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Cebuano-Visayan also contains a semi-vowel phoneme, the glottal stop, after each of
the three vowels in both stressed and unstressed final positions. Because glottal stops are not
pure vowels, they do not have graphemic symbols (letters), thus they are marked as accents
over their preceding vowels ( ) in unstressed position and ( ^ ) in stressed position, as
follows.
Preceding Post-vocalic Glottal Stop in Post-vocalic Glottal Stop in
Vowels in final unstressed final position stressed final position
position Accent Marks Key Words Accent Mark Key Word
BAGÀ bagà BAGÂ bagâ
/a/ Àà Ââ
(lung) (thick)
DILÌ dilì PUTÎ putî
/i/ Ìì Îî (white)
(not)
/u/ Ùù ATÙ atù Ûû MUBÛ mubû
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(our) (short)
A glottal stop in medial position is marked as a hyphen ( - ), either between two vowels
or between a consonant and a vowel, as exemplified below.
Glottal Stop Between Two Vowels Glottal Stop Between a Consonant and a Vowel
PA-A pa-a (thigh) SUD-AN sud-an (food)
TI-IL ti-il (foot) NAKIT-AN nakit-an (seen)
HA-IN ha-in (where) TIMAN-I timan-i (remember)
SU-UN su-un (imitate) DAD-A dad-a (bring)
LUY-A luy-a (ginger) PAG-ANTUS pag-antus (sacrifice)
SAD-AN sad-an (guilty)
Cebuano-Visayan has fifteen consonant morphemes which are written out using the
same consonant graphemes, as shown below.
Consonant Consonant
Key Words
Phonemes Graphemes
PAPA papa PAPAS papas PAPIL papil
/p/ Pp
(daddy) (erase) (paper)
TUTUK tutuk TADTAD tadtad TITIK titik
/t/ Tt
(stare) (chop) (letter)
KATKAT katkat KITKIT kitkit KAKÂ kakâ
/k/ Kk
(climb) (nibble) (spider)
BABUY babuy BABAYI babayi BATBAT batbat
/b/ Bb
(pig) (female) (discuss)
DAKDAK dakdak DUTDUT dutdut DAD-A dad-a
/d/ Dd
(thrown down) (push) (bring)
GANTI ganti GAMIT gamit GUGMA gugma
/g/ Gg
(prize) (use) (love)
MAMA mama TANUM tanum HUMAN human
/m/ Mm
(mommy) (plant) (finish)
NINDUT nindut ANDAM andam TANAN tanan
/n/ Nn
(nice) (ready) (all)
NGITNGIT ngitngit SINGGIT singgit IRING iring
/ ng / Ng ng
(dark) (shout) (cat)
LALUM lalum LALAKI lalaki LALIK lalik
/l / Ll
(deep) (male) (sculpt)
SARING saring BARAW baraw LARUT
/r/ Rr
(classroom) (knife) (pull out)
USISA usisa SAKSI saksi SUSU susu
/s/ Ss
(investigate) (witness) (breast)
HAYHAY hayhay HAKUT hakut HAPIT hapit
/h/ Hh
(hang) (gather) (almost)
WAL Â walâ HAWAN hawan WALU walu
/w/ Ww
(none) (empty) (eight)
YUGYUG yugyug YUTÀ yutà YAMUG yamug
/y/ Yy
(shake) (land) (mist)
The consonant digraph (two-letter combination) MG mg and the vowel grapheme Aa, when
combined, become MGA mga, sounded as /manga/, a particle to a noun indicating plurality.
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◙ Text:
● Let the learners bring to class CLIPPINGS of Cebuano-Visayan editorials, feature articles
of their choices.
● Let the learners explain in Cebuano-Visayan the RATIONALE of their choices of TEXTS;
● Let the class interact with these choices in Cebuano-Visayan.
◙ Tasks:
● Let each learner read orally in good and correct Cebuano-Visayan pronunciation each
clipping / text chosen, sounding like a reporter / broadcaster.
● Let each learner (working specific chosen text) underline the misspelled Cebuano-
Visayan words based on the lessons on phoneme-grapheme correspondence
principles.
● Let each learner rewrite each chosen text using the standards set by the lessons on
Cebuano-Visayan phoneme-grapheme correspondence.
The word structure of a language is made up of morphemes, the basic unit of form and
meaning. When the morpheme is meaningful by itself, it is a free morpheme (commonly
called root). When the morpheme can only be meaningful when attached to a free
morpheme, it is a bound morpheme (the prefix, suffix, infix-affixes). Cebuano-Visayan
morphemes are exemplified below.
Free Morphemes Bound Morphemes
Words
(Roots) (Affixes)
PINAKATAM-ISAN TAM-IS PINAKA – (prefix)
(sweetest) (Adj – sweet) – AN (suffix)
PAGMINAHALAY MAHAL PAG – (prefix)
(mutual loving) (V – love) – IN – (infix)
– AY (suffix)
MALINAWUN LINAW MA – (prefix)
(peaceful) (N – peace) – UN (suffix)
Free morphemes can be lexical when meaningful alone and grammatical when they
specify the relationship among lexical morphemes in a sentence. Lexical morphemes are parts
of speech that are called content words (N,V,ADJ,ADV) and grammatical morphemes are parts
of speech that are called function words (PRON, PREP, CONJ, INTJ).Cebuano-Visayan lexical
and grammatical free morphemes are exemplified as follows.
CONTENT WORDS (LEXICAL FREE MORPHEMES) Parts of Speech
DAGWAY BUKTUN BUHUK NOUN
(face) (arm) (hair) (NGALANPULUNG)
KATKAT SULAT BASA VERB
(climb) (write) (read) (PULUNGDIWÀ)
LAPAD PULA NIPIS TAMBUK ADJECTIVE
(wide) (red) (thin) (fat) (DAGWAYNGALAN)
KA-AYU KUSUG HINAY ADVERB
(very) (fast) (slow) (DAGWAYDIWÀ)
FUNCTION WORDS (GRAMMATICAL FREE MORPHEMES)
AKU IKAW SILA PRONOUN
(I) (you) (they) (HULIPNGALAN)
SA NI KANG PREPOSITION
(in / of / at) (of – person) (of –person) (BAHINPULUNG)
UG APAN HINU-UN CONJUNCTION
(and) (but) (however) (DUGTUNGPULUNG)
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Bound morphemes are inflectional when they are affixed to free morphemes without
changing their parts of speech. In Cebuano-Visayan, bound morphemes are either attached as
affixes or detached as particles, as exemplified below.
Parts of Free Bound
Words Inflection
Speech Morphemes Morphemes
KINADAKU-AN DAKU KINA – Superlative Degree of
(biggest)
Adj. (big) – AN Comparison of Adjectives
NAGKA-UN KA-UN NAG – Simple Present tense
(eat)
Verb (eat) form of the verb
MIKA-UN Verb KA-UN MI –
NIKA-UN Verb KA-UN NI – Simple Past tense form of
NAKAKA-UN Verb KA-UN NAKA – the verb
(ate) (eat)
MUKA-UN Verb KA-UN MU –
MAGKA-UN Verb KA-UN MAG – Simple Future tense form
MAKAKA-UN Verb KA-UN MAKA – of the verb
(will eat) (eat)
NAKA-UN KA-UN NA - Passive Voice:
Verb (eat) Present tense of the Verb
GIKA-UN KA-UN GI – Passive Voice:
Verb (eat) Past tense of the verb
KA-UNUN Verb KA-UN – UN Passive Voice:
MAKA-UN Verb (eat) MA – Future tense of the verb
SULTI-I SULTI –I
(tell)
Verb PAMATI Imperative of the verb
PAMATI-A –A
(listen)
NANAGKA-UN KA-UN NANAG – Plurality of Doer:
Verb (eat) Paste tense
MANAGKA-UN KA-UN MANAG – Plurality Doer:
Verb (eat) Future tense
NANGHUGAS HUGAS NANG – Frequentive Action in
Verb (wash) the Past
MANGHUGAS HUGAS MANG – Frequentive Action in
Verb (wash) the Future
With C-V nouns, the inflectional bound morpheme of plurality MGA is detached as a
particle, as follows.
Bound morphemes that change the parts of speech of the content words when attached
to them are derivational. Cebuano-Visayan derivational bound morphemes are shown below.
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Particles in Cebuano-Visayan are actually detached bound morphemes which are said as
separate words before the content words that they are grammatically linked as markers, as
shown below.
◙ Text:
● Let each of the learners copy a long paragraph from a Cebuano-Visayan magazine of
their own choices and bring it to class.
● Let the learner support his / her choice of text by discussing it in class in Cebuano-
Visayan.
● Let the class interact with these varied choices in Cebuano-Visayan.
◙ Tasks:
● Let each learner read orally the chosen Cebuano-Visayan text to the class.
● Let each learner analyze the morphologic constructs of the content and function words
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used in the chosen text using the linguistic morphologic standards for Cebuano-
Visayan.
● Let each learner rewrite each chosen text based on the standards set by the lessons on
Cebuano-Visayan morphology.
• Notice again that the C-V sentence pattern ADJ + N is verbless: merely ADJ complement
/ modifier + N subject.
Sentence Pattern 3: Adverb Predicate (ADV + N)
• Again, this C-V sentence pattern ADV + N has no verb: merely ADV modifier + N
subject.
Sentence Pattern 4: Prepositional Phrase Predicate (PP + N)
• The Transitive verb predicate is followed by the direct object + the subject.
• The transitive verb predicate is followed by the subject, ending with the direct and
indirect objects.
• The transitive verb predicate is followed by the objective complement and the object,
ending with the subject.
• The transitive verb predicate is followed by the subject and the object, ending with the
objective complement.
• The transitive verb predicate is followed by the subject and object, ending with a
prepositional phrase.
◙ Text:
● Let each of the learners choose a book and copy the PREFACE, or else a newspaper and
copy the EDITORIAL article (both should be English texts).
● Let each learner defend his / her choice of text (preface or editorial) in class in (Cebuano-
Visayan discourse.
● Let the class interact orally to these myriad choices in Cebuano-Visayan discourse.
◙ Tasks:
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● Let the learners TRANSLATE their respective chosen texts (prefaces and editorials) from
English to Cebuano-Visayan following the standards set by the linear grammar
description of Cebuano-Visayan syntax.
● Let them recite / read orally akin to public speech the Cebuano-Visayan versions of their
chosen prefaces or editorials to class.
● Let them write a discursive analytical explanation of the process they undertook in
textual translation from English to Cebuano-Visayan.
Website
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu