Electrical and Energy Engineering Department

Electrical Machine
Lecture 2 – Magnetic Circuit

2017-2018
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Content
 Magnetic field
 Faraday’s law – induced voltage from a time-
changing magnetic field
 Production of induced force on a wire
 Induced voltage on a conductor moving in a
magnetic field

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Introduction
• Magnetic field : the fundamental mechanism by which energy is
converted from one form to another in motors, generators, and
transformers

• Four basic principles describe how magnetic fields are used in these
devices:
1. A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area around it.
2. A time-changing magnetic field induces a voltage in a coil of wire if it passes
through that coil. (This is the basis of transformer action.)
3. A current-carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a force
induced on it. (This is the basis of motor action.)
4. A moving wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a voltage induced in it.
(This is the basis of generator action.)

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 Magnetic field

Magnetic flux around a current-carrying

conductor Magnetic flux around a wire loop

Magnetic flux around an energized coil Magnetic flux around a bar magnet
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Production of a magnetic field
• There are two ways to produce magnetic field : permanent magnet and
current-carrying wire

• The basic law governing the production of a magnetic field by a current

is Ampere's law:

• Where H is the magnetic field intensity produced by the current Inet and
dl is a differential element of length along the path of integration. In SI
units, I is measured in amperes and H is measured in ampere-turns per
meter (A-turns/m).
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Production of a magnetic field
1. The magnetic core has
high permeability; all
the generated magnetic
field are contained
within the core.
2. H along the mean length,
lc, is constant
3. Flux is uniform across
the core’s cross sectional
area
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Production of a magnetic field
• Ampere’s law thus becomes

• The relationship between the magnetic field intensity H and the resulting
magnetic flux density B produced within a material is given by

• Where,
• µ : magnetic permeability of material (Henrys per meter, H/m)
• H : magnetic field intensity (Henrys, H)
• B : resulting magnetic flux density produced (Tesla, T)

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Magnetic permeability
• The permeability of free space is called μ0, and its value is

𝜇𝜇0 = 4𝜋𝜋 × 10−7 𝐻𝐻/𝑚𝑚

• The permeability of any other material compared to the permeability of

free space is called its relative permeability:

• Relative permeability is a convenient way to compare the

magnetizability of materials. For example, the steels used in modern
machines have relative permeability of 2000 to 6000 or even more.

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Magnetic circuit
• In a core such as in the figure, the magnitude of the flux density is given
by

• Now the total flux in a given area is given by

• Where dA is the differential unit of area. And A is the cross-sectional

area of the core.
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Magnetic circuit

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Magnetic circuit
• The relationship between voltage and current in an electric circuit is
Ohm's law (V = IR); similarly, the relationship between
magnetomotive force and flux is
• Where,
: Magnetomotive force (A-turns)
𝝓𝝓 : Magnetic flux, measured in weber (Wb)
: Reluctance of circuit ( A-turns/Wb)

• There is also a magnetic analog of conductance. Just as the conductance

of an electric circuit is the reciprocal of its resistance, the permeance of
a magnetic circuit is the reciprocal of its reluctance:

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Reluctance
• What is the reluctance of the core?

• Reluctance in series :

• Reluctance in parallel :

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Example 2.1
• A ferromagnetic core is shown in the
figure . Three sides of this core are of
uniform width.
• While the fourth side is somewhat
thinner. The depth of the core (into the
page) is 10 cm. And the other
dimensions are shown in the figure.
• There is a 200 turns coil wrapped around
the left side of the core. Assuming
relative permeability μr of 2500.
• How much flux will be produced by a 1-A
input current?

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Solution 2.1

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Example 2.2
• Figure shows a ferromagnetic core whose
mean path length is 40cm. There is a small
gap of 0.05cm in the structure of the
otherwise whole core.
• The cross-sectional area (csa) of the core is
12cm2, the relative permeability of the
core is 4000, and the coil of wire on the
core has 400 turns.
• Assume that fringing in the air gap
increases the effective csa of the gap by 5%.
Given this information, find
1. The total reluctance of the flux path
(iron plus air gap)
2. The current required to produce a flux
density of 0.5T in the air gap.

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Solution 2.2
1. Total reluctance ?

2. The current ?

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Magnetic behavior of Ferromagnetic materials
• We will observe two relationships as shown in the figure
below. What conclusion could you draw from these curve?

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Magnetic behavior of Ferromagnetic materials

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Magnetic behavior of Ferromagnetic materials

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Hysteresis loop
• Let us now apply an alternating current and observe what happens.
• Path bcdeb traced out in the figure below as the applied current
changes is called a hysteresis loop.

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Why hysteresis occurs?

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Energy losses in ferromagnetic core
• The hysteresis loss in an iron core is the energy required to accomplish
the reorientation of domains during each cycle of the alternating
current applied to the core.
• Another type of loss should be mentioned at this point, since it is also
caused by varying magnetic fields in an iron core. This loss is the eddy
current loss.
• Both hysteresis and eddy current losses cause heating in the core
material, and both losses must be considered in the design of any
machine or transformer. Since both losses occur within the metal of the
core, they are usually lumped together and called core losses.

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Content
 Magnetic field
 Faraday’s law – induced voltage from a time-
changing magnetic field
 Production of induced force on a wire
 Induced voltage on a conductor moving in a
magnetic field

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Faraday’s Law
• Faraday's law states that if a flux passes through a
turn of a coil of wire, a voltage will be induced in
the turn of wire that is directly proportional to the
rate of change in the flux with respect to time.

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Lenz’s Law
• The minus sign in the equations is an expression of Lenz slaw. Lenz's law
states that the direction of the voltage build up in the coil is such that if
the coil ends were short circuited, it would produce current that would
cause a flux opposing the original flux change.

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Content
 Magnetic field
 Faraday’s law – induced voltage from a time-
changing magnetic field
 Production of induced force on a wire
 Induced voltage on a conductor moving in a
magnetic field

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Production of induced force on a wire
• A second major effect of a magnetic field on
its surroundings is that it induces a force on a
current-carrying wire within the field.

Thumb
(resultant force)

Index Finger
(current direction)

Middle
Finger
(Magnetic Flux Direction)

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Content
 Magnetic field
 Faraday’s law – induced voltage from a time-
changing magnetic field
 Production of induced force on a wire
 Induced voltage on a conductor moving in a
magnetic field

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Induced voltage on a conductor moving in a
magnetic field
• If a wire with the proper orientation moves through a magnetic field, a
voltage is induced in it. This idea is shown in the figure below. The
voltage induced in the wire is given by

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End of Lecture 2 !!!

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