MOHD SHAFIQ BIN MOHD SAUDI

2018250146
EC2207B1

ESC536 JUNE 2019 (16/1/2021)

Question 3
Type of lightweight concrete, advantage, and disadvantage:

Type of lightweight Advantages Disadvantages

concrete
Aerated Concrete  An excellent material  Very expensive equipment is
for soundproofing required for manufacturing the
material and acoustic concrete.
insulation.  as well as high power consumption
 Highly fire- and  require large production facilities.
termite-resistant.
 Available in a variety
of forms and sizes.
 High thermal mass
stores and releases
energy over time
Lightweight  Does not present  High cost of production.
Aggregate special problems with  The depth within which corrosion
Concrete (LWA) respect to freezing can occur under suitable conditions
and thawing. It is is nearly twice than that of normal
since the larger pores concrete.
in aggregate are
unlikely to become
saturated, provided
the cement paste is
protected by air
entrainment.
 The lightweight
concrete has
comparatively less
tendency to spall.
Hence, its fire
resistance is greater
as compared to the
ordinary concrete.
MOHD SHAFIQ BIN MOHD SAUDI
2018250146
EC2207B1

 The lightweight
concrete has
generally a lower
thermal expansion
than ordinary
concrete.
No-Fines Concrete  As it does not have  As there are no fine aggregates to fill
sands or fine the voids in this concrete, it has high
aggregates, it permeability than normal concrete.
has less drying Thus, it is not a good idea to
shrinkage compared construct reinforced concrete with no
to normal concrete. fines concrete, as the reinforcement
 It has better thermal can easily get corroded.
insulating  To make this concrete impermeable,
characteristic than extra coat of masonry plaster is
normal concrete and required, which increase the cost
thus it is useful for  No fines concrete cannot be tested
construction of for workability by using tests for
external wall. normal concrete such as
 As it has no fine slump or compaction factor test.
aggregates, the Values of workability and its test
surface area required methods are unknown
for cement coating is
reduced considerably.
So, quantity of
cement required gets
reduced per cubic
meter compared with
normal concrete. So,
it is economical.
MOHD SHAFIQ BIN MOHD SAUDI
2018250146
EC2207B1

Question 4
Requirement for SCC:

Parameter How to achieve

Moderate  Viscosity Modifying admixture (VMA) help to even the variations in
viscosity
aggregate gradations and can account for moderate variations in
moisture content.
 Increasing the percentage of VMA into the SCC mix design can help
to achieve the moderate viscosity.
 Examples of the admixture are fly ash, silica fume, limestone powder,
glass filler and quartzite filler.
 Other method is by reducing the water-to-cementitious material ratio
(w/cm) to limit free water content.
High deformability  The main requirements of SCC involve securing high levels of
deformability while maintaining a highly stable mixture.
 Advanced synthetic high-range water-reducing admixture (HRWR)
can be used to increase the deformability.
Good segregation  Excess moisture in the ingredients, especially the fine aggregates, can
resistance
have a profound influence on the consistency of the mix.
 Small fluctuations in moisture content may lead to segregation or
affect the mix’s ability to flow.
 Segregation can be avoided through aggregate gradation and by
increasing the number of fines, but it must be done carefully to
preserve the SCC properties.
 A well graded aggregate distribution minimizes cement paste content
as well as minimizes admixture dosage.
Low yield  The viscosity-enhancing admixture (VEA) increases both the yield
strength
value and viscosity, while the advanced synthetic high-range water-
reducing admixture (HRWR) primarily reduces the yield value.
 The resulting combination can then secure a mix with relatively low
yield value and moderate viscosity necessary for the successful
casting of SCC.
 The preferred admixture for reducing yield stress in self-consolidating
concrete is a polycarboxylate-based admixture due to its superior
water-reduction capabilities and high early-strength gains at low
dosing rates.
MOHD SHAFIQ BIN MOHD SAUDI
2018250146
EC2207B1

Question 5 (a)

Site Solution
Marina Island Special concrete incorporates green and sustainable elements to repair a
Pangkor bridge:
 Sulphur-Infiltrated concrete
Sulphur is heated to bring it into molten condition to which core sand fine
aggregates are pored and mixed together. On cooling this mixture gave
good strength, exhibited acid resistance and also other chemical
resistance. This concrete suitable according to the situation to avoid
same problem of sea water attack. Recently, use of Sulphur made to
impregnate lean porous concrete to improve its strength and other useful
properties considerably. In this method, the quantity of Sulphur used is
also comparatively low and thereby the process made is economical. It is
reported that compressive strength of about 100 MPa could be achieve in
two days’ time.

Shah Alam Special concrete that can cure micro crack due to shrinkage:
 Bio Concrete:
The Bio concrete are the most suitable method to cater the crack
problem. The bio concrete is the self-healing concrete which repair
work by chemical reaction (precipitation). There are three action of
bio concrete which is:
 Fibre self-healing
 When the cracks occur, it creates fibres with longitudinal section
that try to bind with the crack occurs.

 Encapsulated self-healing.
 Only effective when crack less than 33mm.
 structure crack due to the extra vibration or redesign

 Microorganisms self-healing.
 this method is not suitable in Malaysia due to the high
temperature.
MOHD SHAFIQ BIN MOHD SAUDI
2018250146
EC2207B1

 Bacillus Pasteruii is a common soil bacterium, which can

continuously precipitate a new impermeable calcite layer over the
surface of concrete. Bacillus Pasteurii produces urea which
catalyses to produce CO2 and ammonia. The ammonia increases
the pH of concrete. There is a medium of nutrient urea and
CaCl2is used to grow the bacteria and also to control the pH.
After this process in surroundings ions Ca^(2+) and CO3^(2-)
precipitate as CaCO3.

Question 5 (b)

Propose type of concrete that can be achieve all the requirements:

The best concrete that can achieve all requirement is Nano concrete. The Nano concrete
helps to improve the concrete properties and provide special performance. Nano concrete is
defined as a concrete made by filling the pores in traditional concrete using nano particles of
size less than 500 nano meters. To achieve specification of ultra-high-performance concrete
(UHPC), the compressive nee to be more than 12 MPa. Mostly Nano concrete have more
compressive strength than the requirement. Nano materials will improve concrete properties
and provide special performance. Common nano material that can enhance the performance
in concrete is:

 Nano silica
 Most abundant mineral in the earth
 Commonly found in nature as sand
 Silica known for its hardness.
 The advantages of Carbon nano silica are Nanosilica increases the
compressive strength. Improve the segregation resistance of concrete.
Nanosilica fills the pores gap.
 Carbon nanotube
 Addition of carbon nanotube can fill up the pores.
 Improves concrete resistance by preventing crack from extending.
 Diameter: 1-2 nanometers, length: up to 18 cm
 Extraordinary strength excellent electrical and thermal properties Strongest
and stiffest materials yet discovered in terms of tensile strength and elastic
modulus.
MOHD SHAFIQ BIN MOHD SAUDI
2018250146
EC2207B1

 Strength: 48,000 kN·m·kg−1 the best of known materials, compared to high-

carbon steel's 154 kN·m·kg−1
 The advantages of carbon nanotube are making concrete is more durable
and owing to greater strength and durable