MEC 2240 DISEÑO DE MIEMBROS A FLEXIÓN

Todos los elementos deben

estar en equilibrio estático

Rax ＝ ? Ray ＝ ? Rby ＝ ??

∑ Fx ＝ 0

∑ Fy ＝ 0 ∑ M0 ＝ 0

∑ Fx ＝ 0 Rax ＝ 0

∑ Fy ＝ 0 Ray + Rby - 2000 lbf - 5000 lbf ＝ 0

∑ MA ＝ 0 Rby ⋅ 12 ft - 5000 lbf ⋅ 8 ft - 2000 lbf ⋅ 4 ft ＝ 0

5000 lbf ⋅ 8 ft + 2000 lbf ⋅ 4 ft

Rby ≔ ―――――――――― = 17.793 kN
12 ft

Ray ≔ 7000 lbf - Rby = 13.345 kN

Ray = 3000 lbf Rby = 4000 lbf

∑ Fy ＝ 0 Ray - V1 ＝ 0 V1 ≔ Ray

∑ M1 ＝ 0 Ray ⋅ x - M1 ＝ 0

M1 ＝ Ray ⋅ x

∑ Fy ＝ 0 Ray - 2000 lbf - V2 ＝ 0

∑ M2 ＝ 0 V2 ≔ Ray - 2000 lbf

Ray ⋅ x - 2000 lbf ((x - 4 ft)) - M2 ＝ 0

M2 ＝ Ray ⋅ x - 2000 lbf ((x - 4 ft))

 ∑ Fy ＝ 0

Ray - 2000 lbf - 5000 lbf - V3 ＝ 0

V3 ＝ Ray - 2000 lbf - 5000 lbf

∑ M3 ＝ 0 Ray ⋅ x - 2000 lbf ⋅ (x - 4 ft) - 5000 lbf ⋅ (x - 8 ft) - M3 ＝ 0

M3 ＝ Ray ⋅ x - 2000 lbf ⋅ ((x - 4 ft)) - 5000 lbf ⋅ ((x - 8 ft))

V1 ≔ Ray M1 ＝ Ray ⋅ x

V2 ≔ Ray - 2000 lbf M2 ＝ Ray ⋅ x - 2000 lbf ((x - 4 ft))

V3 ＝ Ray - 2000 lbf - 5000 lbf M3 ＝ Ray ⋅ x - 2000 lbf ⋅ (x - 4 ft) - 5000 lbf ⋅ (x - 8 ft)

x [ft] V [lbf] M[lbf*ft]

Ray ⋅ 4 ft = 12000 lbf ⋅ ft
⎡ 0 3000 0 ⎤
⎢ 4 3000 12000 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ Ray ⋅ 8 ft - 2000 lbf ⋅ (8 ft - 4 ft) = 16000 lbf ⋅ ft
⎢ 4 1000 12000 ⎥
x ≔ 12 ft
⎢ 8 1000 16000 ⎥
⎢ 8 -4000 16000 ⎥
⎢⎣ 12 Ray ⋅ x - 2000 lbf ⋅ (x - 4 ft) - 5000 lbf ⋅ (x - 8 ft) = 0 lbf ⋅ ft
-4000 0 ⎥⎦
2.- Determinar el perfil “C” más conveniente si el material de la viga es A36.

x ≔ 4 ft

Ra ＝ ?? Rb ＝ ??

F1 ≔ 4050 lbf

F2 ≔ 1010 lbf

x1 ≔ 4 ft

x2 ≔ 13.5 ft

x3 ≔ 40 ft

∑ Fv ＝ 0 RA + RB - F1 - F2 ＝ 0

∑ MA ＝ 0 RB ⋅ x3 - F2 ⋅ x2 - F1 ⋅ x1 ＝ 0

RA = 4314.125 lbf RB = 745.875 lbf

Resolución por tramos:

∑ Fv ＝ 0 RA - V1 ＝ 0 V1 ≔ RA

∑ M1 ＝ 0 RA ⋅ x - M1 ＝ 0 M1 ＝ RA ⋅ x

F1 = 4050 lbf F2 = 1010 lbf

∑ Fv ＝ 0 RA - F1 - V2 ＝ 0 V2 ＝ RA - F1

∑ M2 ＝ 0 RA ⋅ x - F1 ⋅ ((x - 4 ft)) - M2 ＝ 0

M2 ＝ RA ⋅ x - F1 ⋅ ((x - 4 ft))
 ∑ Fv ＝ 0

RA - F1 - F2 - V3 ＝ 0

V3 ＝ RA - F1 - F2

∑ M3 ＝ 0

RA ⋅ x - F1 ⋅ (x - 4 ft) - F2 ⋅ (x - 13.5 ft) - M3 ＝ 0

V1 ≔ RA x≔0 M3 ＝ RA ⋅ x - F1 ⋅ ((x - 4 ft)) - F2 ⋅ ((x - 13.5 ft))

x ≔ 4 ft
M1 ＝ RA ⋅ x

V2 ＝ RA - F1 x ≔ 4 ft

M2 ＝ RA ⋅ x - F1 ⋅ (x - 4 ft) x ≔ 13.5 ft

V3 ＝ RA - F1 - F2 x ≔ 13.5 ft

M3 ＝ RA ⋅ x - F1 ⋅ (x - 4 ft) - F2 ⋅ (x - 13.5 ft) x ≔ 40 ft

V1 = 4314.125 lbf V1 = 4314.125 lbf

M1 ≔ 0 M1 ≔ RA ⋅ 4 ft = 17256.5 lbf ⋅ ft

V2 ≔ RA - F1 = 264.125 lbf M2 ≔ RA ⋅ 4 ft - F1 ⋅ ((4 ft - 4 ft)) = 17256.5 lbf ⋅ ft

M2 ≔ RA ⋅ 13.5 ft - F1 ⋅ ((13.5 ft - 4 ft )) = 19765.688 lbf ⋅ ft

V3 ≔ RA - F1 - F2 = -745.875 lbf

M3 ≔ RA ⋅ 13.5 ft - F1 ⋅ (13.5 ft - 4 ft) - F2 ⋅ (13.5 ft - 13.5 ft) = 19765.688 lbf ⋅ ft

M3 ≔ RA ⋅ 40 ft - F1 ⋅ (40 ft - 4 ft) - F2 ⋅ (40 ft - 13.5 ft) = 0 lbf ⋅ ft

z V M
(ft) (lbf ) (lbf ⋅ ft)
0 4314.125 0
4 4314.125 17256.5
4 264.125 17256.5
13.5 264.125 19765.688
13.5 -745.875 19765.688
40 -745.875 0
 20000
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
M (13.5 ft ) = 26798.674 J
8000
6000 M (z) (lbf ⋅ ft)
4000
2000
0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
Mfmax ≔ M (13.5 ft)
z (ft)
Mfmax = 19765.688 lbf ⋅ ft

4500
z V M
3750
((ft)) ((lbf)) ((lbf ⋅ ft))
3000

2250 0 4314.125 0
d
1500 ―― M (z) (lbf) 4 4314.125 17256.5
750
dz
4 264.125 17256.5
0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
-750
13.5 264.125 19765.688
13.5 -745.875 19765.688
z ((ft))
40 -745.875 0
A36 Mflector Ixx Mflector
h
σy ≔ 36 ksi σf ＝ ――― ⋅c c＝ ― Wxx ＝ ―― Wxx ＝ ―――
Ixx 2 h σf
―
2

Mflector
σy ＝ ―――
Wxx

Mfmax
Wxx ≔ ―――
σy

Wxx = 107.967 cm 3

Wseleccionado ≔ 116 cm 3

Perfil UPN 16
3.- Seleccionar el perfil "C" más adecuado. Material A36.

F1 ≔ 10 kN F2 ≔ 20 kN

L1 ≔ 3 m L2 ≔ 7 m L3 ≔ 10 m

Por las ecuaciones de la estática.

∑ Fv ＝ 0 Ra + Rb - 10 kN - 20 kN ＝ 0

∑ Mb ＝ 0 Ra ⋅ 10 m - 10 kN ⋅ 7 m - 20 kN ⋅ 3 m ＝ 0

Ra = 13000 N

Rb = 17000 N

∑ Fv ＝ 0 Ra - V1 ＝ 0

∑ Mb ＝ 0 Ra ⋅ z - M1 ＝ 0

∑ Fv ＝ 0 Ra - F1 - V2 ＝ 0

∑ Mb ＝ 0 Ra ⋅ z - F1 ⋅ ((z - 3 m)) - M2 ＝ 0
 ∑ Fv ＝ 0 Ra - F1 - F2 - V3 ＝ 0

∑ Mb ＝ 0 Ra ⋅ z - F1 ⋅ (z - 3 m) - F2 ⋅ (z - 7 m) - M3 ＝ 0

Resumen:

V1 ＝ Ra
z≔0 z≔3 m
M1 ＝ Ra ⋅ z

V2 ＝ Ra - F1
z≔3 m z≔7 m
M2 ＝ Ra ⋅ z - F1 ⋅ ((z - 3 m))

V3 ＝ Ra - F1 - F2
z≔7 m z ≔ 10 m
M3 ＝ Ra ⋅ z - F1 ⋅ (z - 3 m) - F2 ⋅ (z - 7 m)

z V M
(m ) (kN) (kN ⋅ m)
Ra = 13000 N
0 13000 0
3 13000 39
3 3000 39 Rb = 17000 N
7 3000 51
7 -17000 51
10 -17000 0

55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20 M (z) (kN ⋅ m)
15
10
5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

z (m )

σy = 248.211 MPa
14
10.5
7
3.5
0
-3.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
d
-7
―― M (z) (kN)
-10.5 dz
-14
-17.5

z ((m))
 Mflector_maximo
Wxx ＝ ―――――
σy

51 kN ⋅ m
Wxx ≔ ――――
σy

Wxx = 205.47 cm 3

Wselesccionado ≔ 245 cm 3

UPN 22

Cargas distribuidas:

Peso
q ＝ ――――――
longitud_apoyo

70000 N N
q ≔ ――― q = 23333.333 ―
3m m

Fuerza ≔ q ⋅ 3 m = 70000 N
Tramo 1:
∑ Fv ＝ 0 Ra - V1 ＝ 0 V1 ＝ Ra

∑ M1 ＝ 0 Ra ⋅ z - M1 ＝ 0 M1 ＝ Ra ⋅ z
Tramo 2:
∑ Fv ＝ 0 Ra - F1 - V2 ＝ 0 V2 ＝ Ra - F1

∑ M2 ＝ 0 Ra ⋅ z - F1 ⋅ (z - 6 ft) - M2 ＝ 0

M2 ＝ Ra ⋅ z - F1 ⋅ (z - 6 ft)
kip
tramo 3: q ≔ 2 ―― qe ≔ q ⋅ 6 ft = 12 kip
ft
∑ Fv ＝ 0

Ra - F1 - qe - V3 ＝ 0 V3 ＝ Ra - F1 - qe

∑ M3 ＝ 0 Ra ⋅ z - F1 ⋅ (z - 6 ft) - qe ⋅ (z - 12 ft) - M3 ＝ 0

∑ Fv ＝ 0 Ra - F1 - q ⋅ ((z - 9 ft)) - V3 ＝ 0
((z - 9 ft))
∑ M3 ＝ 0 Ra ⋅ z - F1 ⋅ ((z - 6 ft)) - q ⋅ ((z - 9 ft)) ⋅ ―――＝ M3
2
2
((z - 9 ft))
Ra ⋅ z - F1 ⋅ ((z - 6 ft)) - q ⋅ ―――― ＝ M3
2
 kN
q ≔ 30 ―― F1 ≔ 40 kN
m

Paso 2: reacciones en los apoyos

∑ Fv ＝ 0 RA + RD - q ⋅ 4 m - F1 ＝ 0

∑ MA ＝ 0 RD ⋅ 8 m - F1 ⋅ 6 m - q ⋅ 4 m ⋅ 2 m ＝ 0

RA ≔ 100 kN RD ≔ 60 kN

Paso 3: Ec. de las fuerzas cortantes y momentos flectores

∑ Fv ＝ 0 RA - q ⋅ z - V1 ＝ 0 V1 ＝ RA - q ⋅ z

z z2
∑ M1 ＝ 0 RA ⋅ z - q ⋅ z ⋅ ― - M1 ＝ 0 M1 ＝ RA ⋅ z - q ⋅ ―
2 2

∑ Fv ＝ 0
RA - q ⋅ z + q ⋅ ((z - 4 m)) - V2 ＝ 0

V2 ＝ RA - q ⋅ z + q ⋅ ((z - 4 m))

∑ M2 ＝ 0
z ((z - 4 m))
RA ⋅ z - q ⋅ z ⋅ ―+ q ⋅ (z - 4 m) ⋅ ――― - M2 ＝ 0
2 2
2
z2 (z - 4 m )
RA ⋅ z - q ⋅ ―+ q ⋅ ―――― - M2 ＝ 0
2 2
∑ Fv ＝ 0

RA - q ⋅ z + q ⋅ (z - 4 m) - F1 - V3 ＝ 0

V3 ＝ RA - q ⋅ z + q ⋅ (z - 4 m) - F1

∑ M3 ＝ 0

2
z2 ((z - 4 m))
RA ⋅ z - q ⋅ ―+ q ⋅ ―――― - F1 ⋅ ((z - 6 m)) - M3 ＝ 0
2 2
V1 ＝ RA - q ⋅ z z V M
z2 (m) (kN) (kN ⋅ m)
M1 ＝ RA ⋅ z - q ⋅ ―
2 0 100 0
V2 ＝ RA - q ⋅ z + q ⋅ (z - 4 m) 4 -20 160
2 4 -20 160
z2 (z - 4 m)
M2 ＝ RA ⋅ z - q ⋅ ―+ q ⋅ ―――― 6 -20 120
2 2
6 -60 120
V3 ＝ RA - q ⋅ z + q ⋅ (z - 4 m) - F1
8 -60 0
2
z2 ((z - 4 m)
M3 ＝ RA ⋅ z - q ⋅ ―+ q ⋅ ―――― - F1 ⋅ ((z - 6 m))
2 2 z ≔ 0 , 0.1 m ‥ 8 m
2
2
z ((z - 4 m))
M ((z)) ≔ RA ⋅ z - q ⋅ ―+ q ⋅ ―――― ⋅ μ ((z , 4 m)) - F1 ⋅ ((z - 6 m)) ⋅ μ ((z , 6 m))
2 2

175 z V M
150
(m) (kN) (kN ⋅ m)
125

100 0 100 0
75 M ((z)) ((kN ⋅ m)) 4 -20 160
50

25 d 4 -20 160
―― M (z) (kN )
0
0 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2 4 4.8 5.6 6.4 7.2 8 dz 6 -20 120
-25
6 -60 120
-50

-75 8 -60 0

z (m )

A36 Mfmax Mfmax

σf ＝ ――― ＝ ――― ⋅c
Wxx Ixx
d
V (z) ＝ ―― M (z)
dz σy36 ≔ 36 ksi

V1 ＝ RA - q ⋅ z ＝ 0 σadm ＝ σy36
σy36
RA σadm ＝ ――
zmax ≔ ―― = 3.333 m fs
q

2
(3.33 m)
Mfmax ≔ RA ⋅ 3.33 m - q ⋅ ――――
2
2
((4 m))
Mfmax = 166.667 kN ⋅ m M1 ≔ RA ⋅ 4 m - q ⋅ ――― = 160 kN ⋅ m
2
Mfmax
Wxx ≔ ――― Wxx = 671.47 cm 3
σy36
 Wsol ＝ 679 cm 3

Perfil número: UPN 32

4.- Encontrar las dimensiones de la sección rectangular de h=4b, material plástico sy= 25 MPa

σypla ≔ 25 MPa
lbf
P ≔ 80 lbf q ≔ 10 ――
in
L1 ≔ 80 in

Cálculo de las reacciones:

∑ Fv ＝ 0 RA + RB - P - q ⋅ 40 in ＝ 0

∑ MB ＝ 0 RA ⋅ 80 in - P ⋅ 40 in - q ⋅ 40 in ⋅ 20 in ＝ 0

⎡ RA ⎤ ⎡ 140 ⎤
⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ lbf
⎣ RB ⎦ ⎣ 340 ⎦ z ≔ 0 in , 0.1 in ‥ 80 in
V (z) ＝ RA - P - q ⋅ (z - 40 in)

2
⎛ L1 ⎞
⎜z - ―― ⎟
⎛ L1 ⎞ ⎝ 2 ⎠
M ((z) ＝ RA ⋅ z - P ⋅ ⎜z - ―― ⎟ - q ⋅ ――――
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2

0 0
⎛ L1 ⎞ ⎛ L1 ⎞
V ((z)) ＝ RA - P ⋅ ⎜z - ―― ⎟ - q ⋅ z ⋅ ⎜z - ―― ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
 z V M Funciones de singularidad
(in) (lbf ) (lbf ⋅ in)
0 140 0
40 140 5600
40 60 5600
80 -340 0

z ≔ 0 in , 0.1 in ‥ 80 in

5850

5200

4550

3900

3250 M ((z)) ((lbf ⋅ in))

2600

1950 d
―― M ((z)) ((lbf))
1300 dz
650

0
0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80
-650

z ((in))

Como se observa en el gráfico, el momento flector máximo no se encuentra en 40 in.

Para determinar el mismo se recurre a la

relación geométrica de la derivada del momento.

d
tan (α) ＝ ―― M (z)
dz

Validando la relación anterior, en el punto del

momento máximo, la pendiente obtenida se
hará cero:

d
―― M ((z)) ＝ 0 de ahí se puede despejar el
dz valor del punto "z".
d
―― M ((z)) ＝ V ((z)) ＝ RA - P - q ⋅ ((z - 40 in)) ＝ 0
dz
 RA - P
zmax ≔ ――― + 40 in = 46 in
q 2
⎛ L1 ⎞
⎜ ((46 in)) - ―― ⎟
⎛ L1 ⎞ ⎝ 2 ⎠
M (46 in) ＝ RA ⋅ (46 in) - P ⋅ ⎜(46 in) - ―― ⎟ - q ⋅ ――――――
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2

M ⎛⎝zmax⎞⎠ = 5780 lbf ⋅ in

5.- Encontrar las ecuaciones de fuerzas cortantes y momentos flectores.

0
V (z) ＝ RA - q1 ⋅ z + q1 ⋅ (z - 20 mm) - F1 ⋅ (z - 45 mm) - q2 ⋅ (z - 60 mm)

2 2
z2 (z - 20 mm) (z - 60 mm)
M (z) ＝ RA ⋅ z - q1 ⋅ ―+ q1 ⋅ ――――― - F1 ⋅ (z - 45 mm) - q2 ⋅ ―――――
2 2 2

6.- Encontrar las ecuaciones de fuerzas cortantes y momentos flectores.

0
V (z) ＝ RA - F1 ⋅ (z - 1 m) - q ⋅ (z - 2 m)

(z - 2 m )
M (z) ＝ RA ⋅ z - F1 ⋅ (z - 1 m) - q ⋅ (z - 2 m) ―――
2
Vigas en voladizo
kN
q ≔ 2 ――
m
∑ Fv ＝ 0

RA - q ⋅ 2 m - 2.5 kN ＝ 0

RA ≔ 2.5 kN + q ⋅ 2 m = 6.5 kN

∑ MA ＝ 0

2.5 kN ⋅ 4 m + q ⋅ 2 m ⋅ 1 m - MA ＝ 0

z2 ≔ 2 m MA ≔ 2.5 kN ⋅ 4 m + q ⋅ 2 m ⋅ 1 m = 14 kN ⋅ m

Ecuaciones de fuerzas cortantes y momentos flectores z V M

(m) (kN) (kN ⋅ m)
V (z2) ≔ RA - q ⋅ 2 m + q ⋅ (z2 - 2 m) V (z2) = 2.5 kN
0 6.5 14
z ≔ 0 , 0.1 m ‥ 4 m 2 2.5 5
2
2
z (z - 2 m ) 2 2.5 5
M (z) ≔ -MA + RA ⋅ z - q ⋅ ―+ q ⋅ ――――
2 2
4 2.5 0

0
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6 M (z) (kN ⋅ m)
-7
-8
-9
-10

z (m )

kN
RA - 4 kN - 1.5 ―― ⋅ 2 m＝0
∑ Fv ＝ 0 m
RA ≔ 7 kN

kN
MA - 4 kN ⋅ 1 m - 1.5 ―― ⋅ 2 m ⋅ 3 m＝0
∑ MA ＝ 0 m
MA ≔ 13 kN ⋅ m
0
V ((z)) ＝ RA - 4 kN ⋅ ((z - 1 m)) - q ⋅ ((z - 2 m))
2
((z - 2 m))
M ((z)) ≔ -MA + RA ⋅ z - 4 kN ⋅ ((z - 1 m)) - q ⋅ ――――
2
 0
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7 M (z) (kN ⋅ m)
-8
-9
-10
-11
-12
-13

z ((m))