MT Day 1.01

Magnetic Particle Testing
Part 1
Copyright © 2004 WI Ltd Name

Course Layout
• Duration : 4 Days (Mon – Thur)
• Start : 8:30 am
• Coffee Break : 10:00 – 10:30 am
• Lunch : 12:30 – 1:30 pm
• Tea Break : 3:00 – 3:30 pm
• Day End : 5:00 pm
• Course Objective: To train and prepare participants
to obtain required skills and knowledge in Magnetic
Particle Testing and to meet the examination schemes
requirements.
NDT
Most common NDT methods:
Penetrant Testing (PT)
Mainly used for
Magnetic Particle Testing (MT) surface testing
Eddy Current Testing (ET)
Radiographic Testing (RT)

Mainly used for
Ultrasonic Testing (UT) Internal Testing

NDT
• Which NDT method is
the best ?
Depends on many
factors and conditions

Magnetism
The phenomenon of certain materials which attract
certain other materials e.g.. pieces of iron to themselves
S N S N

Magnetism
Phenomenon discovered in the ancient Greek city of
Magnesia
Magnets utilised in navigation
Oersted discovered the link between electricity and

magnetism
Faraday revealed that electrical and magnetic energy could be

interchanged

• Test method for the detection of surface
and sub-surface indications in
ferromagnetic materials

CANNOT BE
MT MT DETECTED BY
Magnetic Particle
Testing
Surface Defect Subsurface Internal
Ferromagnetic Material

• Magnetic field
induced in component
• Defects disrupt the
magnetic flux
• Defects revealed by
applying
ferromagnetic
particles

Magnets
External
N N S S
Internal
Lines of force / Lines of flux
Copyright © 2004 WI Ltd

Magnetograph Name
Lines of force
• By convention they flow from North to
South outside and South to North inside
• Form closed loops
• Never cross
• Field is strongest where most numerous
• Follow path of least resistance

Definitions
• Magnetic field : Region in which
magnetic
forces exist
N S

Definitions
• Flux : line of magnetic force existing
in a magnetic circuit

Definitions
• Flux Density : Magnetic flux per unit
cross-section area (measured in
Teslas)
Low Flux Density: Less
Flux per unit area
High Flux Density:

More Flux per unit
area

Definitions
1 cm
1 line of force per 1
cm²
= 1 Gauss
1 cm
1 cm
3 line of force per 1 cm²

= 3 Gauss
1 cm

Definitions
1 Tesla = 10 000 gauss
How many line of force are there in an 1 cm² area with a
Flux Density of 1 Tesla?
1 cm
10 000 = 10 lines
1 cm

EN ISO 9934-1
• The FLUX DENSITY on the surface of the
component must be at lease 1 T
• Below that the indication will be too weak
Below 1 TESLA Above 1 TESLA

Definitions
Magnetising Force: The force applied to
produce magnetic field to the material or component
Measured in Ampere per meter ( A/m)

In General:
Increasing the Magnetising Force will increase the Magnetic Field

In General:
Increasing the Magnetising Force will

increase the Magnetic Field
0000
0500
0100 Measured in Ampere per meter ( A/m)
AMMETER

Permeability
The ease with which a material can be
magnetised
• Opposite of reluctance (difficulty with which a
material can be magnetised)
• Represented by the symbol µ
µ=B/H
B: Flux Density
H: Magnetising force
• Measured in Henries / metre
Permeability
Magnetised using 100 amps Magnetised using 100 amps
Ф
Ф
A B
High Permeability: Low Permeability:
Easy to be magnetised Difficult to be magnetised

Materials Behaviours in Magnetic
Field
Diamagnetic: Slightly repelled by magnetic
field
Examples Gold, Copper, Water
and most non-metal
Ф
DIAMAGNETIC
Unable to be Magnetically tested

Materials Behaviours in
Magnetic Field
Paramagnetic: Weakly attracted by magnetic
field
Examples Aluminium, Tungsten and
most metals
Ф
PARAMAGNETIC
Unable to be Magnetically tested

Materials Behaviours in
Magnetic Field
Ferromagnetic: Strongly attracted by
magnetic field
Examples Iron, Cobalt, Nickel and
their alloys Ф
FERROMAGNETIC
Suitable to be Magnetically tested

Permeability
• A unit of comparison: compared to free space
Examples:
• Air 1
• Iron 560
• Steel 1000
• Mu Metal 80 000
• Paramagnetics Slightly > 1
• Diamagnetics Slightly < 1
• Ferromagnetics 240 +

UNMAGNETISED STATE
DOMAINS RANDOMLY
ORIENTATED
MAGNETIZED STATE.
DOMAINS ORIENTATED IN EXTERNAL
MAGNETIC FIELD
FIELD
SATURATED STATE
DOMAINS ORIENTATED IN STRONG
EXTERNAL FIELD
FIELD
RESIDUAL STATE. DOMAIN REMAINING
ORIENTATED
DEMAGNETISED STATE.
DOMAINS RANDOMLY ORIENTATED IN
OPPOSING CURVE
FIELD

Other Forms of Magnet
Horseshoe
Magnet
N S Ring
Magnet

Electromagnetism
• A current flows through a conductor and
sets up a magnetic field around it
• Field is at 90o to the direction of the
electrical current
Direction
of current
flow
Direction of magnetic field

Electromagnetism
The Right Hand Rule
The thumb represent the current
The fingers represent the

magnetic flux
Current flow is from positive to
negative

Electromagnetism
electron The Left Hand Rule
The thumb represent the electron
The fingers represent the

magnetic flux
Electron flow from negative to

positive

Electromagnetism
It was thought that the
direction of current and
electron are opposite
each other
The direction of the

magnetic flux is the same
electron

Coil Magnetisation
• Changes circular filed into longitudinal

• Increases the strength of the field
Coil Magnetisation
• Longitudinal Magnetic Field

• Detect transverse defects
Principle of MT : Flux Leakage
Ferromagnetic
Particles
Flux
N Leakage
S Attracted
at poles
Ring Magnet Ring Magnet

Magnetic field is Fully Flux Leakage occurs:
contained: No Poles Poles created

Principle of MPI : Flux Leakage
No Defect Defect
Flux Leakage
N S N S
The change in permeability causes flux leakage

N S
STEEL µ= 1000
No Flux Leakage because No change in

permeability
Flux Leakage
N AIR µ= 1 S
STEEL µ= 1000
The change in permeability causes flux leakage

Factors Affecting Flux Leakage
• Depth of defect
• Orientation of defect shape of defect
• Size of defect
• Permeability of material
• Amount of flux available

Depth below surface
N S N S

Defect Orientation
Defect at 90 degrees to flux : maximum

indication
Defect Orientation
>60 Degrees to Flux: Acceptable

indication
Defect Orientation
<60 Degrees to Flux : Weak

indication
Defect Orientation
Test 1 Test 2
Defects
FIELD Defects Defects
Defects
MPI requires minimum of 2 Directions of

Magnetic Fields at 90o to one another
Defect Orientation
How to detect the ones missed?

NB All surface defects form indications
But not all indications
are caused by defects
Non-relevant indications
Chisel
Due to flux leakage but arising
from design features or
geometry Splines Rough
Furring
Surface
Rivet
• Changes in section Keyway
• Changes in permeability Toe of welds
• Furring

Furring
Caused by:
Sharp change of contour
Furring Furring

Furring
Caused by:
Excessive flux on the surface or ends of
component
Furring

Magnetic Writing
Caused by:
Localised polarization when magnetised object
induced the magnetic field into another object

Spurious / False Indications
Indications caused by operator errors
Not due to flux leakage
• Lint
• Dirt
• Hairs

Relevant Indications
Indications caused by defects

Cracks indications by Fluorescent Ink

Advantage of Magnetic Particle Testing
•Will detect some sub-surface defects

•Rapid and simple to understand
•Pre-cleaning not as critical as with DPI
•Will work through thin coatings
•Cheap rugged equipment
•Direct test method

LIMITATIONS OF MPI
• MPI cannot be used on non-magnetic material
• The presence of surface coatings may reduce
the sensitivity of the test
• Defect that do not break the surface give
diffused indications
• Dimension, rough surfaces and certain types of
segregation or metallurgical changes associated
with test items may give rise to misleading
indications

MT Day 1.01

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Magnetic Particle Testing

Copyright © 2004 WI Ltd Name

Radiographic Testing (RT)

Copyright © 2004 WI Ltd Name

Copyright © 2004 WI Ltd Name

Copyright © 2004 WI Ltd Name

Magnets utilised in navigation

Oersted discovered the link between electricity and

Faraday revealed that electrical and magnetic energy could be

Copyright © 2004 WI Ltd Name

Copyright © 2004 WI Ltd Name

Copyright © 2004 WI Ltd Name

Copyright © 2004 WI Ltd Name

Lines of force / Lines of flux

Copyright © 2004 WI Ltd

Copyright © 2004 WI Ltd Name

Copyright © 2004 WI Ltd Name

Copyright © 2004 WI Ltd Name

High Flux Density:

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3 line of force per 1 cm²

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Copyright © 2004 WI Ltd Name

• Below that the indication will be too weak

Below 1 TESLA Above 1 TESLA

Measured in Ampere per meter ( A/m)

Increasing the Magnetising Force will increase the Magnetic Field

Copyright © 2004 WI Ltd Name

Increasing the Magnetising Force will

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Copyright © 2004 WI Ltd Name

Unable to be Magnetically tested

Unable to be Magnetically tested

Suitable to be Magnetically tested

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Copyright © 2004 WI Ltd Name

Copyright © 2004 WI Ltd Name

Direction of magnetic field

The thumb represent the current

The fingers represent the

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The fingers represent the

Electron flow from negative to

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The direction of the

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• Changes circular filed into longitudinal

• Longitudinal Magnetic Field

Ring Magnet Ring Magnet

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The change in permeability causes flux leakage

No Flux Leakage because No change in

The change in permeability causes flux leakage

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Copyright © 2004 WI Ltd Name

Defect at 90 degrees to flux : maximum

>60 Degrees to Flux: Acceptable

<60 Degrees to Flux : Weak

FIELD Defects Defects

MPI requires minimum of 2 Directions of

How to detect the ones missed?

Copyright © 2004 WI Ltd Name

Copyright © 2004 WI Ltd Name