Sant Tukaram National Model, Latur.

Date:23/04/2021 Class –V

Teacher: Mr. Abhay

Sub: Mathematics
Daithankar

Chapter- 1 Shapes
Point : A point is an exact location in space. It has no length , width or thickness . A point is
denoted by a capital letter of the English alphabet.
A B
6 Q
2 P
5
3
D C
For example , P and Q are the points, P is at a distance of 2 units from AD and 3 units from
DC while Q is at a distance of 6 units from AD and 5 units from DC.

Line : Many points ,placed close to each other in a straight path ,form a line . It has no
thickness or breadth . It has only length. So it is called a one-dimensional figure.
A line has no end points . It can be extended on both the sides.

P Q
A line is named by any two points on it , for example Point P and Q .It is written as PQ and
read as line PQ.

Line Segment : A line segment is a part of a line . It has two end points. A line segment has a
definite length .
A B
A line segment is named by its two end points , for example Point A and B . It is written as
AB and read as line segment AB.

Ray : A ray is a part of a straight line which has a starting point called the initial point or
origin but no end point . It can be extended only in one direction.
A
B
  Angle :

The figure form by two rays sharing common initial point is called an angle . Angles are also
formed when two line segments cut each other.
The common initial point of the two rays is called vertex. The two rays are called the arms
of the angle.
C
Arm Angle

B
A

Vertex Arm

Some real life examples of angle are

Angle between Angle between Angle between Angle between

the edges of a jaws of a the edges of the hands of a
Watermelon Scissor a Fan Clock

 Naming an Angle :

The symbol of an angle is . In the given angle , the common point is B. So the angle is
C
denoted as ABC , or

B
A
The angles formed in following figure are

S
Q

R
O P

POQ , , , , , , , , ,
The unit used to represent the measure of an angle is the degree. It is denoted using

symbol ‘ᵒ’ .

We can also consider an angle as the movement of a ray (called the Initial ray , OA )through

some distance to another position (called final ray ,OB).

The distance through which a ray moves from an initial position to the final position is

called Angle.

The unit used to represent the measure of an angle is the degree. It is denoted using

symbol ‘ᵒ’ .

1 degree = When a circle is divided in 360 equal parts the angle subtended by one piece at

the center is called as 1 degree.

Instrument used to measure or draw an angle is protractor.

Protractor :

Parts of protractor :
 Outer Scale

Inner Scale

Center Base Line

The protractor has markings from 0 to 180 degrees from the left and the right. The

distance between 0 and 180 is divided into 180 small divisions each division is called a

degree.

The horizontal line on the protractor joining 0ᵒ and 180ᵒ is called the base line .The mid
point of the base line is called the center of the protractor.
The outer scale has 0 ᵒ to 180ᵒ marked in clockwise direction .
The inner scale has 0 ᵒ to 180ᵒ marked in anticlockwise direction .
 How to measure an angle :

Example : Measure angle ABC

B C

To measure the given angle, follow these steps.

Step 1 : Place the protractor on the given angle such that its center lies on the vertex B and
the baseline lies exactly on the arm BC of
Step 2: Arm BC points towards 0 of the inner scale so we use inner scale to measure this
angle .
Step 3: Note the reading on the inner scale through which the other arm BA of
passes. In this example BA passes through 5th mark after 30.
Thus , the measure of the given angle is 35ᵒ.

Example : Measure angle PQR

P Q

To measure the given angle, follow these steps.

Step 1 : Place the protractor on the given angle such that its center lies on the vertex Q and
the baseline lies exactly on the arm QP of
Step 2: Arm QP points towards 0 of the outer scale so we use outer scale to measure this
angle .
Step 3: Note the reading on the outer scale through which the other arm QR of
passes. In this example QR passes through 4th mark after 140.
Thus , the measure of the given angle is 144ᵒ.
 How to Draw an angle :

Example : Draw angle ABC of 45ᵒ .

To draw an angle we will follow these step .
Step 1: Draw an initial ray first, this will form one arm of angle . In this example Ray BA with
origin B.

B A

Step 2: Put the protractor on origin B and the baseline lies exactly on the arm BA .
 B A

Step 3: As the ray BA points towards 0 of inner scale we use inner scale for drawing the
angle of 45ᵒ.

Step 4 : Move along the inner scale in anticlockwise direction and put point C on 5th mark
after 40.
C

B A

Step 5 :Join point B and point C to get required C

angle

B A
 Types of angles :

The measure of an angle lies between 0 ᵒ to 360ᵒ

Angles are classified on the basis of their measure as follows.
1. Zero Angle :
If the initial ray does not move to any
distance , no angle is formed. It is called a O A
Zero Angle . It has a measure of 0ᵒ
2. Acute Angle :
An angle whose measure lies between 0ᵒ to B
90ᵒ is called as Acute Angle . Acute means
sharp or pointed or narrow. O A
3. Right Angle :
B
If the final ray lies on 90ᵒ , the angle formed
between the initial ray and the final ray is
called a right angle . It has a measure of 90ᵒ. O A
4. Obtuse Angle :
An angle whose measure lies between 90ᵒ B
to 180ᵒ is called as Obtuse Angle . Obtuse
means Oboes or Wide. O A

5. Straight Angle :
If the final ray lies on 180ᵒ , the angle
formed between the initial ray and final ray B O A
is called a straight angle. Both the rays are in
straight line.
6. Reflex Angle : O A
An angle whose measure is more than 180ᵒ
is called as Reflex Angle. B

7. Complete Angle :
If the initial ray moves to a distance and O
comes back to its original position , the angle B A
formed is called a Complete Angle. It has a
measure of 360ᵒ.

Exercise 1.1 (To be solved by students in CW note book)

1. What is the angle covered by an hour hand from 2 p.m. to 4 p.m.?

-> The hour hand completes one rotation in 12 hours & completes 360ᵒ.
In one hour the angle covered by the hour hand = = 30ᵒ
SO , the angle covered by hour hand in 2 hours = 30ᵒ X 2 = 60ᵒ
Therefore , angle covered by hour hand form 2 p.m. to 4 pm is 60ᵒ

2. If two angles of a triangle are 40ᵒ and 50ᵒ , find the remaining angle?
-> Addition of all the angles of a triangle is 180 ᵒ, therefore
40ᵒ + 50ᵒ +third angle = 180ᵒ
Third Angle = 90ᵒ
3. Measure these angles using a protractor . Then mention what type of angle each of these
figures represent.

a)
A
120ᵒ

B C Obtuse Angle

b)
P

45ᵒ
Q R Acute Angle

c)
Z
X

90ᵒ Right
Angle
Y
d)
180ᵒ
Straight
Angle

e)
45ᵒ
E Acute Angle
F
 Nets of Solid :

Let us recall some 3D shapes .Cube ,Cuboid , Cylinder , Cone ,etc. Obdserve the faces of
these 3D objects.

Cube Cuboid Cylinder Cone

All these faces are 2D shapes or figures .So we can represent a 3D object as a 2D figure.

Look at an empty box it has 6 faces ,so to make a box we require six rectangles ,
however if these rectangles are separate to make a box out of it we have to join every
corner of the box with other corner ,this increases number of joints and decreases
strength of the box . To reduce number of joints we can cut out these faces from a single
card board in such a way that one side of a face should be in connection with a side of
another face.
Such a 2D framework of a 3D solid is called its net.
 Nets of Cube :

A cube has six square faces. So when we open a cube we will get six squares. A net of
a cube is drawn in such a way that on folding it , we get a cube .
Top

Front

Back

Left
side Right
side
Bottom

Depending on how a cube is unfold ; there can be many nets of a cube.

Some possible nets of a cube are as follows,
 Nets of Cuboid :

A cuboid has six rectangular faces. So when we open a cuboid we get six rectangles.
Depending on how the cuboid is opened we get nets as follows
 Net of Cylinder :

Cylinder have two circular ends and one curved surface . When the curved surface is
opened it will form a rectangle with length equal to circumference of circle and breadth
equal to length of cylinder.

Curved
face Circular
ends

There for the net of cylinder as follows

 Net of Cone:
A cone has a circular base and a curved surface .When the curved surface is opened it
will form the sector of a circle .
Base is circle .Therefore net of cone have a sector of circle and a circle .

 Net of Pyramid:
A square Pyramid have a square Base
and four triangular faces .

So the net of a pyramid have a regular polygon (Square, Pentagon, hexagon ) and
triangular faces equal to number of sides of base.
 Net of Triangular Prism:

A triangular prism have two triangular ends and three rectangular faces. So the net of a
triangular prism have three rectangular faces and two triangular ends.

Net of triangular prism as follows

Net of Pentagonal prism as follows

 Net of Hexagonal prism as follows

 Perspective View:

Railway tracks , roads , buildings appear to be wider at our end, but appear

to be narrower at the other end. Such a view is known as Perspective View.

It is widely used in art and architecture.

 Orthographic Views:

Objects look different when viewed from different sides.

 Front View Side View Top View

From all the sides , the cube looks like a square.

If you look at the cube exactly from the front it appears to be a square with Red color.
If you look at the cube exactly from the side it appears to be a square with Blue color.
If you look at the cube exactly from the top it appears to be a square with Green color.

If you look at the cuboid exactly from the front it appears to be a rectangle with Red color.

Front View Side View

Top View
If you look at the cuboid exactly from the top it appears to be a rectangle with Green color.
If you look at the cuboid exactly from the side it appears to be a rectangle(square) with
Blue color.
So the object looks differently when viewed from different sides.
 Front View : The way the object looks when it is seen from the front is known as
front view of the object.
 Side View : The way the object looks when it is seen from the side is known as Side
view of the object.
 Top View : The way the object looks when it is seen from the top is known as Top
view of the object.
All these three views are known as Orthographic Views. It makes easy to represent
complex 3D objects on a paper.
It is widely used in architecture and engineering.
 Object Front View Top View Side View

Sometimes many cubes of same size are arranged to get different solids, let us see some
solids.
Examples:
1)

Front View Top View Side View

2)

Front View Top View Side View

3)

Front View Top View Side View

Exercise 1.2 : (To be solved by students in CW Notebook)

Q 1. Draw the top , side and front view of these solids.

a)
 Front View Top View Side View

b)

Front View Top View Side View

c)

Front View Top View Side View

d)

Front View Top View Side View