Design and Implementation of a Low Noise Amplifier

Submitted by

AAMIR SHAMSHAD BSEE02173031

MUHAMMAD HAMZA BSEE02173032

USMAN ALI BSEE02173033

RANA TALLAL AKBAR BSEE02173034

Thesis Supervisor

ENGR. DR. NAVEED QASIM

Department of Electrical Engineering

Faculty of Engineering & Technology
THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE
February 2022
 Design and Implementation of a Low Noise Amplifier

Submitted by

AAMIR SHAMSHAD BSEE02173031

MUHAMMAD HAMZA BSEE02173032

USMAN ALI BSEE02173033

RANA TALLAL AKBAR BSEE02173034

A thesis submitted to The University of Lahore, in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

Thesis Supervisor

ENGR. DR. NAVEED QASIM

Department of Electrical Engineering

Faculty of Engineering & Technology
THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE
February 2022

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 Certificate of Approval

This is to certify that the project/thesis work presented in this thesis, entitled “Design and
Implementation of a Low Noise Amplifier” was conducted by Aamir Shamshad (Reg #
BSEE02173031), Muhammad Hamza (Reg # BSEE02173032), Usman Ali (Reg #
BSEE02173033), and Rana Tallal Akbar (BSEE02173034) under the supervision of Engr.
Dr. Naveed Qasim.

Student’s Name: Aamir Shamshad Signature: _________________

Student’s Name: Muhammad Hamza Signature: _________________

Student’s Name: Usman Ali Signature: _________________

Student’s Name: Rana Tallal Akbar Signature: _________________

FYP Cell Representative: Signature: _________________

with date

Supervisor’s Name: Engr. Dr. Naveed Qasim Signature: _________________

with date

Head of Department: Engr. Dr. Ghulam Abbas Signature: _________________

with date

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Dedicated to my exceptional parents, whole family, my teachers, and
friends whose tremendous support and cooperation led us to this
incredible accomplishment

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 Acknowledgements

We are thankful to our Creator Allah Subhana-Watala, who guided us throughout this
academic session, and for every new thought, which came to our mind that led us towards
improvement. After that, we feel great pleasure and honor to express our special appreciation
and heartfelt thanks to our supervisor Engr. Dr. Naveed Qasim, who proved himself as a
perfect mentor during our studentship. His continuous supervision and generous support play
a vital role in the growth of our academic abilities from a research nonprofessional. He
helped us to understand the difficult concepts of engineering, mathematics, and thesis
writing. All this knowledge is an invaluable resource for us. We are grateful to Engr. Dr.
Muhammad Qasim Mehmood, our co-supervisor who always encouraged us to work harder
but smarter and guided us through his rich experience and comprehensive knowledge.
Without his kind support, it was impossible to complete our work in a short time with
outcomes even beyond expectations. We are thankful to Head of Department Engr. Dr.
Ghulam Abbas and other faculty members of Department of Electrical Engineering for
providing us excellent guidance and academic environment throughout our bachelor studies.
We are especially thankful to Mr. Hadayat Ullah, Mr. Kamran Khalid and Yumna Ashraf,
bachelor student at Department of Electrical Engineering for their continues efforts,
encouragements, and fruitful discussions that raised us high enough and helped us to keep our
self on track.

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 Abstract

Metasurfaces consists of a two-dimensional array of ultrathin resonators and offer a versatile

degree of freedom to tailor the amplitude, phase, and polarization of electromagnetic (EM)
waves. Such unique ability of metasurfaces enable the realization of various interesting
phenomena at a chip scale. As a developing field, the hunt for effective materials and
methods to realize efficient multifunctional metasurfaces is an ongoing research topic. This
thesis focuses on the design and realization of efficient all-dielectric metasurfaces to
manipulate EM waves in novel ways. At first, a mathematical model for proposed step-index
nanowaveguide is developed to identify its phase controlling mechanism of a proposed
cylindrical-shaped fundamental building block. Stepping forward, this mathematically
modelled, and numerically optimized building block is employed to demonstrate various
electromagnetic phenomena through all-dielectric, transmission-based, efficient (≈ 73.4 % )
and polarization-insensitive metasurfaces.

Different innovative design methodologies are proposed which integrate multiple distinct
phase profiles into a single device and are versatile due to their polarization-insensitivity.
These metasurfaces can lead to highly concentrated optical vortices whose focused ring-
shaped profiles carry orbital angular momentum at the miniaturized scale. For focused optical
vortices generating metasurfaces, the phase profiles of a lens and a helical beam are merged
for the visible wavelength of 632.8 nm . Similarly, for the operational wavelength of 632.8 nm,
metasurface-based novel axicons are demonstrated to generate zero- and higher-order Bessel
beams without using additional components. Finally, highly efficient ¿ over the entire
spectrum of interest) metasurfaces are demonstrated for near and deep ultraviolet regimes
where polarization-insensitive meta-holograms are implemented numerically for design
wavelength λ d=250nm .

Key Words: Polarization-insensitive, optical vortices, step-index nanowaveguide, orbital

angular momentum, meta-axicons, Bessel beams, ultraviolet, meta-holograms

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 Table of Contents

Certificate of Approval..............................................................................................................ii
Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................iv
Abstract......................................................................................................................................v
Table of Contents......................................................................................................................vi
List of Figures.........................................................................................................................viii
List of Tables............................................................................................................................ix
Table of Abbreviations...............................................................................................................x
Chapter 1 Introduction and Literature Review....................................................................1
1.1 Background Theory..............................................................................................................1
1.2 Literature Review.................................................................................................................2
1.3 Problem Statement...............................................................................................................3
1.4 Motivation behind Thesis.....................................................................................................3
1.5 Thesis Objectives.................................................................................................................3
1.6 Proposed System and Methodology.....................................................................................4
1.7 Thesis Outline......................................................................................................................4
Chapter 2 Mathematical Modeling and Software Simulation.............................................5
2.1 Mathematical Derivation......................................................................................................5
2.1.1 Maxwell’s Equation.......................................................................................................5
Chapter 3 Hardware Implementation and Results...............................................................6
3.1 Hardware Implementation....................................................................................................6
Chapter 4 Engineers and Society............................................................................................7
4.1 Positive Social Impacts of Design Project...........................................................................7
4.2 Relevant SDGs addressed from Design Project...................................................................7
4.3 Relevant International Standards/Practices..........................................................................7
Chapter 5 Environment and Sustainability...........................................................................8
5.1 Relevant UN SDGs Addressed from Project Implementation.............................................8
5.1.1 Clean Water and Sanitation (SDG6).............................................................................8
5.1.2 Affordable and Clean Energy (SDG7)..........................................................................8
5.1.3 Responsible Consumption and Production (SDG12)....................................................8
5.1.4 Climate Action (SDG13)...............................................................................................8
5.1.5 Life Below Water (SDG14)...........................................................................................8

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 5.1.6 Life on Land (SDG15)...................................................................................................9
Chapter 6 Conclusion and Future Roadmap.......................................................................10
References................................................................................................................................11
Appendix..................................................................................................................................12
Design and Implementation of a Low Noise Amplifier (Research Paper)..............................13

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 List of Figures

Figure 1.1: The general classification of materials subject to the values of their constitutive
parameters (ε ∧μ) [2].................................................................................................................2

viii
List of Tables

ix
 Table of Abbreviations

2TDLM Two Time-Derivative Lorentz Material

AR Aspect Ratio
a-Si Amorphous Silicon
a-Si:H Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon
BB Bessel Beam
CCD Charge-Coupled Device
CMOS Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor
GaN Gallium Nitride
DNG Double Negative
DPS Double Positive
DSIN Diamond Step-Index Nanowaveguide
EBL Electron-Beam Lithography
EH Hybrid Magnetic
ENG Epsilon Negative
FDTD Finite-Difference Time-Domain

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 Chapter 1
Introduction and Literature Review

This chapter presents the general background theory and fundamental concepts related to the
electromagnetic theory and microwaves. Starting from the discussion of the generalized
Maxwell’s equation in the material media, traditional techniques of electromagnetic wave
manipulation are elaborated. This extensive literature review led to the proposed problem
statement that provides the motivations and inspirations for the present thesis. After
discussing the thesis objective and proposed system and methodology, the chapter is windup
with the brief outline of the rest of the thesis.

1.1 Background Theory

Understanding of light as an electromagnetic wave permits the development and practical

implementation of various life conveniences that include electricity, wireless communication,
laser, microscope, light-emitting diodes, and many more. One of the most important turning
points in the history of electromagnetism is the establishment of the four partial differential
equations by James Clerk Maxwell, also known as “Maxwell’s equations [1]. The appearance
of permittivity (ε) and permeability (μ) in dispersion equation validate their importance as the
only parameters of the material, which dictate the relationship between frequency (ω) and
wave vector (K) of the monochromatic wave. For an isotropic medium, dispersion equation
takes the simpler form

√
2
ω 2
K= 2 n ( 1.1)
c

1
Herec= , defines the speed of light in free space, and n is the refractive index of the
√ ε 0 μ0
constituent material. It is evident from equation ( 1 .1) that the refractive index of any
material plays very important role to determine the behavior of the wave propagation within
that material. For a lossless material, ε and μ can be treated as real numbers, and eventually,
the refractive index of the material would be a real number. The well-known constitutive
relationships provide significant understanding regarding the interaction of dielectric
materials and electromagnetic waves.

1
1.2 Literature Review

Maxwell’s equations introduced the relationship between current and charge density to
associate the electric and magnetic fields. These revolutionary equations provide a complete
mathematical model for electric, radio, and optical technologies, which include electric
motors, power generation, radar, wireless communication, lenses, etc. For these devices,
many impressive milestones such as efficiency improvement, fast responding, integration,
and miniaturization, have been achieved through continuous efforts of the research
community.

Figure 1.1: The general classification of materials subject to the values of their constitutive
parameters (ε ∧μ) [2].

Electromagnetic parameters (or material parameters) are the ultimate measure of the matter
that determines its interaction with electromagnetic waves. A material is designated as double
positive (DPS) if ε > 0, μ > 0, epsilon negative (ENG) if ε < 0, μ > 0, mu negative (MNG) if ε
> 0, μ < 0 and double negative (DNG) if ε < 0, μ < 0. Figure 1 .1 presents the general
classification of the materials. Exploration of some new structural configurations to achieve
desired optical properties via miniaturized structures resulted in metamaterials. Metamaterials
are three-dimensional artificially engineered structures that are microscopically
inhomogeneous with the most prominent spatial features in the nanometer regime. The
fundamental building blocks of metamaterials are so-called meta-atoms, whose precise
arrangement in a periodic or aperiodic array provides unique ways of tailoring their
properties and response to incident electromagnetic waves.

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1.3 Problem Statement

Controllable manipulation of electromagnetic waves via ultrathin metamaterials and

miniaturized devices is highly desirable in the new generation of the microwave, optics, and
photonic integrated circuits. An ideal material for such a situation would be the one that
involves cost-effective and simple fabrication methods with CMOS compatibility. Though
silicon-based metasurfaces provide an efficient solution in the infrared domain, they
experience substantial losses in the visible domain [2] [3]. These losses are mainly due to the
higher absorption of Silicon in this wavelength regime. In this regard, more suitable dielectric
materials which are lossless and possess sufficient high values of refractive index in the
visible regime, such as titanium dioxide (TiO2) and gallium nitride (GaN) are recently
utilized to demonstrate various metasurface-based applications like metalenses and
holograms. However, the higher aspect ratios required for these structures and costly
fabrication techniques render them sub-optimal for real-time applications. Furthermore, these
materials and devices made from them are incompatible with existing Silicon-based on-chip
technologies. Hence, there is a clear need of development and realization of efficient
metasurfaces, which can exhibit enhanced performance both in transmission and reflection
modes.

1.4 Motivation behind Thesis

The outline mentioned above provides the motivations to design and implement the ultrathin
metamaterials for efficient structuring and manipulation of electromagnetic waves. This gap
is being filled by the demonstration of ultra-thin, low-loss all-dielectric transmissive
metasurfaces where efficient and cost-effective dielectric materials such as hydrogenated
amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and diamond are utilized. Proposed dielectric materials exhibit
significantly lower absorption in the visible and infrared regimes, respectively, making them
ideal candidates for various on-chip applications. As compared to standard silicon and
amorphous silicon (a-Si), hydrogenated amorphous silicon can be deposited at low
temperature also reveals negligible loss in the visible region.

1.5 Thesis Objectives

The major objective of this thesis is to design and implement such ultrathin and miniaturized
devices that integrate multiple functionalities into a single device and manipulate the incident
electromagnetic wave efficiently. These devices should be compact in size, lesser in weight,
cost-effective fabrication, and easily integratable with existing well-matured technologies.

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1.6 Proposed System and Methodology

Keeping in view the research objective of the thesis, many ultrathin devices named as
metasurfaces are designed, numerically simulated and optically characterized to realize
different phenomena. Research work presented in chapter # 3–6, indicates that the research
objective is achieved successfully. Two ultra-low loss dielectric materials, hydrogenated
amorphous silicon and diamond are used to implement the ultrathin devices for visible and
ultraviolet regimes, respectively. Numerically simulated and optically characterized results
show very good resemblance hence validate the proposed concepts.

1.7 Thesis Outline

After introducing the concern domain, motivations, problem statement and research
objectives in chapter 1, the necessary literature review concerning metamaterials and
metasurfaces is presented in chapter 2. Starting from the basic characteristics and
fundamental laws governing the naturally existing materials, three-dimensional artificially
engineered structures called metamaterials are elaborated along with their electromagnetic
properties, fabrication process, proposed applications, and technological difficulties for their
large-scale fabrication.

Our research contribution starts from Chapter 3. This chapter explains the complete
mathematical modelling of the step-index waveguide, the underlying concept to achieve the
required phase control, which is validated through extensive numerical simulations of the
proposed fundamental building block. Chapter 4 demonstrates the design of efficient (≈ 73.4
%) phase gradient all-dielectric metasurfaces where complete phase control is achieved
through an array of subwavelength cylindrical indexed waveguides or nanopillars.

4
 Chapter 2
Mathematical Modeling and Software Simulation

This chapter presents the mathematical derivations, software simulations and results. Starting
from the discussion of the generalized Maxwell’s equation in the material media, traditional
techniques of electromagnetic wave manipulation are elaborated. Based upon the
mathematical modeling, proposed structure is numerically simulated using MATLAB
software. After presenting the complete simulation detail, simulated results are illustrated and
discussed comprehensively.

2.1 Mathematical Derivation

In this section . . .

K=
√ ω2 2
c
2
n ( 2.1)

2.1.1 Maxwell’s Equation

5
 Chapter 3
Hardware Implementation and Results

This chapter provides the complete detail of the hardware structure and its results. As shown
in the block diagram, the structure is divided into three main part, power supply, charging
device and end-terminal equipment. . .

3.1 Hardware Implementation

In this section . . .

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 Chapter 4
Engineers and Society

This chapter describes the relevance of student’s design project with society. Student should
explain his assessment of how his/her project overcomes the societal, health, safety, legal and
cultural issues. This chapter should highlight the applied side of his research work. Students
should also be able to identify relevant UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that are
addressed from the applications of their project.

In addition to this, it would be highly appreciated if a student mentions any international

standard that he has implemented in his design or wishes to incorporate it in the future
prototypes of his work. Suggested sub-sections are given below.

4.1 Positive Social Impacts of Design Project

In this section . . .

4.2 Relevant SDGs addressed from Design Project

In this section . . .

4.3 Relevant International Standards/Practices

In this section . . .

7
 Chapter 5
Environment and Sustainability

This chapter describes student’s understanding of his/her engineering project’s sustainability

and its applications towards the improvement of surrounding environment. Any aspect of
your project that promises eco-friendly design or process can be discussed here.

Given below are the relevant SDGs that can be targeted in this chapter with respect to the
design applications. You can link whichever is applicable to your design project.

5.1 Relevant UN SDGs Addressed from Project Implementation

5.1.1 Clean Water and Sanitation (SDG6)

In this section . . .

5.1.2 Affordable and Clean Energy (SDG7)

In this section . . .

5.1.3 Responsible Consumption and Production (SDG12)

In this section . . .

5.1.4 Climate Action (SDG13)

In this section . . .

5.1.5 Life Below Water (SDG14)

In this section . . .

8
5.1.6 Life on Land (SDG15)

In this section . . .

9
 Chapter 6
Conclusion and Future Roadmap

This chapter describes the [1] [2] [3]

10
 References

[1] M. Nasir, A. Nabil and A. Ghulam, "Design and Implementation of Metamaterials,"

Scientific Reports, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 3-5, 2021.
[2] A. Nabil, S. Arslan and Z. Saba, "Electromagnetic Wave Manipulation and Structureing
via Ultrathin Metamaterials," Advanced Optical Materials, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 400-408,
2020.
[3] S. Matthew, Principles of Electromagnetics, Lahore: Oxford University Press, 2016.

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 Appendix

All types of calculation, codes and other data must be placed here.

12
 Design and Implementation of a Low Noise Amplifier (Research Paper)

Place your research paper here.

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