WEEK 2 (LEC-LAB)
PHYLUM NEMATHELMINTHES
General Characteristics
General Characteristics
- Resembles the common
earthworm
- Soil transmitted helminth /
geohelminth
- Parasite specific for man
- Polymyarian type (many
longitudinal rows of muscles)
- Adult : white, cream / pinkish
yellow when fresh
- Adult male : curved tail, 10-
31 cm by 3mm
- Adult female : straight
pointed posterior end, 22-35
cm by 5 mm
- FEMALE IS LARGER
THAN MALE
- Anterior end: 3 lips, triangular
buccal cavity; may teeth &
sensory papillae
- Mode of transmission :
Ingestion of embryonated
egg
LPU-BATANGAS
MLS 306** CLINICAL PARASITOLOGY BSMLS 3A
- Roundworms
- Long, cylindrical & elongated
- Anterior end : with hooks, teeth, plates & papillae ( abrasion; tearing – attachment & sensory response)
- Supporting wall : outer, hyaline, non-cellular cuticle ; subcuticular epithelium; layer of muscle cells.
- With separate sexes, although some may be parthenogenic
- With Amphids (sensory organ sa Anterior end) & Phasmids (sensory organ sa Posterior end)
◼ 3 aphasmid worms (w/out sensory organ at the posterior end, chemoreceptor-not provided) : Trichuris, trichinella, capillaria
◼ Phasmid worms : hookworms, strongyloides, wuchereria, bragia malayi
- w/ alimentary tract; no circulatory system
- Life cycle : egg stage – larval stage – adult stage
- Some of the nematodes are:
◼ Oviparous – Ascaris lumbricoides
◼ Ovoviviparous/Oviviparous – Enterobius vermicularis
◼ Viviparous/larviparous – Trichinella spiralis; filaria
Ascaris lumbricoides
Common name: Giant/ Large Intestinal Roundworm
Habitat Their eggs & its characteristics Life cycle Pathology Diagnosis Epidemiology Treatment, Prevention &
Control
- Adult female can produce 200,00 - - Ascariasis Direct Fecal Smear - Endemic in many countries - Deworming : 3x a year for 3
240,000 eggs per day - Usual infection of 10-20 worms w/ warm moist climate years ( Mebendazole,
- 65 million fertilized eggs may not show symptoms 1.Fecal sample (Southeast Asia, Africa, Albendazole, Pyrantel
- Lifespan: 1-2 years (12-20 months) - Causes Ascaris pneumonitis : 2.Formed stool - add one drop of central & south America); pamoate, levamisole,
chest pain, cough, fever, Normal Saline Solution in the slide cosmopolitan distribution, piperazine salts)
- Dryness is unfavorable for survival increased eosinophil (heart-lung 1.2 billion have ascariasis - Sanitary disposal of feces
Small intestine - Eggs are destroyed by direct sunlight migration) Watery stool – no need & 2,000 die annually - Personal hygiene
- Killed at temperature above 40 C - Lung infiltration, asthmatic - High prevalence in children - Avoid the use of feces as
- Can survive freezing temp. attacks & edema of the lips 3.Spread the fecal sample on the slide 5 to 15 yrs old fertilizer
- Resistance to chemical disinfectant & - Difficulty of breathing - In the Philippines, - Thorough cooking of food
can withstand temporary immersion in - Can be found in the brain, spinal Microscopic Exam prevalence rate is 80-90% - WASHED (water,
strong chemicals membranes, spinal cord, eyeball -Observe for Ascaris egg & quantitate in rural areas, poor slum sanitation, hygiene,
& kidneys the ova (LPO; 3-15 egg per low power sections education in deworming
Can either be: - Decrease fat & nitrogen field) framework)
1. Fertilized egg- 45 to 70 by 35 to 50 um; absorption Ascaris infections in animals - WOW in Binan, Laguna
ovoidal, golden brown, very thick egg - Increase nitrogen loss in feces It may give a negative findings in the
shell; inside is a set of organized germ - Malabsorption & intolerance of following conditions : Toxocara canis – DOG
cell lactose -Patient is free from infection Toxocara cati - CAT
- Due to repeated copulation (mating) - Decrease growth in children -Early stage of infection
- 3 layers : inner vitelline membrane, - Heavy infection can cause -Larval migration
glycogen layer, albuminous mamillation obstruction, intussusception or -Only male worms are present in
(+) corticated volvulus intestine
(-) decorticated Physical effects
2. Unfertilized/infertile – 88 to 94 by 39 to Diarrhea Kato-Katz technique
44 um; irregularly ovoidal, larger, longer Vague abdominal pain - Place 50-60 grams of stool in a slide
& narrower, thin shell & irregular Nausea - Cover with cellophane (soaked in
mamillated coating. Loss of appetite glycerine malachite green for 24
- No vitelline membrane Vomited ascaris (larynx-suffocation; hours)
- With lecithin granules lungs-pulmonary gangrene; eustachian - Press with rubber stopper. Leave for
- Glycogen layer tube- titus media (luga)) 10-20 minutes. Examine.
- Albuminous mamillation; (+) corticated - May invade appendix - Kato-set : template with hole, screen,
(-) decorticated - May be seen in the bile duct, liver nylon/plastic, plastic spatula
parenchyma, gall bladder - Newspaper/glazed tile
TAMAYO, H.B.A RMT 2023
WEEK 2 (LEC-LAB) MLS 306** CLINICAL PARASITOLOGY
3. Embryonated egg – containing an infective - May block pancreatic duct
second stage larva - Perforate the bowel % cause
acute peritonitis / chronic
granulomatous peritonitis
- May also irritate nerve ending in
the mucosa & result in intestinal
spasm leading to intestinal
obstruction
LPU-BATANGAS TAMAYO, H.B.A
BSMLS 3A
- Microscope slides
- Cellophane as cover slip, soaked in
Glycerol-Malachite green solution
- Fresh stool
- Gloves
- Prepare the layer glazed
tile/newspaper
- Place the template with hole in
the center of a microscope slide
- Place a small amount of fecal
material on the newspaper/ the
glazed tile
- Press the screen on top so that
some of the feces filters through
& scrape with the flat spatula
across the upper surface to
collect the filtered spaces
- Add the collected feces in the
hole of the template so that it is
completely filled.
- Remove the template carefully so
that the cylinder of feces is left on
the slide.
- Cover the fecal material with the
pre-soaked cellophane strip
- Invert the microscope slide &
firmly press the fecal sample
against the cellophane strip on a
smooth hard surface such as a
tile. The material will be spread
evenly.
- Carefully remove the slide by
gently sliding it sideways to
avoid separating the cellophane
strip. Place the slide w/ the
cellophane upwards
- FECT (formalin-ether core
technique)
RMT 2023
 WEEK 2 (LEC-LAB)
General Characteristics
- Flesh colored/ pinkish
slender worms
- Soil embryonation of the
egg/ova (2-3 weeks)
- Infective stage : Larva : Small Intestine
Embryonated egg
- TT47-pore forming protein
that allows them to imbed
- 4 larval stages to become
adult
- Holomyarian type (somatic
cells, small; numerous;
closely packed cells)
- Anterior end : colorless,
resembles a whip, contain a
slender esophagus
- Posterior end : contains
digestive & reproductive
organs
- Female : slightly larger than
male measuring 3.5 to 5 cm
in length; 35 to 50 mm; with
a straight/blunt posterior end
- Male : 3 to 4.5 cm ; 30 to 45
mm; the posterior end is
coiled/curved through 360;
with a single spicule &
retractile sheath
- Mode of transmission :
Ingestion of embryonated
egg ; mucus plug will soften
LPU-BATANGAS
Habitat Their eggs & its characteristics
- Adult female can produce 3,000 to
10,000 eggs per day
- Barrel-shaped with bipolar mucus
plug; Japanese lantern, football
shaped; lemon-shaped
Adult : Large Intestine - Thick-shelled; bile stained;
(2-3 months) yellowish outer & transparent inner
shell
- 50-54 by 22-23 microns &
discharged in the stool in an
unsegmented stage
- Have hyaline polar plugs
- Around 800 parasites (500 million
eggs per day)
- Lifespan : 1 year
MLS 306** CLINICAL PARASITOLOGY
Trichuris trichiura
Common name: Whipworm
Life cycle Pathology
- Can cause petechial
hemorrhages – predispose to
amebic dysentery
- Mucosa is hyperemic &
edematous enterorrhagia / Normal Saline Solution in the slide
intestinal bleeding is common
- Lumen of appendix may be filled
with worms
- Infection with over 5,000 eggs
are symptomatic
- Blood-streaked diarrheal stools
- Abdominal pain & tenderness;
nausea & vomiting
- Hypoalbuminaemia
- The worm is capable of causing
ulceration of the intestines which
can lead to iron deficiency
anemia
- 0.8 to 8.6 ml of blood is loss per
day per Trichuris (Belizario);
0.005 mL – other authors
- Heavy worm burden may lead to
prolapse of the rectum (rectal
prolapse)
- Poor appetite
- Wasting
- Stunting
- Reduced intellectual & cognitive
development in children
- Prognosis is very good
TAMAYO, H.B.A
BSMLS 3A
Diagnosis Epidemiology Treatment, Prevention &
Control
Direct Fecal Smear - 80 to 90% in rural areas; - Deworming : 3x a year for 3
temperate & tropical years (Mebendazole,
1.Fecal sample countries but more on Albendazole, Pyrantel
2.Formed stool - add one drop of warm, moist areas pamoate, levamisole,
- 604 to 795 million are piperazine salts)
infected - Sanitary disposal of feces
Watery stool – no need - 5 to 15 years old - Personal hygiene
- Pre-school & school-age - Avoid the use of feces as
3.Spread the fecal sample on the slide children fertilizer
- Thorough cooking of food
Microscopic Exam
-Observe for Ascaris egg & quantitate
the ova (LPO; 3-15 egg per low power
field)
It may give a negative findings in the
following conditions :
-Patient is free from infection
-Early stage of infection
-Larval migration
-Only male worms are present in
intestine
Kato-Katz technique
- Place 50-60 grams of stool in a slide
- Cover with cellophane (soaked in
glycerine malachite green for 24
hours)
- Press with rubber stopper. Leave for
10-20 minutes. Examine.
- Kato-set : template with hole, screen,
nylon/plastic, plastic spatula
- Newspaper/glazed tile
- Microscope slides
- Cellophane as cover slip, soaked in
Glycerol-Malachite green solution
- Fresh stool
- Gloves
- Prepare the layer glazed
tile/newspaper
- Place the template with hole in
the center of a microscope slide
- Place a small amount of fecal
material on the newspaper/ the
glazed tile
- Press the screen on top so that
some of the feces filters through
RMT 2023
WEEK 2 (LEC-LAB) MLS 306** CLINICAL PARASITOLOGY BSMLS 3A
& scrape with the flat spatula
across the upper surface to
collect the filtered spaces
- Add the collected feces in the
hole of the template so that it is
completely filled.
- Remove the template carefully so
that the cylinder of feces is left on
the slide.
- Cover the fecal material with the
pre-soaked cellophane strip
- Invert the microscope slide &
firmly press the fecal sample
against the cellophane strip on a
smooth hard surface such as a
tile. The material will be spread
evenly.
- Carefully remove the slide by
gently sliding it sideways to
avoid separating the cellophane
strip. Place the slide w/ the
cellophane upwards
- FECT (formalin-ether core
technique)

LPU-BATANGAS TAMAYO, H.B.A RMT 2023