Lecture 6: Construction Technology and OTHER INPORTANT COMPONENTS IN A

Management METRO SYSTEM

INTERDISCIPLINARY NATURE OF ▪ Power supply
PROJECTS
▪ Signaling
▪ Ticketing
▪ Emergency Management
▪ Lighting
▪ Ventilation
▪ Communication System
▪ Air-conditioning
▪ Fire fighting

What is Construction Technology &

BREAKING DOWN A METRO SYSTEM Management
INTO COMPONENTS
Construction Technology
 Stations
- means the study of the materials,
 Maintenance Yards methods and equipment used to
build structures.
 Operations rooms / Offices
Construction Management
 Track
- is the overall planning, coordination,
 Underground
and control of a project from
 On-grade beginning to completion.

 Above grade
 Civil structures CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

 Buildings Construction infrastructure projects are

one of the most important factors in
 Tracks supporting the socio-economic development
 Tunnels in the country.

 Bridges
 Rolling Stock
 Coaches
 Locomotives
 Control and Monitoring Systems
Overview of the Construction Industry  Mostly public financing or large
consortium
4 - Categories of Construction
 Highway & Bridges
 Residential Construction
 Building Construction  Railways
(Institutional & Commercial)
 Tunnels
 Infrastructure and Heavy Highway
Construction  Dams
 Industrial Construction
 Airports
1.0 Residential
 Piers and harbours
 Single family houses
 Multi family dwellings  Canals
 High-rise apartments &  Pipelines
condominiums
 30-35 % of the industry
 Low capital and technology
4.0 Industrial Construction
requirements
 Petroleum refineries
 Steel mills & aluminum plants
2.0 Building Construction
 Chemical processing plants
 Institutional and Commercial
Construction  Very large scale projects
 Schools and universities  High degree of technological
complexity
 Medical clinics and hospitals
 Fossil fuel & nuclear
 Recreational facilities and
sports stadiums power plants
35-40 % of construction market  Other heavy manufacturing facilities
Larger and more complex than
residential Represent 5-10% of the market
 Retail stores and shopping centers
 Warehouses and light manufacturing
 Office buildings (single story to Construction Engineers and Managers
 skyscrapers)
 Builder of our future
 Hotels, convention centers, and
theaters  Turn designs into reality -- on time
and within budget
 Knowledge of:
3.0 Heavy Highway Construction
 Construction methods and
 Horizontal Construction
equipment
 20-25% of the construction industry
 Principles of financing,
planning, and managing
Where Do We Work?  Consulting Firms (construction
management)
 Government
 Firms of all sizes (you can
 National and regional
even start your own)
◼ DPWH, DILG, DOTC,
DEPED, NHA, NIA,
etc…
 Provincial and City
organizations
◼ City and Municipal
Engineers Office,

 General Contractors
 Firms of all sizes (you can
even start your own)

 Private Developers
 Ayala Land, SMDC,
 Research / Academe
Arthaland, Megaworld,
Filinvest, Rockwell, Federal  Department of Science and
Land, Century Properties, Technology
Vista Land, Robinsons Land,
Sta Lucia, ETON, DMCI  Universities and other private
homes, corporations
  Engineering Research and
Development for Technology
(ERDT)

Career Opportunities
 Cost Estimator
 Planner / Scheduler
 Quantity Surveyor
 Contracts Engineer
 Field Engineer
 Quality Inspector
 Site Engineers
 Project Inspector
 Project Engineer
 Project Supervisor
 Project Manager
Lecture 7: Introduction to Structural  Determine appropriate structural
Engineering system for a particular case
Introduction to Structural Engineering  Determine forces acting on a
structure
Structural Engineering
 Calculate size of members and
What does a Structural Engineer do?
connections to avoid failure
 A Structural Engineer designs the (collapse) or excessive deformation
structural systems and structural
elements in buildings, bridges,
stadiums, tunnels, and other civil Forces in Structures
engineering works (bones)
Forces Acting in Structures
 Design: process of determining
location, material, and size of  Forces induced by gravity
structural elements to resist forces
acting in a structure  Dead Loads (permanent):
self-weight of structure and
attachments
Engineering Design Process  Live Loads (transient):
 Identify the problem (challenge) moving loads (e.g.
occupants, vehicles)
 Explore alternative solutions
 Forces induced by wind
 Research past experience
 Forces induced by earthquakes
 Brainstorm
 Forces induced by rain/snow
 Preliminary design of most
 Fluid pressures
promising solutions
 Others
 Analyze and design one or more
viable solutions
 Testing and evaluation of solution
 Experimental testing
(prototype) or field tests
 Peer evaluation
 Build solution using available
resources (materials, equipment,
labor)

Design Process in Structural

Engineering
 Select material for construction
Global Stability

Typical Structural Systems

Forces in Structural Elements
Properties of Civil Engineering Materials
Definition of Stress
 Stress = Force/Area

Example (English Units):

T = 1,000 lb (1 kip)
A = 10 in2.
Stress = 1,000/10 = 100
lb/in2

Example (SI Units):

1 lb = 4.448 N (Newton)
1 in = 25.4 mm
T = 1,000 lb x 4.448 N/lb = 4448 N
A = 10 in2 x (25.4 mm)2 = 6450 mm2
(1 in)2
Stress = 4448/6450 = 0.69 N/mm2
(MPa)
 Stress – Strain Behavior of Elastic Mats.

Definition of Strain
Types of Stress-Strain Behavior
 Strain = DL / Lo
Example:
Lo = 10 in.
DL = 0.12 in.
Strain = 0.12 / 10 = 0.012 in./in.
Strain is dimensionless!!
(same in English or SI units)
  Water
 Air

Important Structural Properties

Engineering Properties of Structural
Elements
 Strength

- Ability to withstand a given stress

without failure
- Depends on type of material and
type of force (tension or
compression)
Materials Used in Civil Engineering
 Stone and Masonry
 Metals
 Cast Iron
 Steel
 Aluminum
 Concrete
 Wood
 Fiber-Reinforced Plastics

Concrete Components
 Stiffness (Rigidity)
 Sand (Fine Aggregate)
- Property related to deformation
 Gravel (Coarse Aggregate) - Stiffer structural elements deform
 Cement (Binder) less under the same applied load
 - Stiffness depends on type of Types of Structural Elements – Beams
material (E), structural shape,
and structural configuration
- Two main types
o Axial stiffness
o Bending stiffness

Axial Stiffness

 Stiffness = T / DL
Example:
T = 100 lb
DL = 0.12 in.
Providing Stability for Lateral Loads
Stiffness = 100 lb / 0.12 in. = 833 lb/in.

Concepts in Equilibrium
Equilibrium of Forces (Statics)
 Forces are a type of quantity called
vectors
 Defined by magnitude and
direction

Bending Stiffness  Statement of equilibrium

 Net force at a point in a
 Stiffness = Force / structure = zero (summation
Displacement of forces = zero)
Example:  Net force at a point is determined
Force = 1,000 lb using a force polygon to account for
magnitude and direction
Displacement = 0.5 in.
Stiffness = 1,000 lb / 0.5 in. =
2,000 lb/in.
Moment (Rotational) Equilibrium

Graphic Statics

 Moment of Force = Force x

Distance

To neutralize rotation about point A,

moments from the two forces has to be
equal and opposite:
100 lb x 3 ft = 50 lb x 6 ft

Force Calculation in Simple Structure

Force Transfer from Beams to Supports

What does structural engineers do?
 Design of New Bridges & Buildings
 Design of New Buildings
 Retrofit of Old Buildings
 Retrofit of Historic Buildings
 Shoring/Excavation
 Repair of Damaged Buildings
 New Technology

What is a typical day like?

 Calculations...
 ...Computers
 Building Codes...
 Analysis...
 Drawings...
 Research...

Benefits of Being an Engineer

 Contribute to the safety of society
 Pride in being a professional
Lecture 8: Introduction to Geotechnical Geotechnical Applications
Engineering
• Shallow Foundations
 All Civil Engineering begins with
Geotechnical Engineering ~ for transferring building loads to
underlying ground
Definitions
~ mostly for firm soils or light loads
 Soil mechanics is a discipline that
applies the principles of engineering
mechanics to soils to predict the
mechanical behavior of soil.
 Geotechnical Engineering is the
branch of civil engineering that deals
with soil, rock, and underground
water, and their relation to the
design construction and operation of
engineering projects (Coduto 1998)

Typical Geotechnical Project

Foundation Systems
 Designing of Shallow Foundations
Systems – Bearing Capacity Failure
Transcona Grain Elevator

Soil Testing
  Designing of Shallow Foundation Driven timber piles, Pacific Highway
Systems – Differential Settlement
Leaning Tower of Pisa

• Deep Foundation Systems: Drilled

Shafts

• Deep Foundations
~ for transferring building loads to
underlying ground
~ mostly for weak soils or heavy
loads

• Retaining Walls
~ Prevent soils from from spreading
laterally

Foundation Systems

• Deep Foundation Systems: Driven

Piles

Earth Pressure and Retaining Walls

 Reinforced Earth Walls
Retaining Structure Systems • Sheet Piles
~ sheets of interlocking steel or
• Gavions
timber driven into the ground,
forming a continuous sheet
~ resist lateral earth pressures
~ used in temporary works
~ used in excavations, waterfront
structures

 Tie-backs

• Excavation Support Systems

Sheet Pile Walls

Tunneling Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls
- using geofabrics to strengthen the soil

Landslides
Challenges - GeoHazards
Geotechnical Engineering Problems
 What will be the impact of
excavations, grading, or filling?
o Collapse of Nicoll
Highway,Singapore, 2004
 Are natural or proposed earth slope
stable?
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
 Effects of earthquakes
• Geofabrics
~ used for reinforcement, separation,
Solutions - GeoSolutions
filtration and drainage in roads,
retaining walls, embankments… 1. Ground Improvement
a. Impact Roller to Compact
the Ground
b. Sheepsfoot Roller to
Compact Clay Soils

c. Big weights dropped from 25

m, compacting the ground.
o Craters formed in
compaction

d. Soil Improvement
Lecture 9: TRANSPORTATION • URBAN PEOPLE
ENGINEERING TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
DEFINITION ❖ Automobile
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING ❖ Taxi / For-Hire Vehicles
- is the application of technology ❖ Public Utility Jeepney
and scientific principles to the
planning, functional design, ❖ Tricycle
operation, and management of
facilities for the mode of ❖ Local Bus Transit
transportation in order to provide ❖ Light Rail
for the safe, rapid, comfortable
convenient, economical, and ❖ Ferry
environmentally compatible
movement of the people and • INTERCITY PEOPLE-
goods. TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
- It is the phase of transportation ❖ Automobile
engineering that deals with the
planning, geometric design and ❖ Intercity Bus (Point-to-Point
traffic operations of roads, Bus)
streets and highways, their
❖ Railroad
networks, terminals, abutting
lands, and relationships with ❖ Air
other modes of transportation.
❖ Water

• URBAN & INTERCITY FREIGHT

Surface Transportation and Aviation
TRANSPORTATION
❖ Long-Haul Trucks
❖ Local Truck
❖ Railroad
❖ Air Freight
❖ Water
❖ Pipelines
TRANSPORTATION MODES:

• ROADS TRAFFIC ENGINEERING PROFESSION

• RAIL
❖ Relationship with General Public
• AIR
• More than any other
• MARITIME engineer
❖ Relationship with Elected Official
 • A wide range of officials
❖ Professional Ethics
• According to outcome it
produces great responsibility
SAFETY: The Primary Objective
❖ The principal goal of the traffic
engineer remains the provision of a
safe system for highway traffic.
❖ According to the Philippine Statistics
Authority (PSA), an average of 34
Filipinos die every day due to
vehicular collision.
(ecompare.com/July 18, 2017)
❖ According to Mark de Leon,
assistant secretary for Department
of Transportation (DOTr), there is a
daily average of 262 road crashes in
Metro Manila alone. Vehicles
involved are:
• Motorcycle, 53%
• Pedestrian, 19%
• Drivers of vehicles with 4
wheels or more, 14%
• 4-wheeled vehicle
passengers, 11%
• Cyclists, 2%
• Others, 1%
❖ According to the MMDA, among the
most accident-prone roads in Metro
Manila are Alabang-Zapote Road,
Commonwealth Avenue and Edsa.
❖ According to the latest data of PSA
10,012 people died due to road
crashes in 2015 - a 45.76% increase
from 6,869 death recorded in 2006.
❖ Since motorcycles account for a big
chunk of road crashes, motorcycle
riders topped the fatalities in the
2015 Road Safety Report of World
Health organization (WHO) as well
❖ Motorcyclists tend to be the most
vulnerable, comprising 23% of all the
road traffic death.
Other Objectives of Traffic Engineer
❖ SPEED
• While speed of travel is much
to be desired, it is limited by
transportation technology,
human characteristics, and
the need to provide safety
❖ COMFORT
• Comfort and convenience
are generic terms and main
different things to different
people. Comfort involves the
physical characteristics of
vehicles and roadways, and
influence by our perception
of safety.
❖ CONVENIENCE
• Convenience relates more to
the ease with which trips are
made and the ability of
transport systems
accommodate all of our travel
needs at appropriate times.
❖ ECONOMY
• Economy is also relative.
There is little modern
transportation systems that
can be termed “cheap”.
Highway and other
transportation system involve
massive construction,
maintenance, and operating
 expenditures, most of which
are provided through general
and user taxes and fees.
Nevertheless, every
engineer, regardless of
discipline, is called upon to
provide the best possible
systems for the money.
❖ ENVIRONMENTAL
COMPATIBILITY
• Harmony with the
environment is a complex
issue that has become more
important over time. All
transportation systems have
some negative impacts on
the environment. All produce
air and noise pollution in
some forms, and all utilize
valuable land resources.
ELEMENTS OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
❖ Traffic studies and characteristics
❖ Performance evaluation
❖ Facility design
❖ Traffic control
❖ Traffic operations
❖ Transportation system management
❖ Integration of intelligent
transportation system technologies
(ITS)
Challenges Traffic Engineers Face
❖ Change in notion from increasing
capacity to meet demand to
managing the movement of vehicle
and people
❖ Ever-increasing congestion
❖ Safety and security of transportation
facilities
❖ Technologically sound solutions may
nor be socially acceptable
(staggering of work time; public
transit)
❖ Traffic Engineering is still young as
compared to other discipline,
therefore, there leaves much to be
desired.
Possible Solution Of Traffic Problem
❖ Facility Design
• Add Lanes
• Remove Bottlenecks
(Bridges, Tunnel, etc.)
• Revise Geometrics to
increase speed
• Vehicle improvement to
reduce highways
❖ Traffic Control
• Ramp metering
• Signal coordination
• Signal phase sequence
• Left turn treatments
• Parking restrictions
❖ Reducing Demand
• Telecommunicating
• Trip chaining
• Shorter work week
• Residential relocation
• Alternative land use pattern
 ❖ Shifting Demand - LOCAL STREETS

• Flexible working hours

• Staggered working hours GEOMETRIC ELEMENTS OF A
ROAD
• Business operating hours
❖ CAMBER (CROSS SLOPE)
❖ Repacking Demand
❖ CARRIAGEWAY WIDTH
• Car pooling and van pooling
❖ SHOULDER
• Transit
❖ KERB

ROADWAYS ❖ WIDTH OF ROADWAY

➢ CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS ❖ RIGHT OF WAY

• NATIONAL HIGHWAY (NH) ❖ SLIGHT DISTANCE

• STATE HIGHWAY (SH) ❖ HORIZONTAL CURVE
• MAJOR DISTRICT ROAD ❖ SUPERELEVATION
(MDR)
❖ GRADIENT
• OTHER DISTRICT ROAD
(ODR) ❖ VERTICAL CURVE
• VILLAGE ROAD (VR) ❖ ALIGNMENT
➢ BASED ON CARRIAGE WAY
- PAVED ROADS ADVANTAGES OF ROADWAYS
- UNPAVED ROADS MAXIMUM FLEXIBILITY FOR TRAVEL
➢ BASED ON PAVEMENT IT PERMITS ANY MOAD OF ROAD
VEHICAL
- SURFACE ROADS
IT PROVIDES DOOR-TO-DOOR
- UNSURFACED ROADS
SERVICE
➢ AS PER USABILITY
IT SAVES TIME FOR SHORT
- ALL WEATHER ROADS DISTANCE
- FAIR WEATHER ROADS CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTAINANCE
COST IS LOW
➢ URBAN ROADS
- ARTERIAL ROADS
- SUB-ARTERIAL ROADS
- COLLECTOR STREETS
DISADVANTAGES OF ROADWAYS DISADVANTAGES OF RAILWAYS
GOODS CARRYING CAPACITY IS LOW IT IS NOT FLEXIBLE.
SPEED IS LOW COMPARE TO AIR AND IT DEPENDENT ON ROADWAY
WATERWAY
TRAIN RUNS AS PER SCHEDULES
LESS COMFORT AND SAFE
MAINTAINANCE COST IS HIGH
UNECONOMICAL FOR LONG
DISTANCE IT PERMITS DEFINITE MODE OF
TRANSPORT
NUMBER OF ROAD ACCIDENT IS HIGH

AIRWAYS
RAILWAYS
➢ TYPES OF AIRPORTS
➢ CATAGORIES OF RAILWAY
1. INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
1. TRUCK ROUTES
2. DOMESTIC AIRPORT
2. MAIN LINE
3. MILITARY AERODROMES
3. BRANCH LINE
➢ TYPES OF AIR FIELD
➢ TYPES OF RAILWAY
1. FLEXIBLE (BITUMINOUS)
1. SURFACE
2. RIGID (CEMENT CONCRETE)
2. UNDERGROUND
3. ELEVATED
ADVANTAGES OF AIRWAYS
➢ TYPES OF LOCOMOTIVES
IT DOESNOT REQUIRE A TRACKS
1. DIESEL
IT IS USEFUL IN MILITARY ACTIVITIES
2. ELECTRIC
FASTEST MODE OF
TRANSPORTATION
ADVANTAGES OF RAILWAYS IT IS A POWERFUL MEAN OF ATTACK
GOODS CARRYING CAPACITY IS HIGH IT HELPS IN AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY
SPEED IS HIGH COMPARE TO
ROADWAYS
DISADVANTAGES OF AIRWAYS
CHEAPER THAN AIRWAYS
IT IS MOST EXPENSIVE
COMFORTABLE FOR LONG DISTANCE
TRAVEL CONSTRUCTION COST IS HIGH FOR
AIRPORTS AND AIRCRAFTS
IT INCRESES TRADE, COMMERS AND
FUEL CONSUMPTION IS HIGH
BUSINESS
 MAINTAINANCE COST IS HIGH FOR
AIRCRAFTS
ACCIDENT CAUSES HIGH LOSS

Elements of Traffic Engineering and

Traffic Control
❖ TRAFIC SURVEY
1. TRAFFIC VOLUME STUDY
2. SPOT SPEED SURVEY
3. SPEED AND DELAY STUDY
4. ORIGIN AND DESTINATION (O-
D) SURVEY
5. TRAFFIC FLOW STUDY
6.TRAFFIC VAPACITY STUDY
7. PARKING SURVEY
8. ACCIDENT SURVEY
Lecture 10: WATER RESOURCES
ENGINEERING
WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING
- is the quantitative study of the hydrologic
cycle — the distribution and circulation of
the water linking the earth’s atmosphere,
land and oceans.
- application include the management of the
urban water supply, design of urban storm-
sewer systems, and flood forecasting.
WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
- is about solving problems to secure water
for people, based on the sound scientific
understanding of hydrologic and hydraulic
process.
- this includes protection from excess water
and from water shortage, as well as
providing sufficient water for a sustainable
environment
WHAT IS HYDROLOGY
- is the study of the movement,
distribution, and quality of water
throughout the Earth, including
the hydrologic cycle, water
resources and environmental
watershed sustainability. A
practitioner of hydrology is a
hydrologist, working within the
fields of either earth or
environmental science, physical
geography, geology or civil and
environmental engineering.
- Domains of hydrology include
hydrometeorology, surface
hydrology, hydrogeology,
drainage basin management and
water quality, where water plays
the central role. Oceanography
and meteorology are not
included because water is only
one of many important aspects.
- Hydrological research can inform
environmental engineering,
policy and planning.
-

By the year 2025 nearly 2 billion people will
live in regions or countries with absolute
water scarcity, even allowing for high levels
of irrigation efficiency.
• By the year 2025 nearly 2 billion
people will live in regions or
countries with absolute water
scarcity, even allowing for high
levels of irrigation efficiency.
WHAT DOES A WATER RESOURCE
ENGINEER DO?
❖ must create new equipment and
systems to increase the
effectiveness and efficiency of water
treatment and aquatic resources
management.
❖ Analyzing data from relevant areas,
then design new or improved
facilities to enhance the cleansing
effects of the water treatment
system.
❖ Must take budgetary constraints,
government regulations, and other
factors into consideration when
designing these systems.
❖ Oversee the construction and
implementation of these systems to
ensure that they are properly
assembled.
❖ Manage and maintenance of water
treatment system.
❖ designing sewer improvement plans
or flood defense programs, and
associated structures, such as
pumping stations, pipework and
earthworks
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES FOR WATER
RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
FOR WATER SUPPLY:
• Local Water and Utilities
Administration (LWUA)
- Promotes and oversees the
development of provincial
waterworks
Oversees the LWUA Water
Districts and the Local
Government Units and
Cooperative Water Districts
• Manila Water Company, Inc.
(MWCI)
- Private firm that services the
waterworks and sewerage
systems of the eastern part of
Metro Manila
• Maynilad Water Services, Inc.
(MWSI)
- Private firm that services the
waterworks and sewerage
systems of the western part of
Metro Manila
• Local Government units (LGUs)
- Share responsibility in providing
basic services such as water
supply, sanitation, and flood
control, including enforcement of
sanitation laws
FOR IRRIGATION:
• Department of Agriculture
- National Irrigation Administration
FOR HYDRO POWER AND DAM
MANAGEMENT:
• Department of Energy
- National Power Corporation
Philippine National Oil Company
National Electrification
Administration
• Private companies in charge of
specific dams
FOR FLOOD CONTROL AND NATIONAL
SEWERAGE AND SANITATION:
MANAGEMENT:
• Department of Public Works and
Highways (DPWH)
- Metropolitan Waterworks and
Sewerage Systems (MWSS)
FOR DRINKING WATER STANDARDS:
• Department of Health (DOH)
- promulgates revision and
enforcement of drinking water
standards.
- Environmental Health Services
- implements sanitation
programs to address
environmental and water-
related diseases.
- DOH also formulates guidelines
and standards for the collection,
treatment, and disposal of sewage
and sewage treatment system
CHIEF OVERSEER:
• NATIONAL WATER RESOURCE
BOARD (NWRB)
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
SYSTEM
- a branch of engineering
concerned with the application of
scientific and engineering
principles for protection of
human populations from the
effects of adverse environmental
factors: protection of
environments, both local and
global, from potentially
deleterious effects of natural and
human activities; and
improvement of environmental
quality. (The American Academy
of Environmental Engineer)
- Environmental “Civil” Engineers
focus on hydrology, water
resource management,
bioremediation, and water
treatment plant design.
- Environmental “Chemical”
Engineers focus on
environmental chemistry,
advanced air and water
treatment technologies and
separation processes.
• The goal of environmental
engineering is to ensure that the
societal development and use of
water, land and air resources are
sustainable.
• Environmental engineers study
water, soil, and air pollution
problems, and develop technical
solutions needed to solve, attenuate
or control these problems in a
manner that is compatible with
legislative, economic, social and
political concerns.
• Civil engineers are particularly
involved in such activities as water
supply and sewerage, management
 of surface water and ground water
quality, remediation of contaminated
sites and solid waste management.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
The activities of such engineers include, but
not limited to,:
• the planning, design, construction
and operation of water and
wastewater treatment facilities in
municipalities and industries,
• modeling and analysis of surface
water and groundwater quality,
• design of soil and remediation
systems,
• planning of disposal and reuse of
wastewater and sludges, and
• the collection, transport, processing,
recovery and disposal of solid waste
according to accepted engineering
practices.
POLLUTION FROM CONSTRUCTION
❖ The construction industry is major
source of pollution, responsible for
around 4% particulate emissions,
more water pollution incidents than
any other industry, and thousands of
noise complaints every year.
NOISE POLLUTION
❖ Although construction activities also
pollute the soil, the main areas of
concern are: air, water and noise
pollution
AIR POLLUTION
❖ Construction activities that contribute
to air pollution include: land
clearing, operation of diesel
engines, demolition, burning, and
working with toxic materials.
❖ All construction sites generate high
level of dust (typically from concrete,
cement, wood, stone silica) and this
can carry for large distances over a
long period of time.
❖ Diesel is also responsible for
emissions of carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and
carbon dioxide. Noxious vapors from
oils, glues, thinners, paints, treated
wood plastics, cleaners and other
hazardous chemicals that are widely
used on construction sites, also
contribute to air pollution
WATER POLLUTION
❖ Source of water pollution on
construction sites include: diesel and
oil, paint, solvents, cleaners and
other harmful chemicals; and
construction debris and dirt.
❖ When land is cleared it caused soil
erosion that leads to site-bearing
run-off sediment pollution. Silt and
soil that runs into natural waterways
turns them turbid, which restricts
sunlight filtration and destroys
aquatic life.
❖ Construction site produce a lot of
noise, mainly from vehicles, heavy
equipment and machinery, but also
from people shouting and radios
turned up too loud.
❖ Excessive noise is not only annoying
and distraction, but also lead to
hearing loss, high blood pressure,
sleep disturbance and extreme
stress.
 ❖ Research has shown that the high
noise levels disturb the natural
cycles of animals and reduces their
usable habitat.
MEASURES TO PREVENT POLLUTION
Good construction site practice can help to
control and prevent pollution. The first step
is to prepare environmental risk
assessments for all construction activities
and materials likely to cause pollution.
Specific measures can be taken to mitigate
these risks:
• To prevent erosion and run-off,
minimize land disturbance and
maximum vegetation cover.
• Control dust through fine water
sprays used to dampen down the
site.
• Screen the whole site to stop dust
spreading, or alternatively, place fine
mesh screening close to the dust
source.
• Cover skips and trucks loaded with
construction materials and
continually damp down with low
levels of water.
• Cover piles of building materials like
cement, sand and other powders,
regularly inspect for spillages, and
locate them where they will not be
washed into waterways or drainage
areas.
• Use non-toxic paints, solvents and
other hazardous materials whenever
possible.
• Segregate, tightly cover and monitor
toxic substances to prevent spills
and possible site contamination.
• Cover and protect all drains on site.
• Collect any wastewater generated
from site activities in settlement
tanks, screen, discharge the clean
water, and dispose of remaining
sludge according to environmental
regulations.
• Use low sulphur diesel oil in all
vehicles and equipment engines,
and incorporate the latest
specifications of particulate filters
and catalytic converters.
• No burning of materials on site.
• Reduce noise pollution through
careful handling materials; modern,
quite power tools, equipment and
generators; low impact technologies;
and wall structures as sound shields.
MAJOR PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENTAL
LAWS
❖ RA 9003 Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000.
- the law aims to adopt a
systematic, comprehensive and
ecological solid waste
management program that shall
ensure the protection of public
health and environment.
❖ RA 9275 Philippine Clean Water
Act of 2004
- the law aims to protect the
country’s water bodies from
pollution from land-based source
(industries and commercial
establishments, agriculture and
community/household activities)
❖ RA 8749 Philippine Clean Air Act
of 1999
- the law aims to achieve and
maintain clean air that meets the
 National Air Quality guideline
values for criteria pollutants,
throughout the Philippines, while
minimizing the possible
associated impacts to the
economy.

❖ RA 6969 Toxic Substances,

Hazardous and Nuclear Waste
Control Act of 1990
- the law aims to regulate restrict
or prohibit the importation,
manufacture, processing, sale,
distribution, use and disposal of
chemical substances and
mixtures the present
unreasonable risk to human
health.

❖ PD 1586 Environmental Impact

Statement (EIS) System of 1978
- to facilitate the attainment and
maintenance of rational and
orderly balance between socio-
economic development and
environmental protection.