JAN EARL DARWIN G.

NAZ

XII-SAPPHIRE

PRELIMINARY REVIEWER

PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND HEALTH 12

MUSCLE AND BONE-STRETCHING EXERCISE - increase in both muscles and bone strength at first half of
a person's life.

SQUATS -From an upright position ( with feel parallel, around one and a half shoulders apart ) and arms
and hands crossed in front of chest or up, squat lower until the thighs are parallel to the ground The
chest and butt must be pushed out, and the knee must be thrust forward beyond the toes. Return to
original position keeping both legs slightly bent.

SIDE CRUNCHES -With legs together and bent, lie on one side and extend the arm close to the ground
form 30 to 45 degrees from the bodfya s support or balance. Position the other arm across the chest or
have it float in front of it. Lift off the shoulder closest to the ground and the legs with the chest slightly
facing upward return to original position without touching the shoulder back to the ground.

CRUNCHES - It allows both building six-pack abs, and tightening the belly.

SUPERMANS - from prone positions, lift both arms and legs. Do not bend the legs then lower arms legs
without relaxing on ground.

PUSH UPS - an exercise in which a person lies facing the floor and, keeping their back straight, raises
their body by pressing down on their hands

SLIDING - moving smoothly

GALLOPING - leaping continously, almost like run

LEAPING - launching off one foot, landing on other foot

JUMPING - launching off bothy feet, landing on both feet

SKIPPING - walking then hoping on the same foot in one motion

HOPING - launching off one foot, landing on both feet

RUNNING - launching off the ground with both feet

WALKING - a set of steps

LOCOMOTOR MOVEMENTS - movements that allows you to travel from place to place.

PROTEIN - use to repair and repair growth of body tissues.

FAT - is essential to give your body energy and support growth.

CARBOHYDRATES - glycogen is used to as fuel by the body when it's broken down as glucose.

STRENGTH TRAINING EXERCISES - use of resistance to induce mascular contradiction that builds the
strength, endurance and size of skeletal muscles. Examples : Lifting weights, dance, climbing stairs,
cycling, squat, push up, and sit ups.

REPETITIONS - one fill movement from starting point to finish

AEROBIC EXERCISE - perform with moderate intensity. Need oxygen to synthesize energy. Good aerobic
have 5 to 10 mins warm up, heart rate 50% to 60% maxHR

COOL DOWN ROUTINE - have 50% to 60% maxHR this session should end through statistic stretching
routin.

DYNAMIC STRETCHING ROUTINE - Actual aerobic activities for at least 20 mins at 70% to 80% maxHR

SETS - a group of repetition

STRETCHING - designed to increase the extensibility of soft tissues.

DYNAMIC STRETCHING - similar to ballistic stretching, but the movement is not jerky and uncontrolled

STATIC STRETCHING OR STRETCH AND HOLD - increase range of motion while relaxes the muscles.

BALLISTIC STRETCHING - use of rapid and jerky movement.

STRETCHING ROUTINE - perform to maintain or increase flexibility.v

GENERAL WARM UP - light movement of major muscle groups. thre is Increase temperature and
flexibility.

PASSIVE WARM UP - elevates body temperature with the use of heat packs or hot showers.

WARM UP EXERCISE - increase muscle temperature and heart rate in preparation for more strenuous
exercise

AEROBIC EXERCISE - type of cardiovascular conditioning "cardio" breathing and heart rate increases.
Good for new to exercise example: swimming, laps, running or cycling

EXAMPLE OF ARM MOVEMENTS - Bicep curls, AB, Hammer curls, Tricep kickbacks, low row, upright
row, frontal raise, lateral raise, overhead pull, arm circles, shoulder punch, overhead press, pec press,
double side out, slice

EXAMPLE OF LEG MOVEMENTS - Basic, v step, AB, AV, knee lift, AL hamstring curl, AC, kicks, AK, side
lifts, AS, hip lift or glute lift, AHorG, lunge, turn step, over the top, repeaters, diagonal

HEALTH BEHAVIORS - such as eating habits, sleeping regularly, and managing stress, play an important
role in your fitness and health. EMOTIONAL EATING - occurs when a person, in an effort to relieve stress
negative emotions due to certain life events. SOCIAL EATING - like eating in the parties or gatherings
FUELING FOR PERFORMANCE - it is athletes proper nutrition STRESS - experience when demands ate
placed on someone who finds its hard to comply with these demands. POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS - Stress
that cause by unnaturally traumatic experience CHRONIC STRESS - someone experienced repeated and
continuing damends that inhibit the person's functions. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PERFORMANCE - It is directly
related to eating behaviors, sleep, relaxation, stress management, and health risk factors.

VARIOUS AXIAL MOVEMENTS AND DANCE STEPS FOR AEROBIC EXERCISE - Combination of arm (axial)
and leg movements make aerobic routines. These routines are usually accompanied by music and
incorporate certain choreography that repeat or vary.

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE - an organic compound and hydrotrope that provides energy to drive many
processes in living cells, e.g. muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, condensate dissolution, and
chemical synthesis. PHOSPHOCREATINE ENERGY SYSTEM - a substance called creatine phosphate to
'glue' or resynthesise the third phosphate molecule back on to ADP to make ATP.

LACTIC ACID ENERGY SYSTEM - an anaerobic energy system in which the high-energy compound
adenosintriphosphate (ATP) is manufactured from the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid in the
muscle cells. AEROBIC ENERGY SYSTE - relies on the circulatory system (breathing in oxygen) in order to
create adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy use. It also uses fats, glucose, carbohydrates and
proteins.

BODY COMPOSITION - ratio between body mass and fat body mass. MUSCULAR ENDURANCE - use to
measures mascular strength. the test in this the weight are lower and therepetitions are higher.

CARDIORESPIRATORY ENDURANCE - tested directly using estimation, responds to submaximal workload

heart rate is use to estimate maximal oxygen uptake.

FLEXIBILITY - it is refers to range of motion of the joint.

MUSCULAR STRENGTH - refers to greatest amount of force that can generate from a single maximize
effort. THE PHYSICAL FITNESS TEST (PFT) - a measure of a studernt's levels of fitness regarding several
components.

OVERLOAD PRINCIPLE - relies on the premise that to improve the muscle must produce work at level
that is higher than it's regular workload.

PROGRESSION PRINCIPLE - program that achieve more gain, it must be progressive. the body adapts to
the initial overload, the overload must be adjusted and increased gradually.

RECOVERY PRINCIPLE - Allowed body to regenerate and build.

REVERSIBILITY PRINCIPLE - all gains due to exercise will be lost if one does not continue the exercise.

SPECIFICITY PRINCIPLE - each form of the activity would produce different result activities that would
target those goals.

HEART RATE - indicator of level of participation in physical activity.

RATE OF PERCEIVED EXERTION - can measure exercise intensity and can be combined with the
Prediction Equation.

HEART RATE ZONE IN AEROBIC - These are the moderate aerobic zone, the weight management zone,
the aerobic fitness zone, and the peak aerobic zone.
DEHYDRATION - loss of fluids occurs in exercise through sweat, breath, urine, Dehydration will result in
loss of coordination and fatigue. OVAREXERTION - defined as to strain or put too much pressure on
one’s self.

HYPHOTHERMIA - Training in a cold environment can lead to hyphothermia

HYPERTHERMIA - loosing too much water and heating up because of exercise.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION - Be a PE Teacher. If you prefer to engaged in more activities and games.

SPORTS ADMINISTRATION - Work full-time in the sports field.

PERSONAL TRAINING - A personal trainer manages his/her own time and schedule.

COACHING - if you show interest in handling a team of your own, being coach offers an exciting path for
you.

SPORTS RESEARCH - is very dynamic and offers a wide array of areas to work on.

Filipino

ARALIN 1:
WIKA - isang sistema ng komunikasyon sa pagitan ng mga tao sa pamamagitan ng mga
pasulat o pasalitang simbolo.(WEBSTER)
-masistemang balangkas ng sinasalitang tunog na pinipili at isinasaayos sa paraang
arbitraryo upang magamit ng mga taong kabilang sa isang kultura.(GLEASON)

 HOMOGENEOUS -pare- parehong magsalita ang lahat na gumagamit ng isang wika.

 HETEROGENEOUS -pagkaiba- iba ng wika sanhi ng iba’t- ibang panlipunan tulad ng
edad, hanapbuhay o trabaho, antas ng pinag- aralan, kalagayang
lipunan, rehiyon o lugar, pangkat- etniko o tinatawag ding
etnolingguwistikong komunidad.

BARAYTI NG WIKA: makatutulong ito upang tayo’y higit na magkaunawaan.

 DAYALEK -ginagamit ng partikular na pangkat ng mga tao mula sa isang partikular na

lugar tulad ng lalawigan, rehiyon, o bayan.
-naiiba ang punto o tono, may magkaibang katawagan para sa iisang
kahulugan.
 IDYOLEK - sinasalita ng pangkat ng mga tao na mayroong pansariling paraan ng
pagsasalita ang bawat isa.
 -pagkakaiba ang paraan ng pagsasalita ng isang tao sa iba pang tao batay na
rin sa kaniya- kanyang inbidwal na estilo o paraan ng paggamit ng wika.

 SOSYOLEK- nakabatay sa katayuan o antas panlipunan o dimesiyong sosyal ng mga

taong gumagamit ng wika.
1. WIKA NG BEKI/ GAY LINGO
2. COÑOC/CONYOSPEAK
3. JOLOGS/JEJEMON
4. JARGON
 ETNOLEK- mga salitang nagiging bahagi na ng kanilang pagkakakilanlan ng isang
pangkat- etniko.
 REGISTER- naiiangkop ng isang nagsasalita ang uri ng wikang ginamit niya sa
sitwasyon at sa kausap.
 PIDGIN/CREOLE- nobody’s native language” o katutubong wika na di pag- aari
ninuman.

ARALIN 2:
PAGSULAT- ay ang paghahatid ng mensahe ng awtor (opinyon man o mga kaalaman).

 BADAYOS (1999): sistema ng komunikasyong interpersonal, na gumagamit ng mga

simbolo at inuukit/isinusulat sa isang makinis na bagay tulad ng papel, tela, o di
kaya’y isang malapad at makapal na tipak ng bato.
 WILLIAM STRUNK, E.B WHITE: bumubuhay at humuhubog sa kaganapan ng ating
pagiging tao.
 XING JIN (1989): isang komprehensibong kakayahang naglalaman ng wastong gamit ng
talasalitaan, pagbuo ng kaisipan, at retorika.
 RECUBA, ET. AL. 2000: kasanayan sa pakikipagtalastasan na isatitik ang mga nakalap
na impormasyon mula sa pagbasa.
 TANAWAN, ET. AL.: nangangailangan ito ng disiplinang mental at mataas na
kaalamang teknikal at pagkamalikahain, gayon din ng sapat na kasanayan.
 GONZALES 2005: isang prosesong sosyal o panlipunan, ang bunga ng interaksyong
proseso ng mga mag-aaral at produkto sa sosyo-kultural na konteksto na
nakakaapekto sa pagkatuto. “Walang misteryong taglay ang mabuting panulat, ito ay
kasanayang natutuhan”

KAHALAGAHAN NG PAGSULAT
MGA PILOSOPIYA SA PAGSULAT:

 Ang pagsulat ay isang proseso. Upang makabuo ang isang magaaral ng sulatin,
karaniwan ay gumagamit siya ng sistema.
 Pagtatanong
  Pagpapaplano
 Pagbabalangkas
 Pagrerebisa
 Ang pagsulat ay isang proseso at produktibo.
 Ang pagsulat ay pagbuo ng desisyon.
 Ang pagsulat ay pagtuklas.
 Ang pagsulat ay isang pagtugon.
 Ang pagsulat ay sariling pagkatao.
 Ang pagsulat ay pakikihalubilo.
 Ang pagsulat ay humuhubog sa personalidad.
 Ang pagsulat ay mapaghamon.
 Ang pagsulat ay pinaglalaanan ng panahon.

ARALIN 3:

ESTRUKTURA NG TEKSTONG AKADEMIKO

Pangkalahatang estruktura ng mga teksong akademiko ang makikita sa mga artikulo at
sanaysay na karaniwang binabasa sa kolehiyo.
1. DESKRIPSIYON NG PAKSA- kasama rito ang mga depinisyon, paglilinaw at pagpapaliwanag.
-karaniwan itong makikita sa simula ng teksto.
2. PROBLEMA AT SOLUSYON - dito tinutukoy sa pamamagitan ng paksang pangungusap ang
pinakatema ng teksto at ang punto at layunin ng paksa, ang gustong
patunayan, ipaggiitan, isangguni, ilahad, at paano ito mauunawaan.

3. PAGKAKASUNOD-SUNOD/SEKWENSIYA NG MGA IDEYA- maaari itong kronolohikal

(panahon) o hierarkikal (ideya)
4. SANHI AT BUNGA - nagagamit ito para pagbatayan ang mga ebidensiya at katuwiran sa
teksto.
5. PAGKOKOMPARA - kaugnay ito ng pagkakapareho at/o pagkakaiba ng mga
datos upang patibayin ang katuwiran.
6. APLIKASYON - iniuugnay nito ang paksa at mga ideya sa tunay na nagaganap sa
buhay.

ESTRUKTURA ANG TEKSTONG AKADEMIKO DEPENDE SA LAYUNIN:

1. ESTRUKTURA NG TESIS - tekstong nangangatuwiran o may pinapatunayan. Narito ang
dayagram.
INTRODUKSIYON
(Paksa)
KATAWAN
(Paksang talata, Mga Detalye, Argumento,
Katuwiran, Paksang Pangungusap, Mga
Detalyeng Pangungusap)
KONGKLUSYON
(Argumentong Kongklusyon)

2. ESTRUKTURANG PROBLEMA-SOLUSYON - tinatalakay nito ang mga problema o isyu at

posibleng solusyon.
INTRODUKSIYON
(Pahayag ng Problema at/o Solusyon)
KATAWAN
(Mga Detalye, Mga Ebidensya, Mga
Katuwiran, Mga Posibleng Solusyon)
KONGKLUSYON
(Resolusyon, Mungkahing Solusyon o
Kawalan ng Solusyon)
3. ESTRUKTURANG FACTUAL REPORT - walang pinapanigang isyu o katuwiran ito
- isa lang itong ulat.
INTRODUKSIYON
(Pangunahing Paksa)
KATAWAN
(Mga Detalye, Mga Paliwanag)
KONGKLUSYON
(Pangkalahatang Buod)

MAPANURING PAGBASA: MGA ESTRATEHIYA

Ang tekstong akademiko ay nangangailangan ng maingat, aktibo, replektibo, at
mapamaraang pagbasa.
1. MAINGAT - dahil kailangang usisain, busisain ang mga ebidensya, at suriin kung gaano
kalohikal ang teksto at hindi batay sa haka-haka lamang.

2. AKTIBO - dahil habang nagbabasa ay may pagtala at anotasyong ginagawa ang mambabasa
upang maging malinaw ang ipinahahayag ng teksto. Nagtatanong din siya sa sarili kaugnay ng
teksto o mga ipinahahayag nito.

3. REPLEKTIBO - dahil nabibigyang katibayan o patunay ang nabasa kaugnay ng mga

kaalaman at sariling karanasan ng mambabasa.

4. MAPARAAN - dahil maaaring gumamit ng ilang estratehiya upang maunawaang

 Pre-viewing o Pre-reading (Bago Bumasa)

 Skimming
 Brainstorming
ARALIN 4: Ilang katangian ng Mapanuring Pagsulat
- Mapanuring Pag-Iisip, Mapanuring Manunulat

ILANG KATANGIAN NG MAPANURING PAGSULAT

1. LAYUNIN - karaniwang pagpapaunlad o paghamon ito sa mga konsepto katuwiran.
2. TONO - Impersonal ito, hindi parang nakikipag-usap lang. Hindi rin ito emosyonal.
3. BATAYAN NG DATOS - pananaliksik at kaalamang masusing sinuri upang patunayan
ang batayan ng katuwiran dito.

 OBHETIBO ANG POSISYON - batay ito sa pananaliksik. Iniiwasan dito ang anomang
pagkiling.
 KATOTOHANAN (FACT) VS. OPINYON - kailangan ang pruweba o ebidensiyang
mapagkakatiwalaan.
 OPINYON- batay sa sariling damdamin, karanasan, at paniniwala

3. BALANGKAS NG KAISIPAN (FRAMEWORK)/ PERSPEKTIBA-ito ang piniling ideya o kaisipan

ng gustong patunayan ng sumulat. Binibigyang
pagkakataon dito ng sumulat na ipokus ang
atensiyon ng mambabasa sa ispesipikong
direksiyon o anggulo hanggang sa umabot sa
kongklusyon.
4. PERSPEKTIBA- nagbibigay ng bagong perspektiba o solusyon sa umiiral na problema.
5. TARGET NA MAMBABASA - kritikal, mapanuri, at may kaalaman din sa paksa kaya naman
mga akademiko o propesyonal ang target nito. Tinatawag silang
mga kadiskursong komunidad.
MAPANURING PAG-IISIP, MAPANURING MANUNULAT
1. Aktibong nag-iisip kaugnay ng kahalagahan at kabuluhan ng sinulat sa kaniyang
buhay, pamilya, komunidad, kapuwa, lipunan, bansa, at daigdig,batay sa dati niyang
kaalaman at karanasan

2. Gumagamit ng datos o batayan na pahayag katuwiran na mapagkakatiwalaan at hindi

ayon sa haka-haka o pamamalagay lamang

3. Nagtatanong kaugnay ng mga sitwasyon mula sap ag-anlisa ng mga datos, ebalwasyon
nito pagbubuod at pag-uugnaynito sa paksa

4. Malayang nag-iisip nang hindi hinahayaang maimpluwensiyahan ng iba’t ibang salik at

datos

5. Sinusuri ang mga sitwasyon mula sa iba’t ibang lente o perspektiba at hindi lamang sa
iisang takbo ng isip

6. Sinusuportahan ang iba’t ibang perspektiba ng katuwiran at ebidensiya.

7. Tinatalakay ang mga ideya sa paraang organisado, malinaw at masusi

8. Nirerespeto ang kalagayan ng kapuwa kaugnay ng pisikal, sikolohikal, mental,

pangkasarian kinakabibilangang lahi, uri ng grupo, at etnisidad nito sa pamamagitan
ng maingat na paggamit ng wika.
ARALIN 5:
ETIKA AT PAGPAPAHALAGA
ETIKA - tumutugon sa mahahalagang tanong ng moralidad, konsepto ng tama at mali, Mabuti
at masama, pagpapahalaga at pagbabalewala, pagtanggap at di pagtanggap ng lipunan na
siyang nagtatakda ng mga batayan sa mga ito ang mga batayang ito naman ang nagdidikta
kung ano ang dapat gawin ng tao bilang kaniyang obligasyon , Karapatan, katuwiran, at
halaga, ilan sa mga batayang inaasahan ng alinmang lipunan o bansa ang pagkamakatao,
katapatan, at pagtitiwala.
PAGPAPAHALAGA - ay ang mga istandard o batayan mga ideyal at gawi at institusyon gaya ng
simbahan, pamilya, paaralan, at negosyo na pinagbabatayan natin kung tama o mali ang
ating mga desisyon.
Ang ETIKA at PAGPAPAHALAGA ay kapuwa gumagabay kung paano natin ihaharap ang ating
sarili o pakikihaapan ang ating kapuwa. Gayundin, tumutulong ito upang magkaroon ng
kaayusan at katahimikan sa isang lipunan

PAGPAPAHALAGANG PILIPINO

KULTURA - ang pangunahing batayan ng mga pagpapahalaga ng mga pilipino. Isinasabuhay

nila ito sa araw- araw na gawain.
PAGPAPAHALAGANG PILIPINO
- Pagmamahal at katapat sa pamilya
- Pagpapahalaga sa Edukasyon
- Hiya o Kahihiyan
- Pagiging maparaan
- pagkamalikhain
- Pagkamalikhain
- Sikap at tiyaga
- Utang na loob
- Pakikisama

ETIKA AT PAGPAPAHALAGA SA PAGSULAT SA AKADEMIYA

1. COPYRIGHT -nililinaw sa Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines o ang Republic
Act No. 8293 ang mga Karapatan at obligasyon ng mga may-akda (manunulat, artista,
iskolar, tagasalin, kompayler, editor, mananaliksik, at iba pa), pati na ang paggamit sa
mga ginawa ng
mga ito.

2. PLAGIARISM - Ito ang maling paggamit, "pagnanakaw ng mga ideya, pananaliksik,

lengguwahe, at pahayag" ng ibang tao sa layuning angkinin ito o magmukhang sa
kaniya. Ayon kay Diana Hacker tatlong paglabag ang maituturing na plagiarism: hindi
pagbanggit sa may-akda ng bahaging sinipi at kinuhanan ng ideya; hindi paglalagay ng
panipi sa hiniram ; na direktang salita o pahayag; at hindi ginamitan ng sariling mga
pananalita ang mga akdang ibinuod(summary) at hinalaw (paraphrase). Kasama rin sa
isyu ng plagiarism ang "pagkopya sa sarili,"

3. PAGHUHUWAD NG DATOS

 Imbensiyon ng datos – Sa mga eksperimento, estadistika, at maging

mga pag-aaral ng kaso, maaaring maengkuwentro ang ganitong
problema. Malinaw na sinadyang pandaraya ito at malaki ang
kabayaran dito paris ng pagpapatalsik sa unibersidado suspensiyon
nang ilang semester o taon.
 Sinadyang di-paglalagay ng ilang datos.
 Pagbabago/Modipikasyon ng datos.

4. PAGBILI NG MGA PAPEL /PANANALIKSIK sa mga lugar gaya ng ilang tindahan sa Metro
Manila at lagyan ng sariling pangalanupang ipasa sa guro hindi lamang ito di- etikal
kundi illegal na gawain.

5. PAG-SUBSCRIBE- upang bumili ng artikulo o pagkopya sa mga website upang gamitin

at angkinin bilang sariling papel na isusumite sa guro.

6. PAGPAPAGAWA/PAGBABAYAD sa iba upang igawa ang papel, tesis, disertasyon,

report, at iba pa. Malinaw na pandaraya ito. Kaugnay nito, ang gumagawa at
nagpapabayad para gawin ang mga ito ay sangkot din sa pandaraya.
 Media INFORMATION LITERACY
 Every society in the world is saturated with information, mostly coming from media sources
such as the television, radio, newspaper, and the internet. With the onset of the digital age,
the public has gained access to more information and easier methods of communication.
 Media literacy is the ability to comprehend and produce messages in the media. This includes
all different types of media, from written articles, to films, to advertisements on the
television.
 Media literacy consists of 3 main stages.
 The first stage is for a person to become aware of all the media they consume in their day-to-
day lives and manage this.
 The second stage is to develop critical thinking. Thinking in depth about various media items
will develop this skill.
 The final stage of media literacy is to consider who is creating the media we experience
every day.
 Media literacy is a vital skill to have to become more aware of the messages being
communicated on a daily basis. Developing this ability can transform a passive relationship
with the media into an active one.
 Communication plays a pivotal role in human development. Humans have always
communicated with one another even before traditional media were developed and made
communication easier and faster.
 The word media was derived from the Latin word medium, which means "middle." It is the
plural of medium, which refers to the tool people use to mediate or facilitate the transfer of
communication between a sender and a receiver.

 Media are commonly associated with television, radio, newspaper, and the internet.
However, other platforms people use to communicate such as phones, letters, books, and
others also represent media.
 94% of Filipinos aged 10 to 64 years old are exposed to television, 90% to radio, 83% to
newspaper, and 44% to the internet.
 In 2015, there were 44.2 million internet users in the country, the second in Southeast Asia
(next to Indonesia), spending an average of 6.3 hours per day online.
 The media have become a powerful source of information, being able to present all kinds of
messages on every topic. People tend to become attracted to whatever they read, watch, or
hear from media sources that they keep wanting for more.
 Media, as defined by UNESCO, refers to sources of credible and current information created
through an editorial process determined by journalistic values, whereby editorial
accountability can be attributed to a specific organization
 Information, on the other hand, is a broad term that is derived from stud experiences, or
instructions. It can refer to any facts or details about a subject that depict meanings to a
person.
 William James Potter (2004), a Canadian communication educator, defines media literacy as
a set of perspectives that people use actively to expose themselves to mass media and
interpret the meaning of the messages they encounter.
 On the other hand, New Mexico-based Media Literacy Project (MLP) defines media literacy
as the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media.
 Information literacy is a set of abilities which require individuals to recognize when
information is needed and to locate, evaluate, and use it effectively.
 The Colorado Department of Education (2009) defines technology literacy as the ability to
responsibly use appropriate technology to communicate, solve problems, access, manage,
integrate, evaluate, design, and create information to improve learning in all subject areas,
and acquire lifelong knowledge and skills in the 21st century.
 In the second People Power Revolution in 2001, Filipinos used their cellphones to 70 million
texts and convince their friends to participate in the revolution.
 In 2014, mobile telecommunication networks, through widespread text messaging. advised
the public against falling victim to text scams on supposed 'discounts, prizes, and other
fraudulent claims that aimed to deceive the consumers into sharing cellphone loads and
private formation.
 Overall, learning MIL will help every person become a critical thinker, a producer of
information, and an innovator of media and information.
 People connected and communicated information through these traditional media. However,
with the rise and development of the internet, people began switching from traditional media
to new media.
 To become a media and information literate individual, you must know where all the
information you get come from. In the same way, you must also understand how different
forms of media function.
 Technological determinism is a theory that believes technology is a steering factor in how a
society develops its structure and values.
 McLuhan believe that various technologies cause social change. It tends to posit that
technology is a single cause resulting in a multitude of complex political, economic, and
social changes. McLuhan contends that media are critical forces or compelling influences
that shape how an individual think, feel, and act and how societies organize themselves and
operate.
 The first period is called the tribal age that is characterized by the prevalence of oral
communication. Since technology had yet to develop, prehistoric people relied on face-to-
face interactions, primarily through their auditory senses, as a method of communication.
The primary medium of communication was speech.
 Age of Literacy - McLuhan describes the introduction of phonetics as a bombshell,
"installing sig at the head of the hierarchy of senses”. This is where the age of literacy began.
Human beings learned to read and write, which amplified the use of the ser of sight,
lessening the role of the other senses of the human body.
 The tribal people learned to write and express themselves through hieroglyphs, such as in the
early writing forms of the Egyptian, Babylonian, Mayan, and Chinese cultures, later on
through the alphabets.
 Print Age marked a major turnaround in communication, transforming the end users by the
invention of the Gutenberg press or movable type in the 15th century.
 When Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press, books were reproduced by thousands.
 McLuhan pertained to the invention of the Gutenberg press in 15th century Europe as the
start of the Print Age. However, printing originated in China in the 9 century.
 Electronic Age - dominance of the electric media, such as telegraph, radio, film, telephone,
computer, and television.
 McLuhan went further by describing the electronic age as a force that turned the planet into a
global village, where people are all globally connected, even at a distance.
 The Cambridge dictionary defines new media as the products and services that provide
information or entertainment using computers or the internet.
 In the Philippines, what can be considered as the major media evolution that existed in the
pre-colonial period was when the Spaniards introduced the natives to the effects of the print
age. However, the use of media started in the country during the pre-colonial times.
 The umalohokan or town crier served as a walking bulletin who went around the barangay to
deliver public announcements.
 When the Spaniards came, the Filipino natives were introduced to print medla using paper
and ink.
 Upon the rise of Filipino ilustrados, nationalistic newspapers came into existence.
 By August 1897, the Spanish soldier Antonio Ramos opened up a movie house in Manila for
the general public to enjoy.
 American Period - newspapers published by American journalists were introduced. These
include The Manila Times (1898), The Bounding Billow, and Official Gazette (1898),
Manila Daily Bulletin (1900), and Philippine Free Press (1908).
 Francisco "Koko" Tribidad, also known as the "Father of Philippine Broadcasting, requested
the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) to change the call letter "K in the
Philippines to "RP" However, this request was denied and ITU gave the Philippine the call
letter “D” instead.
 Internet was first made available in the Philippines on March 29, 1994 through a connection
made by Benjie Tan at a PLDT network center in Makati City.
 There are 44.2 million active internet users in the country, representing 44% of the total
population estimated at 101 million.
 The Merriam-Webster's Dictionary defines information as knowledge that a person gets
about someone or something. It can be intelligence, news, data, or facts.
 Information, therefore, is data organized with relevance and purpose, made meaningful by a
person.
 Knowledge, on the other hand, refers to the human understanding of a subject matter derived
from experience, learning, and thinking.
 Information literacy is a set of abilities that enables an individual to recognize when
information is needed; and locate, evaluate, and use effectively the needed information.
 As said by William Pollard, an American physicist, information is a source of learning and is
considered a benefit; but when unorganized, unprocessed, and unavailable to people who will
use it, information becomes a burden.
 The Boolean Logic is a system that allows a searcher to communicate to a database's specific
relationships between keywords (or concepts) when searching. The most commonly used
Boolean commands (sometimes called logical operators) are 'and, or, and not (Logic Boolean
University of Maryland Libraries, 2016).

21st Century LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD

KINESTHETIC IMAGERY - used to convey what they want to impart to the reader, such as Flashback
where the events have taken place before the present time the narration is following.

AUDITORY IMAGERY - use of words that appeal to the sense of hearing.

VISUAL IMAGERY - use of words that appeal to the sense of sight.

IMAGERY - creating a picture in the reader's mind by using words that appeal to the senses.

SOCIAL CONTEXT AND SOCIAL CULTURAL OF A TEXT - feature the society in which the characters live
and in which the author's text was produced.

THE TEXT'S CONTEXT - about its publishing history. It is part of the larger text such as newspaper,
history, events, translated in it.

READER'S CONTEXT - about the reader's previous reading experience, values, assumptions, political and
economic issues.

THE WRITER'S CONTEXT - knowing about the writer's life, values, assumptions, gender, race, race,
sexual orientation, and the political and economic issues related to the author.

CONTEXT - originates from the notion of weaving together. It is defined as the circumstances that form
the setting of events, statements, or ideas

HYPER POETRY - Digital poetry that uses links using hypertext mark-up

SCIENCE FICTION - Genre of speculative fiction dealing with imaginative concepts

BLOG - A weblog, a website containing short articles called posts that are changed regularly.

FLASH FICTION - a style of fictional literature of extreme brevity.

SIX WORD FLASH FICTION - writing that uses literary styles and techniques to create factually accurate
narratives. Also known as literary non-fiction or narrative fiction

CHICK LIT - fiction which addresses issues of modern womanhood, often humorously and lightheartedly.
TEXT-TALK NOVELS - Blogs, email and IM format narratives. Stories told almost entirely in dialogue
simulating social network exchanges.

DOODLE FICTION - author incorporates doodle writing and drawings and handwritten graphics in place
of the traditional font. Examples The Diary of a Wimpy Kid by Jeff Kinney and Timmy Failure by Stephan
Pastis.

MANGA - Japanese word for comics. It is used in the English-speaking world as a generic term for all
comic books.

GRAPHIC NOVEL - Narrative in comic book formats, Narrative work in which the story is conveyed to the
reader using a comic form.

DIGI FICTION - Triple Media Literature, Combines three media: book, movie/video and internet website
To get the full story, students must engage in navigation, reading, viewing in all three forms.

ILLUSTRATED NOVEL - Story through text and illustrated images, 50% 0f the narrative is presented
without words, Textual portions are presented in traditional form, soan all genre. Examples: The
Invention of Hugo Cabret by Brian Selznick and The Arrival by Shaun Tan.

NON FICTION - based on facts and the author’s opinion about a subject. The purpose of non-fiction
writing is to inform and sometimes to persuade. Example magazines, newspapers, articles, etc.

FICTION - literature created from the imagination, not presented as fact, though it may be based on a
true story or situation.

DRAMA - verse presenting in dialogue or pantomime a story involving conflict more contrast of
character, especially on intended to be acted on a stage

MYTH - an account of the deeds of a god or of a supernatural being

LEGEND - a widely-accepted but unverified story of the origin of things, persons or places.

SCRIPTURAL THEORY - all stories of myths and legends are derived from the Scriptures, though the real
facts and names have been disguised and altered. Example Noah, Hercules, etc.

FOLKTALE - Pure fiction that seems to have no other origin.

HISTORICAL THEORY - persons mentioned in mythology were once real human beings.

ALLEGORICAL THEORY - ancient Greek myths were allegorical and symbolical, and contained some
moral, religious.

PHYSICAL THEORY - elements of air, fire, and water were originally the objects of religious adoration.

FOLKLORE - oral literature of the people usually found among the masses. It includes traditions,
customs, fairytales, ballads,songs, accounts of ancient festivals, games, superstitions, beliefs, proverbs,
popular sayings, nicknames (e.g., Juan Tamad),nursery rhymes, riddles, and jingles of every sort.

LITERATURE - preserved in the memory of local bards and old folks and handed down by word of mouth.
ORAL OR WRITTEN LITERATURE - means through which people express the inner quality and strength of
their culture.

MYTHOLOGY - is an interwoven series of myths told by a given race.

PRE SPANISH LITERATURE CHARACTERIZED BY: Legend, folktales, Epics, Folk song and riddle or saying.

SPANISH INFLUENCES LITERATURE - The first Filipino alphabet, called ALIBATA, was replaced by the
Roman alphabet. Also, the teaching of the Christian Doctrine became the basis of religious practices.

FOLK SONGS - It manifests the artistic feelings of the Filipinos and shows their innate appreciation for
and love of beauty.

THE AMERICAN REGIME (1894-1944) - Linguistically, Americans influenced Filipino writers to write using
English language. Jose Garcia Villa became famous for his free verse.

RECREATION PLAYS - There are many recreational plays performed by Filipinos during the Spanish
times. Almost all of them were in a poetic form such Cenaculo, Panunuluyan, Salubong and Zarzuela.

JAPANESE PERIOD (1941-1945) - Filipino Poetry During This Period The common theme of most poems
during the Japanese occupation was nationalism, country, love, and life in the barrios, faith, religion, and
the arts. Three types of poems emerged during this period.

HAIKU - a poem of free verse that the Japanese like. It was made up of 17 syllables divided into three
lines.

PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH (1941-1945) - In the New Filipino Literature, Philippine literature in
Tagalog was revived during this period. Most themes in the writings dealt with Japanese brutalities, the
poverty of life under the Japanese government, and the brave guerilla exploits.

PERIOD OF ACTIVISM (1970-1972) - According to Pociano Pineda, youth activism in 1970-72 due to
domestic and worldwide causes of the ills of society, the youth moved to seek reforms.

PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY (1972-1980) - The period of the New Society started on September 21,
1972. The Carlos Palanca Awards continued to give annual awards. Poems deals with patience, regard
for native culture, customs, and the beauties of nature and surroundings.

PERIOD OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC (1981-1985) - Martial Rule was at last lifted on January 2, 1981.The
Philippines became a new nation, and this; former President Marcos called “The New Republic of the
Philippines.”

POST - EDSA 1 REVOLUTION (1986-1995) - In four days from February 21-25, 1986, the so-called People
Power (Lakas ng Bayan) prevailed.

21ST CENTURY PERIOD - 21st Century learners are demanded to be ICT inclined to compete with the
style and format of writing as well. New codes or lingos are used to add flavor in the literary pieces
produced nowadays.

POEM ANALYSIS - Imagery is a poetic element that tries to create a picture in the mind of the reader or
a mental image through the use of figural language.
A TASTE OF PHILIPPINE POETRY - Located in the northwest of Luzon, the Region 1 is comprised of four
provinces, namely: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, and Pangasinan.

A MOMENT OF SILENCE - Being an archipelagic country, the Philippines knows the importance of water
and the sea.

TASTE OF TAGALOG ESSAY - More popularly known now as the CALABARZON referring to the provinces
of Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, and Quezon, Region IV-A is home to Tagalog-speaking people in the
Philippines.

A TASTE OF CREATIVE NONFICTION - The island of Visayas is one of the major geographical divisions in
the Philippines, the other two being Luzon and Mindanao. It is divided into Western, Central, and
Eastern Visayas.

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE - refers to new literary work created within the last decade. It is written by
contemporary authors which may deal with issues and reflects a technological culture.