Protection Application Protection General

Handbook
© ABB Group - 1 -
28-Sep-21
 Protection General
Electric Power Systems

Production Transmission Distribution Consumption

M
G
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Generation Transmission Distribution Load

28-Sep-21
 Protection General
Some definitions

◼ Power system faults

◼ An abnormality or failure of primary equipment
◼ Non –system faults
◼ Faults other than a power system fault ( e.g: secondary
equipment failure , human errors)
◼ Power system disturbances
◼ Sequence of power system faults that we treat as one incident.
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28-Sep-21
 Protection General
Fault Clearance System

Protection System

CT Circuit Breaker

Circuit
Protection Breaker
VT Trip
Equipment Mecha-
Coil
nism
TE

DC-System
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 Protection General
The main task for Relay Protection

U I • Protect people and property

around the power system

• Protect equipment, lines etc..

C
E in the power system

• Separate the faulty part from

the rest of the power system
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K
 Protection General
Different fault types in a power system
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 Protection General
Primary and backup protection zones

Remote back-up with time selectivity is most common

at Medium and low voltage functions
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 Protection General
Remote back-up protection with time
grading
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 Protection General
Local back-up protection

◼ Where remote back-up protection is not

possible a local back-up must be arranged
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 Protection General
Redundant protection system

◼ Separate measuring cores

◼ Duplicate trip coils
◼ Separate dc distribution/ double battery
system
◼ Physical separation of protection system
◼ Separate cable ways
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 Protection General
Redundant protection system

Redundant system costs more but can give big savings in the
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primary system due to short fault clearance time

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 Protection General
DC supply

◼ The protection system that gives back up for other

protection should not be fed from the same DC
supply
◼ For example if line and transformer protections are
from same DC the backup function of the
transformer will not be able to operate for a failure
to clear the fault on the line by the primary
protection
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 Protection General
Principle of breaker failure protection
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 Protection General
Duplication of breaker fail protection

◼ Often 2 out of 2 connection of current and

time is used to obtain high security
◼ For numerical relays this is not necessary
◼ Duplication of breaker fail protection gives
high reliability but lower security.
◼ Considering probability of failures only one
breaker failure relay is used
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28-Sep-21
 Protection General
Disturbance Registration and Fault
Signaling

◼ Alarm system
◼ DC system for alarm independent of distribution
◼ Supervision of alarm voltage

◼ Disturbance recorder & Event logger

◼ Analysis of print out will help discover inoperative
relays , incorrect settings and badly chosen
measuring principle
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28-Sep-21
 Protection General
What is Substation Automation ?

◼ Substitution for conventional control panels

◼ Substitution for other sub systems
◼ A more efficient way of controlling your substation
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8
 Protection General
What is Substation Automation ?
A combination of:

◼Protection

◼Monitoring

◼Control

◼Communication
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 Protection General
The conventional way
Control Board

Telecontrol Synchro- Busbar

Alarming nization Protection
RTU

MARSHALING RACK

Local Inter- Bay

TELE-
Control locking
ALARMING Measuring BUSBAR
Protection
NISATION PROTECTION
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 Protection General
The new way
LAN/WAN
TCP/IP
Async protocols

ABB

GW

LON

.....
REC 561 RE. 5XX REC 561 RE. 5XX
C C C C
E E E E
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 Protection General
The goal of the IEC 61850 standard

Interoperability The ability for IED’s from one or several manufacturer

to exchange information and use the information for the
their own functions.

Free Configuration The standard shall support different philosophies and

allow a free allocation of functions e.g. it will work
equally well for centralized (RTU like) or decentralized
(SCS like) systems.

Long Term Stability The standard shall be future proof, i.e. it must be able
to follow the progress in communication technology as
well as evolving system requirements.
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 Protection General
TRENDS

◼ Concept of Protection and Control Terminal

◼ Communication
◼ Improved self-supervision
◼ Reduced periodic maintenance
◼ Better tools for disturbance analysis
© ABB Group - 21 -
28-Sep-21
 CBIP manual on Reliable
fault Clearance and Fundamentals
Back-UP Protection for
EHV and UHV
Transmission Network
© ABB Group - 22 -
28-Sep-21
 Protection General
The Fault Clearance System

Fault Clearance System

Protection System

CT Circuit Breaker

Circuit
Protection Breaker
VT Trip
Equipment Mecha-
Coil
nism
TE

DC-System
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28-Sep-21
 Protection General
Remote Back-up Protection

Remote Back-up Protection

A B C
5 1 2 F 6

7 3 4 8
D E
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 Protection General
Remote Back-up Protection
Time Step 3

Step 2

Step 1
Distance

Zone 3
Zone 2
Zone 1

B
A C
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 Protection General
Substation Local Back-up Protection
Substation Local Back-up Protection

P2 B

T P1 P3 C

A P4 D
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 Protection General
Circuit Local Back-up Protection
Circuit Local Back-up Protection

P2 P2

P1 P1

A B
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 Protection General
Duplicated Main Protections

Duplicated Main Protections

A B

1 3 5 5 3 1

2 4 6 6 4 2
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 Protection General
Circuit Breaker Failure Protection

Has No Reset
Protection Normal Breaker
Operated? Operation Failure
Protection

Yes

Start
Breaker Wait for Fault
Fault Cleared?
Failure
Protection Clearance
Yes

No

Trip Trip
Main Back-up
Breaker(s) Breaker(s)
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 Protection General
Single failure Criterion
◼ Failure of any one component in a fault clearance
system should not result in a complete failure to
clear a power system fault or abnormality.
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 Protection General
Applying single failure criterion
◼ Assume that the power system is either in its normal
switching state or that one line is out of service.
◼ Consider the following types of faults
◼ Three phase fault
◼ Phase to phase fault
◼ Phase to earth fault
◼ Open conductor or broken conductor fault
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 Protection General
Applying single failure criterion
◼ Consider one of the following failures
◼ Loss of input from a voltage transformer,
◼ Loss of input from a current transformer,
◼ A failure to operate of a protection relay,
◼ A blown DC fuse
◼ An interruption of a tripping circuit
◼ A failure of remote end communication (especially line
differential protection)
◼ A failure to operate of a switching device.
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 Protection General
Applying single failure criterion
◼ Check if the fault clearance system clears the faults
at pre-defined locations considering the following
◼ A line fault
◼ A bus bar fault
◼ A fault in power transformer
◼ A fault in the shunt reactor

◼ Add second main protection or back-up protection

until the fault clearance system clears al the faults.
◼ Check if the healthy lines and healthy items of plant
can withstand the fault current for the above cases.
◼ Add second main protection, back-up protection or
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reinforce the primary equipment until it withstands

the fault current during the fault clearance time.
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 Protection General
Applying single failure criterion

◼ Carry out a more detailed analysis to check the

above cases under different outage conditions for
which the system has been planned.
Examples of outages to be considered are outage of
a line, outage of a power transformer, outage of a
generator etc
© ABB Group - 34 -
28-Sep-21
 CBIP Manual on Reliable
fault Clearance and Requirements
Back-UP Protection for
EHV and UHV
Transmission Network
© ABB Group - 35 -
28-Sep-21
 Protection General
External requirements
◼ Safety regulations
◼ Equipment warranties
◼ Insurance requirements
◼ Industry standards
◼ Prudent utility practices
◼ Safety grounding
◼ Power quality
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 Protection General
Protection requirements
◼ Criteria specific to equipment within protective zone
◼ Criteria specific to other equipment supplying fault
current to faulted element
◼ Criteria specific to stability of the network
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 Protection General
Phase Selection on Double-Circuit Lines

A B C A B C
L1

L R
L2
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 Protection General
Economic Benefit of Perfect Phase Selection in
Connection With Single Pole Reclosing
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 Protection General
Fault current withstand capability
Rated breaking current capability of switch gear

System Voltage Fault current Duration

132 kV 25/31.5 kA 1/3 Sec

220kV 31.5/40kA 1 Sec

400kV 40/63 kA 1 Sec

765 kV 40 kA 1 Sec
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 Protection General
Fault clearance time - Transient stability

TRANSMISSION CAPACITY LIMITED BY

RISK FOR TRANSIENT INSTABILITY

Single-phase Fault and

Single-phase Reclosing
Three-phase Fault and
[MW]

Three-phase Reclosing
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Fault Clearing Time

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 Protection General
Recommendations

◼ The system planners and designers should assess

the requirements for 132 kV, 220 kV, 400 kV and 765
kV systems and coordinate with the protection
engineers to ensure that these requirements are
fulfilled.
© ABB Group - 42 -
28-Sep-21
 CBIP manual on Reliable
fault Clearance and Performance Indicies
Back-UP Protection for
EHV and UHV
Transmission Network
© ABB Group - 43 -
28-Sep-21
 Protection General
Performance Indices
◼ Dependability
◼ Security
◼ Reliability
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28-Sep-21
 Protection General
Dependability
◼ The dependability of protection is the probability for a
protection of not having a failure to operate under given
conditions for a given time interval
◼ An index of dependability should measure the ability of
the protection to operate when there is a power system
fault for which the protection shall operate
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28-Sep-21
 Protection General
Security

◼ The security of protection is the probability for a

protection of not having an unwanted operation for a
given time interval
◼ An index of security should measure the ability of the
protection not to operate when it should not.
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28-Sep-21
 Protection General
Reliability

◼ It is the combined ability of not having a failure to

operate and of not having an unwanted operation
◼ An index of reliability should measure these two
properties of the protection.
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 Protection General
The Fault Clearance Time
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 Protection General
Performance indices
◼ It is recommended that utilities have a system of
measuring and keeping record of the performance
indices for
◼ Protection devices
◼ Switching devices

◼ This can be valuable data for taking decisions

regarding maintenance, modernizing and retrofitting
of switching and protection system.
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28-Sep-21
 Protection General
Performance indices
◼ A system of benchmarking the indices be introduced
by utilities and actions be taken for improvement as
considered necessary.

◼ These can be regarding revision in relay settings,

better maintenance practices, modernizing and
retrofitting of switching and protection system etc.
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28-Sep-21
 Protection General
Performance indices
◼ While evaluating this data apart from looking at
protection devices and switching devices, attention
should also be given to remaining part of the fault
clearing system viz., D.C. supplies, teleprotection
signaling, healthiness of tripping cables, termination
etc. This will help to improve the design of fault
clearance system.
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28-Sep-21
© ABB Group - 52 -
28-Sep-21
Protection General