer

The Current Transformer ( C.T.) is a type of "instrument transformer" that

produces an alternating current in its secondary winding that is proportional to the
current measured in its primary. Current transformers decrease high voltage
currents to a manageable level, allowing a normal ammeter to safely monitor the
real electrical current flowing in an AC transmission line. A basic current
transformer operates on a somewhat different principle than a standard voltage
transformer. Until the voltage induced in the secondary is large enough to saturate
the core or cause failure due to high voltage breakdown, the secondary winding
will deliver current into either a short circuit, such as an ammeter, or a resistive
load. A CT consists of a laminated steel core, a secondary winding around the core,
and insulating material surrounding the windings in its most basic form. When
alternating current flows through an electrical conductor, such as a cable or a bus,
it creates a magnetic field that is perpendicular to the current flow. When this
current passes through a CT's primary winding, the iron core inside becomes
magnetized, causing a voltage to be induced in the secondary coils. A current
proportional to the CT ratio will flow through the secondary circuit if the
secondary circuit is closed.

Fig Current transformer

3.5 LCD 20*4

In a 20x4 LCD module, there are four rows of display, each of which can display
twenty characters, and each display can display eighty characters. The HDD44780
(a controller designed to display monochrome text displays) parallel interfacing is
employed in this liquid crystal module. The code for connecting a liquid crystal
display is freely accessible. For the LCD screen interfacing, we just needed eleven
input and output pinouts. This module's input supply is three or five volts, and it
comes with other components such as a PIC, Raspberry PI, and Arduino. This
electrical device is suitable for usage in a variety of embedded systems, industries,
medical equipment, and portable devices such as smartphones, watches, and
laptops. The first form of signal used by liquid crystal displays is data, and the
second type is control.
The presence of these signals can be determined by the on/off state of the RS
pinout. The Read/write pinout can be pushed to read data.

Fig; LCD 20*4

Fig; LCD 20*4 Pin configuration

3.4.1 I2C LCD Display

It's a form of LCD display with only two I/O pins, requiring only two pins from the
Arduino. These aren't even part of a set of digital I/O pins, and they can be shared
with other I2C devices. If you've ever tried to connect an LCD display to an
Arduino, you'll know that it uses a lot of the Arduino's pins. Even in 4-bit mode,
the Arduino still requires seven connections, which is half of the digital I/O pins
accessible on the board.

I2C LCD Adapter

An 8-Bit I/O Expander chip – PCF8574 – is at the heart of the adaptor. This chip
transforms I2C data from an Arduino to the parallel data that the LCD display
requires.

A small trim pot is also included on the board for fine-tuning the display's contrast.
Furthermore, there is a jumper on the PCB that powers the backlight. Remove the
jumper and apply an external voltage to the header pin labelled "LED" to regulate
the intensity of the backlight.

I2C LCD display Pinout

An I2C LCD has only 4 pins that interface it to the outside world. The connections
are as follows:
GND is a ground pin and should be connected to the ground of Arduino.
VCC supplies power to the module and the LCD. Connect it to the 5V output of
the Arduino or a separate power supply.
SDA is a Serial Data pin. This line is used for both transmit and receive. Connect
to the SDA pin on the Arduino.
SCL is a Serial Clock pin. This is a timing signal supplied by the Bus Master
device. Connect to the SCL pin on the Arduino.

3.5 Relay Module

You may want to use your Arduino to control AC-powered devices such as lamps,
fans, or other household items on occasion. However, because the Arduino runs on
5 volts, it can't control these higher voltage devices directly. This is when the relay
module enters the picture. A relay module can be used to control the AC mains,
and Arduino can be used to operate the relay. We will utilize two channel relay
modules for this project. Other modules, with one, four, and eight channels, are
available. You can select the one that best meets your requirements.

The purpose of this module is to switch two high-powered devices from your
Arduino. It features two relays, each rated for up to 10A at 250VAC or 30VDC.
The position of the relay is shown by two LEDs on the relay module. The
respective LED will light up once a relay is engaged.

Output Terminal Blocks

Each relay has three channels, each of which is connected to a blue screw pin
terminal. The common (COM), normally closed (NC), and normally open (NO)
channels are labelled according to their function (NO)

The names describe the channel's condition in reference to the switch at rest.
COM (Common): This is the pin you should connect to the signal you want to
switch (in our example, mains electricity).

NC (Usually Closed): When you want to switch off the relay by default, you use a
normally closed configuration. The relay is always closed in this setup and will
remain closed until you transmit a signal from the Arduino to the relay module to
open the circuit.

NO (Normally Open): The relay is always open in a normally open position until
you transmit a signal from the Arduino to the relay module to close the circuit.

Control Pins:
VCC pin supplies power to the built-in optocoupler and optionally to the
electromagnet of the relay (if you keep the jumper in place)
GND is the common Ground connection.
IN1 & IN2 pins are used to control the relay. These are active low pins, meaning
the relay will be activated when you pull the pin LOW, and it will become inactive
when you pull the pin HIGH.

Power Supply Selection Pins:

JD-VCC supplies power to the electromagnet of the relay. When the jumper is in
place, it takes power from the Arduino’s 5V line. Without the jumper cap, you
must connect it to an independent power source.
VCC With the jumper cap on, this pin is shorted to the JD-VCC pin. If you remove
the jumper, keep this pin unconnected.
GND is the common Ground connection.

Output Terminals:
COM pin is connected to the signal you are planning to switch.
NC pin is connected to the COM pin by default, unless you send a signal from the
Arduino to the relay module to break the connection.
NO pin is open by default unless you send a signal from the Arduino to the relay
module to make the connection.

3.5 Other Miscellaneous

Other types components we have used are Lugs, Sockets, Buzzers, Lights,
Buttons, Power cables, insulators, Wires, Panel Box, Shrink slips, Contactors.

3.5.1 Block Diagram

Fig; simple Block Diagram

 Fig; Block Diagram

3.5. Working of the Project

Basic working of the project is that when there is AC supply is passed through the
BUSBAR it will supply forward this AC supply to the feeders under the normal
conditions, under the measuring sensor Pzem004t and reverse current relay
module, but there is any spike or voltage and current goes above or under the
specified threshold value( specified in the coding of Arduino Nano programming)
or there is any back or reverse current then these sensor will send commond to the
brain of the system that is microcontroller(Arduino Nano) and it will send
commond to the relay module and relay module will get tripped. Microcontroller
also display all the measured values on the LCD display it will be also display the
faulty values. If the system get normalized then operator have to check and press
the reset button to make all the values and system operate normal after the fault is
cleared.