1.

Paradigm fro Science Teaching in High School

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of Anti-Microbial Property of Pomacea canalicuta
THE RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Formulation of hypothesis is another factor that must be considered to make the study
manageable. So what is a hypothesis? Most of us will answer that it is an educated
guess. Why educated?
Why not just a simple guess? Researchers have already a preconceived idea of what
they wished to
achieve when they conduct a study. They speculate upon the outcome of a research or
experiment. Every
true experimental design must have this statement at the core of its structure, as the
ultimate aim of any
experiment. The purpose of experimentation is to prove or disprove the hypothesis.
Formulation of a hypothesis is not done by mere guessing. It is an “educated guess”
based on
prior knowledge, experiences, and observations. It also includes an explanation of
why the guess may be
correct. It is generated via a number of a process of inductive reasoning where
observations lead to the
formation of a theory. Scientists then use a large battery of deductive methods to
arrive at a hypothesis
that is testable, falsifiable, and realistic.
C
ales. Concerned with the names and categories of responses. They do not intend
to quantify the data. Qualitative and categorical variables are examples. Nationality
and hair
color are some examples.
2. Ordinal Scales. Used for data that intends to be ranked. This scale is expressed
through
sequential and numerical order and therefore allows a comparison of degree.
Qualitative and
sometimes quantitative variables are measured using this scale. Some examples are
the
following: first, second, and third; good, better, and best.
3. Interval Scales. Use equal units of measurement and intervals to know the distance
between
them more than the sequence. An interval scale does not use zero as its base point,
though.
1718
Quantitative data are usually measured by interval scales. Examples include
temperature,
attitude, and IQ.
4. Ratio Scales. The highest level of measurement. Variables will be more accurately
measured
because a ration scale uses zero as its base point. It permits the comparison of both
differences
in scores and the relative magnitude of scores. Examples are height, weight, and age.
Exercise 1: The table below displays a selection of variables from a study dataset.
Determine what is
asked in each number using the table provided. Shade all possible answer/s.
1. Which of the above variable(s) are classified as quantitative variable(s)?
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REVISED KNOWLEDGE: Actual answer to the process question/s/ focus
question/s.
1. Explain the association among concepts, constructs, and variables.
One of the most tedious portions of the methodology chapter is describing the
constructs, variables, and operational definitions. This section often confuses students
because the three ideas seem to overlap. While these ideas are directly connected,
they
also have unique applications.
Constructs are broad concepts or topics for a study. Constructs can be
conceptually defined in that they have meaning in theoretical terms. They can be
abstractand do not necessarily need to be directly observable. Examples of constructs
include
intelligence or life satisfaction.
Variables are created by developing the construct into a measurable form.
Variables, by definition, correspond to any characteristic that varies (meaning they
have
at least two possible values). Examples of variables include height in inches, scores
on a
depression inventory, and ages of employees.
FINAL KNOWLEDGE: Generalization/ Synthesis/ Summary
Variables and operational definitions go hand in hand. Operational definitions
specifically identify how the variables are measured for the purposes of the research.
An
operational definition should identify how the variable is calculated or recorded as a
numeric value. In addition, the operational definition should specify the range of
possible
values and the variable’s level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, or interval). An
example of an operational definition for depression would be “