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Ishfaque Ahmed
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Technical Report Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Academic Degree View project
All content following this page was uploaded by Ishfaque Ahmed on 23 January 2021.
Abstract—For safety, comfort, performance, and reliability resistance concerning temperature increase while, on the other
reasons, modern vehicles keep track of a variety of variables hand, NTC Thermistor resistance varies inversely with its
and quantities using sensors and integrated systems. Among temperature. NTC Thermistor is the primary sensing element
those quantities, the temperature is the most frequently measured
variable for all of the above reasons. Any change in external of the ECT sensor, while PTC Thermistors applications are
or internal temperature triggers the relevant system to act short circuit current limiters (electrical valves and capacitors)
accordingly. In fossil fuel vehicles, the engine temperature is [1]-[2].
continuously monitored and kept at a certain level to make There are four most common types of contact temperature
the engine perform optimally. The primary sensor involved to sensors used in automotive, domestic, industrial, and medical
monitor the engine temperature is known as the Engine Coolant
Temperature Sensor, and the temperature is regulated via a applications. These temperature sensors are (i) Thermocou-
liquid substance called engine coolant. This paper focuses on the ples, (ii) Resistive Temperature Detectors (RTDs), (iii) Ther-
main characteristics, fabrication, and the way an Engine Coolant mistors, and (iv) Integrated Circuits (ICs) [3]. The operating
Temperature sensor works, with an examination of the Negative range of these sensors varies such that, thermocouples and ICs’
Temperature Coefficient (NTC) Thermistor. changing parameters are voltage while RTDs and thermistors’
Index Terms—ECT sensor, coolant temperature sensor, NTC changing parameters are the resistance. However, the usage
Thermistor, thermally sensitive resistor, temperature measure- of these sensors depends on various environmental variables
ment, ECM such as temperature range [°C], accuracy [±°C], sensitivity
[°C], response time and cost [4].
I. I NTRODUCTION Thermocouples measure the high-temperature range of
Engine Coolant Temperature (ECT) sensor measures the about -270°C to +2300°C. The material used in thermocou-
engine temperature and indicates how much heat the engine is ples are iron, platinum, rhenium, tungsten, copper, chromel
giving off. The sensor works with the Engine Control Module - alumel, and constantan. Thermocouples produce output in
(ECM). ECT sensor monitors the engine coolant temperature millivolts. Therefore, precision amplification is required for
continuously and makes sure the engine is running at the information processing and error minimizing. The main dis-
optimum temperature. The resistance of the temperature sensor advantage of thermocouples is lower sensitivity and accuracy
(NTC Thermistor) varies with temperature when ECM sends with compare to thermistors. RTDs are used to measure high
voltage to the ECT sensor as described in Circuit schematic temperatures (-200 to +650). Fabrication material for RTDs
Fig.4. ECM uses temperature and resistance variation to mon- are platinum, nickel, and copper. Compare to a thermistor,
itor temperature changes. The ECM uses reference voltage RTDs are less sensitive and have slower response times.
to regulate fuel injection, ignition time, control the radiator Nevertheless, out of all temperature sensor mentioned above,
fan speed, and update the automotive dashboard’s temperature NTC Thermistor holds the best place among all the mentioned
gauge. In most cars, the installation place for ECT Sensor temperature sensor due to its high sensitivity (-2°C to -6°C,
is the thermostat housing. ECM, when required, turns-on at 25°C), accuracy (± 0.001°C) fast response time (0.1 to 10
the radiator fan and helps the engine release its heat to the sec.) at a much lower cost with operating range from -50°C
atmosphere with regulating fan speed, if the coolant to the to 250°C. In automobiles, the main applications of the NTC
radiator has high temperatures. Meanwhile, the cold coolant Thermistor are temperature measurement and monitoring of
received from the radiator absorbs the engine heat. ECT sensor cylinder head, exhaust gas, air conditioning system, braking
consists of a sensing element, conductive metal, conductor, system, cooling water, and oil [4].
thread, hexagonal corona for a wrench, and electrical connec- The organization of the paper is as follows. Section II
tor, shown in Fig.1. describes the components of the ECT sensor. Section III
The Thermistor is the abbreviation of a Thermally Sensitive comprises the fabrication and necessary steps, and physical
Resistor and classified as a ceramic semiconductor. Ther- parameters measurement to manufacturing the ECT sensor and
mistors have two standard types (1). Positive Temperature sensing element (NTC Thermistor). Section IV consists of the
Coefficient (PTC) Thermistor and (2). Negative Temperature working principle with mathematical equations. Section V de-
Coefficient (NTC) Thermistors. PTC Thermistor increases scribes the results and discussions. Finally, section VI consists
of the conclusion of the paper. This paper’s objective is to E. Conductive metal
present a comprehensive study of Engine coolant temperature NTC Thermistor is coated with a high-temperature conduc-
sensors, including fabrication and working principles of engine tive metal, which protects the sensing element from the fluid,
coolant temperature measurement using NTC Thermistor. as shown in Fig.1. The diameter of the Conductive metal is
II. C OMPONENTS OF E NGINE C OOLANT T EMPERATURE 8.30mm, as shown in Fig.3.
S ENSOR F. Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) Thermistor
The ECT sensor is composed of different components. NTC Thermistor is high temperature-sensitive metal ox-
These components measure the engine coolant temperature ide semiconducting ceramic device used to measure engine
with the help of an NTC Thermistor or provide a metallic coat coolant temperature as it is the main element of the ECT
to prevent fluid flow inside the ECT sensor. The appearance sensor and encapsulated inside the conductive metal shown
and components of the ECT sensor are shown in Fig.1. in Fig.1.
III. FABRICATION OF E NGINE C OOLANT T EMPERATURE
S ENSOR
A. Fabrication of NTC Thermistor
NTC Thermistors are very sensitive (typically ten times
more than RTD (Platinum) resistance), small size, and fast
response time ( in milliseconds). Disadvantages include non-
linear nature, they have limited temperature operating range,
and they are prone to self-heating due to the electrical current
sensitivity [6]. NTC Thermistors detect the small change in
temperature very quickly [7]. The most common semiconduc-
tor material for the fabrication of NTC Thermistor is a tran-
sition metal oxide such as Nickel(II) oxide (NiO), Cobalt(II)
Fig. 1. Components of ECT sensor [5] oxide (CoO), Manganese(II) oxide (MnO) as shown in Table.
4 [4]-[8]. Metal oxide NTC Thermistors result in a long period
A. Terminal of repeatable temperature measurement [9]. Commercial NTC
Thermistors can be found in a glass bead, disk, rod, washer,
Two-wire terminal or connector acts as an interface, and
and flake form configuration. These devices can be coated
it provides connectivity between ECT sensor and ECM, as
with resin, glass, or be painted. The protection capsule (coat)
shown in Fig.4. Copper or Silver is the material used for
isolates the NTC Thermistor from the cooling fluid. For low
the terminal, due to high electrical conductivity. The two-wire
grade ≈ 300°C temperature applications NTC Thermistor with
terminal is the last part of the wire soldered on both sides
nonstoichiometric iron-oxides are used, and is available with
of the NTC Thermistor. The two-wire conductive terminal is
mixed metal-oxide, for ≥ 300°C applications refractory metal-
encapsulated with a diameter of 13mm thermosetting plastic,
oxide is suitable, while zirconia doped with earth-oxide is
as shown in Fig.3.
recommended for higher temperature applications [10]-[11].
B. Hexagonal corona for wrench Various chemical composition are prepared in two different
A standard wrench place with six equal edges are available groups for NTC Thermistor manufacturing: (Mn1.62 Ni0.72
over the ECT sensor for tightening or loosening (apply torque Co0.57−x Si0.09 )O4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.12) and (Mn1.2 Ni0.78 Co0.87−x
to turn) the ECT sensor inside or outside the thermostat Cu0.15 Six )O4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.15) with applying high temperature
housing. The standard Hexagonal size is 19mm, as shown in to ball-milled for 24 hours in a using ZrO2 (Teflon jar) and
Fig.3. dried at 120°C in an oven for 2 hours, then distilled water and
polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is mixed into the calcined powders,
C. Thread and the mix is ground in a mortar. Again, the ground powders
Threads are crafted over the ECT Sensor and work as a are ball-milled for 24 hours using ZrO2 , which form a ceramic,
mounting nut for ECT sensor. Threaded mounting provides in the next phase it is flattened using a machine at a pressure
easy to install and fix reliable operation in hostile environ- of 750 kg/cm2 to make a good compact as shown in Fig.2.
ments. ECT sensor thread size is M12 x 1.5, as shown in [8].
Table 4. NTC Thermistors are fabricated from a mixture of high
purity Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), Cobalt (Co), Copper
D. Conductor (Cu), and Silicon (Si) oxides (O) that are transition-metal
Kovar two-wires are soldered to the electrode surface of oxides powder. Suitable proportions for NTC Thermistors are
NTC Thermistor. These two-wires provide an electrical con- shown in given above table 1.
nection between the vital sensing element (NTC Thermistor) In step 1, a good compact sheet from the material is
of ECT sensor and ECM via terminal, as shown in Fig.1. prepared and polished in a 3 inches diameter with a 0.5mm
lations help to optimize raw material procurement, smooth
production process and minimize waste of resources. These
physical measurements are available in Fig.3 for ECT sensor.
Fig.6 plots the constant values (B), and for NTC Thermistor
Fig. 8. NTC Thermistor vs. RTD (Platinum) [11]
of Fig.1, while Fig.7 plots and shows the sensitivity of NTC
Thermistor with range between -0.03°C and -0.05°C at a room
temperature, Eq. (5) refers to sensitivity.
NTC Thermistor is ten times more sensitive to temperature of temperature sensors are available with different materials,
than RTD (Platinum) resistance [6], and NTC Thermistor principles, and operating range. However, usage of NTC Ther-
resistance-temperature (R/T) curve characteristics are non- mistor in engine coolant temperature sensor are remarkable for
linear. Meanwhile, RTD (Platinum) has a slight difference accurate, fast, reliable, low cost, and ease of application.
irrespective of resistance with temperature. Results are
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
available in Fig.8. While, Fig.9 plots the temperature
accuracy chart. The author acknowledges that this paper’s worthiness be-
longs purely to existing reference papers and online resources
for the sole purpose of this research report. The writer did
not perform any lab experiments and fieldwork to prove a
scientific theory. Nevertheless, the author also wishes to thank
Dr. Sonia Bradai and Dr. Slim Naifar for their guidance and
encouragement in carrying out this valuable research report.
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7.4mK, respectively. A combination of T 2 and the failing NTC
Thermistor resistance leads to uncertainty in the temperature
measurement [6].
NTC Thermistor’s higher resistance and sensitivity leads to
a satisfactory level two-wire resistance measurement and pro-
vides good simplification. However, the lead resistance RL , if
ignored, can become an issue at higher level temperature when
the NTC thermistor resistance is low. The equations shows the
T 2 RL
error caused by the lead resistance ∆TL = R SR = − B . R ,
L