®

Reservoir
Fundamentals
Objectives
Understand basic reservoir concepts
Know effect of reservoir pressure decline
and factors that act to mitigate
Explain drive mechanisms and effect on
production behavior
Examine single phase inflow performance
relationship (IPR)
Basis for IPR equations: PI (single phase
flow), Vogel (liquids with gas), Darcy
(reservoir parameters)
Relate production rate to pwf (bottomhole
flowing pressure)

2
The Reservoir
The reservoir can be
thought of as a tank
– Containing fluid
– With initial pressure Pr
The fluid in the tank
may be:
– Oil and water
Pr
– Gas and water
– Oil, gas and water
¾ function of pressure
¾ fluid properties
(composition)

3
The Reservoir
But, tank is not full of
liquid…..
– The tank is full of rock
particles
– With fluid in the spaces
between the particles
¾ Imagine a tank full of
golf balls, which you
then fill with liquid..
The ‘spaces’ between
the particles is called:
– Porosity
– Symbol Ф
– Measured as % of space

4
The Reservoir
We can think of each
‘space’ as a series of
‘sub
sub tanks
tanks’
And the connection
between each space is
like a mini pipeline
The measure of the
ability of fluid to flow
between spaces is
known as:
– P
Permeability
bilit
– Symbol (k) k
Ф Ф
– Measured in milli Darcies
(mD)

5
The Reservoir
As we take fluid out of
reservoir what happens
to the reservoir
pressure?
What are factors that
might act to counter
this effect…?

6
The Reservoir
As we take fluid out Gas Injection Water Injection
– Reservoir pressure
declines.
As reservoir pressure
declines
– Flowrate
Fl t declines
d li
The tendency for
pressure to decline may
p y
be offset by:
– An active aquifer
– Injection of water
– Reinjection of produced
gas

Aquifer
®

7
The Reservoir
Even if we do nothing to
offset pressure decline we,
there are factors that help
us:
– Weight of rock above
¾ compressibility
– As we drop pressure gas
breaks out and expands to
maintain pressure
¾ gas expansion Pr
– A gas cap may exist (Pr <Pb)
Pb)
and the gas cap expands to
maintain pressure
¾ gas cap
– Or water may flow in from
sides or below
¾ Aquifer
These are known as drive
mechanisms

8
Reservoir Drive Mechanisms

Oil Drive Mechanisms

– Solution Gas Drive
– Gas Cap Drive
– Water drive
– Gravity drainage drive
Reality
– May be combination of several

9
Reservoir Drive Mechanisms
Solution Gas Drive
– Recovery is between 5-
30% of oil in place.
p
– Initially no gas is produced
as the pressure is above
the Pb. GOR initially y
constant.
– As reservoir pressure
drops
p below Pb,, g gas is
liberated in reservoir.
– Gas expands as pressure
drops.
p

10
Reservoir Drive Mechanisms
Dissolved Gas Drive
PR
GOR

– Produced gas/oil ratio

(GOR) initially constant
until Pr<Pb
k/μB
– Then produced GOR
increases
– Ultimately GOR declines as Np, Cumulative Production
all gas produced
produced.
– This is closed from other
drives.
– Usually pressure
maintenance is applied to
increase recovery.

11
Reservoir Drive Mechanisms
Gas Cap Drive
– Recovery is between 5 -
30% of oil in place.
p
– Reservoir pressure below
initial bubble point, gas
migrated
g into ‘gas
g cap’p
– Gas cap expands to drive
the oil to the well. Recovery
is between 20-40%. Gas
may be re-injected.

– Drive mechanism based on

expansion of gas in gas
cap

12
Reservoir Drive Mechanisms
Gas Cap Drive
– Gas may ‘ cone’ in and so
GOR increases until gas
g
cap depleted, then
declines.
– Reservoir p
pressure rapidly
p y
declines after gas depleted

13
Reservoir Drive Mechanisms
Water Drive
– Recovery is between
35 - 75% of oil in
place.
– Depends on water
support from below or
sides
– Water is from active
aquifer and or water
injection

14
Reservoir Drive Mechanisms
Water Drive
– GOR stays constant
and water cut
increases
– Least reservoir
pressure decline

15
Reservoir Drive Mechanisms
Gravity Drainage
– Well low on structure
– Structure and gravity
causes oil to flow to
wellbore
– Recovery up to 60%

16
Reservoir Drive Mechanisms
Combination Drive
– Combination of
multiple mechanisms
– Recovery variable but
generally higher

17
Reservoir Drive Mechanisms
Comparison
– Water drive lowest
GOR and high
recovery
– Gas cap drive highest
GOR and medium
recovery
– Solution gas drive
lowest recovery

18
 ®

Inflow Performance
(IPR)
Inflow Performance Relationship
In order for flow from
reservoir to occur:
– Must satisfy one constraint
– Pwf < Pr
– The difference between Pr
and Pwf is called
drawdown
How much flow occurs
f every psii off
for
drawdown is called: P= Pr
Inflow Performance Relationship
Res. Press.

– Inflow Performance P, Pwfs

Flowing BHP Drawdown

Relationship (IPR)
– And can be represented as
P=0
¾ An equation Flow Rate,, q
Reservoir pressure is constant

¾ A graph
20
®

20
Inflow Performance Relationship
Typical Relationships
– PI
– Darcy
– Vogel
– Combination
– Fetkovich
– Multilayer
– Various horizontal models

21
Productivity Index (PI)
Simplest and most Straight Line PI

widely used
1600

1400

relationship
1200

si)
1000

Pressure (ps
800

Straight line 600

400

PI often called J in 200

some text books

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Rate (STBLPD)
Test Point PI Test Point

Units stbpd/psi
N t applicable
Not li bl tot gas Q
wells PI =
(Pr − Pwf )

22
Vogel
Applicable below q ⎛ Pwfs ⎞ ⎛ Pwfs ⎞
2

= 1. 0 − 0.2 ⎜ ⎟ − 0.8 ⎜ ⎟
bubble point q max ⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎝ Pr ⎠
– Developed by Alfred
Vogel Vogel IPR

What do you think 1800

1600
1400
causes the curve…?

Preessure (psi)
1200
1000

Need Q and Pwf

800
600
400

from well test 200

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
– Calculate Q max Rate ((STBLPD))

– Use Q max to calculate Pwf Test Point

complete IPR

23
Vogel vs PI
A Vogel or PI IPR can Vogel IPR
1600

be determined for any 1400

well test.
1200

si)
Pressure (ps
1000
800

When should you use 600

PI
400
200
0

When should you use 0 200 400 600 800 1000

Rate (STBLPD)
1200 1400 1600

Vogel
Pwf Test Point PI Test Point

What is the risk of

using the wrong
relationship…?

24
Vogel
As watercut increases
the IPR may approach
PI model
– becomes straight line
rather than curved
Similarly skin effects or
Similarl
additional gas may
– cause the IPR to move to
the left
– become more curved

25
Combination IPR
When have reservoir
pressure above bubble
point
– Initial response is PI

Q = PI (Pr − Pwf )

As pwf drops below

bubble point gas breaks
out
– Response becomes Vogel

2
Pb ⎛ Pwf ⎞ ⎛ Pwf ⎞
Q = PI (Pr − Pwf ) + PI (1 − 0.2⎜ ⎟ − 0.8⎜ ⎟ )
1.8 ⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎝ Pr ⎠

26
Darcy Equation
Developed by Henry
Darcy based on the
results of experiment
on the flow of water
through beds of sand.
Where pressure drop
proportional to:
– Flowrate Q,,
– Length (L)
– viscosity of fluid (μ)
L× μ ×Q
And
A d inversely
i l P1 − P 2 α
proportional to: D×k
– Diameter (D)
– Permeability (k) of sand

27
Darcy with Skin in A Radial System
Applied to a reservoir the
formula becomes:

141.2×Q× Bo × μ ⎡ 0.472× r ⎤
Pr − Pwf = (ln⎢ ⎥ + S)
k ×h ⎣ rw ⎦

The equation is typically

written as:

k × h × ( Pr − Pwf )
Q=
⎡ 0.472 × r ⎤
141.2 × Bo × μ × (ln ⎢ ⎥ + S)
⎣ rw ⎦

28
Effects of Skin on IPR
Assuming Darcy
Acres

If we consider the Spacing Drainage Hole Size

(Acres) Radius (ft) (inches)
Wellbore
radius (rw)
Wellbore
radius (ft)
160 1489.838 12.25 0.510417 7.228174
ln(0 472r/rw)
ln(0.472r/rw), 80
40
1053.475
744.9191
12.25
12.25
0.510417
0.510417
6.881601
6.535027

This term normally 160

80
1489.838
1053.475
8.5
8.5
0.354167
0.354167
7.593634
7.247061
40 744.9191 8.5 0.354167 6.900487
approximates to 7 160
80
1489.838
1053 475
1053.475
6.125
6 125
6.125
0.255208
0 255208
0.255208
7.921322
7 574748
7.574748
40 744.9191 6.125 0.255208 7.228174

k × h × ( Pr − Pwf ) k × h × ( Pr − Pwf )
Q= =
⎡ 0.472 × r ⎤ 141.2 × Bo × μ × (7 + S )
141.2 × Bo × μ × (ln ⎢ ⎥ + S)
⎣ rw ⎦

29
Effect of Skin on IPR
Therefore
If we want to evaluate the
effect of skin on productivity
we can use the following
expression:
k × h × ( Pr − Pwf ) 1
Q= Qα
141.2 × Bo × μ × (7 + S ) (7 + S )

In order to double
production we need skin of -
p
3.5
Similarly skin of 7 halves the
p
production

Q (7)
=
Qnoskin (7 + S )

30
Effect of Skin on IPR
Higher Skins ( damage )
show as lower PI’s or
IPR s
IPR’s

S= -3.5
S=0
S=7

31
Gas Well IPR
Gas exists in porosity of NoTitleSupplied ClassProblemPO2-01.snp Ratevs.Pressure-IPROnly
ReservoirData :12-Sep-0922:20:29
rock, it expands as it is Pressure=4000.00psia
C,n= 0.000236,1.0000
WBDepth(MDft)=7875
WHPres(psia)=100.00

produced 4000
TubingI.D.=1.995

1-IPRBase
Some liquids may come

e Pressure (psia)
3000
from formation or be
condensed in tubing as 2000
saturated
t t d gas enters
t lower
l

Bottom Hole
pressure wellbore. 1000

Turbulence (friction) more

0
d i
dominant t 0 1000 2000 3000 4000
FormationGasRate(mscfpd)
n varies from 0.5
(turbulence) to 1.0 (Darcy
fl )
flow).
Qgas = C ( Pr − Pwf )
2 2 n
C and n determined from
well tests

32
Gas Well IPR
After initial multi-rate
test
– Very seldom measure pwf
– No way to validate IPR
– Have Q and THP
Decline analysis is used
to identify when well
performance changes
p g
Production drops below
decline line
– U
Usually
ll iindicates
di t liliquid
id
loading
– Need AL to remove liquid?

33
Summary
Basic reservoir concepts explained
Well “drive’ mechanisms have been presented
Si l phase
Single h fl
flow equations
ti for
f liquids
li id have
h been
b
presented
PI and IPR equations commonly used with AL
designs and analyses have been developed and
discussed
PI and
d IPR equations
ti presented
t d here
h will
ill be
b usedd in
i
design and analysis sections for the various
methods of AL discussed in the following g materials.
Gas IPR, liquid loading and effect on decline curve
shown

34
IPR Problem
D d llos siguientes
Dados i i t datos:
d t
Pr = 1800 psig presión promedio del yacimiento
Pb = 1800 psig presión de punto de burbujeo
Pwf = 1400 psig presión de flujo del yacimiento
Q = 200 b/d tasa de producción

1 S
1. Suponiendo
i d un IP constante
t t dde P
Pr a P
Pwf,
f ¿cuál
ál es ell valor
l d de
IP? ¿Cuáles son las unidades de IP?
2. Calcule la producción para Pwf = 900 psig en base al IP de la
g
pregunta 1.
3. Calcule la máxima Q adoptando una curva de RIR tipo Vogel
de Pr a Pwf = 0.
4. Calcular la producción a 900 psig adoptando una expresión
tipo Vogel para RIR.
RIR
5. ¿Cuál es la diferencia en producción tomando en cuenta los
valores de los problemas 2 y 4?
6. ¿¿¿Cuáles son algunos de los factores que influyen en que la
respuesta a la pregunta 4 sea menor que la de la pregunta
2???
®

35
IPR Problem
Given:
Gi
Pr = 1800 psig average reservoir pressure
Pb = 1800 psig, bubble point pressure
P f = 1400 flowing
Pwf fl i reservoir
i pressure, psig
i
Q = 200 bpd production rate

1 Assuming
1. A i a constant
t t PI from
f Pr
P to
t Pwf,
P f what
h t is
i the
th value
l off PI?
What are the units of PI?
2. Calculate the production for Pwf = 900 psig using the PI from
question 1.
q
3. Calculate the maximum Q assuming a Vogel type IPR curve
from Pr to Pwf=0
4. Calculate the production at 900 psig assuming a Vogel type
expression for IPR
5. What is the difference in production from the value in problem 2
and 4 above?
6. What are some of the factors to cause the answer in q question 4
to be less than that for question 2.???

36