Oral Amniotic

INTRODUCTION
membrane cavity

Gut
Cloacal
Before folding
 After folding, the secondry yolk sac inside
membrane

the embryo gives rise to:Fore gut-Mid gut–hind gut.

Yolk sac

The fore gut is divided into :

a. Cranial part : extends from oral

membrane to the laryngo-tracheal groove.
It gives rise to : Amniotic cavity
Midgut

 Part of mouth cavity

Foregut
Hindgut

 Salivary glands
 Pharyngeal apparatus Stomodeum

 Respiratory system Vitello-intestinal Allantois Cloacal

membrane
duct
Connecting stalk
After folding

b. Caudal part : begins distal to the laryngotracheal groove.

It gives rise to: esophagus-stomach- part of duodenum-
liver-biliary system –pancreas.
 THE PHARYNGEAL ARCHES
They are 6 curved cylindrical mesenchymal
thickening on each side of the primitive pharynx.
They develop in the head & neck similar in origin &
structure to gills of the fish.
Gill = Branchia

 Each arch consists of :

1. Outer ectodermal covering
2. Inner endodermal lining
3. Mesodermal core
 Each pharyngeal arch consists, at first of
mesenchyme derived from the lateral plate
mesoderm.
 Soon, neural crest cells migrate into the
pharyngeal arches and surround the central
core of mesenchymal cells.
 Migration of neural crest cells into the arches
produce discrete swelling demarcating each of
the pharyngeal arch.
 NB. Mesenchyme =connective tissue of embryo
 The mesenchyme derived from neural crest
cells is called (ectomesenchyme) to
differentiate it from mesenchyme derived
from mesoderm.
A typical pharyngeal arch
contains:

1- A cartilaginous rod that forms

the skeleton of the arch.
2- A muscular component that
differentiates into muscles in the
head and neck.
3- An aortic arch , an artery that
arises from the truncus arteriosus
of the primordial heart.
4- A nerve that supplies the
mucosa and muscles derived from
the arch.
 NERVE SUPPLY OF THE PHARYNGEAL ARCHES

 It is derived from the

hindbrain (pons and
Medola oblogata)
 Each arch receives
mixed nerve.
 Its motor branch
supplies muscles derived
from the arch.
 Its sensory branch
supplies skin and
mucous membrane of
the arch.
 DEVELOPMENT OF PHARYNGEAL ARCHES

•By the end of the 4th week, 4 well defined pairs of pharyngeal arches
are visible externally.
•The 5th and 6th arches are small and cannot be seen on the surface of
the embryo.
 Cartilages

 Most of the cartilages that form within the

pharyngeal arches develop from the neural crest of
the midbrain and hindbrain regions, although the
cartilages of arches 4 and 6 apparently develop from
lateral plate mesoderm.
 The first pharyngeal arch is remodeled to form a
cranial maxillary process and a caudal mandibular
process.
 Each process contains a central cartilaginous element
(the maxillary is known as palato-pterygo-quadrate
cartilage and the mandibular is known as Meckel's
cartilage) surrounded by a mesenchymatic tissue.
PHARYNGEAL ARCHES CONTI..
 Arch Skeletal Muscular Vascular Nerve
Derivatives Derivatives Element
First arch Maxillary process 1.Muscles of 1. Maxillary Mandibular
(mandibular gives rise to: Mastication artery nerve (V)
arch) 1. Maxilla
2. Zygomatic
Consists of 2.Tensor
bone
maxillary palati
3. Squamous part
process of temporal
and bone 3.Tensor
mandibular Mandibular tympani
process process
differentiates into : 4. Mylohoid
1. Malleus
2. Incus 5. Anterior
3. Anterior
belly of
ligament of
digastric
malleus
4. Spheno-
mandibular
ligament
5. Mandible
PROF. MOHAMED. A. AUTIFI
 More details about cartilages
Derivatives of Cartilages of First Pharyngeal Arch
The ventral part of the The middle part of The dorsal end of first
first arch cartilage ( cartilage forms anterior arch cartilage
Meckel cartilage ) form ligament of malleus and ossifies to form
primordium of the sphenomandibular malleus and incus
mandible ligament
 Arch Skeletal Muscular Vascular Nerve
Derivatives Derivatives Element

Second arch Reichert’s 1. Muscles of Stapedial Facial nerve

(Hyoid arch) cartilage: the scalp Artery (VII)
Differentiates and face
into: tympanic br.
1. Stapes 2. Platysma of ICA)
2. Styloid
process 3. Stylohyoid
3. Stylohyoid
ligament 4. Stapedius
4. LeSser horn
of the hyoid 5. Posterior
bone belly of
5. Superior(Uppe digastric
r)part of body
of hyoid bone

PROF. MOHAMED. A. AUTIFI

Derivatives of Cartilage of second Pharyngeal Arch
The ventral end of second arch The dorsal end of second arch
cartilage (Reichert cartilage) cartilage (Reichert cartilage)
ossifies to form the lesser cornu ossifies to form the stapes,
and upper part of the body of styloid process and stylohyoid
the hyoid bone ligament
 Arch Skeletal Muscular Vascular Nerve
derivatives derivatives Element
Third arch 1. Greater horn of Stylopharyngeus 1. I.C.A Glossopharyngeal
hyoid bone 2. C.C.A nerve (IX)
2. Lower part of
body of hyoid bone

Fourth arch Thyroid cartilage Cricothyroid 1. Arch of aorta Superior laryngeal

on left side nerve (X)
2. Subclavian A
on right side

Sixth arch Rest of Cartilages 1. Other intrensic 1. Pulmonary A Recurrent laryngeal

of the larynx except muscles of larynx on each sides nerve (X)
epiglottis: 2. Ductus
-Cricoid, 2. Constrector arteriosus
-Arytenoid, muscles of pharynx on left side
-Corniculate except
and Stylopharyngeus
-Cuneiform.
NB. The epiglottis 3. Muscles of
develops from palate except
mesenchyme in tensor palati
hypobrancheal
eminence
Derivatives of Third Pharyngeal Arch Cartilage

The third arch cartilage ossifies to

form the greater cornu and the
lower part of the body of the hyoid
bone
Derivatives of The fourth and sixth Pharyngeal Arch
Cartilages

• The fourth and sixth arch

cartilages fuse to form the
laryngeal cartilages except
epiglottis which develops
from hypobrancheal
eminence
• The fifth pharyngeal arch
is rudimentary and
disappear later and has no
derivatives
Muscular component
PHARYNGEAL

POUCHES AND CLEFTS

DEVELOPMENT OF PHARYNGEAL POUCHES AND CLEFTS
 PHARYNGEAL POUCHES

 The pharyngeal pouches are balloon-like diverticula that

formed on the endodermal side between the pharyngeal
arches
 The pairs of pouches develop in a craniocaudal sequence
between the arches.
 The first pair of pouches lies between the first and second
pharyngeal arches.
 There are four well defined pairs of pharyngeal pouches
 The fifth pair is absent or rudimentary

•
 First pouch
It gives rise to
tubotympanic recess
which forms:

1.Tympanic cavity
2.Auditory tube.
(pharyngotympanic
tube or Eustachian
tube)
• Gives rise to palatine tonsils
• -Early in 3rd month, its lining
Second pouch
epithelium proliferates ➪
solid tonsillar buds which
grow into underlying
mesoderm.
• -Their central cells
degenerate➪ hollow tonsillar
crypts.
• -Crypts & surrounding
mesoderm ➪ palatine tonsils.
• -Lymphatic tissue infiltrates
its mesoderm during 3-5
Month
• -Tonsillar capsule formed by
condensed mesoderm.
• -Remnants of pouch ➪
intratonsillar cleft
 Third pouch
Gives rise to:
-inferior parathyroid glands.
-thymus gland.
At 6th week, they lose connection to
pharyngeal wall.

-Thymus gland migrates caudally &

medially, pulling the parathyroid. The two
thymic rudiments descend into
thorax. Gland is large at time of birth, ➚
up to 2nd year, little ➚ until 7th year,
rapid growth to 11th year,
then ➘ to adult weight (12-15 gm)
-Inferior parathyroid glands descends
to lower pole of thyroid gland
 Fourth pouch
It gives rise to:

1.Superior parathyroid glands.

It migrates with the thyroid gland.

2. Ultimo-branchial
body.
It incorporates into the thyroid
gland.
It gives parafollicular or C cells of
thyroid gland
PHARYNGEAL GROOVES
(CLEFTS):

In the 5th week: 4 clefts seen.

The first cleft gives:
external auditory meatus.
The epithelium of the bottom
forms outer layer of eardrum

NB. Active growth of 2nd arch

mesoderm overlaps 3rd & 4th
arches.

Temporarily, clefts ➪ectodermal

cavity, cervical sinus, which
disappears later.
DEVELOPMENT OF PHARYNGEAL POUCHES AND CLEFTS
 Congenital anomalies

1. Branchial Cyst: Sinus persists as cyst along ant border

of sternomastoid muscle.
If ruptures ➪ branchial sinus

2. Branchial Sinus:
a) External: Cyst opens outside, usually anterior to
sternomastoid.
b) Internal: Cyst opens
into pharynx,usually
in the tonsillar region.

3. Cervical Fistula:
Sinus opens externally
& internally, connects
pharynx with outside.
 Congenital anomalies
4. 1st Arch Syndrome (Mandibulofacial dystosis)
Maldevelopment of components of 1st pharyngeal arch results
in various congenital malformations of eyes, ears, mandible
and palate. This is due to failures of Proper neural crest
migration into the 1st branchial arches.
5. DiGeorge Syndrome. Improper migration of neural crest
cells into the 3rd and 4th branchial arches.
It is characterized by:
1.Minor deformations of the lower face.
2.Thymic and parathyroid aplasia (i.e., no thymus and no
parathyroids). The absence of a thymus has a very deleterious effect on the
development of the immune system. The absence of parathyroids leads to
hypocalcemia.
3.Problems with aorticopulmonary septation.
 Congenital anomalies

6. Ectopic Thymic Tissue:

Thymus gland lies in the neck.

7. Ectopic Parathyroid:
Inferior parathyroid may present at bifurcation of
Common carotid artery.