BODY FLUIDS

•Water
• Intracellular (60%)
• Extracellular (40%)
• Blood + lymph (76%)
• Interstitial fluid (24%)
BLOOD
• Hem/sangius
• Functions:
• Transport
• Thermoregulation
• Homeostasis
• Defence mechanisms
(specific/nonspecific)
• Blood coagulation
BLOOD
• Circa 5l – 7-10% of body weight
• Uniform dispersion
• Blood circulation
• Anticoaguation factors
• Electric charge (erythrocytes vs.
Plasma)
• Hematokrit
• Sedimentation rate
BLOOD COMPOSITION
•Plasma
•Blood elements
• Erythrocytes
• Leucocytes
• Thrombocytes
 BLOOD PLASMA
• Organic substances
• Yellowish opaque liquid • Plasmatic proteins – albumines, globulines,
• 55% of blood fibrinogen
• Composition • Lipids, saccharides, urea, kreatinin,
ammonia, amino acids
• 91-92% water
• Organic substances • Inorganic substances
• Inorganic substances • Kations of sodium, potassium, calcium,
magnesium
• Anions of chlorine and bicarbonate (HCO3-)
ERYTHROCYTES – RED BLOOD CELLS
(RBC)
• Function
• Transport of respiratory gases
• pH maintenance
• Produced in red bone marrow
• Destroyed in spleen
• Lifespan: 120 days
ERYTHROCYTES
• Structure
• No nucleus
• No mitochondria
• Biconcave disc – movement
through capillaries
• Cell membrane – enables
communication btw. RBC and
environment
HEMOGLOBIN
• Red pigment – hem – contains Fe2+
• Protein - globin
• Reversible bond with
• oxygen – oxyhemoglobin
• Carbon dioxide – carbaminohemoglobin

• Irreversible bond with CO - carboxyhemoglobin

• Methemoglobin – created by oxidation of hemoglobin
LEUCOCYTES – WHITE BLOOD
CELLS (WBC)
• Function
• Protection against pathogens and
foreign substances
• Production of antibodies
• Produced by red bone marrow
• Destroyed in spleen
GRANULOCYTES
• Granulated cytoplasm
• Divided according to colouring • Eosinophils
• Neutrophils • Allergic reactions, parasitic infections,
inflammations
• Diapedesis
• phagocytosis
• Diapedesis
• phagocytosis
• Basophils
• Allergic reactions – release of histamin
– local reaction
AGRANULOCYTES
• No granules in cytoplasm
• 2 types
• Monocytes
• Diapedesis
• Phagocytosis
• Lymphocytes
• B-lymphocytes,T-lymphocytes
• Immune response, production of
antibodies
• Mature in thymus
IMMUNE REACTIONS
INBORN – NON-SPECIFIC ACQUIRED - SPECIFIC

• Phagocytosis
• Killing of damaged or infected cells
• Complementarity system of blood
plasma – special plasma proteins
• Based on the abiltiy of an organism to
recognize body and foreign material
• Memory cells
THROMBOCYTES – PLATELETS (PLTS)
• Non-cellular blood
elements
• Function
• Production of growth factor
• Hemostasis – blood
coagulation/clotting
 HEMOSTASIS
• Vasoconstriction
• White trombus
• Platelets clump together
• fibrinogen
• Hemokoagulation
• Fibrin web – catching RBC
• Prothrombin is released
• Essential substances:
• Enzyme trombokinasis, Ca2+, vit. K
BLOOD GROUPS (ABO SYSTEM)
• On membranes - antigens
• Antigens of RBC – aglutinogens
• Antigen of bloood plasma -
aglutinin
• Discord between aglutinogens
and aglutinins – agglutination
of RBC
BLOOD TRANSFUSION
• You have to be 18-60 years old.
• Minimal body weight: 50kg.
• You have to be healthy at least 2 weeks after the last
dose of antibiotics.
• Women cannot have the period.
• Women cannot be pregnant, cannot donate blood only
after 1 year after giving birth or ending a pregnancy, and
cannot breastfeed.
• In the last 6 months the donor:
• Had no surgery
• Had no new tattoo tattooed on
• Had no acupuncture treatment
• Hadn’t his/her ears or other body parts pierced
• Hadn’t himself/herself had a blood transplant
• The donor couldn’t have had hepatitis B and C, only type
A (in childhood), cannot be an HIV/syphilis patient
LYMPH, INTERSTICIAL FLUID

• Extracellular fluid
• Produced by filtration of plasma in capillaries
• Liquid from blood to intercellular spaces – filtration of intersticial fluid – return to
venules (small veins) by resorption – back to body circulation

• Excessive liquid is transported to lymph capillaries

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
• Support drainage system
• Lymph
• Composition similar to plasma
• Lower concentration of plasma proteins
• Lymph vessels – lymph nodes (filtration of lymph) –
lymphatic duct
• Open system
• Lymph is collected in lymph vessels but returns to
veins
BLOOD DISORDERS
• INFLAMMATIONS
• ANEMIA
• SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
• LEUCOCYTOSIS
• LEUKEMIA
• HEMOPHILIA
• HEMORRHAGIC FEVER
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION