Phonemes: Spelling + examples

/p/ “p” – strapped, pack, ship

/b/ “b” – boy ; by; rob

/t/ “t” – tea; wrote

Past endings in regular verbs (voiceless consonants) – helped /t/

/d/ “d” - dark; word ; adorn…

Past endings in regular verbs (voiced consonants or vowels) –
played; robbed
/k/ “k”; “ck” – think; pack…
“ch” – school, character; architect…
“c” – careful; cartoon…

/g/ “g” - girl; egg; dog…

/f/ “f” – fur; off; fortune, find…

“ph” – philosophy
/v/ “v” – five, love…
of /ɒv/
/θ/ “th” – thing; through; thought, throw…

/ð/ “th” – this; that; although, the…

/ s/ “s” ; “ss” – so; glass; space…

“c” – cereal, certain, cybernetics…
Voiceless consonant + s (plural) - books
/ z/ “z” – zero, Zephyrus, zeal
Voiced consonant / vowel + s – boys; beds, please…
/ʃ / “sh” – she, show; ash…

/ʒ/ “s” – measure; treasure; leisure /´treʒə/

/tʃ/ “ch” – choose, child, church…

** actually – /æktʃuəli/

/dʒ/ “g”; “j” – January, page, just, John, jealous, jet…

 /m/ “m” – meal, my, must…

/n/ “n” – nobody, nine, Norway…

“kn” – know, knob; knock, knee…
/ ŋ/ “ng” – thing, sang, song, reading…

/l/ “l” – last, blue, loom, tell…

/r/ “r” – read, rise, ring…

“wr” – write, wreck, wrote, wrap
/h/ “h” – he, high, house, hair…

/w/ “w” – way, week, why…

/ j/ “y” – yet, young, you


Phonemes: Spelling + examples
“ea” - ear, dear, near, year…
- beer, here
/iə/
“ai”; “ay”; “ey” – pain; play, away, they, aim…
“a” + consonant + silent “e” – same, name, case, bake..
/ei/
“ei” + g /n - weigh , neighbour, vein…

/ʊə/ - poor, tour, sure…

/ɔi/ “oi” ; “oy”- noise, toy , enjoy, join…

/əʊ/ “o” +V + silent “e” – nose, phone, rope, home…

“oa” – boat, roast, coat…
o + ld – cold, old, soldier

/eə / “ai” - hair, air, chair

- their, there

/ai/ “i” “y” – ice, my

“i” + consonant + silent “e” - bite, fine, mine
“i” + gh / ld /nd - wild; find; sight
- eye,
/aʊ/ “o” + w –how, town, now, Ow!
“ou” - found, amount, cloud, out

The last time we saw that movie was six months ago
We haven’t ....................................................................................
I haven’t seen your wife for a long time.
It’s ....................................................................................
It’s ages since I last visited Russia
I ....................................................................................
I haven't talked to George for four weeks.
It's........................................................................................
I haven’t read a novel for two months.
It’s..............................................................................................
I haven’t been to a football match for ages.
It’s years.....................................................................................
We came to live in La Coruña four years ago.
We have...........................................................................................
I smoked my last cigarette last year.
I haven’t smoked..............................................................................
I haven't been to an art gallery for three years.
Phonemes: Spelling + examples
“ee” - see, green, tree …
“ei” - either , receive …
/iː/ “ea” - meal, leak , read , beach…
“e” - men , fell, every …
“ea” - death, bread, head…
/e/
“a” - many ; any
*exceptions: friend , said
“a” – man, cat, hat, bat…
/æ/

/i/ “i” + Consonant – win, this, hit, trip , in

“y” + Consonant - gym
Represented by different letters in the same word. It
/ə/ occurs in unstressed syllables.
Ej: garden ; away ; banana ; colour ; support…

“u” - but, cut, cup…

“o” - come
/ʌ / “ou” – country, couple, enough
“oe” – does
“oo” - blood , flood (exceptions)
/ʊ/ “oo” + d / k - hood , look, good, book , cook…
“u” + sh - bush, push, cushion
/ʒː/ “ear” , “our”, “or”, “ur” (in stressed syllable) – heard,
journey, work, fur, turn…

“a” + r – farm, alarm, arm, start, dark…

/ɑː/
“a” + l – palm, calm, balm…
 “oo” + l/ m/ n/ - school, broom , moon…
/uː/
Extra examples: fruit, group, through

/ɔː / “o” + ff – off, offer

“o” + ng – long , strong
“aw” - saw , draw
“a” +ll /lk / lt / ld – ball, talk, salt, bald…
/ɒ / “o” + Consonant – stop, lot, mob, dog, lock, rock, got
Extra examples: cough, want, wrong