Gas Detectors Questions & Answers

How carbon monoxide detectors work?

Carbon monoxide gas detectors sound an alarm when they sense a certain amount of carbon monoxide
in the air over time. Different types of alarms are triggered by different types of sensors.
Biomimetic sensor: A gel changes color when it absorbs carbon monoxide, and this color change triggers
the alarm.
Metal oxide semiconductor: When the silica chip’s circuitry detects carbon monoxide, it lowers the
electrical resistance, and this change triggers the alarm.
Electrochemical sensor: Electrodes immersed in a chemical solution sense changes in electrical currents
when they come into contact with carbon dioxide, and this change triggers the alarm.
Once the alarm sounds, the carbon monoxide detector must be in a carbon monoxide-free environment
to reset itself.
What are TWA and STEL?
TWA stands for Time Weight Average. This in reference to dosages of toxic gas you may encounter in
the work place. It is based on an 8 hour day/ 40 hour work week. TWA is a term established by the
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH).
STEL stands for Short Term Exposure Limit. This is the average amount of gas you can be exposed to in a
15 minute period with no long term health effects. This may occur 4 times a day. STEL is a term
established by the ACGIH.
Explain about Common units for measuring concentration?
% (percent)
This unit expresses concentration in parts per hundred (percentage) of a substance in 100mL of a
medium such as air.
ppm (parts per million)
This unit that expresses concentration in parts per million is measured as the volume (denoted in litres
[L]) of a substance found in 1L of a medium such as air.
mg/m3 (milligram per cubic metre)
This unit expresses the concentration in one cubic metre of air (equivalent to 1L or 1000mL) of a
substance in terms of its mass (measured in milligrams). It is primarily used for particle-like substances,
and only rarely for gaseous concentrations.
mg/L (milligram per litre)
This unit expresses the concentration in one litre of air (1000mL) of a substance in terms of its mass
(measured in milligrams). It is generally used for measuring concentrations in liquids, and only rarely for
gaseous concentrations.
Explain different Gas Conversion Formulas for Converting from one unit of concentration to another ?
M: Molecular weight of a substance
22.4(L): The volume of 1 mol at 1 atmospheric pressure at 0ºC
273(K): FK stands for Kelvin, the unit used to measure thermodynamic temperature; as 0ºC
corresponds to 273.15K.
You simply need to add 273 to the Celsius/Centigrade value (273+T) to obtain the temperature in
Kelvin
1013(hPa): One atmospheric pressure
P: P denotes the atmospheric pressure at the point of measurement (hPa)
How often do we need to calibrate gas monitor?
This is a controversial subject. OSHA would have you calibrate your gas detector before each use. In
practice, our customers come up with their own intervals.
If the gas monitor is used infrequently, say once a month, it should be calibrated every time to give you
confidence that the unit is going to respond as it should. If your company uses its detection device a few
times a week, then our customers have told us they do an occasional bump test and calibrate less often.
How to clean gas monitor?
You should follow each manufacturer’s directions. For BW Honeywell Gas Detectors the manufacturer
recommends the use of a soft damp cloth. The only approved cleaner is ACL Staticide.
You should avoid exposing the sensor screens to moisture. DO NOT use computer keyboard air dusters
to clean debris from sensor filters or products such as EconoClean, WD40, etc. as these will destroy the
sensors.
What is Oxygen Deficiency?
The most widely accepted definition is that air is oxygen deficient whenever concentration is less than
19.5%. This occurrence is often associated with confined spaces, unventilated cellars, sewers, wells,
mines, ship holds, tanks, and enclosures containing inert atmospheres.
Typical causes are displacement, microbial action, oxidation, combustion and absorption.
What is a Confined Space?
In terms of OSHA and NIOSH safety requirements, a “confined space” refers to an area whose enclosed
environment and limited access make it dangerous to people working there.
Anywhere access or egress is limited, or that may contain hazardous atmospheres (too low or enriched
oxygen levels, toxic or flammable gases) will likely be classified as a confined space for workers.
Confined spaces can be above or below ground level.
Examples of confined spaces include inside airplane wings, tanks, pipes and sewers, ventilation shafts,
electrical service rooms, vats, and silos.
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Gas Detection below terms used generally :
LEL – Lower Explosive Limit. The minimum concentration of a combustible gas or vapor in air which will
ignite if a source of ignition is present
UEL – Upper Explosive Limit. Most, but not all, combustible gases have an upper explosive limit which is
the maximum concentration in air which will support combustion. Concentrations which are above the
U.E.L. are too “rich” to burn.
PPM – Parts Per Million (toxic & VOC)
%VOL – Percent by volume (oxygen)
VOC – Volatile Organic Compounds (PID)
PID – Photo Ionization Detection (VOC)
TWA – Time Weighted Average (toxic gases)
STEL – Short Term Exposure Limit
IP – Ionization Potential & Ingress Protection
IS Rating – Intrinsic Safety (UL, CSA)
T90 – Time sensor needs to reach 90% full response
What are the three basic kinds of atmospheric hazards?
Oxygen (deficiency and enrichment)
Flammable gases and vapors
Toxic contaminants
What is LFL?
Lower flammability limit (LFL) usually expressed in volume percent, is the lower end of the
concentration range over which a flammable mixture of gas or vapour in air can be ignited at a given
temperature and pressure.
The flammability range is delineated by the upper and lower flammability limits. Outside this range of
air/vapor mixtures, the mixture cannot be ignited (unless the temperature and pressure are increased).
What is ppm.m?
ppm.m (parts per million metre) is the recognised unit of measure for a toxic or flammable gas being
detected over an open path.
For example 250 ppm.m can represent a 1 meter wide gas cloud whose concentration is 250 ppm of the
target gas or a 2 meter gas cloud with a concentration of 125 ppm.
What Is a Bump Test?
A bump test is a brief exposure of the sensor to gas and verifies if the sensor is responding and the alarm
is functioning.
Why is LEL important in Combustible Gas Detection?
In environments with combustible gas hazards, it is important to know long before the gas
concentration reaches the LEL.
Typical safety standards require that a gas detection unit give warnings at 10 – 20% of the LEL. Do not
confuse the alarm level with the volume of gas required to reach the LEL.
For example: Methane has an LEL of 5% by volume in air. For a gas detector to give an alarm at 10% of
the LEL, it must trigger when it detects 0.5% by volume.
The detector for this application would most likely be calibrated for the range from 0% to 5% gas by
volume, but display the reading as 0 – 100% LEL.
If you have a flameproof fixed detector (Ex) can you make it “intrinsically safe” (IS) by using a zener barrier or
galvanic isolator?
No, a flameproof detector “safety protection” cannot be changed by using a zener barrier or galvanic
isolator of any sort. It can only be used as a flameproof device.
If you have a “intrinsically safe” (IS) fixed detector do you need a zener barrier or galvanic isolator when used in a
hazardous zoned area 0, 1 or 2 for example?
Yes you must use a zener barrier or a galvanic isolator to comply with the detectors certification
requirements.
A zener barrier or galvanic isolator must be used when a “intrinsically safe” (IS) detector is used in a
hazardous zoned area.
What are the mounting heights for CO gas detectors and NO2 gas detectors?
Carbon Monoxide (CO) gas has a slightly lower density than air. Recommended mounting height for
Carbon Monoxide (CO) gas detector is 1.5 m above floor.
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) gas is heavier than air and sinks in the air. Recommended mounting height for
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) gas detector is 0.2 meter above the floor.
According in garages are concentrations expected less 1%VOL and because of thermal an convection of
gas the spreading is at whole area.
What is the gas sensor (cell) life time for CO gas detectors and NO2 gas detectors?
CO gas sensor (cell) life expectancy is 5 years, normal operation environment.
NO2 gas sensor (cell) life expectancy is 2 years, normal operation environment.
If gas sensor (cell) is intensively exposed for fumes (gas) the life time is shorter.
If gas sensor (cell) is less exposed for fumes (gas) the life time can be longer.
Questions & Answers on Gases in F&G
What kind of substance is carbon monoxide?
A colourless, odourless, highly toxic gas that is formed whenever incomplete combustion of carbon, or
carbon-containing compounds occurs.
In our immediate environment it frequently is given off by industrial gas burners, and as it can be found
in automotive exhaust or cigarette smoke it tends to accumulate in poorly ventilated places like
congested road tunnels or bars at levels approaching or even exceeding the 50ppm threshold.
What are the symptoms that carbon monoxide has been inhaled?
CO depletes the oxygen in the blood hemoglobin leading to such typical symptoms as headaches,
nausea, dizziness, etc.

What kind of substance is hydrogen sulphide?

H2S is a colourless, toxic, flammable gas that occurs naturally in volcanic vapours, hot springs; and it
often is generated through the hydrolysis of sulphide salts especially where bacteria break down organic
matter in the absence of oxygen, e.g. in swamps, sewers, rivers, harbours, etc.
It also occurs as a man-made by-product in such industrial facilities as chemical plants, paper mills, oil
refineries, etc.
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What are the symptoms that hydrogen sulphide has been inhaled?
H2S is absorbed into the bloodstream, and transmitted to the nervous system via the lungs, Low
concentrations are oxidised in the blood and quickly become harmless; high concentrations have a
sweetish aroma and a neurotoxic effect, irritating the mucous membranes in the nose, throat, eyes; may
cause subacute poisoning or affect the olfactory nerve to the point of losing one’s sense of smell.
Basically, hydrogen sulphide is one of the more common pungent odour-emitting and discomfort-
causing substances.

What kind of substance is ammonia?

It is given off in the biodegrading process by microbes (in nature), and as a byproduct of seafood
processing.
Besides being a common synthetically produced inorganic component of nitric acid and fertiliser, it also
has a broad range of other industrial uses.
Since, ammonia does not harm the ozone layer, it has increasingly been coming into use as a
refrigerator coolant.
What are the symptoms that ammonia has been inhaled?
Ammonia is one of the typical, malodourous substances, which cause discomfort.
Inhalation of high concentrations is liable to cause pulmonary oedema. Contact with the skin or mucous
membranes causes irritation that may penetrate as far as the inner tissue.
When the eyes come into contact with high ammonia concentrations, visual impairment may result.

What kind of substance is carbon dioxide (CO2)?

Generally carbon dioxide is generated during the respiratory process of animals and plants and when
microbes break down organic or when carbon materials combust.
It is necessary for the process of photosynthesis in plants.
In recent years the amount of CO2 has been increasing, and is becoming a serious factor contributing to
global warming, the “greenhouse effect”.
What are the symptoms that carbon dioxide has been inhaled?
Although, it is extremely rare for weak carbon dioxide poisoning to have any ill effects, high
concentrations can cause carbon dioxide narcosis, and in extreme cases even be lethal.
What kind of substance is oxygen?
Oxygen, the most abundant naturally occurring gas, is discharged into the atmosphere through the
process of plant photosynthesis.
It is consumed during the respiration process of flora and fauna, photosynthesis in plants, as ell as
combustion processes.
The oxygen content in air is about 21%, in water 88.8%, and in the human body it is about 65%.
What are the symptoms of extreme oxygen deficiency?
Not enough oxygen in the ambient air can be fatal, causing hypoxia (deprivation of an adequate oxygen
supply for the body.
On the other hand, excessive oxygen in the air poses a fire hazard as it lowers the combustion
temperature of flammable materials, and it serves as an accelerant as well.

What kind of substance is sulphur dioxide (SO2)?

Sulphur dioxide gas (sometimes also called sulphurous acid gas) has a strong pungent smell. It is
produced industrially, by roasting pyrites or sulphur in the presence of air.
Moreover, it occurs naturally in volcanic gas and it is a byproduct of fossil fuel (oil, coal, etc.) combustion
that is a cause of air pollution.
What are the symptoms that sulphur dioxide has been inhaled?
High concentrations cause severe irritation of eyes, nose, and throat. When it dissolves in the water
content of the skin, a corrosive acid (sulphurous acid) is formed.
Prolonged exposure can cause glottal and pulmonary oedema seriously affecting the respiratory
process.
What kind of substance is ozone?
Ozone (O3) is actually a triatomic allotrope of oxygen: one ozone molecule contains one (radical) oxygen
atom more than diatomic O2 (from which it can also be formed by action of high energy
electromagnetic radiation).
Paradoxically, although the ozone layer in the atmosphere (approximate O3 concentration: 0.005ppm)
protects the earth from the sun’s ultraviolet light, at ground level in coastal regions (where ultraviolet
light is particularly intense) 0.05ppm of ozone can be found.
Because ozone is highly oxidisable, it is used for sterilization, disinfection, bleaching, and as an oxidant
and such in organic synthesis.
How does ozone affect the human body?
When 0.1ppm of ozone are inhaled for two hours, the lung capacity can decrease by 20% or so.
Headaches or bronchitis may result when a concentration of 1ppm is inhaled for six hours.
In experiments, when laboratory rats inhaled 10ppm, they suffered pulmonary oedema and died which
indicates a comparable degree of toxicity as phosgene, which is widely-acknowledged as a highly toxic
gas.
What are the common methods for analysing / measuring ozone?
A typical analysis method involves the use of a potassium iodide solution to absorb ozone and
determine the concentration by absorptiometry.
Other practical methods entail the use of instruments for measuring ultraviolet (UV) light absorption,
chemiluminescence, controlled potential electrolysis (CPE), or galvanic cells.
What kind of substance is methane?
Methane, a colourless and odourless gas has long been known as a chief ingredient of swamp gas.
Methane gas is formed as organic matter such as cellulose decays in the mud of marshes or other
wetlands.
It is flammable and when mixed with air can become volatile enough to explode. It often accumulates in
underground passageways/conduits (including mine shafts and sewers) where it can pose a serious
explosion hazard.
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How does methane affect the human body?
Methane in itself is harmless, but when its concentration rises, the oxygen concentration falls which can
cause hypoxia.
It also poses an explosion hazard, as it is easily ignitable; (explosive hazard range 5.0-15.0%)
Where is nitrogen oxides measurement mainly conducted?
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) is a generic term for any of a number of different oxygen compounds (known as
oxides) of nitrogen that are given off during combustion, including nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen
dioxide (NO2).
Today, their primary sources include automobile exhaust and factory emissions; although heating and
cooking fumes do their part as well.
What kind of substance is nitrogen oxides?
One of the most common nitrogen oxides is nitrogen monoxide (NO) which most commonly is
generated during high temperature combustion; however, when nitrogen monoxide is discharged into
the atmosphere, it oxidises into nitrogen dioxide (NO2).
When this process occurs under certain meteorological conditions where the interaction of ultraviolet
light as well as the presence of hydrocarbons come into play, photochemical smog is created.
To regulate nitrogen dioxide emissions (which are inherently more toxic and hazardous than NO), a
number of environmental standards are in place.
How do nitrogen oxides affect the human body?
It is extremely rare for nitrogen monoxide (NO) or nitrogen dioxide (NO2) to be present without the
other.
Nitrogen dioxide is toxic and, in high concentrations, strongly irritates eyes, nose, and throat, causing a
cough or even pharyngalgia at times, dizziness, headaches, or nausea at times.
If a large quantity is inhaled, the lips turn blue 5-10 hours later, and cyanosis may occur in addition to
pulmonary oedema.
Even low concentrations generally becomes a problem and raises chronic bronchitis, gastrointestinal
dysfunctions, teeth problems and sleep disturbance as chronic symptoms. In addition, it weakens the
body’s immune system.
What kind of substance is trichloroethylene?
Trichloroethylene is very volatile and in its liquid state at normal temperatures. It is commonly used to
degrease metal machine parts and when it seeps underground it sometimes contaminates wells or
groundwater which is increasingly becoming a problem in recent years.
What kind of substance is chlorine?
Chlorine, a highly caustic gas with a strong irritating odour, does not occur naturally as such.
Chlorine-based solvents such as chloroethylene or organochlorine and inorganic chlorine compounds
are widely used as source material in a broad range of products and processes including paper bleach,
pulp fiber, medical supplies, pesticides, pigment dye, mineral ore refinement and metal processing.
Moreover, urban drinking water which we use every day contains chlorine as a disinfectant to eliminate
bacteria.
How does chlorine affect the human body?
Inflammation is caused when chlorine comes into contact with the skin. When inhaled, causes coughing
and dyspnea, and even death.
Chronic symptoms include bronchitis, inflammation of nasal mucous membranes.
What kind of substance is hydrogen cyanide?
Also known as hydrocyanic or prussic acid, hydrogen cyanide is a clear colourless gas with a faintly bitter
almond-like odour that is volatile in its liquid state with a boiling point of 25.7ºC (78.26ºF) and a ignition
point of 17.8ºC (64ºF).
It is soluble in water and often used as an aqueous solution. Its vapour density is slightly less than air
(0.947) and its LEL (lower explosion limit) is 5.6% and its UEL (upper explosion limit) is 40%.
It is chiefly used as a source material for various organic compounds such as acrylonitrile, or for
potassium cyanide as well as in insecticides/pesticides, etc.
How does hydrogen cyanide affect the human body?
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is one of the most lethal poisons, being twice as toxic as potassium cyanide. It
can be fatal not only when swallowed, but, even when it merely comes into contact with the skin.
Characteristic of hydrogen cyanide poisoning is how quick it acts. It takes between a few seconds and 30
minutes maximum for a fatal dose (300ppm or more) to kill an adult.
Hence, any emergency first aid (detox) measures must be immediately and swiftly initiated or it will be
too late.
When the gas is inhaled it may cause headaches, dizziness, ringing in the ears, or vomiting and in severe
cases, unconsciousness, or even death.
The concentration and an illustration of action (In the case of gas inhalation)

What kind of substance is arsenic?

Arsenic is a fairly common fragile crystalline metalloid ranging in colour from silver-white to black.
It can be produced industrially through a chemical reaction using carbon to reduce arsenious acid in to
its elements.
All compounds containing arsenic are toxic and when they comes in contact with acid or acid vapour, a
highly toxic gas (arsine) occurs.
It is mainly used in insecticides, herbicides, desiccants, and in semiconductor fabrication.
How does arsenic affect the human body?
It frequently affects the function of the digestive organs, causing loss of appetite, convulsions, nausea,
constipation or diarrhea, hepatic disorders, and in severe cases, blood may be vomited up or found in
feces, leading to a state of collapse or shock, and in extreme cases may be fatal.
Moreover, it is considered to have carcinogenic effects on skin, lungs, and liver, too.
What kind of substance is a hydrogen peroxide?
Hydrogen peroxide is a clear, unscented and oily liquid that is water insoluble. It can be extracted with
mercury oxide after dissolving α-ethyl anthraquinone in an industrial solvent and oxidising in a (redox
reaction).
In general, hydrogen peroxide is commercially available as a 30% solution. It also interacts as a reducing
agent and a powerful oxidiser. When metal catalysts in fine particle form (e.g. copper, silver or platinum)
trigger decomposition, high concentrations of oxygen/steam are produced that can combust explosively.
Hence, hydrogen peroxide is used in 3% solutions not only as a disinfectant, or a bleaching agent for
paper, pulp, and natural fibers, but, also as an oxidiser, sterilizer, reducing agent, and even as liquid
rocket fuel.
How does it affect the human body?
It is highly caustic to skin and mucous membranes, while a 30% solution can cause severe inflammation
of eyes and skin upon contact.
It is commonly known, that in work environments where hydrogen peroxide is in use, exposure to the
vapour can have a bleaching effect on hair.
If larger quantities are ingested, gastritis and acute toxic effects such as esophagitis, and chronic toxicity
symptoms are likely.
What kind of substance is hydrogen chloride?
HCl is a strongly pungent, colourless to slightly yellowish gas. In nature it occurs in volcanic gas and in
the human body’s gastric juices as hydrochloric acid (HCl dissolved in water).
It can be produced by the direct reaction of hydrogen and chlorine, or in a laboratory by dripping
concentrated hydrochloric acid into a strong sulphuric acid solution.
Generally it is marketed as hydrochloric acid in 35-37% concentrations.
Its main uses are in the production of: medical supplies, pigment dye intermediates, inorganic chlorides,
chloroethylene (i.e. vinyl chloride), methyl chloride as well as etchants (i.e. etching solutions).
How does hydrogen chloride affect the human body?
Contact with eyes or skin causes inflammation. When inhaled, it irritates mucous membranes in throat
or nose, and causes coughing.
When substantial amounts are inhaled it can cause pulmonary oedema and even death.
What kind of substance is sulphuric acid?
One common production method involves burning sulphur or pyrites (usually iron sulphide), to obtain
sulphur dioxide which is then oxidised, and dissolved in water.
Sulphuric acid is one of the most common basic materials, and it is used in fertiliser, pigment dye,
petroleum refining, organic compound production, as well as myriad other uses in the chemical
industry.
How does sulphuric acid affect the human body?
Contact with the skin can cause dermal dehydration or corrosion and severe acid burns.
If its vapour is inhaled for longer periods, tooth erosion, damage to respiratory organs, and even
pneumonia or pulmonary oedema can ensue. Extended contact with the eyes can cause blindness.

What kind of substance is ethylene oxide?

It is a colourless highly water-soluble substance that is in its gaseous state at normal (room)
temperature and has an ether-like odour. It is frequently used in organic compound formation, as a
colourant, surface-active agent (surfactant), as well as for sterilizing medical instruments.
Its explosive range is very wide with an LEL (lower explosive limit) of 3.0% and a UEL (upper explosive
limit) of 100%. With a very low ignition point of -17.8ºC (0ºF), its vapour is volatile enough to explode
even in the absence of air / oxygen.
Moreover, as there are indications that it may be a carcinogen, the Japan Society for Occupational
Health and the ACGIH stipulate a TLV (Threshold Limit Value) and administrative concentration
threshold of 1ppm.
In addition, in Japan Air Pollution Control Law it is included among the “Substances Requiring Priority
Action” as it is thought to pose a significant health risk among the hazardous air contaminants.
How is ethylene oxide measured ?
As part of the leak check protocol for comparatively high concentrations, it is measured with
(flammable) gas detector alarms, gas detector tubes, etc.
To measure ethylene oxide in ambient air, various contaminant measurement manuals recommend
solid-phase sampling involving solvent-extraction gas chromatographic mass spectrometry.
In general, working environment standards prescribe gas chromatography of substances in solid state.
What kind of gas is chlorine dioxide?
It has a pungent odor, is heavier than air, and is red to yellow in colour. It readily dissolves in water
(Solubility: 0.8 g/100 ml at 20ºC), and is often used even as a solution in water.
Chlorine dioxide itself is incombustible, but has extremely high oxidizability, and poses a danger of fire
or explosion due to contact with combustible matter or reductive matter, or as a result of exposure to
heat, sunlight, impact, or sparks.
Representative industrial applications include disinfectant, which utilizes this powerful oxidation
reaction, and also bleaching agent for fibers, pulp and foodstuffs.
When using chlorine-base bleaching agent or detergent, for example, it is necessary to take care
because chlorine dioxide may be inadvertently generated.
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How does chlorine dioxide affect the human body?
Chlorine dioxide has even greater irritability and toxicity than chlorine, and seriously irritates the eyes,
skin and windpipe.
It has been reported that at a concentration of 5 ppm, chlorine dioxide exhibits definite irritability, while
at 20 ppm, it can result in death in a short time, and even at 0.1 ppm, chronic exposure to chlorine
dioxide may result in various symptoms such as inflammation of the windpipe.
Acute symptoms such as pulmonary edema may occur after several hours of exposure, so when there is
acute exposure it is essential to obtain a diagnosis of a physician and also subsequent follow-up.
What kind of substance is mercury?
Mercury is a liquid that shines silver-white. It is the only metal that is a liquid at normal temperature.
The specific gravity of mercury is an extremely high value of 13.6, making it very heavy.
On the other hand, it readily evaporates, and easily forms amalgams with a variety of metals. Mercury is
a highly toxic substance as is also evidenced by reports concerning poisoning due to methyl mercury.
However, it is widely used not only as an industrial reagent, but also in measuring instruments such as
thermometres, and also in agriculture, batteries (at present, it is used only in button batteries), and in
drugs and medicines.
In days gone by, if you cut or grazed yourself, the first thing that you did was apply mercurochrome to
the wound.
Previously, mercurochrome was kept in all homes as a household antiseptic, but nowadays it is virtually
no longer used because it uses mercury (its use is not prohibited, and if you go to a chemist’s shop you
can still purchase it).
How does mercury affect the human body?
If mercury vapour is inhaled, various psychological symptoms such as loss of appetite, a headache,
heaviness of the head, general malaise, minor trembling, and insomnia are likely to occur.
Mercury is also absorbed through the skin. The allowable concentration of mercury stipulated by the
Japan Association of Industrial Health is 0.025 mg/m3 for mercury vapour.
The value stipulated by TLV (TWA) of ACGIH, for both a single element and an inorganic compound, is
0.025 mg/m3, and the value at the control temperature stipulated by the Ministry of Health, Labour and
Welfare is 0.05 mg/m3.
What kind of substance is tetrachloroethylene?
This substance is also called perchloroethylene. It is a volatile substance which is colourless and emits a
characteristic odor. Tetrachloroethylene is noncombustible and easily dissolves oil, so it is used as a
solvent for dry cleaning and also for degreasing and washing metal parts.
Previously, tetrachloroethylene was covered by the Ordinance On Prevention of Organic Solvent
Poisoning. In 2014, however, this ordinance was revised to become the Ordinance on Prevention of
Hazards due to Specified Chemical Substances.
As a result, tetrachloroethylene came to be ranked as a “special organic solvent, etc.” among type 2
substances of specific chemical substances. It also became a special controlled substance, and it became
mandatory to devise measures based on its carcinogenicity.
In addition, according to the partial revision of the Work Environment Evaluation Criteria, the control
concentration will be reduced from 50 ppm to 25 ppm commencing October 1, 2016.

What is H2S?
Hydrogen Sulfide is a colorless, transparent gas with a characteristic rotten-egg odor at low concentrations. It is
not detectable by odor at high concentrations. As the level of H 2S increases, the sense of smell is lost!
Hydrogen Sulfide is a naturally occurring gas mixed with natural gas or dissolved in the oil or brine and released
upon exposure to atmospheric conditions.

ACGIH 2008 recommendations are as follows for Threshold Limit Values for H 2S:
A Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) is a TLV (R) based on a 15 minute average.
Short Term Exposure Level – STEL (15 min Average) – 15ppm

Long Term Exposure Level -TWA (8 hr average) – 10ppm

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Carbon Monoxide Related Questions & Answers
Does everyone react to Carbon Monoxide (CO) in the same way?
The harmful effects of the gas in the air are affected by exposure time and factors such as age, health and size.
Many of us encounter CO regularly and never know it because it is invisible and odorless.
That is why victims of CO poisoning often have no warning that they are in danger – until it is too late.
Symptoms include headache, nausea, chronic fatigue, confusion, and dizziness. Extreme exposure can even cause
a coma or death.
What causes Carbon Monoxide (CO) and why is it dangerous?
Carbon Monoxide is a product of incomplete (poor) combustion. It is a direct and cumulative poison.
When combined with blood hemoglobin, CO replaces oxygen in the blood until it completely overcomes the body.

Death from CO occurs suddenly. The victim inhaling the toxic concentration of the gas becomes helpless before
realizing that the danger exists.

How much Carbon Monoxide (CO) is safe?

Toxic Gases are measured in ppm (parts per million). 1% volume = 10,000 ppm

Ammonia Related Questions & Answers

What are the hazards of working with Ammonia?
Ammonia is widely used as a refrigerant gas, as well as in the fertilizer industry.

A colourless gas with a sharp, penetrating, intensely irritating odour and a colourless liquid under pressure, it is
not considered a flammable gas.

However, a large and intense energy source may cause ignition and/or explosion.

Ammonia gas can decompose at high temperatures forming very flammable hydrogen and toxic nitrogen dioxide.
It is a COMPRESSED GAS and a confined space explosion and toxicity hazard.

Ammonia gas is a CORROSIVE GAS and may be fatal if inhaled. It may cause lung injury, and the liquefied gas can
cause frostbite and corrosive injury to eyes and skin.

Ammonia gas is a severe respiratory tract irritant. Most people can detect it by smell at 0.6 to 53 ppm. Nose and
throat irritation may be noticed at concentrations as low as 24 ppm after 2-6 hours exposure.

A 10-minute exposure to 30 ppm may be faintly irritating to some, while 50 ppm may be found to be moderately
irritating by most. A 5-minute exposure to 72 or 134 ppm will cause irritation of the nose and throat for most
people.

At 500 ppm, immediate and severe irritation of nose, and throat occurs. Brief exposure to concentrations above
1500 ppm can cause pulmonary edema, a potentially fatal accumulation of fluid in the lungs.

The symptoms of pulmonary edema (tightness in the chest and difficulty breathing) may not develop for 1-24
hours after an exposure.

Numerous cases of fatal ammonia exposure have been reported, but actual exposure levels have not been well
documented. If the victim survives, complete recovery may occur depending on the extent of injury to the
respiratory tract and lungs.

However, long-term respiratory system and lung disorders have been observed following severe short-term
exposures to ammonia.

The TWA established by ACGIH for ammonia is 25 ppm. The STEL is 35 ppm.