PHÒNG GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO

TRƯỜNG:
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ENGLISH

Năm học: 2021-2022

REVISION 1
PRONUNCIATION ( PHÁT ÂM )
I. Phiên âm Tiếng anh
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1. Nguyên âm Vowels (u, e, o, a, i)
a. Nguyên âm ngắn - Short vowels
- / ə/: ago, mother, together - /i/: hit, bit, sit
- / ʌ /: study, shut, must - / ɒ /: got job, hospital
- /u/: put, should, foot – -/e/: bed, send, tent, spend
- / æ /: cat, chat, man

b. Nguyên âm dài - Long vowels

- / iː/ meet, beat, heat -/u:/: school, food, moon
- /a:/: father, star, car - / ɔː/: sport, more, store
-/ ɜː /: bird, shirt, early

c. Nguyên âm đôi- Diphthongs

- /ai/: buy, skỵ, hi, shy - / ɔɪ /: boy, enjoy, toy -
- /ei/: day, baby, stay - /ou /: no, go, so
- /au/: now, sound, cow - / ʊə /: poor, sure, tour
- / eə /: air, care, share - / ɪə /: near, tear, cheer

2. Phụ âm - Consonants
- /b/: bag, baby - /p/: pupil, pay, stop
- /d/: dog, daddy, dead - /k/: kiss, key
- /m/: mother, map, come - /j/: yes, yellow
- /n/: many, none, news - /s/: see, summer
- /l/: love, lucky, travel - /z/: zoo, visit
- /r/: river, restaurant - /h/: hat, honey
- /t/: tea, teach - / dʒ /: village, jam, generous
- /g /: get, game, go - / θ /: thin, thick, something, birth
- /f/: fall, laugh, fiction - / ð /: mother, with, this
- /v/: visit, van - / ʃ /: she, sugar
- /w/: wet, why - / ʒn /: vision
- / tʃ /: children, chicken, watch - / ŋ /: thank, sing

II. Cách làm bài tập chọn từ có phần gạch chân được phát âm khác so với các từ còn lại
- Chọn đọc 3 trong 4 từ có trong các phương án A, B, C, D. Tuy nhiên không cần đọc lần lượt từ
phương
án A đến D mà nên chọn đọc những từ mình chắc nhất về cách phát âm.

- Sau mỗi từ được phát âm, cẩn thận ghi xuống âm của phần gạch chân trong mỗi từ.
- Chọn phương án có phần gạch đưực phát âm khác so với các từ còn lại.
Ví dụ:
A. land / lænd / B. sandy /ˈsændi / C. many / ˈmeni / D. candy / ˈkændi /
Ta thấy phần gạch chân của các phương án A, B, D được phát âm là /æ/, đáp án C có phần gạch
chân
được phát âm là /e/. Do đó, đáp án là C.

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Exercise 1: CHOOSE THE WORD WHICH HAS THE UNDERLINED PART PRONOUNCED
DIFFERENTLY FROM THE REST.

1. A. head B. please C. heavy D. measure

2. A. note B. gloves C. some D. other
3. A. now B. how C. blow D. amount
4. A. dear B. year C. wear D. disappear
5. A. hate B. pan C. carrot D. matter
6. A. improved B. returned C. arrived D. stopped
7. A. nervous B. scout C. household D. mouse
8. A. favorite B. find C. outside D. library
9. A. last B.taste C.fast D. task
10. A. future B. summer C. number D. drummer
11. A. time B. kind C. bid D. nice
12. A. hard B. carry C. card D. yard
13. A. my B. baby C. spy D. cry
14. A. well B. get C. send D. pretty
15. A. weather B. ready C. mean D. head
16. A. break B. mean C. please D. meat
17. A. lucky B. punish C. pull D. hungry
18. A. planet B. character C. happy D. classmate
19. A. letter B. twelve C. person D. sentence
20. A. humor B. music C. cucumber D. sun

STRESS ( NHẤN ÂM )
Một số quy tắc cơ bản để nhận biết trọng âm

1/ Trọng âm thường ít rơi vào các tiền tố(prefix) và hậu tố (suffix)

 ví dụ: dislike, unhappy, uncertain, disappointed, unashamed, forefather. ...
* Ngoại lệ: 'foresight , 'forecast , 'unkeep , 'upland , 'surname , 'subway ....
Dưới đây là vài hậu tố không thay đổi dấu nhấn của từ gốc

V + ment: ag'ree(thoả thuận) =>ag'reement V + al : ap'prove( chấp thuận) => ap'proval

V + ance: re'sist( chống cự ) =>re'sistance (sự
chống cự)
V + er : em'ploy(thuê làm) => em'ployer( chủ
lao động)
V + or : in'vent ( phát minh) => in'ventor
V + ar : beg (van xin) => 'beggar( người ăn xin)
V + y : de'liver( giao hàng)=> de'livery( sự giao
hàng)
V + age: pack( đóng gói ) => 'package( bưu
kiện)
V + ing : under'stand( hiểu) => under'standing
adj + ness : 'bitter ( đắng)=> 'bitterness( nỗi cay
đắng)

2/ Nói chung, trọng âm thường rơi vào nguyên âm kép hoặc dài, ít rơi vào nguyên âm ngắn
như /∂/ hay /i/
* EX:a'bandon , 'pleasure , a'ttract , co'rrect , per'fect , in'side , 'sorry , 'rather , pro'duct , for'get
, de'sign , en'joy
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 3/ Một từ hai vần vừa là động từ vừa là danh từ thì
Động từ : trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ 2.
Danh từ : trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ 1
EX: 'rebell(n), re'bell(v), export, import, increase, object, perfect, permit, present, produce, record,
refuse...
* Ngoại lệ : 'promise (n), (v)...

4/ Trọng âm thường rơi vào trước các hậu tố (suffixes) sau đây một vần : -ION, -IC, -IAL ,
-ICAL, -UAL, -ITY, -IA, -LOGY, -IAN, -IOUS, -EOUS , -IENCE, -IENT, -GRAPHY , -NOMY ,
-METRY EX: 'vision, uni'versity, phy'sician, li'brarian, Ca'nadian, Au'stralian, ex'perience,
im'patience, edu'cation, a'bility, elec'tricity, bi'ology, psy'chology, Au'stralia, 'Austria, 'Asia,
ge'ography, pho'tography, e'ssential, ha'bitual, me'chanical, mathe'matical, po'litical, de'licious,
pho'netics, scien'tific, ge'ometry, a'stronomy...
Ngoại Trừ (exceptions): 'lunatic, a'rithmetic, 'politics, 'Arabic, 'television...

5) Trọng âm rơi vào các vần cuối sau đây: -ADE, -OO, -OON, -EE, -EEN, -EER, -ESE, -AIRE,
-SELF, -ETTE, -ESQUE . Ex: bamboo, millionaire, engineer, themselves, saloon, balloon, thirteen,
Vietnamese, employee, agree, picturesque, Cartoon, guarantee, kangaroo, typhoon...
*Ngoại lệ : 'centigrade , 'coffee , co'mmittee

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from
the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.

1. A. writer B. carefully C. industry D. comply

2. A. enter B. country C. canal D. cover
3. A. patient B. ashamed C. trouble D. alter
4. A. sentence B. suggest C. species D. system
5. A. believe B. defeat C. attack D. happen
6. A. ancient B. attract C. alive D. across
7. A. person B. surgeon C. purpose D. possess
8. A. hotel B. provide C. retire D. cancel
9. A. rapid B. private C. reason D. complain
10. A. paper B. police C. people D. cinema
11. A. damage B. invent C. destroy D. demand
12. A. deny B. marry C. apply D. suprise
13. A. pretty B. polite C. answer D. honest
14. A. farmer B. fairy C. country D. machine
15. A. borrow B. allow C. agree D. prepare

WORD FORMATION ( CẤU TẠO TỪ )

A- MỘT SỐ CÁCH THÀNH LẬP LOẠI TỪ:

I- DANH TỪ:
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 a) V + -ion/-tion/-ation/-ition/-sion ---> N
addition sự thêm vào production sản xuất conservation sự bảo tồn
repetition sự lặp lại permission sự cho phép pollution sự ơ nhiễm

b) V + -ment/-ance/-ence/-age/-ing/-al ---> N
employment việc làm attendance sự có mặt difference sự khác nhau
marriage sự kết hôn swimming việc bơi lội arrival sự đến

c) V + -er/-or/-ant/-ee/ ar ---> N ( chỉ người )

driver tài xế actor diễn viên nam accountant kế tóan
employee người làm thuê interviewee người được phỏng vấn applicant người xin việc
beggar : người xin ăn / liar : người nói dối

d) N + -ist/-an/-ian/-ess ---> N ( chỉ người )

physicist nhà vật lý American người Mỹ librarian thủ thư
actress nữ diễn viên musician nhạc sĩ scientist nhà khoa học

e) Adj + -y/-ity/-ness/-ism/-dom/ -ship ---> N

difficulty khó khăn responsibility trách nhiệm happiness sự hạnh
phúc
capitalism Chủ nghĩa tư bản freedom sự tự do friendship tình
bạn

f) Một số Noun có hậu tố là : - cy ( accuracy / efficiency … ) –hood ( childhood / neighbourhood

….)

3) THE + ADJ ---> NOUN

the poor, the blind, the deaf, the old, the sick, the weak, the unemployed, the disabled, the dead, the
young…

II- ĐỘNG TỪ:

1) Tiền tố:
a) dis-/mis-/re-/over-/under-/out- + V ---> V
disagree khơng đồng ý misunderstand hiểu nhầm redo làm lại
overcook nấu quá chín undersell bán rẻ hơn outweigh nặng hơn

b) en- + N/V/Adj ---> V

enable làm cho cĩ thể endanger gây nguy hiểm enrich làm giàu

2) Hậu tố:
Adj/N + -ize/-en/-ate/-fy ---> V
industrialize Công nghiệp hóa widen làm rộng ra originate bắt nguồn
beautify làm đẹp lighten làm nhẹ đi modernize hiện đại hóa
III- TÍNH TỪ:
a) N + -ly/-like/-less/-ish/-y/-ful/-al/-ic/ ---> Adj
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 daily hằng ngày childlike như con nít treeless không có cây
selfish ích kỷ rainy có mưa peaceful hòa bình
agricultural nông nghiệp scientific khoa học successful thành công
b) V/N + -ive/-able/-ible /en---> Adj
attractive hấp dẫn acceptable có thể chấp nhận defensible có thể bảo vệ
eatable có thể ăn được active năng động comprehensible có thể
hiểu
golden : vàng wooden : gỗ
c) –ous : poisonous / neverous / dangerous …
d) Một số tính từ ghép :
- noun + PP : man-made : làm bằng tay snow-covered : phủ đầy tuyết
- WELL / ILL + PP : well-done : nấu kỹ , chin well-known : nổi tiếng
Well-prepared : được chuẩn bị tốt ill-prepared : được chuẩn bị kém

IV- TRẠNG TỪ: Phần lớn: Adj + -ly ---> Adv

Slowly một cách chậm chạp carefully một cách cẩn thận safely một cách
an tòan

B- MỘT SỐ CẤU TRÚC NHẬN DIỆN LOẠI TỪ THƯỜNG GẶP:

NOUN :
1. Làm chủ ngữ trong câu : Maths is the subject I like best
2. Đứng sau tính từ thường và tính từ sở hữu ( my / her /his / their / your/ our / its / Tom’s
….)
3. Sau các articles ( mạo từ ) “ a /an / the ” và các từ han định “ This / that / these/ those
both / each / every / no…. ” và từ chỉ số lượng “ few / a few / little / some / many /much / most
….”
4. Sau Prepositions : on / in / of / to / without …
 Lưu ý cấu trúc :

a/ an/ the/
this/ that / these / those
my/ her/ his…/ Mary’s + (adj) + N
many/ some/ a lot of…
on / in / without / about ….

Ex: She is a beautiful girl.

ADJECTIVES :
1. Trước NOUN : adjective + noun
2. Sau : BE , get , feel , look , smell , become , seem = appear ( dường như )
3. make / keep + NOUN + adjective
4. Tính từ được sử dụng trong “ so …. that / such … that ” “ Too + adj ” “ Adj + enough ”và
cấu So sánh
5. đại từ bất định (something, someone, anything, anybody, everything, nobody…)
Ex: Do you have anything important to tell me?

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 6. Hình thức hiện tại phân từ (-ING)và Hình thức quá khứ phân từ (-ED):
Ex: That film is interesting.
Ex: I am confused about the question.

ADVERBS :
 Sau trợ động từ ( auxiliary verbs : do / does / did / have / has / had …) và BE – Trước
Động Từ thường .
S + V ( thuong ) + Object + adv

Ex : The picture is carefully painted by the artist

She drove very carefully along the narrow raod .
2. Trước Tính Từ :
S + be / get / look / + adverb + adj / V3/ed

Ex : The man looked extremely sad and tired

It’s a reasonably cheap restaurant .
1. Dùng trong so sánh và các câu trúc khác “ Too – adv / enough …. so / such .. that ”
2. Đứng ở đầu câu .
Ex : Suddenly , he heard a strange noise .
LƯU Ý:
- fast (nhanh), early (sớm), late (trễ), hard (chăm chỉ) vừa là tính từ vừa là trạng từ.
Ex: Jack is a very fast runner. Jack can run very fast.

 Phân biệt: late (trễ) lately (gần đây) (= recently)

hard (chăm chỉ) hardly (hầu như không)

- Một số tính từ tận cùng –LY: friendly (thân thiện), lovely (dễ thương), lively (sống động), ...
- Trạng từ tần suất đứng trước động từ thường, sau BE, trợ động từ và modals

Ex: She doesn’t often go with him.

He can seldom find time for reading.

 Note: Some adverbs share the same form with their corresponding adjectives – Một số trạng từ
có hình thức giống hệt với tính từ cùng nguồn gốc với chúng. Hay nói khác đi, dưới đây là bảng
một số tính từ và trạng từ có chung một hình thức:

adjectives adverbs adjectives adverbs adjectives adverbs

1. back back 9. just* just* 17. near* near*
2. direct* direct* 10. late* late* 18. pretty pretty
3. early early 11. left left 19. right* right*
4. enough enough 12. little little 20. short* short*
5. far far 13. long long 21. till till
6. hard* hard* 14. more* more* 22. straight straight
7. high* high* 15. most* most* 23. well well

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 8. ill ill 16. much* much* 24. wrong* wrong*

Ex : She is a hard worker. She works very hard.

He didn’t have enough money, and he wasn’t old enough to earn much.
A near look helps me know what it is. He lives near the church.
My house is far from school so I have to walk far every morning.

Note: Adverb with “*” above can either have “ly” or not, but differences in meanings.
e.g. She worked hard. = She is a hard-working person.
She could hardly work. = She could not or was unable to work.

Unit 1 : Give the correct FORM OF THE WORDS in the following sentences.

1. He was the most ___________________ football player that our school had produced in years His
talent for football was great. TALENT
2. Do you know Professor Phan Huy Le whose great ______________________ was his books on
the history of Vietnam in the 19th century? ACHIEVE
3. He wishes to straighten up and lead a ________________________ life. RESPECT
4. His career as a journalist was full of __________________________ achievements. He was a
respected and admired journalist. DISTINGUISH
5. To be successful takes hard work and ________________________. DEDICATE
6. Doing things with ________________________ will give us true happiness. The more we give
away, the happier we are. GENEROUS
7. Tran Hung Dao was a great ________________________ to lure the enemy to enter deeply into
his land, then attacked to destroy them. STRATEGY
8. Mother Teresa was a living saint who offered a great example and ________________________
to the world. INSPIRE
9. Zuckerberg was forced to shut his website down, but its immense ____________________
and controversy had made him consider its future potential. POPULAR
10. As the principal founder of Microsoft, Bill Gates is one of the
most ________________________ and  richest people on the planet. INFLUENCE
11. If Presley was considered a ________________________ and a rebellious figure, it just made
him more popular with young listeners. CONTROVERSY
12. Stephen William Hawking got more ________________________ for his research and
discoveries through his print and TV interviews. RECOGNINZE 

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 Unit 1. LIFE STORIES

GETTING STARTED
- absolutely ['æbsəlu:tli] tuyệt đối, hoàn toàn
- accomplished /ə'kɒmplɪʃt/ (adj) (+ at/in): có đầy đủ tài năng, hoàn hảo, được giáo dục. 
Ex: He came to New York in 1976, already accomplished in English. 
- admire [əd'maiə] : khâm phục, say mê
 admiration [,ædmə'rei∫n]
- anxious ['æηk∫əs]
 anxious about lo âu; băn khoăn
 anxiety [æη'zaiəti]
- chef /ˈʃɛf/ (n) = cook (n): đầu bếp
- create /kriˈeɪt/  (v): tạo ra, sáng tạo
 creative (adj)
 creativity  /ˌkrieɪˈtɪvəti/ (n): óc sáng tạo
- decide [di'said] : quyết định
 Decision [di'siʒn] (n) sự giải quyết , sự quyết định
 To make a decision
- determined [di'tə:mind] : kiên quyết đã được xác định
- impact ['impækt] ( n) : sự va chạm tác động, ảnh hưởng
- influential /ˌɪnflʊ'ɛnʃəl/ (adj.): có ảnh hưởng, có thế lực 
 influence (v) (n) ( + on )
- innovation /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən/ (n) : sáng kiến, sự đổi mới, sự cải tiến
- inspiration /ˌɪntspəˈreɪʃən/ (n) : sự truyền cảm hứng
 inspirational (adj)
 inspire  /ɪnˈspɑɪər/ (v) truyền cảm hứng
- judge ['dʒʌdʒ] : quan toà, trọng tài, người am hiểu .
- present /pri'zent/ (v) : giới thiệu, trình bày
 presentation /ˌprizɛnˈteɪʃən/ , /ˌprɛzənˈteɪʃən/ (n)
- stimulate /ˈstimjuleɪt/ (v): khuyến khích, thúc đẩy
- talented /'tælənɪd/ = gifted (adj.): có tài năng, có khiếu.
Ex: The kids at this school are all exceptionally talented in some way.
- taste [teist] sở thích, thị hiếu
 to determine (v) : xác định
 to have a taste for music
- trophy  /ˈtroʊfi/ (n): giải thưởng, cúp
 win (v) trophy: đạt giải thưởng, cúp
- waver ['weivə] (v) : ngập ngừng, do dự

LANGUAGE

- Ability (n) [ə'biliti] : khả năng hoặc năng lực sự khéo léo
 able (adj)
 enable [i'neibl] (v) : làm cho có thể (làm gì), làm cho có khả năng (làm gì)
- achieve (v) = obtain (v) : đạt được
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  achievement /ə'tʃi:vmənt/ (n.): thành tựu, sự giành được, sự hoàn thành 
- bagpipe kèn túi 
- carelessness ['keəlisnis] (n) : sự thiếu thận trọng; sự cẩu thả, sự vô ý
- charitable ['t∫æritəbl] ( adj) từ thiện
 charity ['t∫æriti] : lòng nhân hậu lòng từ thiện hội từ thiện
- compose [kəm'pouz] : sáng tác , soạn …
- congestion [kən'dʒest∫n] sự đông nghịt, sự tắt nghẽn
- devote [di'vout] : hiến dâng, dành hết cho to devote one's time to do something
- disability [,disə'biliti] sự bất tài, sự bất lực
- distinguished /dɪs'tɪŋgwɪʃt/ (adj.): ưu tú, xuất sắc, lỗi lạc 
 distinguish ( v) phân biệt
- generosity /ˌdʒɛnə'rɒsɪti/ (n.): sự hào phóng 
- indefinite [in'definit] mập mờ không giới hạn, không hạn định bất định
- obtain [əb'tein] : đạt được, giành được, thu được , vẫn tồn tại
- opportunity [,ɔpə'tju:niti] : cơ hội, thời cơ
- recipe ['resəpi] : công thức cách làm
- regard [ri'gɑ:d] ( to regard sb / sth / with / as )  : coi như, xem như đánh giá
- region ['ri:dʒən] vùng, miền
- resistance [ri'zistəns] (n) : sức đề kháng
- respectable /rɪs'pɛktəbl/ (adj.): đáng kính trọng, đúng đắn 
 respectful /ris'pektful/ (adj): lễ phép, bày tỏ sự kính trọng, tôn kính
- sudden (adj ) : đột ngột , thình lình xảy ra
- take advantage of ( phv)
 to take advantage of an opportunity : lợi dụng cơ hội
 to take advantage of somebody : lợi dụng ai
- willingness ['wiliηnis] : sự bằng lòng sự sẵn sang
- wise [waiz] : khôn ngoan sáng suốt, uyên thâm, thông thái
 unwise (adj )

READING

- amputate  /ˈæmpjəˌteɪt/ (v) : cắt cụt (bộ phận của cơ thể)

- anonymous /əˈnɑːnəməs/ (adj): giấu tên; vô danh; nặc danh.
 to remain anonymous — giấu tên
- claim [kleim] (v) gây ra tổn thất hay tử vong , thỉnh cầu quả quyết, khẳng định
- diagnose  /ˈdɑɪəɡˌnoʊz/ (v): chẩn đoán (bệnh).
- emerge   /ɪˈmɜːdʒ/ (v) nổi bật lên, rõ nét lên; nổi lên, nảy ra (vấn đề... ).
- fortunate /ˈfɔrtʃnət/ (adj): may mắn, có phúc, tốt, thuận lợi.
 fortune /ˈfɔːtʃuːn/ (n) : a very large amount of money or property
- generosity [,dʒenə'rɔsiti](n) : sự rộng lượng , tính rộng rãi, tính hào phóng
- hand out : phát , cho
- hospitalisation / ˌhospɪtəlaɪˈseɪʃən / (n): sự nằm viện
- humble / 'hʌmbl/  (adj) Khiêm tốn, nhún nhường.
- identity [ai'dentəti] (n) nhân dạng
 identity card
- initiate [i'ni∫iit] ( V) bắt đầu, khởi đầu, đề xướng

10
- launch [lɔ:nt∫] (v) : khởi đầu, khai trương phát động
- misfortune /ˌmɪsˈfɔːtʃuːn/ (n) : bad luck, or an unlucky event: điều không may
- mission /ˈmɪʃən/ (n): sứ mệnh, nhiệm vụ
- relieve [ri'li:v] (v) : làm dịu đi làm an tâm, làm yên lòng, an ủi nhẹ bớt
- reveal  /rɪ.ˈvil/ (v) : tiết lộ
- spread : sự trải ra, sự phổ biến , trải, căng, giăng ra, bày ra
- vow /ˈvɑʊ/: thề, nguyện.

SPEAKING

- celebrated /'sɛlɪbreɪtɪd/ (adj.): = famous / well-known: nổi tiếng, lừng danh 

- celebrity  /səˈlɛbrəti/ (n) : a famous person
- dedicate  /ˈdedɪkeɪt/ (n) = devote  /dɪˈvəʊt/  (v)
 be dedicated to = be devoted to + V-ing/ noun phrase: tận tụy, tận tâm 
 dedication /ˌdɛdɪ'keɪʃən/ (n.) (+ to) = devotement (n) : sự cống hiến 
- encyclopaedist [en,saiklou'pi:dist] (n) nhà bách khoa
 encyclopedic [en,saiklou'pi:dik] ( adj)
 encyclopedia [en,saiklou'pi:djə] ( n) bộ sách bách khoa

- expression [iks'pre∫n] (n) sự biểu lộ (tình cảm...), sự diễn cảm

- figure / ˈfɪgə / (n): nhân vật, biểu tượng 
- hardship ['hɑ:d∫ip] (n) sự gian khổ, sự thử thách gay go
- incident (n) : việc bất ngờ xảy ra, việc tình cờ xảy ra.
- interpret [in'tə:prit] (v) giải thích, hiểu , trình diễn ra được ,thể hiện
- invader [in'veidə] (n) kẻ xâm lược mystery ['mistəri] điều huyền bí, bí mật
- legend ['ledʒənd] ( n) truyền thuyết huyền thoại
- nominate (v) /ˈnɒmɪneɪt/  sb for/ as sth: đề cử, chỉ định, bổ nhiệm
ex : The film was nominated for an Academy Award.
- nominate ['nɔmineit] (v) ấn định chính thức đề nghị bổ nhiệm
- perseverance [,pə:si'viərəns] ( n) tính kiên nhẫn, tính kiên trì; sự bền gan, sự bền chí
- philosopher [fi'lɔsəfə(r)] ( n) nhà triết học; triết gia philosophical
 [,filə'sɔfikl] triết học; theo triết học
- reputation /ˌrɛpju:'teɪʃən/ (n.): danh tiếng, tiếng tăm 
- restore /rɪˈstɔ:/ (v) : khôi phục, hồi phục
- scholar ['skɔlə] ( n ) học giả
 scholarship ['skɔlə∫ip]
- self-accusation [,self ækju:'zei∫n] ( n) sự tự lên án, sự tự buộc tội
- strategist /'strætɪdʒɪst/ (n): nhà chiến lược 
- suffer ['sʌfə] ( V ) trải qua hoặcbị đau đớn chịu đựng
- tragedy ['trædʒədi] ( n ) thảm kịch; bi kịch
- uprising ['ʌpraiziη] ( n ) sự thức dậy cuộc khởi nghĩa cuộc nổi loạn
- wit [wit] ( n) sự hóm hỉnh, tài dí dỏm

LISTENING

- celebrity [si'lebriti] ( n) sự nổi danh nhân vật có danh tiếng

11
- critically ['kritikəli] ( v ) chỉ trích, trách cứ trầm trọng
- criticize ['kritisaiz] ( v )= criticise
 to criticize somebody / something for something) phê bình, phê phán, bình phẩm, chỉ
trích
- curious  /ˈkjʊriəs/ (adj) : ham hiểu biết, tò mò, hiếu kỳ, kỳ lạ
- gossip (n) : chuyện tầm phào, chuyện ngồi lê đôi mách
- merit ['merit] (n) : phẩm chất xứng đáng được khen hoặc tặng thưởng
- overload ['ouvəloud] ( n) lượng quá tải
-  be overloaded with : bi quá tải
- overwhelm  /ˌəʊvəˈwelm/  : áp đảo, lấn át
 overwhelming  /ˌəʊ.vəˈwel.mɪŋ/ (adj)
- slander (v) (n) : vu khống, nói xấu; sự vu khống, lời nói xấu
- society /səˈsaɪ.ə.ti/ (n) : xã hội
 social /ˈsəʊ.ʃəl/  (adj)
 sociable (adj) = friendly (adj): thân thiện, hòa đồng
- sociologist  /ˌsəʊsiˈɒlədʒɪst/  (n) : nhà xã hội học
 sociology /ˌsəʊsiˈɒlədʒi/  (n): ngành xã hội học
 sociological /ˌsəʊsiəˈlɒdʒɪkəl/ (adj)
 sociologically /ˌsəʊsiəˈlɒdʒɪkəlɪ / (adv)

WRITING

- abandon [ə'bændən] ( v) từ bỏ; bỏ rơi, ruồng bỏ

- adopt /əˈdɒpt/  (v) : nhận làm con nuôi, chọn ai làm ứng cử viên, kế tục
- ambition [æm'bi∫n] ( n )
 ambition to be / do something) mong muốn mạnh mẽ để đạt cái gì; tham vọng
 to have great ambitions
 to achieve/realize/fulfil one's ambitions
- balance ['bæləns] sự thăng bằng
- challenge ['t∫ælindʒ] ( n )
 challenge to somebody sự thách thức nhiệm vụ khó khăn, gay go hoặc kích thích
 to challenge (v)
- defeat [di'fi:t]sự thất bại sự bại trận
 to defeat ( v) đánh bại ..
- hesitate ['heziteit] ( v ) do dự, ngập ngừng, lưỡng lự
 hesitation [,hezi'tei∫n] ( n)
- journey ['dʒə:ni] ( n) cuộc hành trình (thường) là bằng đường bộ
- misfortune [mis'fɔ:t∫n] ( n) sự rủi ro, sự bất hạnh
- motto ['mɔtou] (n) khẩu hiệu; phương châm
- obsess  /əbˈses/  (v) : ám ảnh
- orphanage ['ɔ:fənidʒ] ( n) trại mồ côi
 orphan ['ɔ:fən] ( n) đứa trẻ mồ côi
- foster ['fɔstə] ( v) thúc đẩy; cổ vũ chăm sóc và nuôi dưỡng 
- overcome [,ouvə'kʌm] ( v) chiến thắng ,tìm cách vượt qua ,khắc phục .
- perseverance [,pə:si'viərəns] ( n) tính kiên nhẫn, tính kiên trì; sự bền gan, sự bền chí
- scare [skeə] ( n) sự sợ hãi, sự kinh hoàng = fear (n)

12
  to scare ( v)
- shame [∫eim] ( v ) sự xấu hổ, sự tủi thẹn
 to be ashamed of
- progress ( n) ['prougres] ( n) sự tiến tới, sự tiến bộ, sự đi lên
 to progress [prə'gres] ( v) tiến tới; tiến bộ; tiến triển, phát triển
COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE AND LOOKING BACK

- adventure [əd'vent∫ə] mạo hiểm, liều sự phiêu lưu sự mạo hiểm;

- creator [kri:'eitə] (n) người sáng tạo, người tạo nên
 creation (n)
- detective [di'tektiv] (adj) để khám phá ra, để phát hiện ra; trinh thám
 detect [di'tekt] ( v) dò ra, tìm ra, khám phá ra, phát hiện ra
- fictional['fik∫ənl] hư cấu
 fictional charactersnhững nhân vật hư cấu
- imagination [i,mædʒi'nei∫n] (n) sức tưởng tượng, trí tưởng tượng; sự tưởng tượng
 to imagine [i'mædʒin] (v) tưởng tượng, hình dung
 imaginary [i'mædʒinəri] ( adj) tưởng tượng, không có thực, ảo
 imaginative [i'mædʒinətiv] (adj) có hoặc tỏ ra có sức tưởng tượng; giàu tưởng tượng
imaginable [i'mædʒinəbl] (adj ) có thể tưởng tượng được, có thể hình dung được
- initially[i'ni∫əli] vào lúc đầu, ban đầu
- journalist['dʒə:nəlist] nhà báo, ký giả
- logical ['lɔdʒikəl] hợp với lôgic; theo lôgic; hợp lý
- memoir['memwɑ:]ký sự
 memoires (n) tự truyện; hồi ký
- pioneer /ˌpaɪə'nɪə(r)/ (n.): người tiên phong, người đi đầu 
- position [pə'zi∫n] vị trí, chỗ
- prosperous /ˈprɒspərəs/  (adj):  rich and successful
- spark [spɑ:k] ( v) : khuấy động
- Surgeon['sə:dʒən]bác sĩ phẫu thuật; nhà phẫu thuật,
- vivid ( adj ) chói, chói lọi, sặc sỡ đầy sức sống sống động
- well-educated (adj): có học thức cao
- worth [wə:θ] (n) giá trị, tính hữu ích , đáng giá, có một giá trị nào đó
 worthy ['wə:ði] (adj) xứng đáng với cái gì, đáng làm cái gì

LOOKING BACK

- prominent ['prɔminənt] ( adj ) nhô lên dễ thấy; nổi bật xuất chúng; lỗi lạc
 a prominent political figure
- attempt [ə'tempt] (n) (attempt to do something sự cố gắng, sự thử
- threat [θret] sự đe doạ
- defend [di'fend] ( to defend sb / sth against / from sb / sth) bảo vệ ai/cái gì khỏi bị hại
- assembly [ə'sembli] ( n) sự hội họp của một nhóm người vì một mục đích rõ ràng
- marquis ['mɑ:kwis; mɑ:'ki:] hầu tước
- strategy ['strætədʒi] ( n) sự vạch kế hoạch chiến lược
- troop [tru:p] ( n) đoàn, lũ, đàn, đám
- recruit [ri'kru:t] ( v) tuyển phục hồi (sức khoẻ)

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 - dash [dæ∫] ( v) lao tới, xông tới
- patriotism  /ˈpæt.ri.ə.tɪ.zəm/  (n): tinh thần yêu nước
- army ['ɑ:mi] ( n ) quân đội

\
review ARTICLES ( MẠO TỪ )
Mạo từ gồm 3 từ chính :
A / an / the + noun

1. MẠO TỪ KHÔNG XÁC ĐỊNH : “ A / AN ” :

 “ a ” and “ an ” dùng trước danh từ đếm được số ít , với ý nghĩa là một “ one ”
- “ a ” dùng trước phụ âm : a house , a car , a teacher , a lesson ……
Trường hợp ngoại lệ :
- a uniform , a university , a uniform , a useful way , a unit , a union …
- “ an ” dùng trước một nguyên âm : a , i , e , o , u và h câm : an apple , an actor , an old man ,
an hour , an honest man …
 Ta dùng “ a, an ” trước danh từ đếm được, số ít để chỉ một người / vật không xác định, hoặc
được đề cập đến lần đầu ( mà người nghe không biết chính xác , hoặc chưa biết về người đó hay
vật đó )
Ex: I met a strange man on my way to school . ( tôi gặp một người lạ trên đường tới trường )

 “ a / an ” dùng để chỉ nghề nghiệp, chức vụ hoặc 1 căn bệnh .

Ex: Mary is a teacher , but her husband is a doctor .
I’ve got a headache / a cold .

2. MẠO TỪ XÁC ĐỊNH : “ THE ”

 Mạo từ xác định "the" dùng trước những danh từ mà cả người nói và người nghe đều biết rõ về
nó
- My father is reading newspapers in the sitting room.
- Can you tell me something about the jobs you have done ?
- Please , turn down the television . I’m concentrating .

 Danh từ đã được đề cập, nhắc đến trước đó .

Ex : I saw a bird. The bird had a red tail. The red tail was beautiful.
 Mạo từ xác định "the" dùng trước những danh từ khi chúng được xác định bằng một mệnh
đề/mệnh đề quan hệ ở phía sau .
Ex : Do you know the woman who is standing over there?
 Mạo từ xác định "the" dùng trước những danh từ là duy nhất, độc nhất và hệ thống phương
tiện tiện vận chuyển
Ex : The Sun (Mặt Trời), the Moon (Mặt Trăng), the Earth (Trái Đất), the world (thế giới),
the universe (vũ trụ), the capital (thủ đô) - mỗi nước chỉ có một, the king (vua), the president (chủ
tịch, tổng thống), the headmaster (hiệu trưởng) - mỗi trường chỉ có một, the monitor (lớp trưởng) -
mỗi lớp chỉ có một.
- The London Underground

 Mạo từ xác định "the" dùng trước số thứ tự

14
 Ex : The first (thứ nhất), the second (thứ hai), the third (thứ ba), the fourth (thứ tư), the fifth
(thứ năm)... the last (cuối cùng)/ the only (duy nhất).

 Mạo từ xác định "the" dùng trước tính từ để tạo thành danh từ chỉ người ở dạng số nhiều và
chỉ quốc tịch .
o The old (người già), the young (người trẻ), the sick (người ốm), the rich (người giàu),
the poor (người nghèo), the disabled (người khuyết tật), the unemployed (người thất
nghiệp), the dead (người chết), the injuried (người bị thương).
Ex : The unemployed are the people who don't have any jobs.
o The Japanese , the English , the Canadian , the American , the French

 Mạo từ xác định "the" dùng trước tên của các quốc gia và khu vực sau
+ The United States of America (the USA)/ The United States (the US): Hợp Chủng Quốc Hoa
Kì
+ The United Kingdom (the UK): Vương Quốc Anh
+ The Philippines: Nước Phi-líp-pin
+ the Middle East
+ The Netherlands
* "The" dùng trước tên của các quốc gia có tận cùng là "-s"

 Mạo từ xác định “the” dùng trước tên của các loại nhạc cụ, nhưng phải đứng sau động từ
“play"
- My mother bought me a piano because I like playing the piano.
 Mạo từ xác định "the" dùng trước tên của các địa điểm công cộng
- The cinema (rạp chiếu phim), the zoo (sở thú), the park (công viên), the station (nhà
ga), the post office
(bưu điện), the airport (sân bay), the bus stop (trạm xe bus), the theater (nhà hát), the library (thư
viện)...

 Mạo từ xác định "the" dùng trước danh từ chỉ tên riêng ở dạng số nhiều để chỉ cả gia đình
nhà họ
- The Smiths are having dinner now. (Gia đình nhà Smith bâv giờ đang ăn tối.)

 Mạo từ xác định “the" dùng trước tính từ so sánh hơn nhất và so sánh kép
- My mother is the most beautiful woman in the world.
- The more I know him, the more I like him.
 Mạo từ xác định "the" dùng trước tên của sông, suối, biển, đại dương, sa mạc, dãy núi...
- The Mississippi river (dòng sông ississippi) The Fairy Stream (Suối Tiên)
- The Black Sea (Biển Đen)
- The Atlantic Ocean (Đại Tây Dương), The Pacific Ocean (Thái Bình Dương)
- The Sahara (sa mạc Sahara)
- The Himalayas (dãy núi Himalayas)

 Mạo từ xác định "the" dùng trước các buổi trong ngày
- In the morning (buổi sáng), in the afternoon (buổi trưa), in the evening (buổi tối)
 Mạo từ xác định “the" dùng trước tên của các tờ báo

15
 - The New York Times (tờ báo New York Times)
 Mạo từ xác định "the" dùng trước tên của các tổ chức , viện bảo tang ( museum ) , Khách sạn
( hotels ) , tòa nhà ( buildings )
- The UN = The United Nations (Tổ chức Liên Hợp Quốc)
- The WHO = The World Health Organization (Tổ chức Y tế Thế giới)
- The Red Cross (Hội Chữ thập Đỏ)
- The Grand Hotel
- The Twin Tower
 Mạo từ xác định "the" + danh từ số ít tượng trưng cho một nhóm động vật, một loài hoặc đồ
vật
- The whale is in danger of
becoming extinct.
- The fast food has made life easier for housewives.
 Mạo từ xác định “the" dùng trước danh từ chỉ phương hướng
- The Sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
 Mạo từ xác định "the" dùng đứng trước danh từ + of + danh từ
- I saw an accident this morning. A car crashed into a tree. The driver of the car wasn't hurt but
the car was badly damaged.
 Mạo từ xác định “the" dùng trong một số cụm từ cố định
- In the middle of st: ở giữa của cái gì At the end of St: cuối của cái
gì
- At the top of St: ở đỉnh của cái gì At the age of: ở độ tuổi bao
nhiêu

 Mạo từ xác định "the" dùng trước hospital/church/school/prison khi nó mang ý nghĩa khác
( như là chỉ một nơi chốn )
- I go to the school where my son is studying every day.

3. KHÔNG DÙNG MẠO TỪ ( Zero article ) :

 Danh từ cụ thể số nhiều :
Ex : Books are necessary for students
 Danh từ trừu tượng
Ex : Education is necessary for all people
Two things you can’t buy with money are love and health.
 Danh từ chỉ các môn thể thao , phương tiện vận chuyển , ngôn ngữ .
Ex : The sport I like best is football
I often go to school by bus
I like learning English because it’s useul for my future jobs .
 Tên các bữa ăn chung chung :
Ex : breakfast , luch , dinner , tea, supper.
 Trước danh từ chỉ màu sắc
Ex : Red is not my favorite color.
 Sau tính từ sở hữu (possessive adjective) hoặc sau danh từ ở sở hữu cách (possessive case)
Ex : My friend, chứ không nói my the friend.
4. Trước thứ, ngày, tháng, năm, mùa (nếu không xác định) và các buổi của ngày và đêm.
( At dawn / Day break / at sunset / sunrise.at noon / midnight /night / at /by / after / until 8

16
 O'clock. )
Ex : I have the habit of sleeping late on Sunday
 Trước tên quốc gia (trừ các quốc gia đã được liệt kê ở trên ), tên châu lục, quốc gia , tiểu
bang , thành phố , lục địa , tên núi, tên hồ, tên đường , vịnh , hòn đảo , tạp chí .
Ex : China is the country which has the largest population in the world.

REVIEW THE SIMPLE PAST & PAST CONTINUOUS.

1. SIMPLE PAST (Quá khứ đơn) 
a. Với động từ "to be":  (+) S + was/ were + O
(-) S + wasn't/ wren't + O
(?) Was/ were (not) + S + O?

b. Với động từ “to do”:

(+) S + V2/ed + O
(-) S + didn’t + V + O

Uses (Cách sử dụng) 

• Điều tra hành động đã xảy ra và chấm dứt hoàn toàn trong quá khứ.
Ex: - I saw a movie yesterday. 
- Last year, I traveled to Japan. 
• Diễn tà một chuỗi các hành động liên tiếp xảy ra trong quá khứ.
Ex: - I finished work, walked to the beach and found a nice place to swim. 
- Did you add flour, pour the milk and then add the eggs? 

c. Adverds (Trạng ngữ nhận biết) :

• Yesterday, ago, upon a time, in 1945 (in a specific year in the past....), last... 

2. PAST CONTINUOUS (Quá khứ tiếp diễn) 

a. Form 
(+) S + was/ were + V-ing + O
(-) S + wasn't/ wren't + V-ing + O
(?) Was/ were (not) + S + V-ing + O ?
b. Uses (Cách sử dụng) 
• Diễn tả hành động đang xảy ra tại 1 thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ. 
Ex: I was sleeping at 12 o'clock last night.
• Diễn tả một hành động đang xảy ra thì một hành động khác xen vào hành động đang xảy ra dùng
QKTD; hành động xen vào dùng QKĐ. 
Ex: I was studying when he came in. 
• Diễn tả nhiều hành động xảy ra đồng thời trong quá khứ (đi với while). 
Ex: Yesterday evening, my mother was cooking while my father was reading books. 

c. Advs (Trạng ngữ nhận biết)

At .... (specific time)
17
 From ... to... last night yesterday, one year ago ...
At this/ that time 
At the moment
d. Những động từ không chia ở các thì tiếp diễn: 
Một số động từ chỉ cảm xúc (like, love...) hay (know, believe, want) không được chia các thì tiếp
diễn (kể cả hiện tại tiếp diễn hay quá khứ tiếp diễn).

Verbs of thinking believe, doubt, guess, imagine, know, realize, suppose, understand.

Verbs of the senses hear, smell, sound, taste.
Verbs of possession belong to have (meaning possess), own, possess. 
Verbs of emotion dislike, hate, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish.
Verbs of appearance appear, seem.
Others contain, depend on, include, involve, mean, measure, weigh, require. 
Ex: Jane was being at my house when you arrived. 
Jane was at my house when you arrived . 

EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1 : Fill in the blank with the suitable article: a, an, the or x (no article).
1. Are you coming to _______ party next Sunday?
2. I bought _______ new TV set yesterday.
3. I think _______ man over there is very ill. He can't stand on his feet.
4. I watched _______ video you had sent me.
5. She was wearing _______ ugly dress when she met him.
6. I am crazy about reading _______ history books.
7. She is _______ beautiful girl.
8. Do you want to go to _______ cinema where we first met?
9. He is _______ engineer.
10. He thinks that _______ love is what will save us all.
11. I like _______ blue T-shirt over there better than _______ red one.
12. Their car does 150 miles hour.
13. Where's _______ USB drive I lent you last week?
14. Do you still live in _______ Ho Chi Minh City?
15. Is your mother working in old office building?
16. Tim's father works as _______ electrician.
17. The tomatoes are 99 pence _______ kilo.
18. What do you usually have for _______ breakfast?
19. Mike has _______ terrible headache.
20. After this tour you have _______ whole afternoon free to explore the city.

EXERCISE 2 : Choose the correct answer in the bracket.

1. Last night I ____________ on my thesis and it took me a while to realize that my phone was
ringing. (work/ was working)
2. When you ____________ I was in a meeting so I couldn't answer your call. (called/ were calling)
3. David can never agree with Tim. They ____________. (always argue/ are always arguing)
4. Why did you disagree with me at the meeting? ____________ to make me look incompetent? (Did
you try/Were you trying)
5. Daisy ____________ the buffet while I was seeing to the drinks. (prepared/ was preparing)
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6. Tim ____________ home when the accident happened. (walked/ was walking)
7. I ____________ to work, even when it rained. (was always walking/ always walked)
8. Kelly ____________ her speech when I walked in. (was finishing/ finished)

EXERCISE 3 : Put the verbs into the past simple or past continuous tense.
1. When I (arrive ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. his house , he still ( sleep ). . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . ..
2. The light ( go ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. out , while we ( have ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. dinner.
3. Bill (have breakfast when I (stop ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. at his house thus morning.
4. As we ( cross ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. the street , we ( see ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. an accident .
5. While m mother ( clean ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. the floor, I ( learn ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. my lesson and
my father (read ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. the newspaper .
6. The children ( play ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. football when their mother ( come ) .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. back
home
7. The bell (ring ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. while Tom ( take ) a bath ,
8. I (be ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. very tired because I ( work ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. all day yesterday.
9. He ( sit ) in a café when I ( see ) him.
10. It ( be ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. beautiful yesterday , when we went for a walk in the park . The sun
( shine ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. . A cool breeze ( blow ) . . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . ..
11. While my mother ( read ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. the little boy a story , he ( fall ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . ..
asleep , so she ( close ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. the book and quietly ( tiptoe ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. out of
the room

A. PHONETICS 
I. Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined.
1. A. accident B. jazz  C. stamps D. watch 
2. A. this  B. thick C. maths  D. thin 
3. A gas  B. gain C. germ  D. goods
4. A. bought B. nought C. plough D. thought
5. A. spear  B. gear C. fear  D. pear 

II. Choose the word which has a different stress pattern from the others.
1. A. remember B. influence C. expression D. convenient
2. A. medium B. computer C. formation D. connection
3. A. national B. cultural C. popular D. musician
4. A. successful B. humorous C. arrangement D. attractive
5. A. construction B. typical C. glorious D. purposeful 

B. VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR 

I. Choose the correct words in the box to complete the sentences. 
widely related master inequality
movement accomplished pioneer increasingly 
1. Hughes is one of the most accomplished writers in American 20 literary history?
2. Albert Einstein was essentially all related to science meanwhile Leonardo Da Vinci was a master
at art, architecture, invention, and several other areas.

19
3. Han Mac Tu was part of the new poetic movement in Vietnam at the beginning of the 20th
century.
4. Han Mac Tu is considered a pioneer of romantic poetry in Vietnam.
5. During his time at University, Nelson Mandela became increasingly aware of the
racial inequality and injustice faced by non-white people. 
6. Steve Jobs is widely recognized as a pioneer in the field of microcomputer revolution. 

II. Indicate the correct answer to complete each of the following questions.
1. At his first school, Mark Zuckerberg ____ in all subjects and worked hard throughout his classes.
A. interested B. excelled C. engrossed D. involved
2. His incredible performance during high school ____ him admission to Harvard University.
A. earned  B. attained C. resorted D. applied
3. Mother Teresa suffered various health problems, but nothing could ____ her from fulfilling her
mission of serving the poor and needy.
A. persuade B. warn  C. appoint D. dissuade (can ngăn) 
4. In 1979, Mother Teresa was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for work undertaken in the ____ to
overcome poverty and distress. 
A. battle  B. struggle  C. movement(phong trào) D. proposal
5. At the age of 18, Mother Teresa was ____ permission to join a group of nuns in Ireland.
A. required B. sought C. obtained D. given
6. Nelson Mandela was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 for his work in helping to end racial
____ in South Africa 
A. integration B. segregation C. achievement D. exploitation
7. Princess Diana fought for her children on any level so they could reach their full ____ as human
beings and in their public duties.
A. requirement B. condition C. capacity D. potential
8. Meeting my favorite celebrity at the airport was certainly a ____ of luck that wouldn't have
happened if I'd arrived five minutes later.
A. number B. piece C. stroke D. name
9. Steve Jobs might hardly imagine that only a year later the company ____ impressive victory with
Apple II, one of the first highly successful ____ personal computer.
A. attain / massly-produced B. see / mass-produced
C. taste / massive produced D. achieve / mass-producing
10. Ms. May, 59 years old, is the country's longest-serving home secretary in half a century, with a
____ for seriousness, hard work and above all, determination.
A. fame B. reputation C. achievement D. maintenance
11. Theresa May is one of a growing number of women in traditionally ____ British politics rising to
the upper position of leadership.
A. male-dominated B. man-domination C. male-dominating D. man-dominatedly
12. Marilyn Monroe is widely ____ as one of most influential figures in American culture.
A. classified B. depicted C. admired D. regarded
13. May's sports hero was Geoffrey Boycott, a solid, stubborn cricketer who ____ in playing the long
game.
A. qualified B. specialized C. engrossed D. indulged
14. Like many other Britain's prime ministers, May ____ a place at Oxford.
A. admitted B. permitted C. won D. constituted

20
15. She has been quite critical ____ the media focusing on her fashion instead of her achievement as
a politician.
A. with B. for C. of D. in

III . Indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the
following questions.
1. His early death only cemented his legendary status, and Elvis Presley has become deeply
ingrained in popular culture.
A. engrossed B. indulged C. deep-rooted D. supreme
2. A distinctive feature of Trump's business and real estate ventures has been the prominent use of
his own name.
A. characteristic B. general C. common D. superficial
3. Mother Teresa was a Roman Catholic nun who devoted her life to serving the poor and destitute
around the world.
A. committed B. dedicated C. committed D. attended
4. Marilyn Monroe has become an iconic representative of fame and female beauty.
A. figure B. image C. typical D. idol
5. Marilyn Monroe was an epitome of sensuality, beauty and effervescence and was naturally
photogenic.
A. frame B. indicator C. instructor D. figure

IV. Indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the
following questions.
1. Da Vinci from an early age began to display his remarkable academic and artistic talents.
A. striking B. extraordinary C. run-of-the-mill D. exceptional
2. Joachim Lafosse confirms his exceptional talent with "Free Student", a film that is more
conventional in its form.
A. out of the ordinary B. abnormal C. usual D. odd
3. Van Gogh became one of the most celebrated artists of the twentieth century.
A. admired B. honored C. acclaimed D. obscure
4. Michael stood out for his exceptional enthusiasm and soft, infectious musical voice.
A. attract attention B. be inconspicuous C. be conspicuous D. stick out a mile
5. In recent years, Madonna has continued to tour, release albums and engage in humanitarian work.
A. throw oneself into B. become uninvolved in C. have a hand in D. take part in

V. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the sentences.

1. She has read ____ interesting book.
A. a B. an C. the D. X
2. You'll get ____ shock if you touch ____ live wire with that screwdriver.
A. an/ the B. x/ the C. a/ a D. an/ the
3. Mr. Smith is ____ old customer and ____ honest man.
A. An/ the B. the/ an C. an/ an D. the/ the
4. I first met her four years ago when we ____ at a middle school.
A. had been studying B. are studying C. have been studying D. were studying
5. This school has an excellent ____ in the community.
A. image B. reputation C. name D. opinion

21
6. ____ youngest boy has just started going to ____ school.
A. a/ x B. x/ the C. an/ x D. the/ x
7. Do you go to ____ prison to visit him?
A. the B. a C. x D. an
8. The boys broke a window when they ____ football.
A. played B. were playing C. half played D. are playing
9. In spite of having a peasant ____, Nguyen Hue had proved that he was really an excellent general,
only gained victories.
A. situation B. experience C. condition D. background
10. As well as being a successful actor, Clint Eastwood is a ____ film director.
A. talent B. talented C. distinguish D. respectful
11. I ____ about him when suddenly he came in.
A. talk B. talked C. am talking D. was talking
12. At first, Microsoft had ____ hyphen in the name "Micro-soft", ____ combination of
microcomputer and ____ software.
A. a - the - a B. a - a - X C. the - the - X D. X - a - the
13. Le Loi used the ____ war, moving from little to large scale.
A. mid-term B. short-term C. long-term D. half term
14. Last night at this time, they ____ the same thing. She ____ and he ____ the newspaper.
A. are doing/ is cooking/ is reading B. were doing/ was cooking/ was
reading
C. was doing/ has cooked/ is reading D. had done/ was cooking/ read
15. When Carol ____ last night, I ____ my favorite show on television.
A. was calling/ watched C. called/ was watching
B. called/ have watched D. had called/ watched

VI. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that needs correction.

1. The shortage of cooking gas in North Korea raised prices: an example of how the law of supply
and demand also apply to planned economies.
A. The shortage of B. raised C. an example of D. apply
2. In the latter half of the nineteenth century, physical techniques making it possible to determine the
chemical constitution of stars.
A. latter half B. making it C. to determine D. of stars
3. In 1997, molecular biologist L. Mark Lagrimini of Ohio State University cloned the gene in that
codes for a type of peroxidase found in tobacco plants.
A. In B. in that C. a type of D. found
4. Alpine Sainte nards are too good at following the scent of humans, even in snow, that they are
used by ski patrols as rescue dogs.
A. too B. following C. used D. as
5. Booker T. Washington, head of the first industrial school for African Americans, was as popular
with Southerners than he was with Northerners.
A. first industrial B. was C. popular with D. than he

VII. Indicate the correct response to each of the following exchanges.

1. "How do you like your steak done?" – “____.”
A. I don't like it B. Very little C. Well done D. Very much

22
2. "Oops! I'm sorry for stepping on your foot" – “____.”
A. Never mind B. You don't mind C. You're welcome D. That's fine
3. Anne: "Fancy a bite to eat?" - Barbara: “____”
A. No thanks, I've just had some. B. No thanks, I've just had
something.
C. No thanks, I'm not neatly very thirsty. D. No thanks, I'm trying to give
up.
4. Receptionist: "Good morning." - Chris: "Good morning. I've come to ____ Mrs. Dabria."
A. see B. visit C. do business with D. hold a talk with
5. Arm and Mary are studying in their classroom.
Ann: "Can I borrow your dictionary?" – Mary: “____”
A. I'm afraid I can't B. Here you are! C. I think so. D. It doesn't matter.
6. Jack and Joe are discussing how to make salad for dinner.
Jack: “____” - Joe: “How about putting some grapes in it, instead?”
A. We could fry some onions with it too. B. I'd rather just have some
bread, thanks.
C. Let's put some pieces of apple in the salad. D. Good idea! I'll go and make
one.
7. - Would you mind lending me you bike?" – “____.”
A. Yes. Here it is B. Not at all C. Great D. Yes, let's
8. Havy: "Thanks for your help, Judy." - Judy: “____.”
A. With all my heart B. Never remind me C. It's my pleasure D. Wish you

C. READING
IX. Choose the word or phrase from the box that best fits the blank space in the following
passage.
milestones prolific like won funded
breakthroughs making revolutionary

Elon Musk is one of the greatest and most (1) ________________ modern inventors and is
responsible for monumental advancements in futuristic technology (2) _________________
renewable energy and space travel. Many of his innovations seem to be right out of a science-fiction
movie, but throughout his career he has brought about huge scientific (3) ________________. After
(4) _________________ his first fortune from the internet payment service 'PayPal', he invested
$100 million in his space travel company, 'SpaceX' and began building satellites, launch vehicles and
other spacecraft both for NASA and for his own company, creating new (5) _________________
with his privately (6) _________________ spacecraft. Many of his (7) ________________ ideas and
inventions focus on space travel, renewable energy, commercial electric cars and other technologies,
that look to a future where fossil fuels and other resources may be in shorter supply. His futuristic
and visionary ideas have (8) _________________ him both scientific and philanthropic recognition
and awards.

X. Read the passage, and choose the correct answer A, B, C or D for each question.
William Sydney Porter (1862-1910), who wrote under the pseudonym of O. Henry, was born
in North Carolina. His only formal education was to attend his Aunt Lina's school until the age of
fifteen, where he developed his lifelong love of books. By 1881 he was a licensed pharmacist.

23
However, within a year, on the recommendation of a medical colleague of his Father's, Porter moved
to La Salle County in Texas for two years herding sheep. During this time, Webster's Unabridged
Dictionary was his constant companion, and Porter gained a knowledge of ranch life that he later
incorporated into many of his short stories. He then moved to Austin for three years, and during this
time the first recorded use of his pseudonym appeared, allegedly derived from his habit of calling
"Oh, Henry' to a family cat. In 1887, Porter man Athol Estes. He worked as a draftsman, then as a
bank teller for the First National Bank.
In 1894 Porter founded his own humor weekly, the "Rolling Stone", a venture that failed
within a year, and later wrote a column for the Houston Daily Post. In the meantime, the First
National Bank was examined, and the subsequent indictment of 1886 stated that Porter had
embezzled funds. Porter then fled to New Orleans, and later to Honduras, leaving his wife and child
in Austin. He returned in 1897 because of his wife's continued ill-health, however she died six
months later. Then, in 1898 Porter was found guilty and sentenced to five years imprisonment in
Ohio. At the age of thirty five, he entered prison as a defeated man; he had lost his job, his home, his
wife, and finally his freedom. He emerged from prison three years later, reborn as O. Henry, the
pseudonym he now used to hide his true identity. He wrote at least twelve stories in jail, and after re-
gaining his freedom, went to New York City, where he published more than 300 stories and gained
fame as America's favorite short Story writer. Porter married again in 1907, but after months of poor
health, he died in New York City at the age of forty-eight in 1910. O. Henry's stories have been
translated all over the world.
1. According to the passage, Porter's Father was ____.
A. the person who gave him a life-long love of books
B. a medical doctor
C. a licensed pharmacist
D. responsible for his move to La Salle County in Texas
2. Why did the author write the passage?
A. to outline the career of a famous American
B. because of his fame as America's favorite short story writer
C. because it is a tragic story of a gifted writer
D. to outline the influences on O. Henry's writing
3. The word "imprisonment" in paragraph 2 is closet in meaning to ____.
A. captivity B. escape C. insult D. punishment
4. What is the passage primarily about?
A. The life and career of William Sydney Porter B. The way to adopt a nickname.
C. O. Henry's influence on American literature. D. The adventures of O. Henry.
5. The author implies which of the following is true?
A. Porter's wife might have lived longer if he had not left her in Austin when he fled.
B. Porter was in poor health throughout his life.
C. O. Henry is as popular in many other countries as he is in America
D. Porter would probably have written less stories if he had not been in prison for three years.
6. Which of the following is true, according to the passage?
A. Porter left school at 15 to become a pharmacist
B. Porter wrote a column for the Houston Daily Post called "Rolling Stone".
C. The first recorded use of his pseudonym was in Austin
D. Both of Porter's wives died before he died
7. The word "pseudonym" in the passage refers to ____.

24
 A. William Sydney Porter B. O. Henry C. Athol Estes D. the Aunt Lina

D. WRITING
I. Indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.
1. Only with careful environmental planning can we protect the world in which we live.
A. Careful environmental planning protects the world we live in.
B. Planning the environment carefully, we can protect the world in which we live.
C. Protecting the world we live in, we plan the environment carefully.
D. We can protect the world we live in only with careful environmental planning.
2. You should take regular exercises instead of sitting in front of the television all day.
A. Taking regular exercises is better than sitting in front of the television all day.
B. Sitting in front of the television all day helps you take regular exercises.
C. Sitting in front of the television all day and taking exercises are advisable.
D. Don't take regular exercises, just sit in front of the television all day.
3. Wouldn't it be better to let them know about the alternations to the plan?
A. Why haven't they have been informed about the new development?
B. Shouldn't they have been consulted before the scheme was changed?
C. Don't they think they should be informed about the changes in the plan?
D. We'd better ask them to change the plan, hadn't we?
4. Don't take any notice of all his complaints about his health; there's nothing wrong with him.
A. You can ignore all his talk of being ill; he's actually perfectly healthy.
B. Try to avoid the subject of his health as I am tired of hearing all about his complaints.
C. Don't listen to him talking about his health; it's his favorite subject.
D. If you let him, he would talk only about his ill-health though actually he is quite healthy.
5. We had planned to walk right round the lake, but the heavy rain made this impossible.
A. In spite of the heavy rain we managed to walk half way round the lake as planned.
B. The heavy rain nearly prevented us from walking right round the lake.
C. We would have walked right round the lake even if it had rained heavily.
D. If it hadn't rained so heavily, we would have walked right round the lake.
6. There won't be peace in the conflict if both sides do not really desire it.
A. It is only if both sides actually want the conflict to end peacefully that it will happen.
B. As both sides in the conflict apparently desire peace, it is likely that there will be peace
soon.
C. The main problem in the conflict seems to be that neither side really desires peace.
D. There has been a lot of fighting in the conflict because both sides seem to want it that way.
7. The accident happened as a result of the driver's not paying attention to the road.
A. If the driver would have paid attention to the road, the accident hadn't happened.
B. Had the driver been paid attention to the road, the accident wouldn't have happened.
C. If the driver had been paying attention to the road, the accident wouldn't have happened.
D. Had the accident not happened, the driver would not have had to pay attention to the road.
8. "Shall I help you do the dishes, Carlo?" said Robert.
A. Robert suggested helping Carlo with the dishes.
B. Robert suggested to help Carlo do the dishes.
C. Robert offered Carlo to help do the dishes.
D. Robert offered to help Carlo do the dishes.
9. If I hadn't had so much work to do I would have gone to the movies.

25
 A. Because I had to do so much work I couldn't go to the movies.
B. I would go to the movies when I had done so much work.
C. A lot of work couldn't prevent me from going to the movies.
D. I never go to the movies if I have work to do.
10. "Why don't you get your hair cut, Gavin?" said Adam.
A. Adam advised Gavin to cut his hair.
B. Gavin was suggested to have a hair cut.
C. It was suggested that Adam get Gavin's haircut.
D. Adam suggested that Gavin should have his hair cut.

Parallel Structure - Cấu trúc song song

Cấu trúc song song nghĩa là ta dùng một loạt các thành phần ngữ pháp giống nhau: một loạt
danh từ, một loạt tính từ, một loạt to Verb, một loạt V-ing hay một loạt mệnh đề. Khi thông tin trong
câu được đưa ra dưới dạng một danh sách liệt kê, thì tất cả các bộ phận trong danh sách đó phải tuân
theo cấu trúc song song.
Ví dụ:
 Jane is famous for her creativity, kindness and talent.
N N N

 At weekends, we often do some outdoor activities such as going

jogging, camping and cycling.
V-ing V-ing V-ing
 Peter is rich, handsome, and popular.
adj adj adj
 Mr. Henry is a lawyer, a politician and a teacher.
noun noun noun
 The soldiers approached the enemy’s camp slowly and quietly
adverb adverb
 When teenagers finish high school they have several choice: going to college, getting a job, or joining
the army.
26
 V-ing+ N V-ing + N V-ing+
N
 Enrique entered the room, sat down, and opened his book.
past past past

 KHI NÀO CẦN DÙNG CẤU TRÚC SONG SONG?

 Giữa các liên từ kết hợp: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
 She is beautiful but hostile.
 There are students in the claasssroom and in front of the building.
 The papers are on my desk or in the drawer.
 They are not interested in what you say or what you do.
 I am here because I have to be and because I want to be.

 Giữa các liên từ tương hỗ: both... and..., neither... nor..., either... or..., not only... but also...
Ví dụ: 
 This dish is popular not only in Hue but also in Ca Mau.
  I know both where you went and what you did.

Lưu ý:
“as well as” có thể được sử dụng trong câu có đồng chủ ngữ. Khi đó, cụm có  “as well as”
phải được ngăn cách bằng dấu phảy và động từ phải phù hợp với chủ ngữ thứ nhất chứ
không phải chủ ngữ gần nó nhất.
 Betty, as well as her parents, is going out of town.
 The teacher, as well as her students, is going to the concert.

EITHER……OR và NEITHER…..NOR
  He wants either to go by train or to go by plane.
 Either  John or his friends are going to the beach today.
 Neither the boys nor Carmen has seen this movie before.

 Trong so sánh:
 To be rich is better than to be poor.
 The language skills of the students in the evening classes are the same as those of the students
in the day classes.
(Câu sai: The language skills of the students in the evening classes are the same as the students in
the day classes.)
VẬN DỤNG:
Vitamin C is necessary for the prevention and cure
1.
2. A baby's development is influenced by both heredity and environmentally
3. The purpose of a labor union is to improve the working condition, to be secure, and pay of its
members
4. Our division is responsible for making and deliver frozen food
5. Campers often participate in fishing, hunting, swimming and to watch wildlife.
6. It is more easily said than do.
7. One's fingerprints are different from any other person.
27
 8. Children love playing in the mud, run through paddles, and getting very dirty.
9. As coal mines became deeper, the problems of water, bring in fresh air, and transporting ore
to the
surface increased.
10. Research has shown that there is no difference at all between the brain of the average woman
and the average man
11. Entomologists, scientists  who study  insects, are often concerned with the fungus, poisonous
or virus carried by a particular insect.

SUBJECT AND VERB AGREEMENT

A. Nguyên tắc thông thường về sự hòa hợp giữa chủ từ và động từ:
- Chủ từ số ít + động từ số ít (Singular subject + singular verb)
- Chủ từ số nhiều + động từ số nhiều (Plural subject + plural verb)
Ví dụ: My father has retired from work.
They are working in the garden.
B. Chú ý sự hòa hợp giữa chủ từ và động từ trong một số trường hợp sau:
1. Danh từ không đếm được (uncountable nouns), kết hợp với động từ số ít:
The grass is growing all over the field.
2. Các danh từ nối với nhau bằng liên từ and kết hợp với động từ số nhiều.
Rice and rubber from Vietnam are exported to many countries.
Bread and butter were bought in large quantities.
Nhưng khi các danh từ tạo thành một ý tưởng duy nhất, chúng kết hợp với động từ số ít:
Bread and butter was all we had. (= bread with butter on it)
3. Với các danh từ nối với nhau bằng or, either...or, not... but, not only... but also, động từ kết hợp với
danh từ gần nhất:
Either Mary or I come to the party.
Not only alcohol but also cigarettes are banned in the campus.
Neither my friends nor I am in the school team.
4. Với các danh từ nối với nhau bằng with, like, as well as, together with, along with, in addition to, other
than, động từ kết hợp với danh từ đầu tiên (chính là chủ từ của động từ):
The manager, together with his assistants, has arrived.
The kitchen, as well as the toilets, is painted in blue.
5. Sự kết hợp giữa chủ từ và các từ như every, each, one:
Each/ every + danh từ số ít + động từ số ít
Each of/ One of + danh từ số nhiều + động từ số ít
Ex : Each Student/Each of the students has to do homework.
6. Some, part, all, most, almost, the rest, the remainder of... và các phân số kết hợp với động từ số nhiều
hoặc số ít tùy thuộc vào danh từ theo sau of:
-Động từ ở hình thức số ít nếu danh từ ở hình thức số ít.
-Động từ ở hình thức số nhiều nếu danh từ ở hình thức số nhiều.
Most of the house was destroyed.
Most of the tomatoes are too ripe.
Some of the fruits were not fresh.
Three quarters of the earth’s surface is water.
Only a third of the students are qualified for the new course.
7. Đại từ bất định (indefinite pronouns) kết hợp với động từ số ít.
Đại từ bất định thường có dạng:
every- (everything, everyone, everybody)
some- (something, someone, somebody)
any- (anything, anyone, anybody)
28
 no- (nothing, no one, nobody)
Someone has eaten all the food.
Nobody wants to attend the meeting.
8. Các danh từ chỉ sự đo lường, thời gian, khoảng cách, các tựa đề sách thường kết hợp với động từ số ít:
Twenty kilometers is too far to walk.
Five minutes is not enough for me to do it.
A hundred thousand dollars is a big sum of money.
9. Trong mẫu câu 'There + be + danh từ’ (Có...), động từ kết hợp với danh từ, nếu có nhiều danh từ thì nó
thường kết hợp với danh từ đầu tiên:
There are many books on the table.
There is a table and four chairs in the room. There are four chairs and a table in the room.
10. Khi từ để hỏi (who, what, which), cụm từ hoặc mệnh đề làm chủ từ thì ta dùng động từ với hình thức số
ít:
Who wants tea? - We all do, please.
What has happened? - Several things have happened.
What the boy wants now is a glass of water.
Reading books is one of my favorite hobbies.
11. Danh từ tập hợp (collective nouns) thường đi với động từ số ít nếu ta xét nó một cách toàn thể hoặc với
động từ số nhiều nếu ta xét từng bộ phận/ thành viên của nó:
The whole team is playing very well.
My family is a happy one.
My family are early risers.
Danh từ tập hợp thường gặp:
army (quân đội) association (hiệp hội) audience (khán giả)
board (ban, ủy ban) choir (đội đồng ca) class (lớp học)
club (câu lạc bộ) college (cao đăng) committee (ủy ban)
community company congress (quốc hội)
(cộng đồng) (nhóm người cùng với nhau)
council (hội đồng) crew (nhóm, đội...) crowd (đám đông)
family (gia đình) gang (băng nhóm) government (chính phủ)
group (nhóm) jury (hội đồng xét xử) military (quân đội)
navy (hải quân) orchestra (ban nhạc) staff (toàn bộ nhân viên)
team (đội, nhóm) university (đại học)
12. Một số danh từ có hình thức số nhiều hoặc danh từ chỉ vật gồm hai thành phần như nhau kết hợp với
động từ số nhiều:
goods (hàng hóa) belongings (vật mang theo)
clothes (quần áo) earnings (tiền kiếm được)
outskirts (vùng ven) surroundings (vùng xung quanh)
scissors (cái kéo), pincers/ pliers (cái kìm), shorts (quần soóc), trousers/ pants (quần tây), jeans (quần
gin), glasses/ spectacles (kính đeo mắt), binoculars (ống nhòm), shoes (giầy), sneakers (giầy để chơi
quần vọt), boots (giầy ống)
 Chú ý: A pair of + danh từ gồm hai thành phần (dạng số nhiều) + động từ số ít
Ví dụ: A pair of binoculars is necessary for your trip.
Your new pair of jeans is really fashionable.
13. Tên các môn học, căn bệnh, môn thế thao và một vài từ khác có tận cùng
-s kết hợp với động từ số ít:
Môn học: mathematics (toán), physics (vật lí), politics (chính trị học), economics (kinh tế học), statistics
(môn thống kê)
Căn bệnh: measles (bệnh sởi), mumps (bệnh quai bị), rickets (bệnh còi xương), AIDS (bệnh AIDS)
Môn thể thao: athletics (điền kinh), gymnastics (thể dục dụng cụ), billiards (môn bi-da), dorts (trò chơi
ném phi tiêu), dominoes (cờ đôminô)
29
 Từ khác: news (tin tức, thời sự)
Mathematics is my favorite subject.
Measles is a dangerous disease.
Dominoes is a good game for relaxing.
14.Một số danh từ số nhiều không có tận cùng -s/es kết hợp với động từ số nhiều:
people (dân chúng), children (trẻ em), women (phụ nữ), police (cảnh sát), cattle (gia súc lớn như
trâu, bò), fish (cá), sheep (cừu), deer (nai, hươu), reindeer (tuần lộc)
Many young people are out of work now.
Sheep were grazing in the fields.
15.Danh từ chỉ ngôn ngữ kết hợp với động từ số ít, danh từ chỉ dân tộc (the + nationality) kết hợp với động
từ số nhiều:
English is spoken in many parts of the world.
The English really like to drink tea.
16. The number of + danh từ (dạng so nhiều) + động từ (dạng số ít)
A number of + danh từ (dạng số nhiều) + động từ (dạng số nhiều)
Ex : The number of days in a week is 7.
A number of students were absent yesterday.

EXERCISES
Choose the best answer A, B, C or D:
1. A large number of students in this school………. . English quite fluently.
a. speaks b.is speaking c.has spoken d.speak
2. A series of lectures………being presented at the Central Hall this week.
a. are b.will be c.has become d.is
3. Beauty as well as health ………. failed her this term.
a. has b.have c.is d.are
4. Bread and butter ………. what she asks for.
a. is b.are c.willbe d. have been
5. Each student………. answered the first threequestions.
a. has b. have c.have to d.must
6. Either John or his wife ………breakfast each morning.
a. make b. is making c.makes d.made
7. Everybody who ………. a fever must go home at once.
a. has b. have c.is having d. are having
8. Five dollars ………all I have onme.
a. are b.is c.will be d.have
9. John, along with twenty friends, ………. planning a party.
a. are b.is c.has been d. have been
10. Mathematics………. . the science ofquantity.
a.was b.are c.is d.were
11. Measles………cured without much difficultynowadays.
a.is b.are c.willbe d.have
12. Neither Mary nor her brothers……a consent form for tomorrow’s fieldtrip.
a.need b.needs c.isneeding d. hasneed
13. Peter, together with his uncle,……………fishing.
a. havegone b.has gone c.god.goes

30
 14. The army…………. eliminated this section of the training test.
a.has b.ishaving c.are d.have
15. The number of the months in a year…………twelve.
a.was b.were c.are d.is
16. The picture of the soldiers………. . back many memories.
a.will bring b. brings c.bring d. have brought
17. These pictures, as well as the photograph………. . the room.
a.brightens b. brightening c.brighten d. being brightened
18. The quality of the recordings ………. . not verygood.
a.is b.are c.is being d. hasbeen
19. This house as well as that one………. . for sale, which will you have?
a.are b.is c.have d.has
20. To what place ………either the man or his son wish to go?
a.is b.does c.do d.are

UNIT 2 : URBANIZATION
GETTING STARTED

definition [,defi'ni∫n] n
engaged [in'geidʒd] adj
Finalize ['fainəlaiz] v
= complete , come to
terms on
grab [græb] v
Illustrate v
 illustration (n) n
initiative [i'ni∫ətiv] n
Recommend [,rekə'mend] v
 recommendation n
Solve [sɔlv] v
 solution [sə'lu:∫n] n
Sustainable [səs'teinəbl] adj
thought-provoking adj
Urban ['ə:bən] n
 urbanize ['ə:bənaiz] v
 urbanization [,ə:bənai'zei∫n] n
Visual (n) n
well-known = famous ['wel'noun] adj

LANGUAGE

Agriculture ['ægrikʌlt∫ə] n
 agricultural [,ægri'kʌlt∫ərəl]
demand [di'mɑ:nd] v
Emission [i'mi∫n] n
 to emit [i'mit]
31
 Employ [im'plɔi] v
employment [im'plɔimənt] n
≠unemployment [im'plɔiə] n
 employer [,implɔi'i:] n
 employee
Fast-growing adj
Growth (n) [grouθ] n
 to grow v
Harm [hɑ:m] n
 harmful ≠harmless ['hɑ:mful] adj
imperative [im'perətiv] adj
Industry ['indəstri] n
 industrial [in'dʌstriəl] adj
 industrialize [in'dʌstriəlaiz] v
 industrialization [in,dʌstriəlai'zei∫n] n
Labour ['leibə] n
 labourer ['leibərə] n
Majority [mə'dʒɔriti] n
 major ['meidʒə] adj
Migrant ['maigrənt] n
 migration [mai'grei∫n] n
obey [ə'bei] v
prospect ['prɔspekt] n
regulation [,regju'lei∫n] n
Relate ( + to ) [ri'leit] v
revolution [,revə'lu:∫n] n
scale [skeil] adj
shift [∫ift]
short-term ≠long-term ['∫ɔ:t'tə:m] adj
transformation [,trænsfə'mei∫n] n
Up-to-date adj
Vital ['vaitl] adj
= critical, crucial essential,
necessary energetic
Weather-beaten adj
Well-paid adj
READING

Access ['ækses] n
 access to
something
affect [ə'fekt] v
Economy [i:'kɔnəmi] n
 economic [,i:kə'nɔmik] adj
 economical [,i:kə'nɔmikəl] adj
expand [iks'pænd] v
Expect [iks'pekt] v
 expectation [,ekspek'tei∫n] n
 expectant [iks'pektənt] adj
32
Facility [fə'siliti] n khả năng học hoặc làm việc gì một cách dễ dàng
 facilities n Những tiện nghi . điều kiện thuận lợi
factor ['fæktə] n
Financial [fai'næn∫l; fi'næn∫l] adj
 finance ['fainæns; fi'næns] n
income ['iηkʌm]
rapid ['ræpid] adj
resource [ri'sɔ:s ; ri'zɔ:s] n
Various ['veəriəs] adj
 variety [və'raiəti] n
 to vary ['veəri] v
Wealth [welθ] n
 wealthy (adj) adj

SPEAKING + LISTENING

accommodation [ə,kɔmə'dei∫n] n
benefit ['benifit] n
dense [dens] adj
Discrimination [dis,krimi'nei∫n] n
 to discriminate between v
A and B /A from B
feature ['fi:t∫ə] n
fluctuation [,flʌktju'ei∫n] n
mindset [ˈmaɪnd.set ] n
overcrowded [,ouvə'kraudid] adj
overpopulated [,ouvə'pɔpjuleitid] adj
prestigious [pre'stidʒəs] adj
Progressive [prə'gresiv] adj
 progress (n) n,v
sanitation [,sæni'tei∫n] n
shelter ['∫eltə] n
slum [slʌm] n
Stable ['steibl] adj
 stability [stə'biləti] n
statistics [stə'tistiks] n
treat [triːt ] v
trend [trend] n

WRITING
Describe [dis'kraib] v
 description [dis'krip∫n] n
dramatically [drə'mætikəli] adv
graph [græf] n
inhabitant [in'hæbitənt] n
Shape [∫eip] adj
 sharply ['∫ɑ:pli] adv
slightly ['slaitli] adv
Steady ['stedi] adj

33
 steadily adv

COMMUNICATION AND LOOKING BACK

migrate /maɪˈɡreɪt/ v
- immigrate /ˈɪmɪgreɪt/ v
- immigrant /ˈɪmɪgrənt/ n
academic [,ækə'demik] adj
apparent [ə'pærənt]
aspect ['æspekt] n
Bring about = cause v
Compare ( + to / with ) [kəm'peə]
Concentration ( + on ) [,kɔnsn'trei∫n]
 to concentrate ['kɔnsntreit]
Cope with phv
Divide [di'vaid] v
 to divide something
into
excessive [ik'sesiv] adj
Exploitation [,eksplɔi'tei∫n] n
 to exploit [iks'plɔit] v
facilities /fəˈsɪlɪtiz/ n
generate ['dʒenəreit]
Gradual ['grædʒuəl] adj
 gradually ['grædʒuəli] adv
Gross Domestic Product = GDP
harvest ['hɑ:vist] v
in terms of conj
In-depth [ ˈɪn.depθ ] adj
Measure ['meʒə] n
 to take measures v
policy ['pɔləsi] n
Poverty ['pɔvəti]
 poor ( adj)
Prediction [pri'dik∫n] n
 to predict [pri'dikt] v
regarding [ri'gɑ:diη] prep
Result in [ri'zʌlt]
Role [roul] n
 to play a role
run out of phv
severely [si'viəli]
Similarity [,simə'lærəti] n
 be similar to ['similə] adj
Surround [sə'raund] v ,n
 surroundings [sə'raundiηz] n
wide-ranging [ ˌwaɪdˈreɪn.dʒɪŋ ]

34
GRAMMAR REVIEW
I. CÂU GIẢ ĐỊNH ( SUBJUNCTIVE ) 
Câu giả định hay còn gọi là câu cầu khiến là loại câu mà đối tượng thứ nhất muốn đối tượng thứ hai
làm một việc gì nhưng không mang tính ép buộc như câu mệnh lệnh. Trong câu giả định, người ta
dùng dạng nguyên thể không có TO của động từ sau một số động từ chính mang tính cầu khiến.
THAT phải luôn xuất hiện trong dạng câu này. 

Subject + Verb + that + subject + (should) + Vo

1. Những động từ và danh từ thường được theo sau bởi Subjunctive là:
advise v. advice n.  command v. command n. 
demand v. demand n.  suggest v.  suggestion n. 
prefer v.  preference n. recommend v.  recommendation n. 
require  requirement n. decree v.  decree n. 
ask v.  order v.  order n. 
insist v.  insistence n.  request v.  request n. 
propose v.  proposal n. urge v.  urgency n. 

Ex: His parents insisted that he (should) find a job and settle down in a big city.
It is recommended that people (should ) take regular exercise.
She demanded that I ( should ) tell her the truth.
The recommendation that all people affected by the storm (should) be evacuated immediately
was approved. 
2. Những tính từ thường được theo sau bởi Subjunctive là:
advisable urgent  imperative  essential 
necessary obligatory  vital  fundamental 
important mandatory  crucial  desirable 

It + be + adjective + that + subject + ( should ) + Vo

Ex: It is necessary that everyone be here on time.

It is essential that pollution be controlled and eventually eliminated. 
It is vital that no one else know about the secret government operation.

Lưu ý: Nếu bỏ THAT trong công thức trên thì: It + be + adjective + for sb+ Vo
• It is necessary that everyone be here on time. 
→ It is necessary for everyone to be here on time. 
35
 • It is essential that pollution be controlled and eventually eliminated. 
→ It is essential for pollution to be controlled and eventually eliminated.
• It is vital that no one else know about the secret government operation. 
→ It is vital for no one else to know about the secret government operation. 

3. Dùng với một số trường hợp khác 

• Câu giả định còn dùng được trong một số câu cảm thán, thường bao hàm các thế lực siêu nhiên.
Ex:  God save the queen! (Chúa phù hộ cho nữ hoàng.)
God be with you! = Good bye (Khi chia tay nhau.)
Curse this frog! (Chết tiệt con cóc này?) 
• Dùng với một số thành ngữ: 
- Come what may: Dù có chuyện gì đi nữa.
Ex: Come what may we will stand by you. 
- If need be: Nếu cần
Ex: If need be we can take another road.
• Dùng với “if this be” trong trường hợp muốn nêu ra một giả định từ phía người nói nhưng không
thật chắc chắn lắm về khả năng.
Ex: If this be prevent right, you would be considered innocent.
5. Câu giả định dùng với it is time

It is time + (for sb) to do sth:

Đã đến lúc ai đó phải làm gì (thời gian không giả định)

Ex: It is time for me to get to the airport (just in time). 

It is time/ high time/ about time + subject + simple past

(Đã đến lúc – giả định thời gian đến trễ một chút)
Ex: It’s high time I left for the airport. = (It is a little bit late).

EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1: Complete the sentence with a suitable verb from the box.
be feel make remain say

1. He suggests that everybody ____________ an effort.

2. We insist that more money ____________ invested in education.
3. They demanded that the president ____________ something about the situation.
4. The psychologists recommended that the criminal ____________ in prison.
5. It is important that each patient ____________ comfortable.

EXERCISE 2: Choose the best answer to complete the sentences.

1. It's important that she _______ to take her medicine twice a day.
A. remember B. remembering C. to remember D. remembers
2. I suggest that Frank _______ the instructions carefully before playing that game.
A. reading B. to read C. read D. reads
36
3. Mrs. Smith demanded that the heater _______ immediately. Her apartment was freezing.
A. repaired B. be repaired C. repair D. repaired
4. It's vital that the United States _______ on improving its public education system.
A. focuses B. focus C. focusing D. focused
5. The monk insisted that the tourists _______ the temple until they had removed their shoes.
A. not entering B. not to enter C. not enter D. don't enter
6. I am not going to sit here and let her insult me. I demand that she immediately _______ for what
she has just said.
A. apologized B. apologizing C. to apologize D. apologize
7. Was it really necessary that I _______ there watching you rehearse for the play?
A. sits B. am sitting C. be sitting D. was sitting
8. I propose that we all _______ together so that nobody gets lost along the way.
A. is driving B. drive C. to drive D. are driving
9. She told me that he _______ back.
A. return B. returns C. returning D. returned
10. I think it's an interesting fact that she _______ from Japan.
A. come B. to come C. comes D. be coming

PRACTICE TEST
PHONETICS 
I. Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined.
1. A. prestige B. connect C. harvest  D. congestion 
2. A. housing B. crisis  C. cost  D. custom
3. A. navigate B. necessitate C. inadequate D. debate
4. A. muzzle B. lizard  C. pizza  D. puzzle
5. A. bargain B. campaign C. ascertain D. complain 

II. Choose the word which has a different stress pattern from the others. 
1. A. decrease B. facilitate C. fluctuate D. ensure
2. A. propose B. summarize C. centralize D. illustrate
3. A. transformation B. urbanization C. revolution D. population
4. A. agricultural B. unemployed C. sustainable D. economic
5. A. miserable B. infrastructure C. amenity D. necessary 

III. Choose the correct words in the box to complete the sentences.
metropolis relatively ticking density
ranking  slums productivity urbanization

1. The _________________________ of population is quite high in urban areas.

2. Rich countries, despite having solved all their basic needs, experience a similar accumulation of
social pressure as if it was a _______________________ time bomb.
3. If Nigeria's population continues to grow and people move to cities at the same rate as now, Lagos
could become the world's largest _______________________, home to 85 or 100 million people.
4. Nearly half of the world's 3.9 billion urban dwellers reside in _______________________
small settlements with fewer than 500,000 inhabitants.

37
5. With nearly 38 million people, Tokyo tops UN's _____________________ of most populous
cities followed by Delhi, Shanghai, Mexico City, São Paulo and Mumbai. 
6. _______________________ are urban areas that are heavily populated with substandard housing
and very poor living conditions. 

IV. Give the correct form of the words in the following sentences.
1. Since the renovation policy launched in 1986, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, has experienced the
fastest _______________________ process. URBAN 
2. There has been a rapid _____________________________ of rural people to urban areas for jobs
and better living. MIGRATE 
3. Urbanization promotes foreign direct ____________________ which in turn helps in
improving the foreign exchange reserves of the country. INVEST
4. The support policies for social housing development in Vietnam
remained ____________________ as only a few people were lucky enough to be able to get access
to preferential loans. EFFECT
5. Several international organizations want to invest in social ____________________
development for the youth in Vietnam. HOUSE 
6. At the moment, finding solutions for ____________________ urban development is one
of Vietnam's current top priorities. SUSTAIN 
7. Urban ____________________ must rely on the rural hinterland for agricultural
production. DWELL 
8. As the world continues to ____________________, sustainable development depends
increasingly on the successful management of urban growth. URBAN
9. A city that grows without these structures in place is at high risk for poverty
and ____________________ . STABLE
10. The disease is common in developing countries lacking adequate sewage and sanitation 
________________________. FACILITATE
11. Some people worry that the city has become ____________________. POPULATE
12. Since the number of people aspiring for jobs is more than jobs
available, ____________________ is a natural outcome of situation. EMPLOY 

III. Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. Due to industrialization, many changes were ____ in people's daily lives. 
A. kept  B. got C. maintained D. made 
2. Urbanization is happening at such a brisk rate that the government is planning entire new cities in
____ of large new urban populations. 
A. expectation B. anticipation C. danger D. view 
3. The rapid ____ of rural population to urban places give rise to housing problem and thus slums are
developed in these places.
A. increase  B. rushes  C. inflows D. poverty 
4. The increase in population in urban places ____ water and sanitation facilities, which results ____
environmental pollution and health hazards. 
A. destroys - from B. breaks - into  C. pressurizes - in D. decreases - on 
5. Slums are urban areas that are ____ populated with substandard housing and very poor living
conditions. 
A. thinly  B. thickly  C. crowdedly  D. heavily 

38
6. Unemployment and poverty force people to ____ in anti-social activities. 
A. include  B. engage  C. take  D. oppose 
7. Due to dumping of sewage from factories in water bodies, water pollution often results ____ of
epidemics.
A. breakout B. outbreaks C. out breakings D. breaking outs 
8. Access to education, health, social services and cultural activities is more ____ available to people
in cities than in villages.
A. readily B. willingly C. extremely  D. comparatively 
9. The public authority of Ho Chi Minh City is going to be ____ problems of urban planning and
management.
A. come up with B. addressed with C. contented with D. got into
10. Vietnam is facing numerous challenges caused by rapid urbanization, leaving burdens on its
technical and social ____.
A. appliance B. facilities C. equipment D. infrastructure 
11. Vietnam needs to ____ its urbanization opportunities to become a middle income country.
A. get B. seize C. make use D. exploit
12. Drastic measures to boost housing development should be ____ to prevent properly market ____
becoming a boom.
A. initiated - from  B. launched - for  C. complemented - against  D. conducted - to
13. The support policies for social housing development in Vietnam remained ineffective as only a
few people were lucky enough to get ____ to preferential loans.
A. entrance B. method C. access  D. approach
14. Although the UK is an urban society, more and more people are choosing to ____ to the
countryside.
A. distribute B. relocate C. apply  D. reach
15. In the absence of adequate medical services, congestion and poor sanitation in big cities may
cause health ____.
A. danger B. disadvantages C. demerits D. hazards
16. Linda insisted that the newly-born baby ____ after her husband's father.
A. could be named  B. be named  C. must be named  D. ought to be named
17. It was such a beautiful evening that one of us suggested we ____ the meeting outside.
A. could have B. had  C. might have D. have
17. I requested that first-year students ____ to change their courses in the first two weeks.
A. would be permitted  B. be permitted  C. were permitted  D. are permitted 
18. His advisor recommended that he ____ at least three courses each semester 
A. takes  B. can take C. should take D. would take
19. It is important that he ____ to the director of the programme.
A. should speak B. speak  C. would speak D. speaks
20. Urbanization can bring social health and benefit; ____, it also has its drawback.
A. by the way B. furthermore C. however D. moreover 

IV. Indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of
the following questions.
1. Urbanization brings with it several consequences - both adverse and beneficial.
A. negative  B. favorable  C. advantageous D. preferential

39
2. The quality of urban water bodies is increasingly exacerbated by a huge volume of untreated
industrial and domestic wastewater.
A. added  B. decreased C. reduced D. aggravated
3. A city that grows too quickly can also experience an array of environmental issues.
A. variety B. proportion C. rate  D. pace 
4. Low-income dwellers are generally living in older areas of modern cities, which are well known
for poor sanitation, lack of health facilities and basic amenities.
A. aid  B. facilities  C. resource  D. place
5. India is facing a house shortage in urban areas at the moment and more housing would be required
in order to meet future demand.
A. encounter  B. introduce C. fulfill  D. stumble 

V. Indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of

the following questions.
1. Urbanization has many adverse effects on the structure of society as gigantic concentrations of
people compete for limited resources.
A. favorable  B. disadvantageous  C. unlucky  D. unpropitious
2. The absence of effective and representative government exacerbates urban environmental health
problems.
A. aggravate B. heighten C. reduce  D. magnify
3. Most of the world's largest cities are considerably smaller by the year 2000 than had been
expected. 
A. substantially B. slightly C. significantly D. greatly
4. Cities are like magnets, with the potential to take care of everything from the most basic needs to
the most intangible desires.
A. impalpable B. invisible C. indefinable D. clear 
5. The proportion between public and private space in such spontaneous urbanization is invariably
less than 1:10.
A. never B. regularly C. habitually D. dependably 

VI. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that needs correction.

1. Government should be used national resources in a more efficient way in order to meet the needs
of growing populations.
A. be used  B. more efficient C. in order to D. needs
2. Because of urbanization continues, not only the infrastructure for health but also other social
services in cities need improving. 
A. Because of B. not only C. but also D. need improving
3. The green belt is also getting real dense due to people moving out of the city too many. 
A. is B. real  C. moving D. many
4. To accommodate the fastly growing population, the government must come up with a solution
soon. 
A. fastly B. must C. with  D. soon
5. The concentration of population may help to minimize our environmental impact on the planet and
help cities designs policies and practices to prepare for the influx.
A. concentration B. on  C. designs D. practices 

40
VII. Indicate the correct response to each of the following exchanges.
1. Liz is telling Andrew about her first novel. 
Liz. "Guess what? My first novel has just been published.” – Andrew. “____”
A. It's my pleasure.  B. Congratulations! 
C. Better luck next time!  D. It's very kind of you.
2. Mrs. Smith and her students are visiting the zoo. 
Mike. "Can I feed the gorilla, Mrs. Smith?" – Mrs. Smith. “____. The sign says 'No feeding the
animals'.” 
A. Of course you can  B. I don't think it works. 
C. I'm sure about that.  D. I'm afraid not 
3. Hung was invited to Hoa's party. He wants to thank her for the lovely party.
Hung: "Thank you very much for a lovely party." – Hoa: “____”
A. Thanks.  B. Have a good day!  C. You are welcome.  D. Cheers.
4. Tom: "I'm sorry, I won't be able to come". - Mary: “____.”
A. Great!  B. Oh, that's annoying 
C. Well, never mind D. Sounds likes fun 
5. Tom: "Can you make it at 3 p.m on Friday for our meeting?" - Tony: “____” 
A. OK, that's fine. B. That's not true. I met him three days
ago.
C. Very well, thanks.  D. You have a point there, but I don't
think so.
6. Student: "Could you help me to fax this report?" - Librarian: “____’
A. Sorry I have no idea. B. It's very kind of you to say so.
C. What rubbish! I don't think it's helpful.  D. Certainly. What's the fax number?
7. John was in Hanoi and wanted to send a parcel to his parents. He asked a local passer-by the way
to the post-office. Choose the most suitable response to fill in the blank in the following exchange.
- John: "Can you show me the way to the nearest post office, please?" - Passer-by: “____”
A. Not way, sorry.  B. Just round the corner over there.
C. Look it up in a dictionary! D. There's no traffic near here.
8. Lora has just bought a new skirt that she likes very much. Choose the most suitable response to fill
in the blank in the following exchange.
- Jane: "You look great in that red skirt, Lora!" - Lora: “____”
A. No, I don't think so. B. Oh, you don't like it, do you?
C. Thanks I bought it at Macy's. D. Thanks, my mum bought it. 
VII. Choose the word or phrase from the box that best fits the blank space in the
following passage. 
especially  relies  which  infrastructure  transform  environmentally 
CITIES GOING GREEN
As more and more people concentrate in cities, planners are looking for ways to (1)
_________ cities into better living spaces. This can be done by improving existing (2)
__________________ while also creating more public spaces that are both beautiful and green. This
can be hard to accomplish, (3) ________________ in cities with a haphazard fashion. 
Some cities have been created with the idea of a green city as the goal. One such city, Masdar
City in the United Arab Emirates, aims to become a model for other cities to follow. It is being
known as a truly green city that (4) ____________________ strictly on renewable sources such as

41
solar energy to provide all of its energy needs. In addition, it will be a zero waste city in (5)
______________________ everything that is used can be recycled. Whether it will truly accomplish
its goal remains to be seen, but it will also act as an experiment for (6) _____________________
-friendly areas to be tested. 

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.
All over the country young people are entering a world of homelessness and poverty, according
to a recent report by the housing group, Shelter. Nearly 150,000 young people aged between sixteen
and twenty-five will become homeless this year, says Shelter. Some of the young homeless may
sleep out in the open in such places as 'cardboard city' in London, where people of all ages sleep in
the open air in their only homes - cardboard boxes. Others may find accommodation in shelters run
by voluntary organizations or get a place in a hostel, which gives them board for up to ten weeks.’
But who are these people? Those who are seeking a roof over their heads are mostly not
runaways but “throwaways” - people who have been thrown out of their homes or forced to leave
because of parental divorce, an unsympathetic step-parent or one of many other reasons.
Take the case of one sixteen-year-old schoolgirl, Alice. She did not come from a poor home
and had just passed her exams with good results. The Shelter team met her in a hostel where she was
doing her physics homework. It turned out that her parents had thrown her out of her home for no
other reason that she wanted to do Science Advanced Level exams - which her parents refused her
permission to do, saying that sciences were unladylike!
Shelter says that the Government's laws do nothing to help these youngsters. Rising rents, the
shortage of cheap housing and a cut in benefits for young people under the age of twenty-five are
causing a national problem, according to Shelter. The recent changes in the benefit laws mean that
someone aged between sixteen and twenty-five gets less than older people and they can only claim
state help if they prove that they left home for a good reason.
Shelter believes that because of the major cuts in benefits to young people, more and more are
being forced to sleep on the streets. Shelter also points out that if you are homeless, you can't get a
job because employers will not hire someone without a permanent address; and if you can't get a
job, you are homeless because you don't have any money to pay for accommodation. It's an
impossible situation.
(Source: FCE success workbook)
Question 43. Why was Alice turned out of her home?
A. She refused to do her homework in the evening.
B. She didn’t want to study for her Advanced Level Exams.
C. She had not obtained desirable marks in her exams.
D. Her parents didn’t argee with what she wanted to do.
Question 44. According to Shelter, once young people have been forced onto the streets,
__________.
A. they will never go back home again
B. their benefits will be severely cut
C. they will encourage their friends to do the same
D. they will find it difficult to find work
Question 45. The changes in the system of benefits mean that ___________.
A. young people do not receive as much money as those over twenty-five

42
 B. anyone under twenty-five and not living at home will receive help with food and
accommodation
C. the under twenty-fives can claim money only if they have left home
D. young people cannot claim money unless they are under sixteen or over twenty-five
Question 46. The word “benefits” in paragraph 4 are probably _________.
A. extra wages for part-time workers B. financial support for those in need
C. a law about distributing money D. gifts of food and clothing
Question 47. What is the reading passage mainly about?’
A. The problem of unemployed people all over the world
B. Timely actions from the governement to fight homelessness
C. The plight of young, homless people
D. An increasingly popular trend among youngsters
Question 48. According to the passage, most young people become homeless because _________.
A. circumstances make it possible for them to live at home
B. they do not want to live with a divorced parent
C. they have run away from home
D. they have thrown away any chances of living at home by behaving badly
Question 49. The word “Others” in paragraph 1 refers to _________.
A. voluntary organizations B. young people
C. people of all ages D. the young homeless
Question 50. The word “permanent” in paragraph 5 is closet meaning to ___________.
A. flexible B. stable C. simple D. obvious

REVISION UNIT 1 & 2

TEST 1
I . Put the verbs into the past simple or past continuous tense.
1. I used my time well while I (wait) _________________ for the train - I wrote some emails.
2. I (not/work) _________________ when my boss walked in my office. I was on Facebook.
3. I saw a car crash when I (wait) _________________ for the taxi.
4. Tom (have) _________________ long hair and a beard when he was at university.
5. It started raining while I (drive) _________________ to work.
6. What (you/do) _________________ this time last year?
7. I (not/call) _________________ you at 10 o'clock as arranged because I was having a meeting.
8. I (stiIl/sleep) _________________ when my husband left for work this morning.

II. Fill in the bank with a/an, the or x if it isn't necessary to use any article.
1. He is ____________ very nice man.
2. They are ____________ brave girls.
3. ____________ farmhouses in my village were rather poor.
4. He told me ____________ story of his life.
5. This is ____________ good example.
43
6. ____________ roof of ____________ house was on fire.
7. We are ____________ students.
8. Those were ____________ interesting books.
9. Look at ____________ top of that tree.
10. I am ____________ good sailor.
11. ____________ frame of that picture is broken.
12. John has become ____________ driver.
13. It was ____________ very long way to go.
14. We stopped at ____________ door of his hut.
15. ____________ cover of my English book is green.
16. Mark and Peter were _______ good sportsmen.
17. ____________ last days of my stay in London were the most interesting.
18. She was ____________ good actress.
19. This _______ exception.
20. ____________ banks of ____________ river were very steep.

III . Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences.

1. We to the hospital to visit Tom when he _______ to say that he was fine.
A. were driving - was calling B. drove-called
C. were driving – called D. drove-was calling
2. What _______ to you last Sunday?
A. happen B. happened C. was happening D. would happen
3. Last night, we _______ for you for ages but you never _______ up.
A. waited - showed B. would wait - showed
C. were waiting - were showing D. waited - was showing
4. We _______ dinner when the light _______ off.
A. had-went B. were having-went
C. had been having - went D. have had - would have go
5. I _______ out last night but at the last minute I _______ that I had an English test this morning.
A. was going to go – realized B. went – realized
C. had gone - would realize D. would go - have realized
6. Who is _______ girl over there with Tom?
A. the B. a C. an D. ∅
7. The director needs an assistant with good knowledge of foreign affairs.
A. a B. the C. any D. ∅
8. What _______ terrible weather! Normally _______ weather in the UK is not so bad.
A. the-the B. a-the C. ∅-the D. the-a
9. After a busy day, I went to _______ bed and had _______ most beautiful dream ever.
A. the - the B. a - the C. a - a D. ∅ - the
10. She has visited _______ Portugal but she has never been to _______ Netherlands.
A. the-the B. ∅-the C. a – the D. a – a

IV . Choose the underlined part that needs correction.

11. Last month, when my friend (A) was traveling around London by (B) the car, he crashed (C) the
car into (D) a tree.

44
12. When she (A) was walking to (B) the library to borrow (C) some books, she (D) was seeing a
robbery.
13. (A)The biggest problem with eating too (B) much sugar is (C)that it can cause (D) the diabetes.
14. (A) The most people need (B) to have a healthy diet and (C) do exercise (D) every day.
15. Last night, suddenly my mother (A) was deciding to prevent me from using (B) the Internet so
we (C) ended up having (D) a quarrel.

V. VOCABULARY
16. Marilyn Monroe was ____ for Golden Globe Best Actress Award for Bus Stop (1956).
A. offered B. nominated C. awarded D. rewarded
17. Marilyn Monroe ____ to a heavy drug use, which had a damaging impact ____ both her mental
and physical health.
A. resorted - on  B. abused - in  C. overexploited - to  D. related - for
18. Their family were wealthy but they encouraged their children to work hard and take nothing
____.
A. for sure B. for good C. for granted D. for charge
19. When Bill Gates saw an opportunity to found his own company, he dropped ____ Harvard
without finishing his course. 
A. into B. by  C. around D. out of
20. Despite the pervasive press intrusions into her private life, Princess Diana remained very popular
because people could identify ____ her.
A. in B. for C. with  D. as
21. Elvis was ____ shy and as a youngster was not keen on performing in public. 
A. relatively B. respectively C. virtually D. almost
22. As a teenager, he was uninterested in school - but became ____ in music, listening to a
huge ____ of contemporary American music. 
A. bored - amount  B. reluctant - diversity C. reckless - type  D. absorbed -
range
23. Elvis Presley was ____ for the idea that rock 'n' roll music was having a negative effect on
American teenagers.
A. accused B. convicted C. criticized D. charged 
24. If Presley was considered a controversial and a rebellious ____, it just made him more popular
with young listeners.
A. creator B. figure  C. character D. celebration
25. Darwin was ____ a place on the HMS Beagle to act as a natural scientist on a voyage to the coast
of South America.
A. won  B. gained C. offered D. admitted
26. Influenced by the work of Malthus, Darwin came ____ a theory of natural selection and gradual
evolution over time.
A. off B. into C. out  D. up with 
27. In the struggle for survival, the fittest win out at the ____ of their rivals because they succeed in
adapting themselves best ____ their environment
A. expense - to B. cost - for C. expenditure - of D. stake - to
28. Van Gogh played a ____ role in the development of modern art.
A. worthless B. valueless C. key D. minor

45
29. Van Gogh was ____ to a lunatic asylum where he would spend time on and off until his death in
1890.
A. related B. referred C. adapted D. committed
30. Oprah Winfrey has played a key role in modern American life, shaping cultural ____ and
promoting various liberal causes.
A. values B. trends C. potentials D. prosperity

V. Indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the
following questions.
1. Despite the media often being dismissive of Monroe's potential, her efforts to improve acting paid
off.
A. failed B. broke down C. managed D. met with success
2. Margaret Thatcher was known for her tough uncompromising conservative political views, and
became dubbed as ‘The Iron Lady’.
A. reserved B. inflexible C. narrow-minded D. compatible
3. He is commonly referred to as the "The King of Rock 'n' Roll" and epitomizes the post-war pop
generation
A. be representative of B. leads C. elaborates D. expands on
4. Leonardo da Vinci created rare masterpieces of art such as The Mona Lisa' and ‘The Last
Supper’.
A. worthless works of art B. invaluable property
C. excellent qualifications D. excellent works of art
5. Da Vinci studied all aspects of life and his far-reaching investigations and discoveries sought to
show an underlying unity of the universe.
A. insignificant B. finite C. extensive D. excessive

VI. Indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the
following questions.
6. Henry VIII was equally notorious for his six marriages and several scandalous love affairs.
A. anonymous B. infamous C. celebrated D. ill-famed
7. The works Da Vinci did finish were often spectacular masterpieces, such as his paintings The
Last Supper and The Mona Lisa.
A. magnificent B. out of this world C. unimpressive D. remarkable
8. The death of Diana princess had a profound impact on the British public and those in other
countries.
A. far-reaching B. superficial C. deep-seated D. heartfelt

VII . Read the passage, and choose the correct answer A, B, C or D for each question.
A large number of inventions require years of arduous research and development before they
are perfected. For instance, Thomas Edison had to make more than 1,000 attempts to invent the
incandescent light bulb before he finally succeeded. History is replete with numerous other examples
of people trying, yet failing to make inventions before they eventually succeeded. Yet some
inventions have come about not through hard work but simply by accident in most cases, when
someone unintentionally invented something, the inventor was attempting to create something else.
For example, in the 1930s, chemist Roy Plunkett was attempting to make a new substance that could
be used to refrigerate items. He mixed some chemicals together. Then, he put them into a pressurized

46
container and cooled the mixture. By the time his experiment was complete, he had a new invention.
It was not a new substance that could be used for refrigeration though. Instead, he had invented
Teflon, which is today most commonly used to make nonstick pots and pans. Similarly, decades
earlier, John Pemberton was a pharmacist in Atlanta, Georgia. He was attempting to create a tonic
that people could use whenever they had headaches. While he was not successful in that endeavor,
he managed to invent Coca-Cola, the world - famous carbonated soft drink.
Scientists have also made crucial discoveries by accident when they were conducting
experiments. In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, an antibiotic in this manner. He
discovered some mold growing in a dish with some bacteria. He noticed that the bacteria seemed to
be avoiding the mold. When he investigated further, he determined some of the many useful
properties of penicillin, which has saved millions of lives over the past few decades. Likewise, in
1946, scientist Percy Spencer was conducting an experiment with microwaves. He had a candy bar in
his pocket, and he noticed that it suddenly melted. He investigated and learned the reason why that
had happened. Soon afterward, he built a device that could utilize microwaves to heat food, the
microwave oven.

1: Which title best summarizes the main idea of the passage ____.
A. History's Most Important Inventions B. Accidental Inventions and
Discoveries
C. How to Become a Great Inventor D. You Don't Always Get What You
Want
2: In paragraph 1, the word "arduous" is closest in meaning to ____.
A. detailed B. tough C. specific D. constant
3: In paragraph 2, the word "endeavor" is closest in meaning to ____.
A. research B. dream C. request D. attempt
4: What does the author say about Teflon?
A. People first used it as a refrigeration device.
B. It was created many years before Coca-Cola.
C. The man who made it was a pharmacist.
D. It is used for kitchenware nowadays.
5: Who was John Pemberton?
A. The person who made Teflon B. The creator of Coca-Cola
C. The man who discovered penicillin D. The inventor of the microwave
6: The author uses Alexander Fleming as an example of ____.
A. one of the most famous inventors in history
B. a person who made an accidental scientific discovery
C. someone who became a millionaire from his invention
D. a man who dedicated his life to medical science
7: What does the author imply about penicillin?
A. Doctors seldom use it nowadays. B. Some people are not affected by it.
C. It is an invaluable medical supply. D. Mold combines with bacteria to make
it.

VIII. Indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of the following sentences.
1. He did not remember the meeting. He went out for a coffee with his friends then.
A. Not remember the meeting, he went out for a coffee with his friends.

47
 B. Not to remember the meeting, he went out for a coffee with his friends.
C. Not remembered the meeting, he went out for a coffee with his friends.
D. Not remembering the meeting, he went out for a coffee with his friends.
2. They left their home early. They didn't want to miss the first train.
A. They left their home early so as to not miss the first train.
B. They left their home early for fear that they wouldn't miss the first train.
C. They left their home early so as not to miss the first train.
D. They left their home early in order that not to miss the first train.
3. The traffic is so heavy. It will take us at least an hour to get there.
A. Unless the traffic is heavy, it will take us at least an hour to get there.
B. As the traffic is so heavy, it will take us at least an hour to get there.
C. The traffic was so heavy that it took us an hour to get there.
D. We will spend more than an hour to get there to avoid heavy traffic.
4. There was no poor performance. Moreover, that of the Russian dancers was certainly the best.
A. The best performance was the one of the Russians while some of the others were poor.
B. The Russian dancers were well-worth watching but the others weren't.
C. All the dancers but the Russian performed poorly.
D. They all danced well, but the Russian did the best.
5. I started training to be an accountant six months ago. I've got more months to go and then I have to
take exams.
A. By the time I've taken my exam, I will have started training to be an accountant for a year.
B. By the time I take my exam, I will have been in training to be an accountant for a year.
C. By the time I took my exam, I would have trained to be an accountant for a year.
D. By the time I've taken my exam, I will be training for a year.
6. Why did Danny decide to enter the marathon? Danny's totally unfit.
A. Why did Danny decide to enter the marathon who's totally unfit?
B. Why did Danny, whose totally unfit, decide to enter the marathon?
C. Why did Danny decide to enter the marathon, who's totally unfit?
D. Why did Danny, who's totally unfit, decide to enter the marathon?

TEST 2
I . Put the verbs in the correct form.
1. Mr. David recommended that you ____________ (join) the committee.
2. It is important that you ____________ (try) to study often.
3. Lisa requested that Tom ____________ (come) to the party.
4. It is important that she ____________ (attend) the meeting.
5. The teacher insists that her students ____________ (come) on time.
6. It's important that Jane ____________ (remember) to take her medicine twice a day.

II. Choose the best answer to complete the sentences.

1. It is necessary that the problem _______ solved right away.
A. would be B. might be C. be D. is
2. I didn't go to the party yesterday, but I wish I _______ there.
A. was B. were C. had been D. went

48
3. I don't know the answer. I wish I _______ it.
A. know B. will know C. knew D. had known
4. I wish I _______ to the moon.
A. can fly B. fly C. will fly D. could fly
5. He talks as if he _______ everything.
A. know B. knew C. has known D. will know fly
6. Without your help, we _______ such rapid progress.
A. don't make B. won't make C. wouldn't have made D. didn't make
7. If only I _______ you!
A. could help B. can help C. will help D. help
8. It's high time we _______.
A. leave B. left C. should leave D. are leaving
9. We all insisted that she _______ the meeting.
A. attend B. attends C. attended D. would attend
10. He asked that the messaqe _______ to Mr. Mark as fast as possible.
A. take B. was taken C. be taken D. would take

III. Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined.
1. A. established B. steadily C. sanitation D. fluctuate
2. A. lasting B. populated C. scale D. migrate
3. A. infrastructure B. capture C. mature D. nature
4. A. slum B. result C. urbanization D. plumber
5. A. illustrate B. identify C. inaccurate D. agricultural

IV. Choose the word which has a different stress pattern from the others.
1. A. conservative B. progressive C. down-market D. multicultural
2. A. habitual B. obvious C. dramatic D. efficient
3. A. resource B. mindset C. kidnapping D. prospect
4. A. sanitation B. exacerbate C. phonetician D. inhabitant
5. A. initiative B. authority C. discriminate D. necessary 

V. GRAMMAR
6. It's important that they ____ to take her medicine twice a day. 
A. remember B. remembering C. to remember D. remembers
7. I suggest that Frank ____ the instructions carefully before playing that game.
A. reading B. to read C. read  D. reads
8. Mrs. Smith demanded that the heater ____ immediately. Her apartment was freezing.
A. repaired B. be repaired C. repair D. to repair
9. It's vital that the United States ____ on improving its public education system. 
A. focuses  B. focus  C. focusing  D. focused
10. The monk insisted that the tourists ____ the temple until they had removed their shoes.
A. not entering B. not to enter  C. not enter  D. don't enter 
VI. Choose the correct answer that best completes each of the following sentences.
11. The United Nations estimates that 1.1 billion people have no access to fresh water and 2.4 billion
lack access to adequate ____.
A. sanitation B. facilities C. equipment D. congestion

49
12. In order to deal with problems including waste and water treatment and public transportation,
developing smart cities will be the ____ such challenges.
A. means of coping with  B. key to meeting 
C. approach to obtaining  D. remedy for getting into 
13. The government of Vietnam has given ____ to developing the digital industry, smart tourism,
and agriculture by 2020.
A. preference B. priority C. advantage D. discrimination
14. There is a heavy ____ on private transport that has led to the congestion of roads and increasing
commuting time and pollution
A. base  B. independence C. reliance D. lean
15. It is impolite that you ____ there when he gets off the plane.
A. be not standing  B. been not standing  C. not be standing  D. not been standing
16. They hope to ____ a cure for the disease. 
A. catch up on B. come up with C. fill up with D. go out with
17. Although it was more than an hour late, the superstar finally showed up and ____ the attention of
the audience,
A. grabbed B. held  C. paid  D. took 
18. Don't worry. We're in good time; there's ____ to hurry.
A. impossible B. no need C. no purpose D. unnecessary
19. Overpopulation in urban areas tends to create unfavorable conditions, which may result in ____
of food in developing countries,
A. damages B. failures  C. shortage D. supplies

V. Indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of

the following questions.
1. A smart sustainable city will meet the needs of present and future generations with respect to
economic, social and environmental aspects. 
A. in addition to B. according to C. with regard to D. with a view to
2. As cities grew more crowded, and often more impoverished and costly, more and more people
began to migrate back out of them.
A. well-off B. rich  C. penniless D. fertile
3. Urbanization spurs a unique set of issues to both humans and animals. 
A. stimulates B. prevents C. varies D. descends
4. Automobile exhaust produces elevated lead levels in urban air.
A. humble B. lowly  C. diminished D. uplifted
5. Urban development can magnify the risk of environmental hazards such as flash flooding.
A. understate B. minimize C. exaggerate D. reduce 

VI. Indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of
the following questions.
6. Many people move to urban areas seeking for job opportunity as well as stable employment.
A. temporary B. firm  C. steady  D. substantial

7. His decision had been made on the spur of the moment. 

A. all of a sudden B. out of the blue C. unexpectedly D. predictably 

50
8. Unregulated, unplanned urban sprawl is often the cheapest option in the short run - but the long-
run costs to society, the economy and the environment can be dire.
A. positive B. terrible  C. dreadful D. distressing
9. The police finally arrested the notorious criminal. 
A. respectable B. serious C. infamous D. gentle
10. The indiscriminate use of pesticides has wiped out many rare species. 
A. uncritical B. unplanned C. extensive D. methodical 

VII. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that needs correction.

1. Urbanization is relevant to a range of disciplines, including urban planning geography, sociology,
economize and public health.
A. disciplines B. geography C. economize D. public health 
2. Urbanization can be seen as a specific condition at a set time or as an increasing in that condition
over time.
A. specific B. as  C. increasing in D. condition
3. Many people move into cities for the economic opportunities, but this does not fully explain the
very high recent urbanization rates in places as China and India. 
A. move into B. opportunities C. very high D. as
4. Farm living has always been susceptible to unpredictable environment conditions, and in times of
drought, flood or pestilence, survival may become extremely problematic. 
A. susceptible B. environment C. pestilence D. problematic
5. City life, especially in modern urban slums of the developing world, is certain hardly immune to
pestilence or climatic disturbances such as floods, yet continues to strongly attract migrants.
A. slums of  B. certain  C. climatic disturbances  D. yet 

VIII. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the
following passage. 
SUSTAINABLE CITIES: A CLEANER FUTURE
For the past few decades, there has been an urbanization trend around the world, where more
and more people are moving to cities. Since 2009, the UN Habitat (1) ____ that over 3 million
people are moving into cities every week. Urban areas have been an attractive destination for
migrants in (2) ____ of finding a better job and a higher (3) ____ living. 
While migrants contribute (4) ____ to the economies of cities, ever-increasing populations
raise issues of congestion, (5) ____ of resources, and increased (6) ____ on waste management
infrastructure, healthcare, and education. By 2050, it is estimated that 70% of the world's population
will live in cities which makes the concept of Sustainable Cities an efficient (7) ____ the growing
population. 
(8) ____, Sustainable Cities have an essential role in the urbanization trend to improve
residents lives by (9) ____ environmental initiatives and projects such as limiting CO2 gas emissions
in the air, using renewable energy sources, or bringing awareness to environmental issues. With
outdoor pollution killing over 3 million lives yearly, (10) ____ in cities, it is evident that urbanization
can increase the environmental (11) ____ upon cities. Many cities around the world have redesigned
their city planning strategies and commenced initiatives (12) ____ these issues directly.

1. A. estimates B. expects  C. claims  D. counts 

2. A. anticipation  B. hopes  C. view  D. possession 

51
3. A. reason for  B. tax of C. standard of  D. cost of 
4. A. virtually B. practically  C. immensely D. annually
5. A. distribution B. collection C. reputation D. solution
6. A garbage B. pressure C. demand D. dependence
7. A. reaction to B. resolution to C. answer to D. approach to
8. A. Therefore B. Moreover C. As regards D. However
9. A. focusing on B. depending on C. developing on D. putting on
10. A. the most B. almost C. equally  D. mostly 
11. A. affect B. cause  C. effect  D. drawback
12. A. to accept B. to assault C. to improve D. to target 

IX. Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct response to each of the following
exchanges.
Three friends Mark, Anna and Jenny are talking about their up-coming English
presentation on urbanization.
1. Mark: "How do you do?"
Jenny: “____”
A. I'm well. Thank you. B. How do you do? C. Not too bad. D. Yeah,
OK.
2. Mark: “____”
Jenny: "I think there are various reasons."
A. Do you mind if I think about reasons for urbanization?
B. I'd like to invite you to think about reasons for urbanization.
C. What do you think about reasons for urbanization?
D. Would you mind thinking about the reasons for urbanization?
3. Jenny: "I think higher living standard is one of the reasons that many people want to be a city
dweller."
Mark: “____”
A. I couldn't agree more. B. It's nice of you to say so.
C. That's quite all right. D. Why not?
4. Anna: "Personally, I love peaceful and quiet life in rural areas."
Jenny: “____”
A. Neither do I. B. No, I won't. C. So do I. D. Yes, I like it.
5 Anna: "In my opinion, some people should stay in rural areas as well as work on agriculture."
Mark: “____”
A. I'm not afraid I don't agree. B. I'm not sure about that.
C. I'm so sorry, but I agree. D. Not at all, thanks.
6. Jenny: "Do you think we'll finish in time?”
Anna: “____”
A. I know so. B. I think not. C. Well, I hope so. D. Yes, that's
right.
7. Mark: "What about starting the presentation with results of our research?
Jenny: “ ____ “
A. Congratulations! B. Sounds great! C. Well done! D. What a pity!
8. Anna: “So do you think we should add some pictures and videos?”
Jenny: “____”

52
 A. None. B. Not much. C. Please do. D. Sure.
9. Mark: “Let's collect information and then create the PowerPoint slides.”
Jenny: "Oh, ____?
A. good idea. B. I don't. C. I need it. D. why is that?
X. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer
to each of the questions.
The increase in urbanization causes different problems. Air and water pollution are amongst
the major issue we have to tackle.
In the first place, cars, factories and burning waste emit dangerous gases that change the air
quality in our cities and pose threats to our health. Dangerous gases such as carbon dioxide and
nitrogen oxides cause respiratory diseases, for instant, bronchitis and asthma. Those are also
proved to have long-term effects on the environment.
Furthermore, with the increased population, it becomes difficult to manage the waste
generated in cities. Most of the waste is discharged or dumped into rivers or onto streets. The
waste pollutes water and makes it unfit for human consumption. Subsequently, it becomes more
and more difficult for city dwellers to get clean water. Some cities in Africa are unable to provide
adequate water supply because most of the water is lost in pipe leakages. In fact, most city
dwellers in developing countries are forced to boil their water or to buy bottled water, which is
very expensive.
There are several actions that could be taken to eradicate the problems described above.
Firstly, a simple solution would be joining community efforts to address problems affecting your
city. Ask your parents, friends and relatives to join in as well. These efforts might include clean-
up campaigns, recycling projects and a signature campaign to ask the government to do something
about the situation. A second measure would be encouraging your teacher to talk about these
problems and to discuss how young people can help to solve them. Finally, writing to local
organizations working on these issues for ideas on how you can contribute to solve them.
118. The word tackle in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ____.
A. deal with B. make up C. try on D. turn down
119. The word those in paragraph 2 refers to ____.
A. bronchitis and asthma B. carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides
C. dangerous gases D. respiratory diseases
120. According to the passage, in some cities in Africa ____.
A. people are allowed to dump waste into rivers and on streets
B. people aren't provided enough water due to leaking pipes
C. people have found some solutions to the problems
D. people would rather use boiling water and bottled water
121. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A. City problems should be taught and be topic for students to discuss at school.
B. Children must ask for their parent's permission before joining community efforts.
C. Participators might take part in different kinds of projects and campaigns.
D. People can contribute in solving the problems by writing to local organizations working
on these issues.
122. Which of the following would serve as the best title for the passage?
A. Environment degradation: Air and water pollution
B. Environmental pollution: Problems and actions
C. Increasing urbanization: Causes and effects

53
 D. Increasing urbanization: Effects and solutions

UNIT 3 : THE GREEN MOveMENT

GETTING STARTED

air flow [eə flou ] n

asthma ['æsmə] n
Campaign [kæm'pein] n
 to launch a
campaign
chemical ['kemikl] n
clutter ['klʌtə] n
Conservation [,kɔnsə:'vei∫n] n
 Conserve [kən'sə:v] v
Contribute ( + to ) [kən'tribju:t] v
 contribution (n) [,kɔntri'bju:∫n] n
deplete [di'pli:t] v
Disposal [dis'pouzəl] n
 to dispose of [dis'pouz] v
 disposable [dis'pouzəbl]
entire [in'taiə] adj
hazard = jeopardy, /'hæzəd/: adj
perilousness
 hazard (to sb / sth ):
 hazard (of sth / of
doing sth )
lubricant ['lu:brikənt] n
method ['meθəd] n
mildew ['mildju:] n
mould [mould] n
movement ['mu:vmənt] n
pathway ['pɑ:θwei] n
Poison ['pɔizn] n
 poisonous ['pɔizənəs] adj
Preserve [pri'zə:v] v
 preservation [,prevə'vei∫n] n
Promote [prə'mout] v
 promotion [prə'mou∫n] n
Purification [,pjuərifi'kei∫n] n
 pure [pjuə] adj
 purify ['pjuərifai] v
Rash [ræ∫] n
 skin rashes
Release = give off /rɪ'li:s/ v
remove [ri'mu:v] v

54
Replacement [ri'pleismənt] n
 To replace [ri'pleis] v
replenish [ri'pleni∫] v
Sewage ['su:idʒ] n
 sewage treatment
surface ['sə:fis] n
Technology [tek'nɔlədʒi] n
 technological [,teknə'lɔdʒikl] adj
 technique [tek'ni:k] n
vinegar ['vinigə] n

LANGUAGE

Breath [breθ] n
 to breathe [bri:ð] v
Concern ( + about ) [kən'sə:n] v
Deforestation [di,fɔris'tei∫n] n
 deforest [di'fɔrist] v
disorder [dis'ɔ:də] n
Erosion [i'rouʒn] n
 to erode [i'roud] v
fertilizer ['fə:tilaizə] n
germ [dʒə:m] n
Get rid of phv
Illegal ≠ legal [i'li:gəl] adj
Infection [in'fek∫n] n
 infectious adj
monitor ['mɔnitə] v
Nutrient ['nju:triənt] n
 nutritious [nju:'tri∫əs] adj
 nutritional [nju:'tri∫nl] adj
Prohibit [prə'hibit] v
 to prohibit sb / sth from 
raise [reiz] v
substance ['sʌbstəns] n
symptom ['simptəm] n

READING

Absorb [əb'sɔ:b] v
 absorption [əb'sɔ:p∫n] n
alternative [ɔ:l'tə:nətiv] adj,
n
Aware ≠ unaware + ( of ) [ə'weə]
bloodstream ['blʌdstri:m] n
bronchitis [brɔη'kaitis] n
combustion [kəm'bʌst∫n] n
Construction [kən'strʌk∫n] n
 construct [ kən'strʌkt ] v
55
  constructive [kən'strʌktiv] adj
damage ['dæmidʒ] v,n
Diesel ['di:zl] n
 diesel vehicle / diesel
fuel
Effect = impact [i'fekt] n
 effect on sb / sth
 to affect [ə'fekt] v
emission [i'mi∫n] n
exhaust [ig'zɔ:st] v
grill [gril] n
immediate [i'mi:djət] adj
Installation [,instə'lei∫n] n
 to install [in'stɔ:l] v
melting ['meltiη] n
origin ['ɔridʒin] n
particle ['pɑ:tikl] n
Pollutant [pə'lu:tənt] n
 pollution [pə'lu:∫n] n
 pollute [pə'lu:t] v
potential [pə'ten∫l] adj ,
n
quantity ['kwɔntəti] n
respiratory [ri'spaiərətri, n
'respirətri]
Responsible ( + for ) [ri'spɔnsəbl] adj
slow down v
soot [sut] n
tiny ['taini] adj
Via ['vaiə] prep Qua, theo đường ( gì đó)
 lung via Theo đường của phổi

SPEAKING + LISTENING + WRITING

appliance [ə'plaiəns] n
Convenient [kən'vi:njənt] adj
 convenience
(n)
default [di'fɔ:lt] n xác lập mặc định
exploit ['eksplɔit] v
geothermal [,dʒi:ou'θə:məl] adj
Limited ≠ unlimited ['limitid] adj
Major ['meidʒə] adj
 majority n
minimal ['miniml] adj
operation [,ɔpə'rei∫n] n
pesticide ['pestisaid] n
time-consuming ['taim adj
kən'sju:miη]

56
 Unreliable ≠ reliable [,ʌnri'laiəbl] ≠ adj
[ri'laiəbl]

COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE

Application [,æpli'kei∫n] n sự ứng dụngđơn xin
 applicant ['æplikənt] n người nộp đơn xin
 appliance [ə'plaiəns] n thiết bị; dụng cụ
Apply [ə'plai] v ứng dụng, áp dụng , chăm chú, chuyên tâm
đưa ra một yêu cầu chính thức ( nộp đơn )
Assessment [ə'sesmənt] n
 to assess [ə'ses] v
Be tired of adj
Be tired from adj
by-product ['baiprɔdʌkt] n
Certify ['sə:tifai] v
 certification [,sə:tifi'kei∫n] n
 certificate [sə'tifikit] n
Commuter [kə'mju:tə] n
 to commute [kə'mju:t] v
Continent ['kɔntinənt] n
 continental [,kɔnti'nentl] adj
Convert (+ into) [kən'və:t] v
Detail ['di:teil] n
 detailed ['di:teild] adj
Doubt [daut] n
 no doubt; without
doubt; beyond doub
 doubtful ['dautful] adj
fortunate ['fɔ:t∫nit] adj
Issue ['isju:]
= problem = matter
label ['leibl] n
rank [ræηk] v
upgrade [ʌp'greid] v

GRAMMAR REVIEW
SIMPLE , COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCES
 Câu đơn (Simple sentences)
- Là câu chỉ bao gồm 1 mệnh đề độc lập, tức là chỉ gồm 1 chủ ngữ và 1 vị ngữ.
Ví dụ:
- Alan does not agree with his colleague's decision.
- Nick, Jason and Mathew are best friends.
- We went out and bought some new clothes.
-
 Câu ghép (Compound sentences)
- Là câu gồm ít nhất 2 mệnh đề độc lập, tức là có ít nhất 2 chủ ngữ và 2 vị ngữ. Các mệnh đề này
được liên kết với nhau bằng các liên từ đẳng lập : and , or , for , either …or , but , so , neither ..

57
 nor , yet hoặc dấu chấm phẩy ( ; ).
Ví dụ:
- She talked so much but I couldn't understand anything.
- We asked him now or (we ) wait until tomorrow .

 Câu phức (Complex sentences)

- Là câu gồm 1 mệnh đề chính và 1 hay nhiều mệnh đề phụ thuộc. Các mệnh đề này thường được
liên kết với nhau bằng các liên từ phụ thuộc. ( When , while , because , although , if , so that ,
who ..)
Ví dụ:
- Rosy was really hungry because she hadn't eat all day.
Main-clause subordinate clause

- When you grow up, you can stay out later.

subordinate clause Main-clause

- The little girl whom you saw yesterday is my youngest sister .

subordinate clause

 CONNECTING WORDS (TỪ NỐI) 

Conjunction (liên từ): 
• là từ dùng nối câu hoặc nối từ 
• đứng sau một dấu “,” hoặc không cần đến 
Connector (từ nối): 
• thường dùng để nối câu 
• thường dùng giữa hai loại dấu

1. Nhóm chỉ sự bổ sung thông tin

• Conjunction: + and, and also.... và...
+ as well as.... cùng nhur 
+ both ... and ... : vừa ... vừa ...
+ not only... but also ... không những ... mà còn... 
• Connector:  + Moreover = Furthermore: hơn thế nữa 
+ In addition: thêm vào đó
+ Besides: ngoài ra
+ What's more: hơn thế 

2. Nhóm chỉ thông tin trái ngược 

• Conjunction: + but, yet: nhưng 
+ số đếm: one, two…; số thứ tự: second…; whereas: trái lại…
• Conector:  + However = Netherless: tuy nhiên, nhưng
+ On the other hand: mặt khác
+ In contrast; trái lại
+ On the contrary: ngược lại 

3. Thông tin kết quả (vì vậy, do đó...) 

• Conjunction: + so, thus, hence: vì vậy 
58
• Connector: + Therefore: vì vậy 
+ As a result: kết quả là
+ Consequently: kết quả là
+ Accordingly: do đó 

WHICH AS A CONNECTOR (Which làm từ nối câu)

 Which là một đại từ quan hệ, được dùng để thay thế cho vật, con vật hoặc một mệnh đề.

Ex: a/ The book is mine. It is on the table.

      → The book which is on the table is mine.
      b/ This is the letter. I received this letter two days ago.
      → This is the letter which I received two days ago.
 Note:
Khi which dùng thay cho ý của cả mênh đề phía trước thì nó thường thay cho các từ This, That, It
và có sử dụng dấu phẩy trước which.
Ex: - My phone is out of order. It’s a real nuisance.
   →My phone is out of order , which is a real nuisance.
- She didn’t come to the party. That made me sad.
      → She didn’t come to the party , which made me sad.

EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1 : Decide whether the following sentences are simple, complex or compound.
1. We met rather few people who spoke English.
2. I have been on rather too many planes and trains recently.
3. We drove to the city two days ago.
4. I don't care how expensive it is.
5. Two minutes ago the child was fast asleep, but now he is wide awake.
6. He is not tall enough to be a soldier.
7. I guess she just doesn't respect you.
8. I have got four sisters and each of them is quite different from the others.
9. When all else fails, read the manual.
10. He will never leave home because he hasn't got the courage to.

EXERCISE 2 : Choose the correct answer.

1. That's the woman _______ I spoke about the job.
A. of whom B. to whom C. whom
2. The house _______ they live is opposite a big park.
A. to which B. which C. in which
3. All of the exam papers are collected and given to the examiners, _______ job it is to mark them.
A. who B. whose C. whom
4. This is the title of the book _______ I need for my course.
A. what B. x C. where
5. Near hotel there's a great gym _______ you can work out.
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A. is where B. in where C. where
6. My mother, _______, has decided to learn Chinese.
A. who is retired B. she is retired C. is retired
7. My car, _______ I can't get to work, has broken down.
A. without which B. to which C. of which 
8. We waited for an hour to be served, but our meal, _______, was awful.
A. it arrived B. when it is arrived C. when it arrived

EXERCISE 3 : Use "which" to combine the following sentences.

2. Tim is always late for class. This annoys the teacher.

 ……………………………………………………………………………
3. You gave me this interesting book. Thank you very much for it.
 ……………………………………………………………………………
4. Susan couldn't come to my birthday party. This made me sad.
 ……………………………………………………………………………
4. We have lost her telephone number. This makes it difficult to contact her.
 ……………………………………………………………………………

REVIEW RELATIVE CLAUSES

- Relative clause coøn ñöôïc goïi laø Adjective clause (meänh ñeà tính ngöõ) vì noù laø moät meänh
ñeà phuï ñöôïc duøng ñeå boå nghóa cho danh töø ñöùng tröôùc noù (tieàn ngöõ).
- Relative clause ñöôïc noái vôùi meänh ñeà chính bôûi caùc ñaïi töø quan heä WHO, WHOM,
WHICH, WHOSE, THAT hoaëc caùc trạng töø quan heä WHEN, WHERE, WHY.
- Vò trí: Relative clause ñöùng ngay sau danh töø maø noù boå nghóa.
I. CAÙCH DUØNG:

Relative pronouns Examples

WHO = Subject The man is Mr. Pike . He is standing over there

( Chỉ người )
- ñöùng sau tieàn ngöõ chæ
ngöôøi ñeå laøm chuû ngöõ
hoặc tân ngữ trong Mệnh đề
quan hệ.
The man who is standing over there is Mr. Pike
The man is Mr.Pike . I saw him over there
 The man who I saw over there is Mr.Pike

WHOM = OBJECT The woman is my aunt. You saw her yesterday

( Chỉ người )
- ñöùng sau tieàn ngöõ chæ  The woman whom you saw yesterday is my aunt.
ngöôøi ñeå laøm tuùc töø cho  The woman you saw yesterday is my aunt.
ñoäng töø ñöùng sau noù ( Có thể lượt bỏ WHOM = Object )

WHICH = subject & object
( dùng chỉ vật )
ñöùng sau tieàn ngöõ chæ vaät
 The car belongs to John. My car hit it.
Object
The car which my car hit belongs to John
 The car my car hit belongs to John
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 ñeå laøm chuû ngöõ (S) hoaëc ( có thể lượt bỏ Which = Object )
tuùc töø (O) cho ñoäng töø  The car belongs to John. It is very expensive
ñöùng sau noù S
The car which is very expensive belongs to John

WHOSE + NOUN (p)
( dùng cho người, vật )
ñöùng sau tieàn ngöõ chæ
ngöôøi vaø thay thế cho tính töø
sôû hửøu tröôùc danh töø
WHOSE cuõng ñöôïc duøng cho
vaät (= of which).
 The boy is Tom. You borrowed his bicycle yesterday
The boy whose bicycle you borrowed yesterday is Tom
 John found a cat. His leg was broken.
 John found a cat whose leg was broken.
= I found a cat the leg of which was broken

THAT ( Chỉ người or Vật )
- Thường được dùng sau : + so
sánh nhất, the first, the second,
the last,the only, the next …
- sau các đại từ không xác định :
all, much, nothing, anything,
nobydy, everything….
 My father is the person. I admire him most
My father is the person that I admire most
 I can see a girl and her dog. They are running in the park.
I can see a girl and her dog that are running in the park.
 John was the only student that didn’t pass in the exam
 I love everything that she makes for me.

That còn được sử dụng trong Cleft sentences - Câu Chẻ

It is / It was + Noun / adverb …+ THAT ……( chính ai / vật .. đã làm gì )
Ex : It was the dog that Tom hit in the garden.

WHERE That is the house. We are living in it now .

ñöùng sau tieàn ngöõ chæ NÔI
CHOÁN. That is the house where we are living now.
thay cho “at/on/in + which; (in which)
THERE”
WHEN May Day is the day. People hold a meeting on that day
ñöùng sau tieàn ngöõ THỜI ( then)
GIAN May Day is the day when people hold a meeting.
thay cho “at/on/in + which; (on which)
THEN
WHY  Please tell me the reason why you are so sad.
ñöùng sau tieàn ngöõ “THE (for which)
REASON” (LYÙ DO).  He told me the reason why he had been absent from class the
thay thế cho “FOR THE day before
REASON”

II. PHAÂN LOAÏI: COÙ 2 LOAÏI RELATIVE CLAUSES:

1/Restrictive clauses: (Meänh ñeà giôùi haïn)
- Ñaây laø loaïi meänh ñeà caàn thieát vì tieàn ngöõ chöa xaùc ñònh, khoâng coù noù caâu seõ
khoâng ñuû nghóa.
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Ex: + The man who keeps the school library is Mr. Green.
+ The women who loves me best is my mother.

2/ Non-Restrictive clauses: (Meänh ñeà khoâng giôùi haïn)

- Ñaây laø loaïi meänh ñeà khoâng caàn thieát vì tieàn ngöõ ñaõ ñöôïc xaùc ñònh, khoâng coù noù
caâu vaãn ñuû nghóa.
- Non-Restrictive clauses ñöôïc ngaên vôùi meänh ñeà chính baèng caùc daáu phaåy. Tröôùc danh
töø thöôøng coù : this, that, these, those, my, his, her, their … hoaëc teân rieâng.
Ex: + This is Mr. Jones, who helped me last week.
+ Mary, whose sister I know, has won an Oscar.

III. NHỮNG ĐỂM CẦN LƯU Ý TRONG MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ.

1. Lượt bỏ đại từ quan hệ ( Omission Relative pronouns ) khi chúng làm túc từ ( tân ngữ ) trong
câu : who / whom / which / that.
Ex : The woman whom you saw yesterday is my aunt.
 The woman you saw yesterday is my aunt.
Ex : The woman he married used to be a fashion model . ( = he married her )
 (The woman who / whom / that he married used to be a fashion model )

Lưu ý : KHÔNG thể lượt bỏ who / whom / which khi chúng làm tân ngữ trong mệnh đề
quan hệ không giới hạn ( sau dấu phẩy )
Ex : Mr. Brown , whom I was telling you about , is my new manager .

 Mr. Brown , I was telling you about , is my new manager . ( SAI )

2. “ WHICH ” còn có thể thay thế cho ý tưởng của cả mệnh đề đứng trước nó . Trong trường hợp
này “ Which ” đứng sau dấu phẩy.
Ex : - He suddenly shouted at me, which made me very upset.
( “ Which ”thay thế cho cả mệnh đề “He suddenly shouted at me” )
- She got married the third times, which surprised everyone.
( “ Which ”thay thế cho cả mệnh đề “She got married the third times” )

3. Preposition + WHOM, WHICH.

- Ta ñem giôùi töø ñaët ra tröôùc Relative clause (tröôùc WHOM, WHICH).-
- Ta cuõng coù theå boû WHOM. WHICH vaø ñaët giôùi töø ra sau ñoäng töø cuûa Relative Clauses
(vôùi ñieàu kieän phaûi laø Restrictive clause – meänh ñeà giôùi haïn )-
Ex:  The man to whom Mary is talking is Mr. Pike.
 The man Mary is talking to is Mr. Pike. ( löôït boû “ whom” )
 The man whom Mary is talking to is Mr. Pike.
( giôùi töø “ to ” ñöôïc ñaët ôû sau ñoäng töø )
Löu yù : KHOÂNG ñöôïc ñaët giôùi töø tröôùc WHO vaø THAT
Ex : The man to that Mary is talking is Mr. Pike.

Giôùi töø “ without ” khoâng duøng sau ñoäng töø.

Ex : Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have got lost.

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 ( SAI : Fortunately we had a map, which we would have got lost without . .

Trong meänh ñeà khoâng giôùi haïn, caùc cuïm töø chæ soá löôïng all of / most of / many of
……… coù theå ñöôïc duøng vôùi WHOM, WHICH vaø WHOSE.
Ex : Mary has three brothers , all of whom are married . ( SAI all of who……. )
They gave me these books , most of which are very good .

Khi giôùi töø ñöùng cuoái Relative Clauses laø thaønh phaàn cuûa ñoäng töø keùp ( phrasal
verbs ) thì ta khoâng ñöôïc ñem ra tröôùc WHOM/ WHICH.
Ex: + This is the book which I’m looking for. ( This is the book for which I’m looking.)
+ That is the child whom you have to look after.-
4. Ruùt goïn meänh ñeà quan heä (REDUCED FORMS OF RELATIVE CLAUSES)
A / Meänh ñeà quan heä coù theå ñöôïc ruùt goïn baèng caùch duøng participle phrases. Coù 2 loaïi
participle phrases:
 Present participle phrases laø caùc cuïm töø baét ñaàu baèng present participle (V-ing).
 Past participle phrases laø caùc cuïm töø baét ñaàu baèng past participle (V3/ed)

 Caùch ruùt goïn meänh ñeà quan heä baèng participle phrases (V-ing)
 Neáu ñoäng töø trong meänh ñeà quan heä ôû theå chuû ñoäng (active) ta duøng present
participle phrase ( V-ing ) thay cho meänh ñeà ñoù (boû ñaïi töø quan heä vaø trôï ñoäng töø,
ñöa ñoäng töø chính veà nguyeân maãu roài theâm ING)
Ex: + The man who is sitting next to you is my uncle.
 The man sitting next to you is my uncle.
+ Do you know the boy who broke the windows last night?
 Do you know the boy breaking the windows last night?

 Neáu ñoäng töø trong meänh ñeà quan heä ôû theå bò ñoäng ta duøng past participle phrase
( V3/ed ) thay cho meänh ñeà ñoù (boû ñaïi töø quan heä vaø trôï ñoäng töø, baét ñaàu cuïm
töø baèng V3/ed)
Ex: + The books which were written by To Hoai are interesting.
 The books written by To Hoai are interesting.

5/ Meänh ñeà quan heä coù theå ñöôïc ruùt goïn baèng caùch duøng “TO-INFINITIVE” hoaëc
“INFINITIVE PHRASE” (FOR + O + TO INFINITIVE)
- Sau caùc töø : so sánh nhất, the first, the second, the last ,the only, the next …

Ex: The captain was the last man who left the ship
 The captain was the last man to leave the ship.

- Khi muoán dieãn taû muïc ñích .

Ex : English is an important language which we have to master.
 English is an important language ( for us ) to master.
Ex : There is a good restaurant where we can eat good food.
 There is a good restaurant to eat good food.

6/ Với cụm giời từ : ta bỏ đại từ quan hệ + to be

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 Ex : Shops which are on this streets are very expensive .
Shops on this streets are very expensive

7/ Với cụm danh từ hoặc tính từ : ta bỏ đại từ quan hệ + to be

Ex : Ms.Maria , who is our teacher , will retire next month .
Ms.Maria , our teacher , will retire next month .
( chỉ dung trong MĐQH không hạn định – có dấu phẩy )
My grandmother, who is old and sick , never goes out of the
My grandmother, old and sick , never goes out of the house

EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1 : MAKE THE BEST CHOICE
1. This is the place _________ I met my wife.
A. what B. where C. which D. that
2. Simon is the man _________ Mary loves.
A. who B. which C. whom D. A&C
3. My wife, _________ is a doctor, works at Community Hospital.
A. who B. which C. whom D. that
4. Only one of the people _________ work in the company is qualified.
A. what B. which C. who D. where
5. We are using books _________ were printed last year.
A. what B. who C. which D. whose
6. Were the Wright brothers the ones __________built the first aeroplane?
A. which B. whom C. whose D. that
7. The periodic table contains all the elements, ________ has a particular atomic weight and atomic
number.
A. which of each B. each of which C. which each D. each
8. Ansel Adams was a landscape photographer ________ photographs of the western United States
show nature on a grand scale.
A. whose B. of whom C. of his D. his
9. This is a town ________ many people live.
A. in which B. which C. at which D. on which
10. The woman _______next door is a famous singer.
A. lives B. who live C. living D. that living
11. The house ______ in the storm has now been rebuilt.
A. destroyed B. destroying C. which destroyed D. that is
destroyed
12. The man ______ at the blackboard is our teacher.
A. stood B. stands C. standing D. to stand
13. Tom was the last ______the classroom yesterday.
A. to leave B. leaving C. left D. leaves
14. Linda was the last student ______ at the oral exam.
A. to be asked B. asking C. asks D. to ask
15. The bridge _____ by French architects is very nice.
A. was designed B. designing C. to design D. designed
16. The ring ______ is made of gold and diamond.
A. she is wearing it B. he gave it to her C. Linda like D. she is
wearing
17. I have a message for people __________ by the traffic chaos.
A. to delay B. who delay C. delayed D. who dela
ying
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18. I live in a pleasant room ____________ the garden.
A. to overlook B. overlooking C. overlooked D. which ov
erlooking
19. Melanie was the only person __________ a letter of thanks.
A. wrote B. written C. to write D. writing
20. This is the place ________ we have tea.
A. what B. where C. which D. that
21. This is the exercise ________ I don't understand.
A. which B. that C. Ø D. All are correct

EXERCISE 2 : Complete the sentences, using a relative pronoun.

1. The pub is opposite the Town Hall. I first met my wife there.

2. He was sitting on a chair. It was uncomfortable.

3. Let me see the pictures. You took them at Peter's wedding.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Do you know that lady? I repaired her car.

5. That girl is Swedish. Tom is in love with her.

6. John has bought a house. There are ghosts in that house.


EXERCISES
A. PHONETICS 
I. Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined. 
1. A. illegal B. climatic C. benefit D. bioclimatic
2. A. researcher B. energy  C. number D. death
3. A. arrested B. estimated C. claimed D. penetrated
4. A. revolution B. election C. interrogation D. question
5. A. rehear B. appear C. realize  D. peace 

II. Choose the word which has a different stress pattern from the others. 
1. A. attitude B. infamously C. geneticist D. socialist
2. A. preference B. attraction C. advantage D. infinitive
3. A. interview B. essential C. comfortable D. industry
4. A. situation B. interrogation C. detention D. coalition
5. A. difficult B. simplicity C. discovery D. commodity 

B. VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR 

I. Choose the correct words in the box to complete the sentences. 
percentages  nuclear  survival derived
hydrogen energy contaminants improve

1. Solar technology has also emerged for the clean and renewable production of
_________________________ as an alternative energy source. 
2. The sun is a powerful ____________________ source, and this energy source can be harnessed by
installing solar panels. 
65
3. _______________________ are subsequently removed by harvesting the above-ground shoot
biomass for volume reduction and storage.
4. It is not only about looking better though, Green cities are also trying
to _________________________ the efficiency of cities and raise the standard of living for people
who stay in them.
5. It was more surprising that many of the respondents also had not recently heard or read about
hydrogen cars, wind energy or ____________________ energy.
6. The numbers on a bag of fertilizer tell you the ____________________ of available
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium found in the bag. 
7. Pollution poses health hazards, endangers wild life and makes the planet unsafe for future human
______________________.
8. The term "plastic" is ____________________ from the Greek word "plastikos", meaning fit
for moulding. 

II. Give the correct form of the words in the following sentences.
1. Rooftop gardens prevent buildings from absorbing heat from the sun, which can  _____________
reduce cooling bills. SIGNIFICANT
2. Solar radiation can be ____________________ either into thermal energy (heat) or into
electrical energy, though the former is easier to accomplish. CONVERSION
3. The doctor said the vitamin would ____________________ my calcium deficiency.
REPLENISHING
4. Nick left the house and strolled down the ____________________ to the garden. PATH 
5. If we continue to ____________________ our natural resources, our children will pay the price.
DEPLETATION
6. Do you know the oldest type of ____________________ energy is the biomass that is derived
from plant matter? SUSTAIN
7. When hiking in the wilderness, it is important to properly ____________________ of
anything you can't pack out. DISPOSABLE
8. We buy ____________________ food at the farmers' market. It costs a little bit more, but we
think it's better for our health. ORGAN
9. Jane Goodall studied chimpanzees for many years in their native ___________________________
in Africa. HABITATION 
10. ____________________ is the protection of things found in nature. CONSERVE 

III. Complete each of the following sentences with a suitable preposition.

1. Hazardous gases refer to all kinds ____________________ gas that can be potential harmful to
humans in certain concentrations.
2. The ship's refrigeration and air conditioning plants are designed
___________________ achieve no ozone depletion. 
3. Nuclear waste can cause serious damage to the environment if not
disposed ___________________ properly.
4. In the UK, poor air quality is responsible ____________________ some 40,000 deaths each year.
5. The government team ____________________ charge of promoting energy conservation has
no campaign budget and with three members to handle the issue nationwide, are short of staff. 
6. Biomass typically refers ____________________ biofuels that are obtained through
biological processes such as agriculture and anaerobic digestion.
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7. Everyday, the world produces carbon dioxide that is released to the earths atmosphere and which
will still be there ____________________ one hundred years time.
8. Mankind has been crazy to have not bothered ________________ harness the sun's energy until
now.
9. Business can now take advantage ______________________ different suppliers of both gas
and electricity and shop for the most economical.
10. ____________________ a gut level, many people already grasp the key difference between
fossil fuels and renewable energy. 

VII. Indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of
me following questions.
1. Rooftop gardens prevent buildings from absorbing heat from the sun, which can significantly
reduce cooling bills. 
A. trivially B. unparticularly C. remarkably D. meaninglessly
2. Solar radiation can be converted either into thermal energy (heat) or into electrical energy, though
the former is easier to accomplish. 
A. transformed B. absorbed C. released D. exchanged
3. Adopting a green lifestyle can often be time-consuming for those who are fully committed to
green living. 
A. abandoned B. devoted C. dependent D. relevant
4. Solar technology has also emerged for the clean and renewable production of hydrogen as an
alternative energy source.
A. infinite  B. substitute C. endless D. restricted
5. The sun is a powerful energy source, and this energy source can be harnessed by installing solar
panels. 
A. dug  B. transmitted C. devastated D. exploited
6. Pollution poses health hazards, endangers wild life and makes the planet unsafe for future human
survival. 
A. stems  B. triggers off C. results from D. be caused by
7. Any environmental damage must be punishable by law, and polluters should pay compensation
for the damage caused to the environment.
A. rewards  B. ransom C. damages D. savings
8. Pollution had also been a major problem, devastating the natural habitats of many animals and
damaging the earth beyond repair. 
A. hopeful B. recoverable C. reversible D. past mending

VIII. Indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of
the following questions.
1. Contaminants are subsequently removed by harvesting the above-ground shoot biomass for
volume reduction and storage.
A. later  B. eventually C. previously D. afterwards
2. The introduction of harmful substances in the air results in detrimental impacts to the
environmental and humanity. 
A. harmful B. benign C. noxious D. disastrous
3. Offshore oil drilling has a significant negative impact on fragile marine and coastal ecosystems,
and that the risk of a devastating spill isn't worth taking. 

67
 A. durable B. easily broken C. vulnerable D. delicate
4. Without action, the impacts of climate change threaten to catastrophically damage our world. 
A. beneficially B. ruinously C. fatally D. terribly
5. Global Forest Watch has also initiated a project to counteract deforestation through awareness. 
A. introduced B. commenced C. launched D. completed
IX. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the
following passage. 
From the seeds themselves to the machinery, fertilizers and pesticides - The Green
Revolution regimen depend heavily on technology. One alternative, however, depends much (1)
____ on technology - organic farming. Many organic farmers use machinery, but not chemical
fertilizers or pesticides. (2) ____ chemical soil enrichers, they use animal manure and plant parts not
used as food - natural, organic fertilizers that are clearly a renewable (3) ____. Organic farmers also
use alternatives for pesticides, for example, they may rely on natural predators of certain insect pests.
(4) ____ the need arises, they can buy the eggs and larvae of these natural predators and introduce
them into their crop fields. They use other techniques to control pests as well, like planting certain
crops together because one crop repels the other's pests. Organic farmers do not need a lot of land, in
fact organic farming is perfectly (5) ____ to small farms and is relatively inexpensive. Finally, many
organic farmers' average yields compare favorably with other farmers' yields. 
1. A. more  B. less  C. better  D. worse
2. A. In spite of B. On account of C. In favor of D. Instead of 
3. A. resource  B. source  C. matter  D. substance 
4. A. Then  B. If  C. Because D. Thought 
5. A. suitable  B. open C. likely  D. suited 

X. Choose the word or phrase from the box that best fits the blank space in the
following passage. 
Experts in climatology and other scientists are becoming extremely concerned about the
changes to our climate which are taking place. Admittedly, climate changes have occurred on our
planet before. For example, there have been several ice ages or glacial periods. These climatic
changes, however, were different from the modern ones in that they occurred gradually and, as far as
we know, naturally. The changes currently being monitored are said to be the result not of natural
causes, but of human activity. Furthermore, the rate of change is becoming alarmingly rapid. 
The major problem is that the planet appears to be warming up. According to some experts,
this warming process, known as global warming, is occurring at a rate unprecedented in the last
10,000 years. The implications for the planet are very serious. Rising global temperatures could give
rise to such ecological disasters as extremely high increases in the incidence of flooding and of
droughts. These could have a harmful effect on agriculture. It is thought that this unusual warming
on the Earth has been caused by so-called greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, being emitted
into the atmosphere by car engines and modern industrial processes, for example. Such gases not
only add to the pollution of the atmosphere, but also create a greenhouse effect, by which the heat of
the sun is trapped. This leads to the warming up of the planet.
Politicians are also concerned about climate change and there are now regular summits on the
subject, attended by representatives from around 180 of the world's industrialized countries. Of these
summits, the most important took place in Kyoto in Japan in 1997. There it was agreed that the most
industrialized countries would try to reduce the volume of greenhouse gas emissions and were given
targets for this reduction of emissions. 

68
 It was also suggested that more forests should be planted to create so-called sinks to absorb
greenhouse gases. At least part of the problem of rapid climate change has been caused by too
drastic deforestation. 
Sadly, the targets are not being met. Even more sadly, global warnings about climate changes
are often still being regarded as scaremongering.
1. According to the passage, in what way did the climate changes in the ice ages differ from the
modern ones?
A. They occurred naturally over a long period of time.
B. They were partly intended.
C. They were wholly the result of human activity. 
D. They were fully monitored by humans.
2. The word "alarmingly" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ____.
A. disapprovingly B. disappointingly C. surprisingly D. worryingly
3. According to the passage, agriculture could ____.
A. make the global warming more serious
B. be indirectly affected by the global temperature rises
C. give rise to many ecological disasters 
D. be directly damaged by the rises in global temperature
4. Greenhouse gases cause the warming up of the Earth because they ____.
A. are emitted by car engines B. trap heat from the sun
C. do not add to atmosphere pollution D. are unusual gases 
5. It can be inferred from the passage that the countries which are mainly responsible for global
warming are ____.
A. countries with the warmest climate B. developing countries 
C. developed countries D. the most industrialized countries 
6. Which of the following is NOT true, according to the passage? 
A. Carbon dioxide is one of the gases that may cause the so-called greenhouse effect
B. The so-called sinks created by forests can absorb greenhouse gases.
C. The problem of rapid climate change has been caused mainly by deforestation. 
D. Politicians are among those who are concerned about climate change.
7. The word "drastic" in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to ____.
A. hard  B. severe  C. widespread D. obvious
8. What is probably the writer's attitude toward global warning?
A. Optimistic B. Pessimistic  C. Neutral  D. Positive 

XI . Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following
questions.
1. ____ he was waiting for Sam outside the cinema, Jim realized that the street was funnily crowded.
A. So B. While C. Unless D. Even though
2. I didn't meet him right away ____ he had to talk to his boss first.
A. while B. if C. because D. or
3. ____ what has happened, I think she will never return.
A. If B. Unless C. While D. After
4. There wasn't a chair for the headmaster, ____ is a big problem.
A. what B. which C. that D. where
5. The student wiped the board ____ was full of notes and drawings.

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 A. that B. while C. after D. so
6. True Blood is my favourite TV series, ____ I don't have much time to watch it often.
A. although B. before C. if D. yet
7. After the children finished their dinner, they went to bed ____ listened to a bedtime story before
falling asleep.
A. that B. and C. so D. while
8. The kids show some hatred towards him, ____ he was really nice to them.
A. because B. before C. unless D. even though
9. We can leave ____ you are ready.
A. whatever B. whoever C. whenever D. whichever
10. I like swimming ____ my sister likes jogging and dancing.
A. whereas B. when C. whenever D. so
XII. Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each
of the following questions.
1. At the end, everybody cleaned up the whole room, that I hadn't expected before.
A B C D
2. My mother lives next to me which is really convenient.
A B C D
3. He shouted at his girlfriend, that really disappointed me.
A B C D
4. He drinks quite a lot, what is why he is so ill.
A B C D
5. While wait for the paint to dry, I walked around and talked to the engineers.
A B C D
6. My beautiful and intelligent sister turned off TV, sit down and started to cry.
A B C D
XIII. Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct response to each of the following
exchanges.
1. Did you have a good weekend?
A. Yes, let's keep in touch. B. Yes, I am a teacher.
C. Yes, it is lovely. D. Yes, I didn't do much.
2. During the trip, we can visit some wildlife reserves to see lions and giraffes.
A. That's great. How does it work? B. Oh, I see. No problem.
C. Really? I am so excited. D. That was OK at first.
3. Can I leave a message to Jim?
A. I'll ask him to call you. B. Of course, you can.
C. If you don't mind. D. Yes, you can take it.
4. You should not leave the light on when you are away.
A. OK, let's do it. B. That's a good idea. C. Try me! D. You are right.
5. Excuse me! Can you show me the way to Main Street?
A. Um, I am sorry I have no idea. B. It's easy to do it.
C. Continue. D. Am I going right?
6. What's the matter?
A. No, I don't think so. B. A few problems. C. Well, sort of. D. I am not very
well.
7. Would you mind closing the door?

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 A. Yes, I do. B. No, of course not. C. Yes, please D. No, thank you.

UNIT 4 THE MASS MEDIA

GETTING STARTED

Addicted [ə'diktid] adj

 to addict ['ædikt] v
 addicted to sth
Connect ( + with ) [kə'nekt] v
Digital ['didʒitl] adj (thuộc) con số
 digital device Thiết bị số
enormous [i'nɔ:məs] adj
Search ( + for ) [sə:t∫] v
subscribe [səb'skraib] v

LANGUAGE

analyze ['ænəlaiz] v
Announce [ə'nauns] n
 announcer [ə'naunsə]
Application [,æpli'kei∫n] n
 applicant
 appliance
 to apply
Carry out v
 carry out a survey
cover ['kʌvə] v giấu, che giấu, che đậybao gồm, bao hàm, gồm
Cyberbullying [ ˈsaɪbəbʊliɪŋ ] n
Embarrass [im'bærəs] v
 embarrassment [im'bærəsmənt] n
 embarrassing [im'bærəsiη] adj
 embarrassed [im'bærəst] adj
instant ['instənt] adj
mortality [mɔ:'tæləti] n sự chết; sự tử vong
phonograph ['founəgrɑ:f] n máy hát, máy quay đĩa
submit [səb'mit] v
Threaten ['θretn] v
 threat [θret] n

READING
Advent ['ædvənt] n sự đến, sự tới
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  the advent of the Sự ra đời của thời đại truyền thông kỹ thuật
Digital Media Age số
coin [kɔin] n,v
Diversify [dai'və:sifai] v
 diversity [dai'və:siti] n
 diverse adj
Inseparable ≠ separable [in'sepərəbl] adj
Entertain [,entə'tein] v
 entertainment [,entə'teinmənt] n
 entertaining [,entə'teiniη] adj
function ['fʌηk∫n] n
Classify ['klæsifai] v
 classification [,klæsifi'kei∫n] n
category ['kætigəri] n
Sequence ['si:kwəns] n
explosion [iks'plouʒn] n
Educate ['edju:keit] v
 education [,edju:'kei∫n] n
presence ['prezns] n
Adapt ( + to ) [ə'dæpt] v
Interact with v
Collaborate [kə'læbəreit] v
 collaboration [kə,læbə'rei∫n] n
personalize ['pə:sənəlaiz] v

SPEAKING + LISTENING

curious ['kjuəriəs] adj

distract [dis'trækt] v
hack [hæk] v
keep in touch with ≠ lose touch with phv
keep contact with ≠ lose contact with
native ['neitiv] adj
profile ['proufail] n tiểu sử sơ lược

WRITING

Fiction ≠ non-fiction ['fik∫n] adj

journal ['dʒə:nl]
Preference ['prefrəns] n
 prefer [pri'fə:(r)] v
 preferential [,prefə'ren∫l] adj
socialize ['sou∫əlaiz] v
Tie in = connect = relate [tai] v

COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE + LOOKING BACK

Advancement [əd'vɑ:nsmənt n
 advance [əd'vɑ:ns] v,n
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  advanced [əd'vɑ:nst] adj
bottom ['bɔtəm]
Detection [di'tek∫n] n Dò tìm , phát hiện
 to detect (v) v
genre [ʒɑ:nrə] n Thể loại
Phishing scam n Lừa đảo toàn cầu , qua mạng
puzzle ['pʌzl] n Câ đó , trò chơi
Removal [ri'mu:vl] n Xóa bỏ
 to remove (v) v
Security [si'kjuərəti] n
 secure [si'kjuə] v
Theft  thieves [θeft] n Trộm

REVIEW GRAMMAR
I. SIMPLE PAST (QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN)
a. Với động từ "to be":  (+) S + was/ were + O
(-) S + wasn't/ weren't + O
(?) Was/ were (not) + S + O? 

(+) S + Ved + O
b. Với động từ “to do”:  (-) S + didn't + V + O
(?) Did (not) + S + V + O? 
c. Uses (Cách sử dụng) 
• Diễn tả hành động đã xảy ra và chấm dứt hoàn toàn trong quá khứ.
Ex: I saw a movie yesterday. 
Last year, I traveled to Japan. 
• Diễn tả một chuỗi các hành động liên tiếp xảy ra trong quá khứ.
Ex: I finished worked walked to the beach and found a nice place to swim. 
Did you add flour, pour the milk and then add the eggs? 
d. Advs (Trạng ngữ nhận biết)
- Yesterday, ago, upon a time, in 1945 (in a specific year in the past....), last... 
e. Một số lưu ý đối với thì quá khứ đơn:
* Quy tắc thêm “ed” với động từ thường:
- Hầu hết động từ được thêm “ed” để biến thành động từ dạng quá khứ 
Ex: work - worked, visit - visited
- Một vài động từ kết thúc bằng phụ âm “y” thì biên "y” thành “i” rồi thêm “ed” để biến thành dạng
động từ quá khứ 
Ex: study - studied, carry - carried 
- Một vài động từ có dạng 1:1:1 (1 phụ âm + 1 nguyên âm + 1 phụ âm) thì ta gấp đôi phu âm cuối rồi
thêm “ed” 
Ex: plan - planned, fit – fitted
 
 CÁCH PHÁT ÂM ĐỐI VỚI ĐỘNG TỪ CÓ ĐUÔI “ed”:

Đúng nhất: Theo phiên âm quốc tế, khi -ED đứng sau các âm sau sẽ được phát âm như sau: 

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 Phát âm của -ED Các âm trước -ED
/ɪd/ /t/ /d/
/t/ /k/ /f/ /p/ /ʃ/ /tʃ/ /s/ /t/ /θ/
/d/ Các nguyên âm và phụ âm còn lại

Ex:
/ɪd/ wanted, needed, demanded, suggested, mended, hated, visited, …
/t/ walked, liked, stopped, raped, washed, watched, laughed, sentenced, rated, breathed,
stated, looked, cooked, sniffed, missed, mixed....
/d/ played, studied, changed, matched, decreed, .... 

Note:
• Khi *th phát âm là /θ/ thì -ed mới phát âm là /t/ như breathed, ... 
• Khi *th phát âm là /ð/ thì -ed có phát âm là /d/ như bathed, ... 
• Khi *gh phát âm là /f/ thi -ed phát âm là /t/ như laughed, coughed, .... 
• Khi *gh là âm câm thi -ed phát âm là /d/ như ploughed, ... 
• Nguyên âm + S + ED thì -ed thường được phát âm là /d/ như praised, chased, raised.... 

Ngoại lệ:
- Một số tỉnh từ sau có cách phát âm của -ed là /ɪd/: naked /'neɪkɪd/, learned /'lə:nɪd/, aged /eɪdʒɪd/,
beloved /bɪ'lʌvɪd/, blessed /'blesɪd/, crooked /'krʊkɪd/, ragged /'ræɡɪd/, sacred /'seɪkrɪd/,
wretched /'retʃɪd/,...
- Phần ngoại lệ: Có một chữ có -ed tận cùng được phát âm là /əd/. Chữ đó là hundred /'hʌndrəd/ 

2. PAST PERFECT (QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH) 

a. Form: 
(+) S+ had + Vp2/ed + O
(-) S + hadn't + Vp2/ed + O
(?) Had (not) + S+ Vp2/ed + O? 

b. Uses : 
• Diễn tả một hành động xảy ra trước 1 hành động khác trong QK (hành động xảy ra trước dùng
QKHT; hành động xảy ra sau dùng QKĐ). 
Ex: I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai. 
• Hành động xảy ra trước 1 thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ. 
Ex: I had worked as a librarian before 2010. (Trước năm 2010, tôi là một quản thư). 
c. Advs (Trạng ngữ nhận biết): When, before, after 
d . Quá khứ hoàn thành thường chứa các từ sau : already ( rồi ) just ( vừa mới ) since ( từ khi ) for
( khoản ) several times ( vài lần ) yet ( chưa ) before ( trước đây )

EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1: Put the verbs into the correct form .
1. The storm destroyed the sandcastle that we (build) __________________.
2. He (not / be) __________________ to Cape Town before 1997.
3. When she went out to play, she (do / already) __________________ her homework.
4. My brother ate all of the cake that our mum (make) __________________.
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5. The doctor took off the plaster that he (put on) __________________ six weeks before.
6. The waiter brought a drink that I (not / order) __________________.
7. I could not remember the poem we (learn) __________________ the week before.
8. The children collected the chestnuts that (fall) __________________ from the tree.
9. (he / phone) __________________Angie before he went to see her in London?
10. She (not / ride) __________________ a horse before that day.

EXERCISE 2: Choose the best answer.

1. By the time Hoa _______ me, I had already finished updating my social networking profile.
A. phoned B. had phoned
2. I _______ my homework a long time ago.
A. finished B. had finished
3. I _______ of it until you mentioned it.
A. didn't hear B. hadn't heard
4. I _______ enough time to finish the exam yesterday.
A. didn't have B. hadn't had
5. If I _______, I'd have helped.
A. knew B. had known
6. If I _______ how to use this computer, I'd tell you.
A. knew B. had known
7. No sooner _______ than I realised what was going on.
A. did I arrive B. had I arrived
8. Until last month, I _______ it before.
A. didn't try B. hadn't tried

EXERCISE 3: Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense - Past Perfect or Past Simple.
1. After Nam _______________ (to spend) his holiday in France he ______________ (to want) to
learn French.
2. Tim _______________ (to phone) Lisa at work before she _______________ (to leave) for her
trip.
3. Susan _______________ (to turn on) the radio after she _______________ (to wash) the dishes.
4. When she ____________ (to arrive) the match ____________ already ____________ (to start).
5. After the man _______________ (to come) home he _______________ (to feed) the cat.
6. Before he _______________ (to sing) a song he _______________ (to play) the guitar.
7. She _______________ (to watch) a video after the children _______________ (to go) to bed.
8. After Bill _______________ (to make) breakfast he__________________ (to phone) his
friend.
9. I _______________ (to be) very tired because I _______________ (to study) too much.
10. They _______________ (to ride) their bikes before they _______________ (to meet) their
friends.

EXERCISE 4 : Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense- Past simple, past continuous or
past perfect.
1. After they _______________ (have) a cup of tea, they _______________ (have) some cake.
2. They _______________ (buy) this flat two years ago.
3. When I _______________ (watch) TV, the lights _______________ (go) out.

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4. He _______________ (tell) me that he _______________ (see) a lion.
5. He _______________ (go) to France last year.
6. After he _______________ (call) the police, he _______________ (call) the ambulance.
7. She _______________ (wash) her hair when her baby _______________ (start) to cry.
8. After he _______________ (work) hard, he _______________ (feel) ill.
9. He _______________ (leave) the room after I _______________ (explain) all the facts.
10. After he _______________ (find) the key, he ____________ (open) the door.
11. While he _______________ (play) computer games, she __________________ (read).
12. They _______________ (sell) everything before they _______________ (move) to Glasgow.
13. He _______________ (visit) me yesterday evening.
14. When I _______________ (clean) the room, Mary _______________ (come) home.
15. After he _______________ (finish) school, he _______________ (start) to work in a factory.

PREPOSITIONS AFTER CERTAIN VERBS

(GIỚI TỪ THEO SAU MỘT SỐ ĐỘNG TỪ)
Một số động từ thường có các giới từ đi kèm theo sau.
 ABOUT
- Agree about sth: đồng ý, đồng tình về điều gì / agree on sth
E.g: We agree about the need for change, (on) (Chúng tôi đồng ý về nhu cầu thay đổi.)
- Argue about sth: tranh luận/ tranh cãi về điều gì
E.g: We argued about spending money. (Chúng tôi tranh cãi về việc tiêu tiền.)
- Care about sb/ sth: quan tâm, chú ý đến ai/ điều gì đó
E.g: She did not care about other people. (Cô ta không quan tâm đến những người khác.)
He cares deeply about environmental issues. (Anh ta rất quan tâm đến các vấn đề môi trường.)
- Complain about sth: phàn nàn, kêu ca về điều gì
E.g:He complained about the poor quality of service he had received in this hotel.
(Anh ta phàn nàn về chất lượng dịch vụ kém cỏi mà anh ta nhận được tại khách sạn này)
- Forget about sth: quên điều gì đó
E.g: She forgets about calling US. (Cô ấy quên gọi chúng tôi.)
- Talk about: nói về/ bàn về
E.g: She is talking about getting married. (Cô ta đang nói về việc kết hôn.)
- Think about: nghĩ về, xem xét
E.g: We think about money. (Chúng tôi nghĩ về tiền bạc)
- worry about: lo lắng về
E.g: He's always worrying about his weight. (Anh ấy luôn lo lắng về cân nặng của mình.)
- dream about: mơ về
E.g: I dreamt about you last night. (Tối qua tôi đã mơ thấy bạn.)
 AGAINST
- decide against sth/ doing sth ~ decide not to do sth: quyết định chống lại điều gì/ quyết định
không làm gì
E.g: They decided against taking legal action. (Họ quyết định chống lại tố tụng)
- warn (sb) against sb/ sth: cảnh báo/ cảnh cáo (ai) về ai/ điều gì, không nên làm gì
E.g: He warned us against pickpockets, (ông ấy cảnh báo chúng tôi về những kẻ móc túi.)
The guidebook warns against walking alone at night. (Quyển sách hướng dẫn cảnh báo không được
đi một mình vào ban đêm.)
 AFTER

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- look after - take care of: chăm sóc, trông nom
E.g: I will look after your children. (Tôi sẽ chăm sóc con của bạn)
 AT
- excel at sth: trội, xuất sắc về cái gì
E.g:He excels at playing chess. (Anh ấy chơi cờ rất xuất sắc)
- laugh at: cười ai/ điều gì
E.g: You never laugh at my jokes! (Cậu chưa bao giờ cười khi tớ kể chuyện cả!)
- rejoice at sth: mừng rỡ, vui mừng về điều gì
E.g: They rejoiced at hearing the news. (Họ rất mừng khi nghe tin)
 FOR
- apologize for sth: xin lỗi về điều gì
E.g: I apologized for being late. (Tôi xin lỗi vì đã đến muộn)
We apologize for the late departure of this flight. (Chúng tôi xin lỗi vì sự chậm trễ của chuyến
bay)
- care for sb -take care of sb: chăm sóc ai đó đang bị ốm, người già hoặc trẻ em
E.g: He is caring for three orphans in this area. (Anh ấy chăm sóc ba đứa trẻ mồ côi trong khu này)
- care for sb/ sth: thích, yêu mến ai/ điều gì
E.g: He cared for her more than she realized. (Anh ấy yêu cô ấy nhiều hơn là cô ấy nhận ra)
- stand for sth: là chữ viết tắt của cái gì; đại diện cho cái gì; tha thứ cho điều gì; ủng hộ điều gì
E.g: Doves stand for peace. (Bồ câu tượng trưng cho hòa bình.)
I wouldn't stand for that sort of behaviour from him, if I were you. (Nếu tôi là bạn thì tôi sẽ
không tha thứ cho cách cư xử đó của anh ta.)
- wait for sb/ sth: đợi ai/ điều gì
E.g: I have been waiting for her for over 30 minutes. (Tôi đã đợi cô ấy hơn ba mươi phút)
 FROM
- keep from sth: ngăn cản, nén, kiêng, nhịn, nín
She could hardly keep from laughing. (Cô ấy khó mà nhịn được cười.)
- recover from sth: phục hồi, hồi phục
E.g: He recovered from his operation. (Anh ấy đã hồi phục sau cuộc phẫu thuật)
- suffer from sth: chịu đựng, bị, đau cái gì
E.g: He suffers from asthma. (Anh ta bị bệnh hen suyễn.)
- refrain from sth: ngăn cản, ngừng, kìm lại, nhịn không làm gì
E.g: Please refrain from smoking. (Vui lòng ngừng hút thuốc.)
 IN
- believe in: tin tưởng, tin ở ai/ cái gì
E.g: Do you believe in God? (Bạn có tin vào Chúa không?)
- deal in sth: buôn bán
E.g: The company deals in computer software. (Công ty buôn bán bằng phần mềm máy tính)
- engage in sth: tham gia, tiến hành làm gì
E.g: Even in prison, he continued to engage in criminal activities. (Ngay cả khi ở trong tù, anh ta
vẫn tiếp tục tham gia vào các hoạt động tội phạm.)
- participate/ take part + in sth: tham gia vào
E.g: They will participate in running the race. (Họ sẽ tham gia vào cuộc chạy đua)
- result in sth: gây ra, dẫn đến, đưa đến
E.g: His recklessness resulted in failure. (Sự liều lĩnh của anh ta đã dẫn đến thất bại.)
- specialize in sth: chuyên về, trở thành chuyên gia về, nổi tiếng về

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E.g:The shop specializes in hand-made chocolates. (Cửa hàng này chuyên bán sôcôla tự làm.)
- succeed in sth: thành công trong việc làm gì
E.g: He succeeded in winning the race. (Anh ấy đã thắng trong cuộc đua)
 OF
- approve of: tán thành, chấp thuận, bằng lòng
E.g: They didn't approve of his actions. (Họ không tán thành hành động của anh ta)
- dream of: mơ ước về điều gì (lúc bạn thức)
E.g: I dreamt of being an English teacher. (Tôi đã mơ ước trở thành giáo viên Tiếng Anh.)
- take care of: chăm sóc, trông nom
E.g: You should take better care of yourself. (Bạn nên chăm sóc bản thân tốt hơn)
- think of: nghĩ tới, nhớ tới, tưởng tượng
E.g: That's a good idea. Why didn't I think of that? (Ý kiến đó hay đấy. Tại sao tôi không nghĩ tới
nhỉ?)

 OFF
- call off ~ cancel: hủy bỏ
E.g: He called off playing the game in the rain. (Anh ấy dừng chơi trò chơi trong cơn mưa)
The game was called off because of bad weather. (Trò chơi bị hủy bỏ bởi thời tiết xấu)
- put off ~ delay: trì hoãn
E.g: Perhaps we should put off the trip to Ha Long Bay. A big storm is coming.
(Có lẽ chúng ta nên tạm hoãn chuyến đi Vịnh Hạ Long. Một cơn bão lớn đang đến.)
 OVER
think over: xem xét, cân nhắc kỹ lưỡng trước khi đưa ra quyết định
E.g: He'd like more time to think things over. (Anh ấy cần thêm thời gian để cân nhắc)
- talk over: thảo luận tỉ mỉ điều gì
E.g: You'll find it helpful to talk things over with a friend. (Bạn sẽ thấy hữu ích khi thảo luận mọi
thứ với bạn bè.)
 ON
- agree on sth: đồổng ý việc gì
E.g: We agreed on renting the house. (Chúng tôi đồng ý cho thuê ngôi nhà)
- concentrate on: tập trung
E.g: She gave up German in order to concentrate on her French.
(Cô ấy từ bỏ tiếng Đức để tập trung vào tiếng Pháp)
- depend on: phụ thuộc
E.g: We depend on getting help. (Chúng tôi phụ thuộc vào việc giúp đỡ)
- go on: tiếp tục
E.g: Will you go on working? (Bạn sẽ tiếp tục làm việc chứ?)
- insiston: khăng khăng
E.g: He insisted on his innocence. (Anh ta khăng khăng rằng bản thân vô tội)
- keep on: tiếp tục
E.g: We keep on working. (Chúng tôi tiếp tục làm việc)
- plan on: có ý định/ dự định làm gì
E.g: We hadn't planned on going anywhere this evening. (Chúng tôi không có dự định đi đâu tối nay
cả.)
- rely on: tin cậy vào, dựa vào, tin vào
E.g: You should rely on your own judgement. (Bạn nên tin vào phán đoán của bản thân.)

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 TO
- adjust to sth ~ adapt to: thích nghi với cái gì
E.g: I have adjusted to living in the U.S. (Tôi phải thích nghi với cuộc sống ở Mỹ.)
- agree to sth: đồng tình, tán thành, đồng ý với việc gì
E.g: Do you think he'll agree to their proposal? (Bạn có nghĩ rằng anh ta sẽ tán thành lời đề nghị?)
- look forward to: mong đợi, chờ đợi
E.g: I look forward to seeing you. (Tôi rất mong được gặp bạn.)
- object to: chống đối, phản đối với
E.g: Many local people object to the building of the new airport. (Rất nhiều người dân địa phương
phản đối việc xây dựng sân bay mới)
 WITH
- agree with sb/ sth: đồng tình, đồng ý với ai/ điều gì
E.g: I agree with her analysis of the situation. (Tôi đồng tình với phân tích của cô ấy trong tình
huống này.)
- mess with sb/ sth: can thiệp vào, xía vào, dính vào

Prepositions
1. Prepositions of time

Seven o’clock / half past six

Night / noon / midnight / sunset
At Christmas / Easter
Lunchtime / bedtime
The weekend ( = on the weekend )
Cho một mốc thòi gian nhất định
- at night: vào ban đêm
- at noon: vào buổi trưa
- at lunch time: vào giờ ăn trưa
- at midday: vào giữa ngày
- at the moment/ at present: bây giờ
- at times: thỉnh thoảng
- at dawn: khi bình minh
- at dusk: khi hoàng hôn
- at the same time: cùng lúc

On Sunday / Moday….
September 5th
Tuedays , October 2nd 2012
Chirstmast day / New year’s day / New year’s Eve
Saturday morning / Thurday evening
A cold night / a beautiful morning
Trong một số cụm từ:
- on holiday: đi nghỉ
- on vacation: nghỉ việc
- on business: đi công tác
- on duty: đang làm nhiệm vụ
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 - on an excursion: trong 1 chuyên du ngoạn
- on purpose: có chủ định
- on time: đúng giờ

In January / March ….
1988 / 2012 ………..the 1990s / the 1950s ….
(the ) summer ) / spring / autumn , winter …..
The morning / the afternoon … the evening ….
Trong một số cụm từ:
- in the future: trong tương lai
- in the past: trong quá khứ
- in (good) time for: kịp giờ
- in eood/bad mood: tâm trạng tốt/tệ
- in the end: cuối cùng
- in the beginning: lúc đầu

SINCE Từ khoảng thời gian nhất định trong quá khứ đến hiện tại
FOR Một khoảng thời gian nhất định tính từ quá khứ đến hiện tại
BEFORE Trước khoảng thời gian
AFTER sau khoảng thời gian
FROM.. TO Từ... đến
TILL/ Đến, cho đến
UNTIL
BY Vào, tính tới •
BETWEEN.. Giữa... và
AND
DURING Trong suốt

1. Giới từ chỉ vị trí

Giới từ Cách sử dụng
IN - Dùng trong một khu vực,
khoảng không (mang nghĩa là
trong)
- Dùng truớc cách địa danh như
thị trấn, thành phố, quốc gia
- Dùng truớc các danh từ chỉ
phương huớng
- Dùng trong một số cụm từ
Ví dụ
+ in the bedroom: trong phòng ngủ
+ in hospital: trong bệnh viện
+ in the rain: trong cơn mưa
+ in a town
+ in Hanoi
+ in Vietnam
+ in the west/east/north/south...
+ in the middle of: ở giữa
+ in front of: ở trước
+ in the back of: ở phía sau

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 AT - Dùng trước các địa điểm cụ thể + at the airport, at the part, at the cinema, at
(ở/tại) the station, at the bus stop, at the meeting, at
- Dùng trong một số cụm từ: home...
+ at the end of: cuối của
+ at the beginning of: đầu của
+ at the top of: đỉnh của
+ at the bottom of: đáy của
+ at the age of: ở độ tuổi
+ at the center of: giữa của

ON - Chỉ vị trí trên một bề mặt (trên/ở + on the table

trên) + on the wall
- Chỉ vị trí trên các tầng nhà + on the beach
- Dùng trong một số cụm từ: + on the second floor
+ on the left/right (of): bên trái/phải (của)

BY/NEXT Dùng với nghĩa là gần/bên cạnh My house is next to/beside/by a school.
TO/BESIDE

UNDER Dùng với nghĩa là bên dưới The children are playing under the trees.
BELOW Thấp hơn cái khác nhưng cao hơn The fish are below the surface.
mặt đất
OVER Dùng với nghĩa:
- bị bao phủ bởi cái khác put a jacket over
- nhiều hơn your shirt over 16
years of age
ABOVE - Dùng với ý nghĩa: vị trí cao hơn a path above the lake
một cái gì đó
AMONG - Dùng với nghĩa là: ở giữa She is among the crowd of fans.
(hơn 2 người/ 2 vật)

BETWEEN Dùng với ý nghĩa: ở giữa He is sitting between his girlfriend and his
(2 người/ 2 vật) sister.

BEHIND Dùng với nghĩa là: ở phía sau Behind my house is a river.
OPPOSITE Dùng với nghĩa là: đối diện My school is opposite a hotel

2. Một số giới từ khác :

o Cách dùng khác nhau của “ In the end và at the end ”
In the end = at last : cuối cùng thì ….
Ex : In the end, they sold the house and left the town.
at the biginning of/ at the end of: vµo lóc ®Çu/ cuèi
Ex : They intend to leave at the end of this month .
o “ On time và In time ”
Ex : - I got to the station just in time to catch the train .
Ex : - Mary is alaways on time. She never comes to work late.
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 “ Among và between ” “ during - from ….to ….”
Ex : - He had a heart attack and was taken to hospital during the night.
- Most shop poens from 8.00a.m to 7.00 p.m .
Ex : - Letter B is between letter A and C
- She is among the crowd

EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1 : Choose the best answer.
1. He has decided not to apply _______ that job he saw advertised.
A. for B. to C. on D. of
2. They discussed _______ many important questions during the meeting.
A. to B. on C. no preposition D about
3. Tom likes his job but he doesn't talk _______ it much.
A. of B. about C. no preposition D. for
4. Nam is so selfish. He doesn't care _______ anyone except himself.
A. of B. about C. for D. in
5. I looked _______ my books everywhere but I couldn't find them anywhere.
A. at B. up C. after D. for
6. My father cared _______ my mother when she was sick.
A. to B. for C. on D. in
7. Do you believe _______ ghosts?
A. in B. of C. about D. on
8. What were they arguing _______?
A. at B. about C. of D. in
9. The IT specialists apologised _______ being late because of the heavy traffic.
A. for B. in C. of D. about
10. I talked _______ her about this matter.
A. for B. of C. about D. to
11. My husband specializes _______ computer software.
A. for B. about C. in D.of
12. The course in this school appeals _______ me the most.
A. by B. on C. to D. of
13. He's always boasting _______ the one time he was on TV!
A. about B. on C. at D. for
14. Poor Linda! She suffers _______ migraine headaches.
A. to B. at C. for D. from
15. How are you feeling? Have you recovered _______ your operation yet?
A. from B. to C. on D. at

EXERCISE 2 : Fill in the blank with a suitable preposition.

1. Don't worry _______ your exam! Everything will be OK.
2. I've waited _______ him for 30 minutes. I'm going home.
3. Stop talking and concentrate _______ your work.
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4. Don't forget to pay _______ the meal.
5. He explained the answer _______ me.
6. I don't know what I will do at the weekend. It depends _____ the weather.
7. She will arrive _______ New York at 2 p.m.
8. I like to listen _______ music when I have free time.
9. He borrowed this book _______ his brother.
10. Who does this car belong _______?

PRACTICE TEST
Unit 4. THE MASS MEDIA
TEST 1
A. PHONETICS 
I. Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined.
1. A approved B. answered C. passed  D. uttered
2. A. doubted B. wedded C. connected D. passed
3. A. managed B. laughed C. captured D. signed
4. A. washed B. exchanged C. experienced D. mixed
5. A. filled B. added  C. started D. intended
6. A. wanted B. booked C. stopped D. laughed
7. A. booked B. watched C. jogged D. developed
8. A. kneeled B. bowed  C. implied D. compressed
9. A. bottled B. explained C. trapped D. betrayed
10. A. laughed B. stamped C. booked D. contented 

II. Choose the word which has a different stress pattern from the others. 
1. A. headache B. present C. nation D. planet
2. A. playwright B. active C. global  D. tonight
3. A. advent B. emerge C. prevent D. event
4. A. efficiency B. society C. documentary D. proficiency 
5. A. painting  B. visit  C. portrait  D. enough
6. A. canteen   B. children C. lengthen D. nothing
7. A. appropriate B. documentary C. entertainment D. confirmation
8. A. dominant  B. Internet C. attitude  D. entertain 
9. A. efficient  B. digital  C. networking  D. privacy 
10. A. transmitted  B. taken  C. delivered D. produced 

III. Choose the correct word in the bracket to complete the sentences. 
shoot  show  censore broadcast edit scan
print   receive publish refer download 
1. The term the mass media in English ____________________ basically to TV, radio and
newspapers.
2. The BBC World Service ______________________throughout the world. 
3. A short wave or a VHF radio can ______________________ many interesting stations. 
4. They're ____________________ a good film on TV tonight.

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5. I _____________________ a good program from the Internet the other day. Would you like a
copy? 
6. This book was ____________________ by CUP and it was ____________________ in
Cambridge. 
7. This article has been badly ____________________.
8. The film was ____________________ in Spain.
9. They ______________________ the film before showing it on TV. 
10. I _____________________  some photos I'd taken, so that I could send them to a friend in
Australia. 

IV. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the gap in
the same line. 
1. That morning, I spent maybe 40 minutes ____________________ over the horror of the shooting
and a million other things the newspapers had to tell me. PORE 
2. We have spent much of the past few years discovering that the digitization of news is ruining how
we ____________________ process information. COLLECT
3. Most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription
revenue, newsstand sales, and ____________________ revenue. ADVERTISE
4. Sweet people turn nasty at the ____________________ of a hat on FB; it's stunning how fast they
turn: like a hungry Rottweiler being teased with a piece of red meat. DROPPING
5. With ____________________ to the above paragraph about nasty FBers, a recent study said that
FB makes us "feel badly about ourselves", "makes us envious", "makes us sad" and “is a tedious
distraction”.
6. Social networks and the analysis of them is an inherently interdisciplinary academic field which
____________________ from social psychology, sociology, statistics, and graph theory. EMERGE
7. The first commercial automated cellular network was ____________________ in Japan by
Nippon Telegraph and Telephone in 1979. LAUNCH
8. Like many nonprofits, we use Facebook to connect with our audiences, and they use Facebook to
stay in ____________________ with us. TOUCHING
9. During that time, we've grown ____________________ as an organization - adding staff
positions, increasing programming. SIGNIFICANT
10. Some video clips and images shared by your friend may make you laugh and your brain gets
some ____________________. RELAX

V. Indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of

the following questions.
1. Media plays a significant role in keeping everyone updated about the various events around the
world. 
A. informed B. disinterested C. indifferent D. reluctant
2. Today, we can check out the latest news and current affairs with just few clicks of mouse or by
simply switching on the radio or television
A. matters  B. meetings C. affections D. approval
3. The main purpose of media is to disseminate the information and knowledge.
A. restrict  B. spread  C. conceal  D. make it off the record
4. Cyber-bullying is commonplace online, causes emotional trauma, and sometimes even leads to
suicide.

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 A. stimulation  B. motivation  C. disorder  D. excitement
5. The Internet is a treasure trove of information, which offers knowledge on any given topic under
the sun.
A. sparsely  B. scarcely  C. abundantly  D. undoubtedly
6. The webs update news about the latest breakthroughs in the field of medicine, technology, and
other domains of science.
A. setbacks  B. demerits  C. hindrances D. headways 
VI. Indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of
the following questions.

1. Excessive amounts of time at a computer can contribute to obesity, undeveloped social skills and a
form of addictive behavior. 
A. over the top B. a bit much C. unrestrained D. limited
2. The Internet has become an indispensable business tool, which has helped bring the world closer.
A. fundamental B. vital  C. dispensable D. significant
3. Newspapers enjoyed the position of the most preferred medium to reach a wider audience until
electronic communication emerged on the media scene. 
A. turned up B. came into view C. came out D. disappeared
4. For many teens, texting is the dominant way that they communicate on a day-to-day basis with
their friends. 
A. secondary B. principal C. leading D. outstanding
5. Duolingo helps you learn multiple languages simultaneously at no extra charge.
A. concurrently  B. together  C. at the same time  D. singly

VII. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the sentences.

1. Have you any comment to ____ about the cause of the disaster?
A. make B. complain C. show  D. demonstrate
2. Any event attended by the actor received ____ media coverage.
A. big B. large  C. widespread D. much 
3. The ____ of 4, 5 and 9 is 6.
A. total B. sum  C. amount D. average
4. We thought she was arrogant ____ in fact she was just very shy. 
A. whereas B. although C. despite D. provided
5. Are you ____ trouble again?
A. doing  B. causing C. creating D. bringing
6. The sword was presented by the family ____ the museum.
A. for B. onto C. to  D. with
7. The truth of this statement has been effectively ____ in Chapter 1. 
A. demonstrated B. pronounced C. declared D. published
8. Their music still enjoys widespread ____ among teenagers. 
A. popular B. popularity C. public D. publicity
9. As far as I'm ____ nobody has done anything about it. 
A. know  B. aware C. hope  D. awake
10. Focusing upon human curiosity is an ingenious idea that would ____ to the creation and launch
of Quota in June, 2009. 

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 A. direct  B. go  C. lead  D. aim 
11. The app - WhatsApp - relies ____ the Internet to send images, texts, documents audio and video
messages to other users that have the app installed on their devices. 
A. on  B. at  C. in  D. with 
12. The lessons provided by Duolingo are designed to increase in difficulty as the user ____.
A. continues B. moves forward C. progresses D. goes forward
13. With Anki App, users can ____ themselves through quickly sessions, often lasting one minute or
less, in order to test their knowledge of Japanese.
A. challenge B. compete C. stop  D. doubt 
14. The commission is calling for a global ban ____ whaling.
A. in B. on C. with  D. for 
15. I haven't seen Gary ____ a long time. Who is he?
A. in B. for C. since  D. at 

16. It's ages ____ I last ate Italian food.

A. for B. when C. while  D. since 
17. I've written to Helen ____.
A. last week B. yet  C. recently D. nowadays 
18. What have you been doing ____?
A. today  B. yesterday C. far so D. all ready
19. I had dinner with Sue ____.
A. last night B. already C. so far  D. lately
20. Twitter is a micro-blogging ____ that allows users to post brief, 140 character messages - called
"tweets" – and follow other users' activities.
A. device  B. appliance C. instrument D. tool

VIII. Choose the underlined part among A, B, C or D that needs correcting.

1. I was merely questioning weather we had the money to fund such a project. 
A B C D
2. We'll see you after the performance also give you £50 for the tickets, or however much they cost. 
A B C D
3. Do they play any other sports beside basketball and volleyball? 
A B C D
4. In addition her flat in Hanoi, she has a new house in Vung Tau and a villa in Ho Chi Minh City. 
A B C D
5. There's not much flour left but you're welcome to what few there is. 
A B C D
6. Susan slept soundly for 10 hours! You must wake her. 
A B C D
7. Because of coming into the office on weekends, Mr. Smith never gets enough work done. 
A B C D
8. Sales of the newest computer have doubled since the past eight months.
A B C D 
9. The members of the personnel committee has decided to revise the employee handbook.
A B C D
10. No one knows what the ultimate affect of the global pollution will be. 

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 A B C D

IX. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the
following passage. 
At the start of the social media revolution, Facebook quickly became the most popular
(1) ____ for sharing information with others. However, it is not the only service that people can use
to express themselves. Those (2) ____ believe in the old saying that "more is less" may want to
check out Twitter. Part of Twitter's appeal is that it limits users to 140 characters whenever they
update their status, nisor people to quickly "get to the point" when they are communicating. 
Twitter is a micro blogging service that was (3) ____ by four American programmers in
2006. The founders chose the name Twitter because the word has two definitions: "a short burst of
information" and "the sound that little birds make", both of (4) ____ fit the description of what their
service provides. In fact, some people have even labeled Twitter the "SMS of the Internet". Twitter is
not just (5) ____ words though. Users can also share videos and pictures. Another thing which truly
sets Twitter apart from its competition is the hash tag. Hash tags are a special way of labeling and (6)
____ information. They help people interested in a subject to find related posts and content. For
example, some interested in sports could simply search for hash tag sports and they would find all
messages tagged in this manner. 
Twitter has also allowed people to easily connect with others who they would have never had
access to in the past. This has enabled fans to interact with their favorite celebrities by following
their Twitter updates and sending them direct messages. (7) ____, there is no guarantee that the
famous person will respond, as the celebrities may receive thousands of messages each day.
However, there have been some pretty stunning interactions. (8) ____ 2011, singer Justin Timberlake
made headlines when he accepted an invitation from a female soldier to attend a Marine Corps ball.
In return, many celebrities find it gratifying to know some of their supporters more closely.
However, there is a dark side to Twitter (9) ____. Some people who don't think before send out
tweets that can cause outrage by making inappropriate or insensitive remarks. 
In November 2013, Twitter went public on the New York Stock Exchange. The added
investments should (10) ____ the company to do some incredible things in the near future 

1. A. position  B. site C. area  D. side 

2. A. what  B. which  C. who  D. that 
3. A. published B. went  C. turned  D. created 
4. A. when  B. which  C. that D. While
5. A. in B. for C. about  D. from 
6. A. classifying B. allowing  C. defining D. sending 
7. A. Moreover B. Of course  C. However  D. Although 
8. A. In  В. Ву  C. Within  D. During
9. A. organizations B. conversations C. applications D. implementations 
10. A. make  B. help  C. have  D. allow 

X. Read the passage and choose the best answer. 

The World Wide Web was developed by British physicist and computer scientist Timothy
Berners-Lee as a project within the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva,
Switzerland. Berners-Lee combined several existing ideas into a single system to make it easier for
physicists to use data on the Internet. Most important, he added multimedia - the ability to include

87
graphics - to the hyperlink concept found in a previous Internet service known as gopher. Berners-
Lee had begun working with hypertext in the early 1980s. An early prototype implementation of the
Web became operational at CERN in 1989, and the idea quickly spread to universities in the rest of
the world. 
Groups at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign researched and extended Web technology. They developed the first browser
that was used at many sites, named Mosaic, in 1993. To allow the Web to be accessed from a wide
variety of computer systems, researchers built multiple versions of Mosaic. Each version was
designed to be used with a specific operating system, the software that controls the computer. Within
a year, computer programmer Marc Andreessen had formed a commercial company, Netscape
Communications Corporation, to build and sell Web technologies. New vocabulary: 
gopher (n.): chuột túi, sóc túi má
prototype (n.): người (vật) đầu tiên, nguyên mẫu
implementation (n.): sự thi hành, sự thực hiện đầy đủ, sự bổ sung 
operational (adj.): thuộc hoạt động, thao tác; có thể có hiệu lực

1. The World Wide Web was developed by 

A. an American B. a British C. a Canadian D. a French
2. The word "multiple" in the reading means ____.
A. plural B. single C. only  D. numerous
3. Which word in the reading means "the instructions which control what a computer does; computer
programs"?
A. version  B. software C. technology D. concept
4. Which word means "a connection that allows you to move easily between two computer
documents or two pages on the Internet"? 
A. graphic B. datum C. project D. hyperlink
5. The scientist who developed the World Wide Web was majoring in
A. math and physics  B. math and computer 
C. computer and physics  D. math, physics and computer 
6. Which sentence below is not correct? 
A Timothy Berners Lee spoke English very well
B. Timothy Berners-Lee was born in Geneva, Switzerland
C. Timothy Berners-Lee was the first person to develop WWW. 
D. Some existing ideas were combined into a single system by him.
7. What did "Netscape Communications Corporation" do? 
A to develop www B. to use data on the Internet
C. to control the computer  D. to build and sell Web technologies
8. Which sentence is not correct?
A. "Hypertext" means "a way of joining a word or image to another page, document, etc. on
the Internet or in another computer program so that you can move from one to the other
easily".
B. Berners-Lee had begun working with hypertext in the early 1980s.
C. An early prototype implementation of the Web became operational at CERN in 1989. 
D. The idea slowly spread to universities in the rest of the world.
9. Who researched and extended Web technology? 
A. The European Organization for Nuclear Research

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 B. Timothy Berners-Lee
C. Marc Andreessen
D. Groups at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
10. Which sentence is not correct? 
A. Mosaic was one of the scientists who developed WWW.
B. The first browser that was used at many sites was developed in 1993.
C. Each version was designed to be used with a particular working system.
D. Researchers built numerous versions of Mosaic to allow the Web to be accessed from a
wide variety of computer systems.

REVISION UNIT 3 & 4

I . Provide a suitable subordinator to fill in the bank. ( can be used more than once time )
as soon as before since in the case that by because as

1. I'm going to the bank _______ I need some money.

2. I made lunch _______ I got home.
3. _______ it's raining, she's going for a walk in the park.
4. _______ she finishes her homework soon, she will fail the class.
5. He decided to trust David _______ he was an honest man.
6. _______ we went to school, she decided to investigate the situation.
7.Daisy decided to leave Tom _______ he was too worried about his job.
8. Tuan bought a new jacket _______ he had received one as a gift last week.
9. Hung claims that there will be trouble _______ he doesn't complete the job.
10. Hoa will have finished the report _______ the time you receive the letter.

II. Choose the correct words in the box to complete the sentences. 
needs of  dispose of  pay off distributed on took hold
accompanied by for granted absorbed into  in part associated
with

1. Green products are biodegradable or easily reused either ____________________ or as a whole. 

2. Sea level rise ____________________ climate change could displace tens of millions of people
in low-lying areas - especially in developing countries.
3. A number of World War II munitions exploded as wildfires ____________________ in a
forest around 40 miles southwest of Berlin, Raimund Engel. 
4. In explosive eruptions, the fragmented rock may be ____________________ ash and gases; in
effusive eruptions, degassing is common but ash is usually not.
5. Most of us take heating and cooling ____________________.
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6. Engage students in thinking about how water is ____________________ Earth.
7. Water that falls on the ground can run off into streams or it can be ________________________
the ground. Students may also say that water can evaporate. 
8. You cannot sell them or ____________________ them without the permission of the
finance company.
9. Sustainable energy is energy that meets the ____________________ the present generations
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
10. In many areas, including much of Alabama, an investment for sustainable energy sources will
____________________ in just a few short years. 

III. Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined. 
1. A. government B. monument C. movement D. comment
2. A. motto B. photograph C. force  D. vote
3. A. demolish B. supporter C. resource D. reformist
4. A. attained B. resolved C. disused D. decreased
5. A. expand B. stagnant C. vacancy D. applicant 

IV. Choose the word which has a different stress pattern from the others. 
6. A. compulsory B. biography C. curriculum D. admirable
7. A. predominance B. environment C. technology D. superstition
8. A. mature B. mailbox C. surface D. manner
9. A. struggle B. enlarge C. occur  D. survive 
10. A. participate B. psychology C. ability  D. temporary 

V. Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following
questions.
11. The council wants to ____ the character of the city while reconstructing the Old Quarter.
A. preserve B. store C. defense D. abandon
12. Heavy traffic ____ us so we came to the meeting rather late.
A. promoted B. arrested C. canceled D. delayed
13. It turned out to be a ____ journey when the weather became bad.
A. hazard B. hazardous C. hazarded D. hazarding
14. Poaching ____ the greatest threat to many species.
A. creates B. presents C. poses D. produces
15. In Africa, people's interference in the rhino's ____ leads to habitat loss.
A. sector B. territory C. domain D. country
16. ____ the wild, giant pandas eat bamboo.
A. On B. Into C. Onto D. In
17. This species of African elephants is ____.
A. dying out B. dying of C. dying on D. dying down
18. ____ is wiping out many kinds of plants and animals.
A. Defoliation B. Deforestation C. Deformation D. Degradation
19. The tiger is ____ of extinction. It is difficult to find them in the wild.
A. on the wing B. on the rocks C. on the verge D. on the ground
20. Switching to ____ eco light bulb is one way to protect the environment.
A. energy-wasting B. energy-expending C. energy-lacking D. energy-saving

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21. ____ batteries or solar chargers are some of the solutions to the lack of energy.
A. Rechargeable B. Reversible C. Repeatable D.
Returnable
22. I never leave any electrical appliances on standby and I think it is a good way to ____ energy in
the home.
A. take care of B. use C. keep D. conserve
23. Nowadays, people are searching for more ____ materials to build their houses.
A. environment-friendly B. environmentally-friendly
C. environmental-friendly D. environmental-friend
24. Every ____ piece of equipment was sent to the fire.
A. consumable B. spendable C. available D.
disposable
25. In the ____ agriculture, farmers try to limit the use of chemicals and fertilizers.
A. sustainable B. conserving C. preserving D. supporting
26. In Singapore, people try to ____ 80% of all waste.
A. reprocess B. reclaim C. recycle D. reuse
27. A good leader in globalization is not to impose but ____ change.
A. facilitate B. cause C. show D. oppose
28. Information technology has ____ our lives.
A. evolved B. reserved C. assimilated D. transformed
29. We need to act quickly to ____ to climate change, or it will be a disaster for the whole planet.
A. adapt B. go back C. reverse D. transit
30. There is little ____ of things improving soon.
A. probability B. probably C. probable D. probabilities

VI. Indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of
me following questions.
1. Solar panels could be used on the new development as part of a drive towards environmental
sustainability. 
A. steadiness B. inconstancy C. change D. fluctuation
2. Hazardous gases refer to all kinds of gas that can be potentially harmful to humans in certain
concentrations.
A. secure B. certain  C. excessive D. noxious
3. Many herbicides and pesticides take a long time to degrade and build up in the soils or throughout
the food chain.
A. dignify B. accumulate C. defrost  D. deteriorate 
4. There are plenty of potential toxins still being ignored, with less than half of the 5,000 new
chemicals widely dispersed throughout the environment since 1950.
A. harmless compounds  B. safe matters 
C. poisonous substances  D. immortal particles
5. One out of every four premature deaths in India in 2015, or some 2.5 million, was attributed to
pollution.
A. associated with B. got along with C. derived from D. broken down
6. The authorities are now making a determined effort to adapt to the climate change in mountain
regions to ensure that climbing can continue.
A. preserve B. stabilize C. adjust to D. generate

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7. The biological agents now in use are environmentally benign and are harmless to humans. 
A. hostile  B. unfriendly C. friendly D. unfavorable
8. Renewable resources are exploited so much that they will never be able to recover completely.
A. destroyed B. run off C. utilized D. built up 

VIII. Indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of
the following questions.

1. Some groups of animals such as amphibians are particularly vulnerable to these chemical

pollutants and suffer greatly as a result of the high levels of herbicides and pesticides in their habitat.
A. in peril B. in jeopardy C. open to attack D. durable 
2. Cigarette butts are not biodegradable and contain extremely toxic soluble chemicals.
A. venomous B. deadly  C. endangered D. harmless
3. By 2020, global surface temperature will be more than 0.5°C (0.9°F) warmer than the 1986-2005
average, regardless of which carbon dioxide emissions pathway the world follows.
A. irrespective of  B. without respect to  C. in respect to  D. disregard for
4. Everyday, the world produces carbon dioxide that is released to the earth's atmosphere and which
will still be there in one hundred years time.
A. trapped B. let off  C. discharged D. emitted
5. Global warming is now accelerating the rate of sea level rise, increasing flooding risks to low-
lying communities.
A. decelerating  B. gaining momentum  C. picking up speed  D. getting
a move on 
IX. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the
following passage. 
GREEN ENERGY
Fossil fuels are used to generate the majority of the world's energy, and they come in
different forms. For example, coal may be burned in a power (1) ____ to generate electricity, but
gasoline is burned in a car's engine to make it run. Neither of these two sources is considered green
energy because they produce a lot of pollution when they are burned. In addition, they come from a
source that is inevitably going to (2) ____.
Green energy can be defined as any energy source that is to some degree non-polluting.
When it is called (3) ____, this means that a person can replace the same amount of energy that was
consumed by that person (4) ____ that person's lifetime. Since it took millions and millions of years
to create the fossil fuels that we now burn, we know that they cannot be replaced by us. 
Wind power and solar power, (5) ____ harnessed properly, are two excellent sources of green
energy. Once the necessary parts such as wind turbines to generate wind power and solar panels to
create solar power have been produced, only the pollution from the production is left.

1. A. point B. outlet  C. factory D. plant

2. A. run out of B. run out C. burn out D. cut out
3. A. durable B. sustainable C. harmful D. effective
4. A. along B. about  C. within  D. during 
5. A. where B. when  C. which  D. what 

X. Read the passage, and choose the correct answer A, B, C or D for each question.

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 Although noise, commonly defined as unwanted sound, is a widely recognized form of
pollution, it is very difficult to measure because the discomfort experienced by different individuals
is highly subjective and therefore, variable. Exposure to lower levels of noise may be slightly
irritating, whereas exposure to higher levels may actually cause hearing loss. Particularly in
congested urban areas, the noise produced as a by-product of our advancing technology causes
physical and psychological harm, and detracts from the quality of life for those who are exposed to
it.
Unlike the eyes, which can be covered by the eyelids against strong light, the ear has no lid,
and is therefore, always open and vulnerable; noise penetrates without protection
Noise causes effects that the hearer cannot control and to which the body never becomes
accustomed. Loud noises instinctively signal danger to any organism with a hearing mechanism,
including human beings. In response, heartbeat and respiration accelerate, blood vessels constrict,
the skin pales, and muscles tense. In fact, there is a general increase in functioning brought about by
the flow of adrenaline released in response to fear, and some of these responses persist even longer
than the noise, occasionally as long as thirty minutes after the sound has ceased.
Because noise is unavoidable in a complex, industrial society, we are constantly responding
in the same way that we would respond to danger. Recently, researchers have concluded that noise
and our response may be much more than an annoyance. It may be a serious threat to physical and
psychological health and well-being, causing damage not only to the ear and brain but also to the
heart and stomach. We have long known that hearing loss is America's number one nonfatal health
problem, but now we are learning that some of us with heart disease and ulcers may be victims of
noise as well. Fetuses exposed to noise tend to be overactive, they cry easily and they are more
sensitive to gastrointestinal problems after birth. In addition, the psychic effect of noise is very
important. Nervousness, irritability, tension, and anxiety increase affecting the quality of rest during
sleep, and the efficiency of activities during waking hours, as well as the way that we interact with
each other.
1. Which of the following is the author's main point? 
A. Hearing loss is America's number one nonfatal health problem.
B. Loud noises signal danger.
C. Noise may pose a serious threat to our physical and psychological health, 
D. The ear is not like the eye.
2. According to the passage, what is noise? 
A. A byproduct of technology B. Physical and psychological harm
C. Congestion  D. Unwanted sound
3. Why is noise difficult to measure? 
A. All people do not respond to it in the same way.
B. It causes hearing loss.
C. It is unwanted. 
D. People become accustomed to it.
4. The word congested in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by ____.
A. hazardous B. crowded  C. polluted  D. rushed 
5. The word it in the end of the first paragraph refers to ____.
A. The quality of life B. our advancing technology
C. the noise D. physical and psychological harm
6. Look at the verb accelerate in paragraph 3. Which of the following is the closest meaning to it?
A. cease B. rise C. swell D. increase

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7. It can be inferred from this passage that the eye ____.
A. responds to fears B. enjoys greater protection than the ear
C. increases function D. is damaged by noise

XI. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that needs correction.

1. As if the debt is written off, they will have to sell their house.
A B C D
2. And they love to sing, they love to dance.
A B C D
3. I came to class very early so the teacher was late due to heavy traffic.
A B C D
4. The temperature increases significantly, what makes the ice melt faster.
A B C D
5. I don't think that he has responsed to my email as I have received nothing.
A B C D
6. You are not rich enough to buy all what you like.
A B C D
7. He knows New York very well because he has gone to the city many times.
A B C D

XII. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer
to each of the questions.
Coral reefs are the most diverse of all marine ecosystems. They are full of life, with perhaps
one quarter of all ocean species depending on reefs for food and shelter. This is a remarkable
statistic when you consider that reefs cover just a tiny fraction of the earth's surface and less than
two per cent of the ocean bottom. Because they are so diverse, coral reefs are often called the
rainforests of the ocean. Coral reefs are very important to people. They even provide seventy per
cent of the food demands for some marine species, protection of shorelines, jobs based on tourism
(nine out of twelve activities for tourists in Nha Trang, for example, involve the coral reefs), and
even medicines.
Unfortunately, climate change is the greatest global threat to coral reef ecosystems. Scientific
evidence now clearly indicates that the Earth's atmosphere and ocean are warming, and that these
changes are primarily due to greenhouse gases derived from human activities.
As temperatures rise, mass coral bleaching events and infectious disease outbreaks are
becoming more frequent. Additionally, carbon dioxide absorbed into the ocean from the atmosphere
has already begun to reduce calcification rates in reef-building and reef-associated organisms by
altering seawater chemistry through decreases in pH. This process is called ocean acidification.
Climate change will affect coral reef ecosystems, through sea level rise, changes to the
frequency and intensity of tropical storms, and altered ocean circulation patterns. When combined,
all of these impacts dramatically alter ecosystem function, as well as the goods and services coral
reef ecosystems provide to people around the globe.
There are also many things you can do to ensure that you are environmentally conscious
when you visit coral reefs or coastal areas. These include things such as hiring local guides to
support the economy, removing all trash from an area, never touching or harassing wildlife in reef
areas, and avoiding dropping your boat anchor or chain nearby a coral reef.

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 Finally, stay informed and spread the word! Educate yourself about why healthy coral reefs
are valuable to the people, fish, plants, and animals that depend on them. Your excitement will help
others get involved.
1. Though the coverage of coral reefs on the sea bed is ____, its vital role is undeniable.
A. remarkable B. small C. diverse D. huge
2. ____ of all the ocean species find food and home in the coral reefs.
A. Two per cent B. Seventy per cent C. Twenty-five per cent D. Nine
per cent
3. Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere directly caused ____.
A. infectious disease outbreaks B. reef-building
C. sea level rise D. ocean acidification
4. Which of the following statement is NOT true?
A. Coral reefs can be compared to rainforests due to its diversity.
B. The effects of global warming are only on the ecosystems themselves.
C. You can help the coral reefs by educating not only yourself but people around you.
D. Human activities which cause greenhouse gases are major reasons for the climate change.
5. The word conscious in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to ____.
A. knowledgeable B. curious C. aware D.
acknowledgeable

XIII Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of
the following questions.
1. You must never take the helmet off when you drive.
A. Helmets must be worn at all times when driving.
B. Helmets must be taken around with you when you drive.
C. Wearing helmets is never taken into consideration when driving.
D. Helmets are an optional part of you when you drive.
2. People in Australia are so environmentally-friendly that they create the greenest country in the
world.
A. Australia is the greenest country in the world though the people are environmentally
friendly
B. Australia is the greenest country in the world because the people are environmentally
friendly.
C. Australia is the greenest country in the world while the people are environmentally-
friendly.
D. Australia is the greenest country in the world if the people are environmentally friendly.
3. We might stop here if you don't change your way of speaking.
A. We might stop here unless you don't change your way of speaking.
B. We might stop here if you change your way of speaking.
C. We might stop here unless you change your way of speaking.
D. We might stop here if not you change your way of speaking.
4. When the class was over, the students ran out, screamed and shouted.
A. As long as the class finished, the students ran out, screamed and shouted.
B. No sooner was the class over, the students ran out, screamed and shouted.
C. As soon as the class had finished, the students ran out, screamed and shouted.
D. If the class was over, the students would run out, scream and shout.

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5. At no time Jane asks me when she uses my bathroom.
A. Jane is always using my bathroom without asking!
B. It is very unusual for Jane to ask me when she uses my bathroom.
C. Jane has no time to ask me when she uses my bathroom.
D. Sometimes Jane asks me when she uses my bathroom.
6. He was about to do something when his mother suddenly shouted out.
A. He was doing something when his mother suddenly shouted out.
B. He refused to do something about his mother suddenly shouting out.
C. He was on the point of doing something when his mother suddenly shouted out.
D. His mother's sudden shouting out helped him to do something.
7. Merry allows her children to stay up late on Saturday evenings.
A. Merry makes her children stay up late on Saturday evenings.
B. Merry gets her children to stay up late on Saturday evenings.
C. Merry helps her children stay up late on Saturday evenings.
D. Merry lets her children stay up late on Saturday evenings.
8. I was under a strong impression that she had not told the truth.
A. I believed that she had not told the truth.
B. I doubted that she had not told the truth.
C. I protested that she had not told the truth.
D. I insisted that she had not told the truth.
9. He acts like an innocent man even if the evidence shows the contradiction.
A. Even though he acts like an innocent man, the evidence shows the contradiction.
B. He acts like an innocent man because the evidence shows the contradiction.
C. The evidence shows the contradiction so he acts like an innocent man.
D. He acts like an innocent man, as a result, the evidence shows the contradiction.

TEST 2
I. Complete the following sentences with "for" or "since", and the correct form of fife verb in
brackets.
1. I ________________________ (not have) time to finish my work _____________________
Sunday. 
2. Nobody ______________________ (write) to Norma ______________________ she left
university.
3. She _______________________ (eat) the same food _____________________ three days. 
4. I ____________________ (not play) tennis ____________________ a year now. 
5. I don't think I ____________________ (see) you ____________________ 2003. 
6. It ____________________ (not rain) here ______________________ last June. 
7. We _____________________ (live) in this house ____________________ it was finished. 
8. My father ________________ (not listen) to me _______________ I failed the entrance exam to 
university.
9. They ____________________ (not study) ____________________ Tet holidays.
10. Mum _____________________ (be) to America ___________________ three weeks. 

II. Choose the right alternative.

1. I washed/ have washed my hands so that I can help you with the cooking.
2. She arrived/ has arrived at Kennedy Airport at 2 o'clock this morning.

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3. The Pharaohs ruled/ has ruled Egypt for thousands of years.
4. I found/ have found the letter you looked/ were looking for. Here it is.
5. They grew/ have grown such a lot since we last saw, has seen them.
6. We recently started/ have recently started to walk to work instead of taking the bus. 
7. When I was younger I played/ had played badminton for my local team.
8. I have had/ am having the pains for three weeks now.
9. So far it was has been so cold that we stayed/ have stayed in the house all day.
10. The last time I went/ have gone to Brighton is/ was in August.
11. Don't disturb Amy. She just went/ has just gone to sleep.
12. Bill phones/ is phoning his girlfriend again. That's the third time he phoned/ has phoned her this
evening.
13. Since the eruption started/ has started all the villages on the slopes of the volcano have
evacuated/ have been evacuated.
14. House prices increased/ have increased dramatically in recent years.
15. Jim decided/ has decided to continue the course, even though it is proved/ was proving very
difficult. 

III. Indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of
the following questions.
1. Finding the latest updates about celebrities and exploring lifestyle websites have become day-to-
day activities of many Internet consumers.
A. abnormal  B. extraordinary  C. exceptional D. habitual 
2. These days, online gaming has tasted dramatic and phenomenal success because of its ever-
increasing demand throughout the world. 
A. usual  B. ordinary  C. remarkable  D. run-of-the-mill 
3. Social networking has also evolved as a great medium to connect with like-minded Individuals
and become a part of interesting groups and communities.
A. having similar ideas and interests B. having indifferent behaviors
C. having habits in common  D. having similar mental disorders
4. Children addicted to computers are being sent on camping holidays designed to help them kick
the habit.
A. dependent on  B. hooked on  C. indifferent to  D. exhausted by 

VI. Indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of
the following questions.

5. These days more and more children are experiencing a stressful and miserable adolescence due to
bullying.
A. sorrowful B. depressed C. contented D. tragic 
6. Studies show that bullying can greatly impact a child's life and have long-lasting negative effects.
A. durable B. short-lived C. permanent D. lifelong
7. Until recently, many teachers and school officials turned a blind eye to bullying, believing that
the students would eventually sort it out by themselves. 
A. became attentive to  B. paid no attention to 
C. seemed ignorant of to  D. took no interest in

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8. Some people with large enough fans bases can earn a very wealthy living by uploading a few
videos every week.
A. impoverished  B. well off  C. rolling in money  D. well-to-do
9. Face-to-face socializing is not as preferred as virtual socializing among the youth.
A. facing  B. eyeball to eyeball  C. indirect  D. direct 

VII. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the sentences.

1. After you ____, it automatically connects you to all the people in your address book who also are
using WhatsApp.
A. log out B. sign up C. start  D. access
2. Similar to the way they use Facebook, teens may ____ the "success" of their photos - even their
self-worth - by the number of likes or comments they receive.
A. value B. indicate C. weigh  D. measure
3. This social network - LinkedIn-basically lets you ____ with people in a professional way. 
A. join B. connect C. relate  D. associate 
4. Tom hasn't been here ____ you came here together.
A. for B. when C. since  D. as 
5. Harry ____ look well since he on a diet. 
A. doesn't - went B. didn't go C. hasn't - went D. hasn't - has gone
6. I can't give you the report I ____ for today because I ____.
A. promise - don't finish  B. promised - didn't finish 
C. have promised - didn't finish  D. have promised - haven't finished 
7. I'm sorry about not coming last week. I ____ a cold and so I ____ at home.
A. have - stay  B. had - stayed  C. have had - stayed  D. have/ have
stayed
8. Wait a minute. I ____ an idea. Let's go and see Roger. We last ____ him a long time ago.
A. had - saw B. have - saw C. have - see D. have - had seen
9. It's nice to be back here, in London. It's the second time I ____ here. 
A. am coming B. have come C. come D. came
10. I'm phoning about your advertisement for a bicycle for sale, which ____ in the local paper.
____it? Or is it still available?
A. Saw - Have you sold  B. have seen - did you sell 
C. saw - did you sell  D. have seen - have you sold 

VIII. Find the one mistake (A, B, C or D) in these sentences and then correct them.
1. You can go to the seven o'clock show or a eight - whichever suits you best.
A B C D

2. We can't go to Julia's party because of we're going away that weekend.

A B C D
3. Could I speak to whomever is in charge of International Sales please?
A B C D
4. I was just getting into the bath where the telephone rang.
A B C D
5. We knew a lot of about the topic already, but his talk was interesting nevertheless.

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 A B C D

IX. Read the text and answer the questions.

News Media are the means or methods by which people learn what is happening in the city,
in the country and in the world. The news media can be classified into two general categories: the
categories of print media and electronic media. Print media use the written material to communicate
news to readers. Electronic media use air waves to send news into homes, offices and public places.
Print Media are usually divided into magazines and newspapers. Most newspapers print news daily.
For example, the newspaper "The New York Times" is published every day of the year. Most news
magazines are published weekly, for instance, Newsweek and Time magazines are published once a
week. The electronic media are generally divided into radio and television, Radio news is news that
you listen to. In the United States many radio stations broadcast five minutes of news every hour.
T.V news is that you not only listen to but also watch. In Canada and the United States, for example,
many people watch an hour of news on TV at 6 o'clock in the evening. In the future, new categories
of news media will develop. Even today, computers are beginning to influence the transmission and
reception of news.
1. What do the print media use to communicate the news'?
A. TV B. radio C. airwaves D. newspapers
2. What do the electronic media use to broadcast news?
A. air waves B. magazines C. newspapers D. all of the above
3. What is the New York Times an example of?
A. magazine B. newspapers C. radio program D. television program
4. Which of the following print media are published?
A. Newsweek B. Time C. The New York Times D. All are correct.
5. Which of the following electronic media are broadcast?
A. TV program B. newspapers C. magazines D. None is correct.

X. Choose the correct sentence among A, B, C or I) which has the same meaning as the given
one.
1. She began to play the piano three years ago.
A. She has played the piano since three years.
B. She has played the piano for three years.
C. She doesn't play the piano now.
D. She stops playing the piano now.
2. Although it was cold, we all went for a walk.
A. Despite of the cold weather, we all went for a walk.
B. Despite the cold weather, we all went for a walk.
C. Despite the cold, we all went for a walk.
D. Despite being cold, we all went for a walk.
3. Tim gave up smoking to save money.
A. Tim gave up smoking because he didn't have enough money.
B. Tim gave up smoking because he lacked money.
C. Tim give up smoking because he wanted to save money.
D. Tim gave up smoking because his money was saved.
4. We expected Larry to accept the job, but he didn't.
A. Even though Larry was expected to accept the job, he didn't.

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 B. Larry expected to accept the job, but we didn't want.
C. Larry didn't accept the job we liked.
D. Larry was turned down for the job we expected him to do.
5. Sam was lazy, so he lost his job.
A. Sam lost his job because he was lazy.
B. Sam lost his job because of his being lazy.
C. Sam lost his job because of his laziness.
D. All are correct.

UNIT 5 CULTURAL IDENTIFY

GETTING STARTED

belief [bi'li:f] n
costume ['kɔstju:m] n
culture ['kʌlt∫ə] n
 cultural ['kʌlt∫ərəl] adj
custom ['kʌstəm] n
Due [dju:] adj
 to be due đến kỳ, đến hạn
 be due at.. được định thời gian
essential [i'sen∫əl] adj
express [iks'pres] v
 expression [iks'pre∫n] n
familiar ( with ) [fə'miljə] adj
identity [ai'dentəti] n
maintain [mein'tein] v
 maintenance ['meintinəns] n
motherland ['mʌðəlænd] n
preserve [pri'zə:v] v
religious [ri'lidʒəs] adj
 religion [ri'lidʒən] n
Submission [səb'mi∫n] n
 to submit [səb'mit] v

LANGUAGE

assimilate [ə'simileit] v
multicultural [mʌlti kʌt∫ərəl] adj
Integrate ( + into ) ['intigreit] v
behave [bi'heiv] v
Ethnic ['eθnik] adj
 ethnicity [eθ'nisiti] n tính cách sắc tộc
disaster [di'zɑ:stə] nv
migrate [mai'greit] v
crash [kræ∫] n
100
 Yield [ji:ld] n lợi nhuận, sản lượng
 crop yield sản lượng thu hoạch

READING

abandon [ə'bændən] v
acquire [ə'kwaiə] v
adjust [ə'dʒʌst] v
ancestor ['ænsistə] n
Confine [kən'fain] v
 to confine sb / sth
in / to sth
Critical ['kritikəl] adj
 critical thinking
define [di'fain] v
expose [iks'pouz] v
Flexibly ['fleksəbli] adv
 flexible ['fleksəbl] adj
Heritage ['heritidʒ] n
 to inherit [in'herit] v
reach [ri:t∫] v
react [ri:'ækt] v
Satisfy ['sætisfai] v
 satisfaction [,sætis'fæk∫n] n
 satisfactory [,sætis'fæktəri] adj
Sense [sens] n Cảm giác ,ý thức , giác quan
 develop a sense of phát triển sự nhận thức về
stage [steidʒ] n phạm vi hoạt động , giai đoạn
Take something for granted (phv) Cho là điều dĩ nhiên
take it for granted
unexamined [,ʌnig'zæmind] adj
urge [ə:dʒ] n,v sự thúc đẩy mạnh mẽ

SPEAKING
Adequate ≠ inadequate ['ædikwit] adj
Climatic [klai'mætik] adj
 climate (n) n
Critical = vital adj
intellectual [,inti'lektjuəl] adj
nutrition [nju:'tri∫n] n
reflect [ri'flekt] v
Represent [,repri'zent] v
 representative [,repri'zentətiv] n
root [ru:t] n
strengthen ['streηθn] v

LISTENING + WRITING
ancient ['ein∫ənt] adj
demonstrate ['demənstreit] v

101
 invade [in'veid] v
official [ə'fi∫l] adj
n
Proud ( to be proud of ) [praud] adj
 pride (n) [praid]
Similar ( + to ) ['similə] adj
unify ['ju:nifai] v
 unique [ju:'ni:k] adj
Unite [ju:'nait] v
 to unite sb / sth with sb  / sth
wrap [ræp] v

COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE + LOOKING BACK

Bravery Brave n
 brave [breiv] adj
Celebrate ['selibretid] v
 celebration (n) n
ceremony ['seriməni] n
Complicated = complex ['kɔmplikeitid]
cuisine [kwi':zi:n]
Favourable ['feivərəbl] adj Thuận lợi
 favourable climate
Flock ( + to ) [flɔk] v
Fruitful ['fru:tful] adj
 a fruitful tree cây có nhiều quả
highlight ['hailait] v
Keep up with phv Đuổi kip ai , theo kip ( tiến trình )
kilt [kilt] n váy (của người miền núi và lính Ê-cốt)
Martial (adj) ['mɑ:∫l] có vẻ quân nhân, thượng võ, võ dũng, hùng dũng
 martial spirit tinh thần thượng võ
pray [prei] v
sacrifice ['sækrifais] v,n
Settle down ( feel comfortable
Make home or live in one place )
solidarity solidarity n
Spirit ['spirit] n
 spiritual ['spirit∫uəl] adj
Take place = happen
unity ['ju:nəti] n
worship ['wə:∫ip] v

GRAMMAR REVIEW

1. THÌ HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN

- Dùng để chỉ sự việc xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng vẫn còn tiếp tục ở hiện tại và có thể -vẫn còn tiếp
diễn trong tương lai. Chúng ta sử dụng thì này để nói về sự việc đã kết thúc nhưng chúng ta vẫn còn
thấy ảnh hưởng.
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 Câu khẳng định Câu phủ định Câu nghi vấn
S+ have/has + been + Ving S + haven't/hasn't been + Ving Have/Has + S + been + V-ing ?

CHÚ Ý:  CHÚ Ý:  CHÚ Ý: 

- S = I/ We/ You/ They + have
- S = He She It + has
Ví dụ:
- It has been raining for 1 week.
- She has been living here for
one year.
- haven't = have not
- hasn't = has not
Ví dụ:
- I haven't been studying English
for 5 years.
- She hasn't been watching films
since last year.
- Yes, I we you/ they + have.
- Yes, he/she/it + has.
Vi dụ:
- Have you been standing in the
rain for more than 2 hours?
- Yes, I have./ No, I haven't.
- Has he been typing the report
since this morning?
- Yes, he has./No, he hasn't.

• Cách sử dụng thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn:

Cách dùng
Hành động bắt đầu ở quá khứ và còn đang tiếp
tục ở hiện tại (nhấn mạnh tính liên tục)
Hành động đã kết thúc trong quá khứ, nhưng
chúng ta quan tâm tới kết quả tới hiện tại.
Ví dụ
She has been waiting for you all day (Cô nàng
đã đợi cậu cả ngày rồi).
She has been working here since 2010. (Cô ấy
làm việc ở đây từ năm 2010).
It has been raining (Trời vừa mưa xong).
I am very tired now because I have been
working hard for 12 hours. (Bây giờ tôi rất mệt
vì tôi đã làm việc vất vả trong 12 tiếng đồng
hồ).

2. PHÂN BIỆT HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH và HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN
Dạng thức, chức năng và cách sử dụng Thì hiện tại hoàn thành và thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp
diễn

Hiện tại hoàn thành
1. Nhấn mạnh đến tính kết quả của một hành
động
Ex: I have read this book three times.
2. Được sử dụng trong một số công thức
sau:
- I have studied English since I was 6 years
old.
- He has played squash for 4 years.
- I have been to London twice.
- I have never seen her before.  - She has been teaching here for about 12 years.
- She has just finished her project.
- She has already had breakfast.
- He has not met her recently.
Hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn
1. Nhấn mạnh tính liên tục của một hành động
hành động
Ex: She has been waiting for him all her lifetime.
2. Được sử dụng trong một số công thức sau:
- I have been running all the afternoon.
- She has been hoping to meet him all day long.
- I am so tired. I have been searching for a new
apartment all the morning.
- How long have you been playing the piano? 

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 3. Signal Words: ever, never, just, already, 3. Signal Words: all the morning, all the
recently, since, for  afternoon, all day long, since, for, how long... 

EXECISE 1: Choose the best answer in brackets. If both tenses are possible, use the present
perfect continuous.
1. I_______('vé been cycling /'ve you cycled) and my legs are really tired now.
2. I'm sorry I'm late, _______(have you waited /have you been waiting) for a long time?
3. How long_______ (have you known/ have you been knowing) Peter?
4. Somebody_______(has been eating /has eaten) my cookies. There are none left.
5. Somebody_______(has been eating /has eaten) my cookies. There are very few left.
6. How many books_______ (has she written/ has she been writing)?
7. She must be tired. She_______(has written/ has been writing) all afternoon.
8. I_______ ('ve been reading/ 've read) all afternoon? I_______ ('ve been reading/'ve read) 5
chapters.
9. I think I_______('ve been liking/ 've liked) chocolate since I was born.
10. They_______(have been travelling/ have travelled) for months, and they_______(have been
visiting /have visited) three countries so far.

REVIEW : COMPARISON
1. Short and long Adjectives ( Tính từ ngắn và tính từ dài )
Tính từ ngắn là tính từ có một âm tiết : short , long , fast , small
+ và các tính từ 2 âm tiết có tận cùng bằng : y , er , le , ow, et , some : happy, pretty,
simple, narrow , clever , handsome…
Tính từ dài là tính từ có 2 âm tiết trở lên : bored , tired , useful , correct , beautiful ,
intelligent….
2. Comparatives ( So sánh hơn )
- Đuợc dùng để so sánh tính chất, trạng thái , hình thức giữa 2 người hoặc 2 vật.

+ adj / adv (short) – er

S+V + more _ + Adj / adv (long) + than _ noun / pronoun
+ less + adj / adv

Ex : - Your house is bigger than my house

- She sings more beautifully than me ( cô ấy hát hay hơn tôi )

Trước so sánh hơn của tính từ chúng ta có thể thêm các từ : even , much , a lot = far , a
bit , a little , slightly để làm tăng hoặc giảm mức độ so sánh.

- She sings much more beautifully than me . ( cô ấy hát hay hơn tôi nhiều

Danh từ cũng có thể sử dụng trong so sánh hơn :

S + V + more / fewer / less + noun + than + noun/ pronoun.

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 Ex : I have more books than she does ( her )
He has more friends than I (do) ( me )

3. Superlatives ( So sánh nhất )

- Được dùng để so sánh từ 3 đối tượng trở lên.

+ adj / adv (short) – est

S + V + the + most + Adj / adv (long) + in - noun ( chỉ nơi chốn )
+ least + adj / adv + of - noun ( chỉ số lượng )

Ex : This film is the longest of the three .

Mary is the most beautiful of the three sisters .
Tom is the smartest student in his class .
Those shoes are the least expensive of all .
He has the least money of all .

4. Equal comparison ( So sánh bằng )

S + V ( not ) + as / so + adj / adv + as + noun / pronoun / CLAUSES

( chỉ dùng so … as trong câu phủ định )

Ex : I can’t sing as beautifully as Mary .
My house is not as big as yours .

S + V + the same + (noun) + as + noun(pronoun).

Ex : My house is as high as his = My house is the same height as his.

Marry is as old as Tony = Marry and Tony are the same age
My opinion is on the whole the same as yours

Danh từ cũng có thể sử dụng trong so sánh bằng :

S + V + as + many/ much/ little/ few + noun + as + noun/ pronoun

Ex : He earns as much money as his brother.

No one scores as many points as Long

Và chúng ta có thể dùng twice ( gấp đôi ) và half ( một nữa) trước so sánh bằng “ as .......as”
Ex : Your room is twice as large as mine

4. Một số dạng bất quy tắc trong so sánh :

NGUYÊN CấP SO SÁNH HƠN SO SÁNH NHấT

105
 good / well better the best
bad / badly worse the worst
much / many more the most
far farther / further the farthest / furthest
old older / eldest the oldest / eldest
late later the latest

1. far / farther ( khoảng cách ) / further ( hơn nữa ) / farthest / furthest

2. old / older , elder / oldest , eldest ( eldest ( chỉ người lớn nhất trong GĐ ) / oldest ( cổ nhất ,
lớn nhất : vật nhiếu hơn )

o Khi chuyển câu trong so sánh , nhớ chuyển từ so sánh bằng  sang không bằng và
ngược lại
Ex : I can’t play tennis as well as Peter  Peter can play better than me

o Hoặc từ so sánh hơn sang so sánh hơn : dùng từ trái nghĩa để so sánh .
Ex : My house is smaller than your house .
 Your house is bigger than mine

HÌNH THÖÙC SO SAÙNH ÑAËC BIEÄT

DOUBLE COMPARISON 1 ( So saùnh keùp )

So sánh lũy tiến : ( càng ngày càng .. )

Adj / adv – ER + and + adj/ adv – ER ( short)

More and more + adj/ avd / noun ( long )
Less and less + adj/ avd / noun ( giaûm daàn )
Fewer and fewer + Noun

Ex : Betty is younger and younger

The story is more and more attractive
More and more people are using internet
( coù theå duøng MORE tröôùc Noun )

EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1 : Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the words in
brackets, using repeated comparatives.
1. He gets_______________(boring).
2. This book is getting_______________(interesting).
3. My daughter's English results are getting_______________(bad).
4. Sally arrives_______________(late) at work.
5. The weather is getting___________(beautiful).
6. Your room is getting_______________(messy).
7. Milk is getting_______________(expensive).
8. I think films are getting_______________(violent).
9. It's getting_______________(difficult) to see him.
10. He is getting_______________(busy) at the moment.
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11. I saw him yesterday. He feels_______________(good).

EXERCISE 2 : Complete the sentence by using the bolded adjective in its correct form.
1. This is a nice cat. It's much______________ than my friend's cat.
2. Here is Sarah. She's six years old. Her brother is nine, so he is_______________.
3. This is a difficult exercise. But that exercise is the_______________exercise on the worksheet.
4. He has an interesting hobby, but my sister has the_______________one in the world.
5. In the last holidays I read a good book, but father gave me an even_______________one last
weekend.
6. School is boring, but homework is_______________than school.
7. Skateboarding is a dangerous hobby. Bungee jumping is_______________than skateboarding.
8. This magazine is cheap, but that one is___________
9. We live in a small house, but my grandparents' house is even_______________than ours.
10. Yesterday John told me a funny joke. This joke was the___________joke I've ever heard.

EXRCISE 3 : Choose the correct answer.

1. It's becoming_______ (harder and harder/more and more hard) to secure a good job nowadays.
2. My sister is probably_______(the more/the most) important person in my life.
3. We find that we have_______(far less/lesser) time to relax now that we have children.
4. Out of the two of them, she was_______(a bit/far and away) the better singer.
5. The (worse/worst) _______ thing by far about being unemployed is having no money.
6. Tom and Margot are_______(easily/easiest) the best students in my class.
7. My exam results are only_______ (marginally/ quite) worse than yours.
8. The slower you work, the_______ (longer /longest) the job will take you to finish.

EXERCISE 4 : Rewrite the sentences.

1. She plays better than I do.
 I don't _______________________________
2. He plays football better than anyone in our team.
 He is_______________________________
3. Men don't live as long as women.
 Women_______________________________
4. You shouldn't drive so fast in this wet weather.
 You should_______________________________
5. We had planned the meeting to end earlier.
 The meeting ended_______________________________
6. David didn't enjoy the film as much as Ann.
 Ann_______________________________
7. I like classical music better than pop.
 I don’t_______________________________
8. The meal cost us far more than we thought it would.
 We didn't think_______________________________
9. There are fewer rainy days in Ho Chi Minh City than in Hanoi.
 There aren't_______________________________
10. I hadn't expected this exercise to be so difficult.
 This exercise_______________________________
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EXECRISE 5 : Choose the best answer.
1. English is now the international language, that's why_______ people speak English.
A. fewer and fewer B. hotter and hotter C. less and less D. more and more
2. The influence of France is not as strong as it used to be, that's why_______ French.
A. fewer and fewer B. hotter and hotter C. less and less D. more and more
3. People need their cars to get to work, that's why_______ oil has to be imported.
A. fewer and fewer B. hotter and hotter C. less and less D. more and more
4. People work every day. That's why they have_______ time to cook.
A. fewer and fewer B. hotter and hotter C. less and less D. more and more
5. The world population is increasing. That's why there are_______people.
A. fewer and fewer B. hotter and hotter C. less and less D. more and more
6. The number of kangaroos is increasing. That's why there are_______kangaroos in Australia.
A. fewer and fewer B. hotter and hotter C. less and less D. more and more
7. The immigration from Great Britain is decreasing, so there are_______people.
A. fewer and fewer B. hotter and hotter C. less and less D. more and more
8. Practising surf is popular, so the number of people who practise surfing is getting_______,
important.
A. fewer and fewer B. hotter and hotter C. less and less D. more and more
9. In France the temperature is increasing, so it is getting_______.
A. fewer and fewer B. hotter and hotter C. less and less D. more and more
10. There are twenty millions kangaroos in Australia but there are_______ koalas.
A. fewer and fewer B. hotter and hotter C. less and less D. more and more

PRACTICE TEST
A. PHONETICS 
I. Choose a word in each line that has different stress pattern.
1. A. pressure B. whiteboard C. diverse D. present (n)
2. A. drastically B. distinction C. enjoyable D. dependent
3. A. identifier B. multicultural C. agricultural D. international
4. A. notification B. association C. competition D. participation
5. A. demolish B. syllabus C. industrial D. commercial
6. A. achievement B. encourage C. integrate D. tradition
7. A. computer B. socialize C. diversity D. facility
II. Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined.
1. A. housework B. vision  C. hospital D. classroom
2. A. diversity B. remind C. unite  D. attire 
3. A. burden B. curtain  C. turtle  D. curriculum 
4. A. unity B. martial  C. practice D. spirit
5. A. responsive B. content C. sector  D. sense
6. A. benefit B. narrow-minded C. application D. non-profit
7. A. costume B. custom C. culture D. buff
8. A. evaluation B. facilitator C. guidance D. female 

III. The word in brackets at the end of each of the following sentences can be used to form a
word that fits suitably in the blank.

108
1. My sister works hard to ____________________ close friendships with the students she studied
with in London. ( Maintainance )
2. A nation's culture resides in the ____________________ and in the soul of its people. (Mahatma
Gandhi) ( Heart )
3. A people without the ____________________ of their past history, origin and culture is like a tree
without roots. (Marcus garvey)  ( Know )
4. Many of the different ____________________ groups in North America speak their own unique
language. ( Aborigin )
5. Jane had to ____________________ a great deal of information on the first day of her new job. (
Assimilation )
6. The orchid family of flowers is the largest is the largest, most ____________________ plant
family found in nature. ( Diversity )
7. Vietnamese ____________________ of weddings, funerals, holidays and rituals all are attached to
village community. ( Customery )
8. The ways a person dresses and behaves in public are distinct examples of ____________________
diversity and belief patterns. ( Culture )

V. Indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of

the following questions.
1. The mass media has become one of the main instruments of political change.
A. less B. fewer C. tiny  D. small
2. We ought to keep these proposals secret from the chairman for the time being.
A. lively  B. frequented C. accessible D. revealed
3. Match the word in A with its appropriate definition in B. 
A. indirect B. illegal C. improper D. unreal
4. What program do you dislike watching and why not?
A. fancy B. think C. imagine  D. want 
5. What are the differences among types of the media?
A. peace B. sameness C. likes  D. need 
6. Heavy rain causes floods all over the country.
A. light B. thin C. tiny  D. trivial 

VI. Indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of
the following questions.

1. The President escaped through a secret passage underneath the parliament building.
A. answer  B. hidden C. confidence D. basis
2. Which channel do you recommend to someone who likes animals? 
A. suggest  B. tell  C. speak  D. talk
3. Documentary is a film or a radio or television program giving facts about something.
A. things B. numbers C. truth  D. news 
4. What types of the media are the most and the least important to you? 
A. successful B. significant  C. Wonderful D. attractive 
5. Listen to the two radio news stories and check the right column under News story 1 and News
story 2. 
A. honest B. honorable C. good  D. precise

109
6. Television can make things more memorable because it presents information in a more effective
way. 
A. clever  B. expensive C. successful  D. pretty 
7. Some television programs may make people violent.
A. rapid B. insane  C. extreme D. good

VII. Choose the best answer.

1. As she did so, her parents became ____.
A. the angriest  B. the most angry  C. the more angry  D. angrier and angrier 
2. People should eat ____ and do ____ to reduce the risk of heart disease.
A. less fat/more exercise  B. less and less fat/the more exercise
C. the less fat/the more exercise D. fatter/more exercise
3. He spent a year in India and loves spicy food. ____ the food is, ____ he likes it.
A. The hotter/the more and more B. The hotter/the more 
C. The more and more hot/the more D. The hottest/the most
4. It gets ____ to understand what the professor has explained.
A. most difficult  B. mostly difficult  C. the most difficult  D. more and more
difficult
5. Increasing your vocabulary will make it easier for you to ____ reading comprehension skills. 
A. fit B. allow C. use  D. assimilate 
6. Of course you can come to the party. ____.
A. The more the merrier  B. The more and the merrier 
C. The more and merrier  D. The more and more merrier 
7. I feel ____ I did yesterday.
A. much more tired than  B. many more tired than  C. as many tired as  D. as more tired
as 
8 Cultural identity must be ____ and locals should be encouraged to continue their traditions in the
wake of tourism.
A. protected B. insured  C. assured D. confirmed 
9. I can't believe that you ____ all the three exercises. You just started five minutes ago. 
A. have finished  B. have been finishing  C. finished  D. are finishing 
10. She is ____ a spectator.
A. more an athlete than  B. more of an athlete than 
C. an athlete more than  D. an athlete of more than 
11. His house is ____ mine. 
A. twice as big as  B. as twice big as  C. as two times big as  D. as big as twice 
12. ____ live in Ho Chi Minh City than in the whole of the rest of the country. 
A. As much as people  B. More people  C. As many as people  D. People more

13. Touring the small villages of Vietnam by bicycle was a(n) ____ experience.
A. existing B. general C. particular D. unique
14. We spend a lot of time together as a family, which sometimes is the best way to learn about
____.
A. customs B. habits  C. activities D. establishment 
15. It gets ____ to understand what the professor has explained. 
A. the more difficult  B. more difficult than 

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 C. difficult more and more D. more and more difficult

VIII. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the
following passage. 
Travelling is a great thing to do. It helps us learn about different people and different places.
Some people travel because they want to see nature. Others travel because they want to make friends
and try great food. Of course, a lot of tourists are interested in (1) ____ culture.
Tourism can be very good for traditional cultures. This is because when people travel to
(2) ____
country, they often want to learn more about that country's traditions, such as music, food, and
history. Therefore, the local people in that country will keep their traditional culture (3) ____. They
will wear traditional clothing, and sell traditional food. They will also have shows for tourists. These
shows can be (4) ____, concerts, plays, or something else.
Tourism also helps people respect each other. If you understand another culture well, you will
probably respect that culture much more. You will probably want to (5) ____ that culture as well.
However, tourism is not always good for traditional culture. Many people say that tourism
creates "fake traditional culture". This means that the local people wear traditional (6) ____, and do
traditional dances only for tourists, but that is not their real lifestyle. Their real lifestyles are similar
(7) ____ the tourists lifestyle. They are just pretending because they want to make money. 
Another problem is that tourists can interfere with the local people's lives. For example,
sometimes tourists come to watch local people praying in temples. While the local people pray,
tourists take photographs and make noise. This often bothers the local people. Sometimes tourists
also damage local sites. If 500 people enter an (8) ____ temple every day, they may damage that
temple.
No matter (9) ____, more and more tourists want to learn about traditional cultures. Most
local people want more tourism, because tourists bring money and help local businesses. Tourists
have to respect local culture and places. Local governments have to make laws that protect places
and lifestyles. If everyone is responsible, then tourism will be (10) ____ for traditional cultures.

1. A. ideal  B. traditional C. regular D. new 

2. A. other B. others C. one  D. another 
3. A. alive B. clean  C. beautiful D. luxury 
4. A. dances  B. foundations  C. establishment D. fact 
5. A. work B. train C. protect  D. prevent 
6. A. shows B. costumes C. acts  D. symbolizes 
7. A. with B. for C. by  D. to
8. A. ancient B. attractive C. impressive D. famous 
9. A. what  B. how  C. that  D. when 
10. A. big B. large C. great  D. nice 

IX. Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the questions. 

UNDERSTANDING INDIA'S CASTE SYSTEM

It has been said that life is what we make of it. In other words, if we work hard and focus on
our goals, we can have great careers and enjoy high status is society. However, these opportunities

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don't exist for everyone. In some places, the family you are born into will decide almost everything
about your life. India's caste system is an example of this.
The caste system is a major part of the Hindu religion that has existed for thousands of years.
It is a way of organizing and grouping people based on the occupation of the family. Castes will
determine whom people can socialize with and their place in society. Originally, a person's caste was
supposed to be determined by their personality, but over time it has been linked to their job and
family. 
There are four classes, also known as varnas, in India's caste system. The highest one is
Brahmin. People in this class have jobs in education and religion. These are seen as extremely
important functions for the society as they deal with the knowledge. The second highest level is the
Kshatriya, or ruling class. People from this group can be soldiers, landowners, or have jobs in
politics. The class beneath this is the Vaishya. These people often work in the commercial sector as
merchants. The fourth class level is the Shudra. Shudras typically work as unskilled laborers doing
factory or farm work, or they may also be employed as artists. 
There is another group, the Harijan, that is at the bottom and considered to be outside of the
caste system. For many years, they were known as Untouchables, people from this caste held the
most undesirable jobs in society, such as cleaning up garbage. Furthermore, they weren't allowed to
pray at public temples or drink water from the same wells as other classes. If someone from another
caste came into contact with an Untouchable, they were considered dirty and would be expected to
bathe vigorously to clean themselves, 
Although the caste system still exists in India, the government is taking steps to improve the
living conditions and decrease unemployment rates for the Shudras and Harijan. This includes
providing better health care, offering literacy programmes, and making sure that people from higher
social classes do not exploit them. It seems unlikely that the caste system will disappear any time
soon, but the overall conditions for those at the bottom do seem to be improving.

1. Which of the following is not true about India's caste system? 

A. The caste system has been used in India for a long time.
B. The Kshatriya is the second highest class.
C. Hard work helps people move up in the caste system. 
D. It is possible that a Shudra would work on a farm.
2. The word "this" in paragraph 1 refers to ____.
A. the fact that your origin will mostly decide your future
B. the pleasure of life in India
C. the India's caste system existing for thousands of years 
D. the major part of the Hindu religion
3. What is the caste system mainly based on?
A. What a person believes on  B. When a person starts school
C. Who a person's parents are D. Where a person was born
4. What kind of job would a Brahmin likely have?
A. A priest  B. A warrior C. An inventor D. A painter
5. What could replace the word "ruling" in paragraph 3? 
A. defeating B. guessing C. delaying D. governing
6. All of the following are true about the Harijan EXCEPT that ____.
A. they used to be known as Untouchables
B. they had to do undesirable jobs in society

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 C. any contact between someone from another caste with an Untouchable was considered
unacceptable
D. anyone from another caste coming to contact with an Untouchable is not allowed to pray
at temples 
7. What does the passage suggest about the future of the caste system? 
A. One day soon it won't be used anymore in India.
B. It is probably going to get worse before it gets better.
C. The bottom groups will rise to rule over the top classes.
D. It will likely continue to exist for a long time in India. 

REVIEW TENSES
THÌ CỦA ĐỘNG TỪ
1. Simple Present (Thì hiện tại đon)

I , you , we , they + V  I , you we ,they + do not + V  Do + I ,you , we , they + V ?

He , she , it + V+ s / es  He , She , it + does not + V  Does + He , she , it + V?

TO BE : is , are, am : thì, laø, ôû  is not / aren’t / am not

Cách dùng:
- Diễn tả một thói quen hoặc hành động thường xuyên ở hiện tại.
Ví dụ: I usually have bread and eggs for breakfast.
(Tôi thường ăn sáng với bánh mì và trứng.)
Cách dùng này thường được dùng với các trạng từ: always (luôn luôn), usually (thường thường),
generally (nói chung), normally (thông thường), regularly (thường xuyên), frequently (thường
xuyên), often (thường), repeatedly (lặp đi lặp lại), sometimes (thinh thoảng), occasionally (đôi khi),
hardly ever (hầu như không), rarely (hiếm khi), seldom (ít khi), never (không bao giờ) và các cụm từ
như: once a week (một tuần một lần), twice a year (một năm hai lần), three times a day (một ngày ba
lần)...
- Diễn tả một trạng thái ở hiện tại.
Ví dụ: I know many things about him. (Tôi biết nhiều điều về anh ấy.)
- Diễn tả một sự thật hiển nhiên, một điều đúng trong thực tế.
Ví dụ: The earth goes round the sun. (Trái đất quay quanh mặt trời.)
Asian people grow rice for food. (Người châu Á trồng lúa làm lương thực)
- Diễn tả một hành động hoặc sự việc sẽ xảy ra theo thời gian biểu.
Ví dụ: Clerk: The next train leaves at 11 am.(Nhân viên: Chuyến tàu kế tiếp khởi hành lúc 11 giờ
sáng.)

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS (THÌ HIỆN TẠI TIẾP DIỄN)

a) Hình thức:

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 I + am Am + I
We ,you , they + are ( NOT ) + V-ing Are + we , you , they + V-ing ?
He , she , it + is Is +

b) Cách dùng:
- Diễn tả một sự kiện đang diễn ra ngay tại thời điểm nói chuyện.
Ví dụ: She is writing a letter now. (Bây giờ cô ấy đang viết một bức thư.)
- Cách dùng này thường dùng với các trạng từ chỉ thời gian như: now (bây giờ), at the
moment (ngay lúc này), at present (bây giờ).
- Diễn tã hành động sau câu đề nghị hay câu mệnh lệnh .
Ví dụ : Keep silent ! The baby is sleeping .
- Cách dùng này thường được dùng với các từ và cụm từ: today (hôm nay), this week (tuần
này), this year (năm nay), these days (dạo này), currently (hiện nay), at the moment (ngay lúc này),
at present (bây giờ)...
- Bày tỏ sự phàn nàn khi được dùng với trạng từ always, continually.
Ví dụ: You are always making noise in class. (Em lúc nào cũng làm ồn trong lóp.)
- Diễn tả sự thay đổi.
Ví dụ: The weather is getting hotter and hotter. (Thời tiết ngày càng trở nên nóng hơn.)
 Haønh ñoäng töông lai seõ ñöôïc hoaïch ñònh hay moät haønh ñoäng saép söûa xaûy ra
Ex : I’m leaving tomorrow.
Next month , mys sister is getting married .

LƯU Ý : KHÔNG sử dụng hiện tại tiếp diễn với các động từ sau :
 Các động từ là từ nối ( linking verbs ) : be , feel , hear . look , see , smell , sound , taste ,
notice , …
 Các động từ diễn tả cảm xúc : like , love , hate , dislike , detest , desire , need , want , wish …
 Các động từ chỉ sinh hoat tinh thần : believe , know , mean , realize , recognize , remember ,
forget , understand , suppose , think , ….
 Các động từ chỉ sở hửu ( have , own , belong to , possess , contain, consist of , depend on .. )
 Và các từ. vôùi caùc töø naøy ta thay baèng thí Simple present ( hieän taïi ñôn )

EXERCISES
THE PRESENT TENSES
I . The present tenses
1. Be quiet ! the baby ( sleep ) . . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . ..
2. We seldom ( eat ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. before 6.30 .
3. Look ! A man ( run ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. after the train . He ( want ) . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. to
catch it .
4. The sun ( set ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. in the West .
5. It ( be ) often hot in summer .
6. We ( do ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. an exercise on the present tense at this moment and I ( not
think ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. I ( know ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. how to use it .
My mother sometimes ( buy ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. vegetables at this market .
7. It ( rain ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. in summer . It ( rain ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. now.
8. It ( be ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. very cold now.

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 9. Daisy ( cook ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. some food in the kitchen at this present . She
always ( cook ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. in the morning
10. Listen ! I( think) . .. .. . .. . .. . .. some one (knock ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. at the door .
11. Up to the present , we ( write ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. almost every lesson in the book.
12. The earth ( circle) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. the sun once every 365 days.
13. The farmer ( work ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. in the field at the moment
14. How many times you (see ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. him since he went London ?
15. River usually ( flow ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. to the sea .
16. Look ! the boy (cry ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . ..
17. Do you ( know ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. that man who ( smoke ) . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. there ?
18. That house ( belong ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. to Mr Brown .
19. I ( be ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. very sory I ( not remember ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. that girl’s name .
20. I ( have ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. coffee for breakfast .
21. The students ( look up ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. that new word right now .
22. He usually ( sing ) . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. in English but today he ( sing ) . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. in French .
23. I ( try ) . .... . .. .. .. . . ... to learn English for years but I ( not succeed ) . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. yet .
24. You already ( drink ) . .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. three cups or coffee since I ( sit ) . .. .. .. . .. . .. here .
25. I (wait ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. for two hours , but she ( not come ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. yet.
26. Mary ( lose ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. her hat and she ( look ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. for it until now .
27. He (write ) . .. .. ... .. .. . .. . .. a novel for two years , but he ( not , finish ) .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. it
yet.
28. I (be) __________ sorry. I (forget) __________ that fellow’s name already.
29. Jack (look) __________ forward to his vacation next June.
30. I (have) __________ no trouble with my English lessons up to now.
31. Mr and Mrs Brown (be) ___________ in New York for 2 months , so we ( not meet )
_______________ them ever since .
32. Michael (work) __________ 38 hours a week.
33. At present, that author (write) ___________ a novel. He ( write ) ______________ it nearly
two years , but he ( not finish ) ______________ it .
34. George (do) __________ good work in this class so far.
35. The weather( generally, get) __________ hot in July .
36. You must wake her up. She (sleep) _________________soundly for 10 hours.
37. Listen! I (think) __________ someone (knock) _________________ at the front door.
38. How long (you learn) __________ English?
39. Alice (lose) ________________ her Vienamese-English dictionary.
40. Fred (just, graduate) ________________ from Oxford University.
41. The earth (circle) _________________ the sun once every 365 days.
42. That grandfather clock (stand) ________________ there for as long as I can remember.
43. That brown briefcase (belong) _____________ to Dr.Rice.
44. Jim (work) _______________ on his report this year.
45. Robert (wait) ________________ for you since noon.
46. That museum (stand) _________________ here for ceturies.
47. The sun (get) ________________ very hot during the afternoon.
48. Tom (buy) _________________ a new car next week.

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 CÁCH PHÁT ÂM ĐUÔI S VÀ ES

Cách phát âm Nouns & Verbs có đuôi “ s / es ”:

- / ʃ / : sau p, t , k ,f , θ ( th ) Ex: laughs, walks, cups, cats, tenths;
books, coughs ..
- / iz / : sau sh , ch , ce , ge , se , ss , x
- / z / : sau những từ còn lại

Choose the word with underlined part pronounced differently from the others:
1. A. roses B. villages C. colleagues D. matches
2. A. says B. lays C. plays D. stays
3. A. succeeds B. devotes C. prevents D. coughs
4. A. completes B. engines C. taxis D. ferries
5. A. cancels B. referees C. sacks D. widens
6. A. combs B. lamps C. brakes D. invites
7. A. books B. floors C. tombs D. drums
8. A. closes B. loses C. loves D. chooses
9. A. languages B. rabies C. assumes D. consumes
10. A. trays B. says C. bays D. days
11. A. gives B. phones C. switches D. dives
12. A. studies B. flourishes C. finishes D. glances
13. A. hears B. thanks C. blows D. coincides
14. A. stops B. climbs C. pulls D. televisions
15. A. agreed B. missed C. liked D. watched
16. A. shoots B. grounds C. concentrates D. forests
17. A. tells B. talks C. stays D. steals
18. A. hours B. fathers C. dreams D. thinks
19. A. diseases B. pleases C. loses D. releases
20. A. bushes B. buses C. lorries D. charges

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 UNIT 6
ENDANGERED SPECISES
GETTING STARTED

Danger ['deindʒə] n
 in danger of
 dangerous ['deindʒrəs] adj
 endangered = /ɪnˈdeɪn.dʒəd/ adj
vulnerable
Extinct [iks'tiηkt] adj
 extinction [iks'tiηk∫n] n
Biology [bai'ɔlədʒi] n
 Biologist [bai'ɔlədʒist] n
 biological [,baiə'lɔdʒikəl] adj
wildlife ['waildlaif] n
dinosaur ['dainəsɔ:] n
species ['spi:∫i:z] n
rhinoceros [rai'nɔsərəs] n
Assign [ə'sain] v
 assignment [ə'sainmənt] n
die out V
botanical [bə'tænikəl] adj
gather ['gæðə] v
Pollute [pə'lu:t] v
 Pollutant [pə'lu:tənt] n
 pollution [pə'lu:∫n] n

LANGUAGE
Survive [sə'vaiv] V
 Survival [sə'vaivl] n
 survivor [sə'vaivə] n
Evolve [i'vɔlv] V
 Evolution [,i:və'lu:∫n] n
 evolutionary [,i:və'lu:∫nəri] adj
Diverse [dai'və:s] Ad
 Diversity [dai'və:siti] j
 to diversify [dai'və:sifai] n
v
Conservation [,kɔnsə:'vei∫n] n
 to conserve [kən'sə:v] v
maintain [mein'tein] V
balance ['bæləns] N,
v
issue ['isju:] n
Restore [ri'stɔ:] V
 restoration [,restə'rei∫n] n

117
 marine [mə'ri:n] adj
n
extension [iks'ten∫n] n
Deadline ['dedlain] n
 to meet/miss a
deadline
Polar ['poulə(r)] n băng ở địa cực
 polar ice adj
theory ['θiəri] n

READING

rule [ru:l] n
creature ['kri:t∫ə] n
Attribute ( + to ) ['ætribju:t] v
Harvest /ˈhɑː.vɪst v
 Over-harvesting
Destruction = damage [dis'trʌk∫n] n
 to destroy [di'strɔi]
drought [draut] n
duty ['dju:ti] n
no longer không... nữa
replace [ri'pleis] v
ruin [ruin] v
silly ['sili] adv
process ['prouses] vn
Interfere ( + with ) [,intə'fiə] v
reserve [ri'zə:v] n
constant ['kɔnstənt] adj
at the expense of phải trả giá bằng 
biodiversity [baɪ.ə ʊda ɪ n
ˈvɜː.sɪ.ti ]
Ecosystem [,eikou'sistəm] n
 ecological [,ikə'lɔdʒikəl]
currently ['kʌrəntli] adv
preserve [pri'zə:v] v
feel at peace Cảm thấy bình yên
Derive ( + from) [di'raiv] v
scuba-diving [ 'sku:bə daiviη ] thợ lặn dùng bình khí nén

SPEAKING
trade [treid] v
Ban = forbid [bæn] v
donate [dou'neit] v
launch a campaign v
transportation [,trænspɔ:'tei∫n] v, n
product ['prɔdəkt] n
indicate ['indikeit] v

LISTENING + WRITING
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 critically ['kritikəli] adv
threaten ['θretn] v
vulnerable ['vʌlnərəbl] adj
valuable ['væljuəbl] adj
tropical ['trɔpikl] adj
breed [bri:d] v
estimate ['estimit - 'estimeit] v
Poach [pout∫] v
 poacher (n) n
collision [kə'liʒn] n
Recovery [ri'kʌvəri] n
 recover [ri:'kʌvə] v

COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE

nest [nest] v
Lay [lei] v
 lay eggs
authority [ɔ:'θɔriti] n
ensure [in'∫uə] v
enclosure [in'klouʒə] n
fence [fens] n
Raise awareness
predator ['predətə(r)] n
conduct ['kɔndʌkt] v

REVIEW FUTURE TENSES

SIMPLE FUTURE ( THÌ TÖÔNG LAI ÑÔN )
Formation:
I , we + shall / will
You , they , he , she , it + will
( not ) + V
+V ?:
Usages
( won’t / shan’t )
o Dieãn taû
Shall / will + I , We moät
Will + You , they , he she , it haønh
ñoäng seõ
xaûy ra ôû töông lai
Ex ; He will return next month. :
o Dieãn taû moät ø lôøi môøi , moät yeâu caàu , ñeà nghò ,moät döï ñònh hay moät döï ñoaùn
ôû töông lai.
Ex: Will you close the door , please?
- It’ll rain tomorrow . ( döï ñoaùn )
- The wedding will take place soon . (döï ñònh
 Các trạng từ thường đi kèm theo là :
Some day : moät ngaøy n aøo ñoù . Tommrrow : ngaøy mai
Next week / month .. : tuaàn / thaùng .. tôùi ) Soon : chaúng bao laân nöõa .

 BE GOING TO : ( sẽ , sắp sửa , chuẩn bị , dự định )

119
 o Cuøng duøng ñeå dieãn taû moät haønh ñoäng seõ xảy ra trong tuông lai , maø haønh
ñoäng naøy ñöôïc saép xeáp hay döï ñoaùn moät vieäc chaéc chaén xảy ra . ( thöôøng
khoâng coù cuïm töø chæ thôøi gian xaûy ra )
Ex : Look at those clouds It is going to rain.
I’m going to stay at home tonight.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE ( THÌ TÖÔNG LAI TIEÁP DIEÃN )

1. Formation :
I , we + shall / will
( not ) + be +V-ing
You , they , he , she , it + will

Will / Shall +S + be + V-ing ?

2. Usage ; ( Caùch duøng )

o Thì töông lai tieáp dieãn duøng ñeå dieãn taû moät haønh ñoäng seõ dieãn ra vaø keùo daøi
suoát moät thôøi kyø ôû töông lai .
Ex : What will you be doing when I come to see you tomorrow ?
o Noù dieãn taû moät haønh ñoäng seõ ñang xaûy ra vaøo moät thôøi ñieåm ôû töông lai :
Ex : He will be doing research at this time tomorrow .
When you come today , I will be working at my desk .
She will be living in this house in May ( next week )

THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE ( THÌ TÖÔNG LAI HOAØN THAØNH )

1. Form (Cấu trúc)

Affirmative (Khẳng định) Negative (Phủ định) Interrogative (Nghi vấn)

S + will + have + PP ... S + will + not + have + PP.. Will + S + have + PP...?

He will have finished his He won't have finished his Will he have finished his
homework before his homework before his mother homework before his mother
mother comes home. comes home. comes home ?
2. Use (Cách dùng)
o Thì tương lai hoàn thành dùng để diễn tả 1 hành động sẽ được hoàn tất trước 1 thời điểm nào
đó trong tương lai (be finished by a certain time in the future)
E.g:
- We will have finished this house by the end of this year.
- Do you think you will have finished the report by next Monday?
- I will have done the housework before you come here.

o Diễn tả moät haønh ñoâng tröôùc haønh ñoäng khaùc ôû töông lai.
- Ex : The bus will have arrived there before you finish smoking.

Lưu ý:
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- By = not later than a particular time
o Thì hiện tại hoàn thành hoặc thì hiện tại đơn được sử dụng để diễn tả sự hoàn tất của hành
động sau một số liên từ thời gian như: as soon as (ngay khi), after, before, when; không dùng
thì tương lai hoàn thành trong trường hợp này.
E.g: When I finish/ have finished my homework, I will play soccer with you.
* Caùc cuïm töø chæ thôøi gian trong thì naøy laø : “ BY THE TIME ”, BY THEN ”, hoaëc “ BY
+ moác thôøi gian ”

 LƯU Y : Mệnh đề chính la mệnh đề trạ ng ngữ chỉ thờ i gian.

 Trong mệnh đề thời gian : KHÔNG sử dụng thì TƯƠNG LAI .

EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1 : Simple future or simple present .
1. 1. We’ll go out when the rain ( stop) . . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . ..
2. I ( stay ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. here until he (answer ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. me .
3. Wait until I (catch ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. you .
4. She (not, come ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. until you ( be ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. ready .
5. Ms Helen ( help ) . .. .. . ... .. . .. . .. you as soon as she ( finish ) . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. that letter
tomorrow .
6. After the class (be ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. over , ask the teacher about that sentence.
7. I (come ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. and (see ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. you before I leave here .
8. We ( go ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. home as soon as we have finished our work.
9. I (wait ) here until you ( come ) back tomorrow .
10. I (send ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. you some postcards as soon as I ( arrive ) . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. in
London .

EXERCISE 2 : Fill in the verbs in brackets in Future Perfect.

1. When you arrive I _________________ the job. (start)
2. They _________________ dinner by the time we get there, (have)
3. A few centuries from now wars, I hope, _________________ a thing of the past, (become)
4. "Different" species _________________ by 2050, scientists claim, (evolve)
5. You _________________ a lot of your work by the end of this month, (do)
6. By November all the leaves _________________. (fall)
7. If he doesn't hurry, they _________________ before he comes, (leave)
8. I am sure that tomorrow you _________________ all these rules, (forget)
9. Be quick! The child_________________ before you rescue it. (drown)
10. She _________________ old before she learns the use of prepositions, (grow)
11. The airman _________________ more than a thousand miles, before the end of this month, (fly)
12. If you ring me up after nine o'clock, I _________________ to the doctor, (speak)
13. We _________________ twenty miles more before we cross the frontier, (travel)
14. Next year we _________________ together for ten years, (be)
15. lam sure they _________________ the new road before April, (complete)

COMPARISON ( CONT )
HÌNH THÖÙC SO SAÙNH ÑAËC BIEÄT - DOUBLE COMPARISON ( So saùnh keùp )
 So saùnh ñoàng tieán : ( caøng ……caøng )

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 The + so saùnh + S + V + , The + so saùnh + S + V
- er …. –er
More + adj/ adv / noun more – adj /adv /
Less + adj/ adv / noun Less + adj/ adv / noun
Fewer + noun Fewer + noun

- Ex : The older I get , the happier I am

- The more dangerous it is , the more I like it
- The more money she has, the more useless things she buys
( The more + noun ) ( The more + noun )
- The more you give, the more you will receive.
- “ How do you like coffee ? ” “ The stronger , the better ”
- “ What time shall we leave ? ” “ The sooner , the better ”

 Nh÷ng c¸ch nãi kh¸c cã tÝnh c¸ch so s¸nh.

Other .... than........: ( khác ) . I want to read other novels than these.
Rather than: ( hơn là ) We want to be poor rather than rich.
To prefer + V-ing/ N + to + V-ing/ N …
 S + would rather + V + than + V …: ( Thích … hơn … )
- We’d rather watch a film than read a book
Had better + (not) + V … : ( tốt hơn hết )
- You’d better stay at home than go fishing
The same : ( Tương Tự , giống nhau, như nhau . )
- Our suitcases are the same .
The same as :
- My suiltcase is the same as yours ( Vali của toi giống vali của anh )

Noun + noun + be alike

Alike (adj/adv) : ( giống nhau , như nhau )
( được sử dụng như tính từ , đứng sau to be và liking verbs )
Like / Unlike (adj/adv / noun ) : ( giống như / không giống như )
- My pen is like your pen .
- My pen and your pen are alike . Noun + be like + noun
- Ex : Like his father, he is a teacher Like / Unlike + N, + clause
- Ex : This hat and that one are alike
- They tried to treat all their children alike
Similar (adj) : ( giống nhau , tương tự nhau )  to be similar to
- Our books are alike / similar .
- My book is like yours .
- My book is similar to yours .
Superior to: cao hơn
- Your understanding is superior to mine. Hiểu biết của bạn cao hơn hiểu biết của tôi.
Inferior to: thấp hơn
- His position is inferior to mine. Địa vị của anh ấy thấp hơn địa vị của tôi.
Junior to: trẻ hơn
- She is junior than her husband. Cô ấy trẻ hơn chồng của cô ấy.
Senior to: già hơn, cao niên hơn

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 - Mr. Brown is senior to his boss. .
Prior to: trước
- We must finish our work prior to the Tet holiday.
Posterior to:  sau
- We will see each other again after / posterior to this summer holiday.

EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1 : FILL IN WITH alike, like, similar to, OR the same as
1. The twins are … … ..… in looks but not in personality
2. These three photographs are almost …… . .… .
3. She’s ……… . . her sister.
4. Her ideas are quite ……… . . mine.
5. I want a shirt that’s …… .… . the one in the window.
6. His eyes is … … ..…his father.
7. His father and he are … .… .….
8. What’s that noise? It sounds …… .… . a baby crying.
9. Although they are brother, they don’t look ….… . … .

EXERCISE 2 : Complete the sentences with the words from the box.
colder more longer sooner faster harder

1. The __________ you worry about it, the less you'll sleep.
2. The __________ you work, the more mistakes you'll make.
3. The __________ we start, the sooner we'll finish.
4. The __________ you work, the more chance you have of promotion.
5. The __________ it is, the harder it is to get out of bed in the morning.
6. The __________ you stay, the harder it will be to leave.

EXERCISE 3 . Combine the sentences, using DOUBLE COMPARATIVE

1. She studies hard, she will get good grades. 
The _______________________________________________________________
2. You rest much, you will feel better. 
The ________________________________________________________________
3. The weather is warmer, I feel better. 
The ________________________________________________________________
4. We leave early, we will arrive soon. 
The ________________________________________________________________
5. We have much knowledge, we become wise. 
The ________________________________________________________________
6. You are young, you learn easily. 
The ________________________________________________________________
7. The hotel is expensive, the services are good. 
The ________________________________________________________________
8. You use much electricity, your bill will be high. 
The ________________________________________________________________
9. I thought about the plan, I like it little. 

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 The ________________________________________________________________
10. He is old, he learns slowly. 
The ________________________________________________________________
11. She eats much, she will become fat. 
The ________________________________________________________________

PRACTICE TEST
I. Choose a word in each line that has different stress pattern.
1. A. commercial B. habitat C. approach D. impressive
2. A. descend  B. explore C. profession D. altitude
3. A. curriculum B. parabolic C. ecology D. authority
4. A. astronomic B. emergency C. experiment D. collaborate
5. A. biodiversity B. evolutionary C. ecologically D. biologically

II. Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined.
1. A. teach  B. dead C. reach  D. team 
2. A. campaign B. horn  C. rhino  D. extinct 
3. A. call  B. curtain  C. contain D. city
4. A. enclosure B. conservation C. species D. nest
5. A. your  B. four C. court  D. hour

III. The word in brackets at the end of each of the following sentences can be used to form a
word that fits suitably in the blank.
1. We now realize that it is important to maintain the planet's _____________________, which is the
richness of animal and plant life. DIVERSITY
2. A _____________________ is any natural region where wildlife lives undisturbed, for example,
forests, ponds, marshes or deserts. HABITION
3. Take _____________________ actions in your community. CONSERVE 
4. Officials said there were no _____________________ of the plane crash. SURVIVE
5. Logging, oil and gas drilling, over-grazing and development all result in habitat
_____________________. DESTROY
6. The more species disappear, the more entire-systems become _____________________.
VULNERABLY 
7. _____________________ are killing rhinos because of their horns. POACHING
8. Although conservation groups are working to _____________________ wildlife, natural habitats
are still being destroyed. PROTECTION 
9. Due to poaching and civil war, the ____________________ of gorillas drops sharply. POPULAR 
10. The dodo very quickly declined in numbers, and it was _____________________ by 1681.
EXTINCTION

IV. Complete the sentences with the words from the box. Use each word once only. 
dangerous conservationists survivors vulnerably extinction 
survival biodiversity  poaching  endangered extinct 

1. His condition left him ______________________ exposed to the slightest cold or cough. 

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2. People all over the world are working to help save endangered animals
from _____________________.
3. Floods and drought are both _____________________ to humans and crops. 
4. _____________________ are calling for additional measures with a focus on more effective
management of the habitat. 
5. The government is sending help to the _____________________ of the earthquake.
6. By losing _____________________, we are losing the chance to discover new medicines that
could end the suffering of millions of people.
7. Do not purchase illegal products that come from _____________________ species. 
8. Since 1600 about 500 species of animals have become _____________________.
9. Gorilla and chimpanzee populations in Central Africa continue to decline due
to _____________________,
habitat loss and disease.
10. To ensure the _____________________ of the world's animals, we must learn how to keep
'sustainable populations' alive for the animals to _____________________
survive _____________________ on their own.

V. Indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of

the following questions.
1. Hundreds of thousands of elephants were illegally poached and their tusks sold for profits. 
A. conserved B. preserved C. captured D. hunted
2. When the forest disappears, so too will Indonesia's rich biological diversity be effected and
disappear forever. 
A. variety B. direction C. similarity D. closeness
3. The saola is also indirectly threatened by insufficient attention to and investment in its
conservation.
A. protest B. protection C. production D. induction 
A Baby sea turtles are the most vulnerable when they leave their nests and make their way to the
sea. 
A. well-protected B. immune C. susceptible D. shielded
5. The number of amphibians on our planet is declining rapidly in both local mass extinction and
population crashes.
A. reservation B. protection C. threat  D. disappearance

VI. Indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of
the following questions.
1. Dinosaurs were unable to survive severe ice age weather conditions. 
A. remain alive B. persist C. get through D. lose their lives
2. At the moment it is difficult to assess the extent of the damage that his company has caused to the
environment. 
A. benefit B. destruction C. devastation D. extinction
3. Severe weather conditions can also reduce population numbers because animals tend to have
fewer offspring. 
A. alarming B. grave  C. dreadful  D. mild 
4. The dunes harbor a number of freshwater lakes abundant in wildlife. 
A. plentiful  B. lavish  C. bountiful  D. scarce 
5. All visitors are kept out of the conservation area.
A. prevented from entering  B. prevented from destroying 
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 C. allowed to enter  D. allowed to take photos
VII. Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences. 
1. ____ is a branch of Natural Science, and is the study of living organisms and how they interact
with their environment 
A. Biology B. Biological C. Biologist D. Biologically
2. A/ an ____ species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming extinct. 
A. dangerous B. endanger C. endangered D. endangerment
3. Besides, several programmes should be ____ that spreads the world of the conservation of the
elephants in the public.
A. told B. used  C. operated D. introduced 
4. Cheetah's tail is ____ during fast running, because it balances the animal and allows fast and
sudden turns which happen often when the prey tries to escape. 
A. essential B. basic C. adequate D. sufficient
5. People should be told about the things that threaten the safety of ____ so that they can avoid doing
them.
A. the wild B. wildness C. wild life D. wildlife 
6. Humans depend on species diversity to provide food, clean air and water, and fertile soil for
agriculture.
A. destruction B. contamination C. fertilizer D. variety
7. The more you talk about the situation, ____.
A. it seems worse B. the worse it seems C. the worse does it seem  D. it seems
the worse 
8. ____ the Sun is, ____ the shadow is. 
A. The higher / the low  B. The more high/ the more low 
C. The higher / the lower  D. The more higher / the more lower
9. Life on Earth is disappearing fast and will continue to do so unless urgent action is taken. 
A. vanishing B. damaging C. polluting D. destroying
10. By December next year, we ____ in this house for twenty years.
A. will have lived B. have lived C. will live D. had live
11. ____ it is, ____ miserable I feel.
A. The hotter / more  B. The hotter / the more
C. The more hotter / the more D. The more hot / the more
12. The saola is also indirectly threatened by insufficient ____ to and investment in its conservation.
A. interest B. attention C. care  D. treatment 
13. The better the weather is, ____.
A. the beaches get the more crowded B. the beaches get the most crowded 
C. the most crowded the beaches get D. the more crowded the beaches get
14. Hunting for meat and burning forests for soil cause destruction to wildlife. 
A. organization B. contamination C. protection D. damage
15. Species become extinct or endangered for ____ number of reasons, but ____ primary cause is the
destruction of habitat by human activities. 
A. Ø/ a B. a/ the C. the/ a  D. Ø/ Ø

VIII. Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following
questions.
1. Rare animal extinction is one of the things that could have happened.
A. good B. best C. worse D. worst
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2. We need to do this ____ than we are at the moment.
A. quickly B. the quickest C. more quickly D. most quickly
3. Mary speaks English better than her sister ____.
A. is B. Ø C. has D. can
4. Looking after a kitten is ____ more difficult than I thought it would be.
A. far B. farther C. further D. father
5. Living in a big city isn't ____ interesting as I thought it would be.
A. less B. most C. more D. as
6. It has been a really bad journey, but I think the ____ is behind us.
A. good B. better C. worst D. worse
7. By the time we get there, the film ____.
A. starts B. started C. will start D. will have
started
8. If we don't protect these rare species, they ____ by 2030s.
A. die out B. will die out C. will have died out D. have died out
9. Next December, they ____ for twenty years.
A. will have been married B. have been married C. are married D. were
married
10. By the time you come home, I ____ the decorating.
A. have finished B. will have finished C. are finishing D. finished
11. By the year 2050, computers ____ teachers.
A. replace B. will replace C. will have replaced D. have
replaced

IX. Read the text. Use the information in the story to answer the questions below by choosing
the best answer A, B, C or D. 
Since the world became industrialized, the number of animal species that have either become
extinct or have neared extinction has increased. Bengal tigers, for instance, which once roamed the
jungles in vast numbers, now number only about 2,300. By the year 2025, it is estimated that they
will become extinct. 
What is alarming about the case of the Bengal tiger is that this extinction will have been
caused almost entirely by poachers who, according to some sources, are not always interested in
material gain but in personal gratification. This is an example of the callousness that is contributing
to the problem of extinction Animals such as the Bengal tiger, as well as other endangered species,
are valuable parts of the world's ecosystem. International laws protecting these animals must be
enacted to ensure their survival - and the survival of our planet. 
Countries around the world have begun to deal with the problem in various ways. Some
countries, in an effort to circumvent the problem, have allocated large amounts of land to animals
reserves. They then charge admission prices to help defray the costs of maintaining the parks, and
they often must also depend on world organizations for support. This money enables them to invest
in equipment and patrols to protect the animals. Another response to the increase in animal extinction
is an international boycott of products made from endangered species. This has had some effect,
but by itself it will not prevent animals from being hunted and killed. 
1. The word "callousness" could be best replaced by which of the following? 
A. incompetence B. indirectness C. insensitivity D. independence

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2. The previous passage is divided into two paragraphs in order to contrast ____.
A. A comparison and a contrast B. A problem and a solution 
C. A statement and an illustration D. Specific and general information
3. What is the main topic of the passage?
A. Endangered species  B. Problems with industrialization
C. The Bengal tiger D. International boycotts
4. The word "poachers" could be best replaced by which of the following?
A. Concerned scientists  B. Enterprising researchers 
C. Illegal hunters  D. Trained hunters
5. What does the word "this" refer to in the passage? 
A. Bengal tiger B. Interest in material gain
C. Killing animals for personal satisfaction  D. The decrease in the Bengal tiger
population
6. Where in the passage does the author discuss a cause of extinction? 
A. Lines 5-7 B. Lines 7-9 C. Lines 10-16 D. Lines 1-3
7. What does the term "international boycott" refer to? 
A. A global increase in animal survival
B. A refusal to buy animal products worldwide
C. Defraying the cost of maintaining national parks 
D. Buying and selling of animal products overseas
6. Which of the following best describes the author's attitude? 
A. indifferent B. forgiving C. concerned D. surprised
9. Which of the following could best replace the word "allocated"?
A. set aside B. combined C. taken  D. organized
10. The word "defray" is closest in meaning to which of the following?
A. make a payment on  B. make an investment toward 
C. raise  D. lower 

X. Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of
the following questions.
1. As soon as we will arrive, we will unpack the car.
A B C D
2. By this time next week, I am lying on a beach on the Bahamas.
A B C D
3. When I will see him, I will tell him you want to speak to him.
A B C D
4. Take a book with you, in case you will have to wait for a long time.
A B C D
3. The warmer the weather get around the world, the faster the polar ice caps will melt.
A B C D
4. The more renewable energy sources we use, the more better our living conditions will become.
A B C D
5. As people need more land to build houses, they cut down on more forests.
A B C D
XI . Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct response to each of the following
exchanges.

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 Two friends Nam and Lan are talking about the topic of endangered species.

1. Nam: Would you like to join my wildlife protection team?

Lan: ____
A. Yes, I like working for this organization very much.
B. Thank you. I've always wanted to do something to help.
C. Where is it located?
D. There are so many wildlife protection teams.
2. Lan: Can we meet this Sunday to discuss our plan for the wildlife protection project?
Nam: ____
A. Yes, we did that. B. Sunday is the weekend.
C. Sunday suits me fine. D. Sunday is a great day.
3. Nam: What do you think about killing animals like dogs and cats for food?
Lan: ____
A. It is really cruel. B. I prefer dogs to cats.
C. Both of them are pets. D. Dogs are really faithful.
4. Lan: Do you think I should accept an offer to do voluntary work in the zoo?
Nam: ____
A. Why did they offer you the job? B. Zoos have a lot of animals.
C. Voluntary work is meaningful. D. I definitely think you should say yes.
5. Nam: I'd like to hear your ideas on how to protect vulnerable species.
Lan: ____
A. I'd say people's awareness is very important. B. You're always asking me for
advice.
C. I like your ideas so much. D. These animals are vulnerable.

XII . Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of
the following questions.
1. Five islands of Indonesia are home to Komodo dragons.
A. Homes are built for Komodo dragons on five islands of Indonesia.
B. Komodo dragons are the only living creatures on Indonesia's islands.
C. Komodo dragons live on five islands of Indonesia.
D. Komodo dragons prefer to live in hot countries like Indonesia.
2. Unless humans stop poaching, many rare animals will go extinct.
A. When humans stop poaching, many rare animals will become extinct.
B. If people don't stop poaching, a lot of rare animals will become extinct.
C. As soon as people stop poaching, a lot of rare animals will become extinct.
D. Provided that people stop poaching, many animals will become extinct.
3. People are not allowed to approach animals in safari parks.
A. People are prohibited from approaching animals in safari parks.
B. People are advised not to approach animals in safari parks.
C. Safari parks don't prohibit people from approaching animals.
D. Safari parks allow people to approach animals.
4. The more polluted the environment, the less safe it becomes for the animals.
A. If the environment is more polluted, it becomes better for the animals.
B. Animals find the more polluted environment safer.

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 C. Animals become less safe with a more polluted environment.
D. Animals become safer with a more polluted environment.
5. The saola and the rhino are considered endangered species in Viet Nam.
A. The saola and the rhino are dangerous animals in Viet Nam.
B. Both the saola and the rhino are considerate animals.
C. Viet Nam becomes more dangerous due to the saola and the rhino.
D. The saola and the rhino are thought to be endangered species in Viet Nam.
6. The giant panda's natural habitat is shrinking.
A. The habitat for the giant panda is getting bigger.
B. The habitat for the giant panda is getting smaller.
C. The habitat for the giant panda is staying the same.
D. The habitat for the giant panda is increasing.
7. Baby sea turtles are the most vulnerable when they leave their nests and make their way to the sea.
A. Baby sea turtles are the most unsafe when they leave their nests and make their way to the
sea.
B. Baby sea turtles are the safest when they leave their nests and make their way to the sea.
C. Baby sea turtles are the happiest when they leave their nests and make their way to the sea.
D. Baby sea turtles really enjoy when they leave their nests and make their way to the sea.
8. He started donating to rhino conservation organizations five years ago, and now he still continues
to donate.
A. He donated to rhino conservation organizations for five years.
B. He has been donating to rhino conservation organizations for five years.
C. He will have donated to rhino conservations for five years by the end of next year.
D. He used to donate to rhino conservation organizations, but he stopped last year.
9. Animals become extinct due to both habitat destruction and poaching.
A. In addition to habitat destruction, animals become extinct due to poaching.
B. Animals become extinct mainly because of habitat destruction.
C. Animals become extinct mainly because of poaching
D. Neither habitat destruction nor poaching causes animals to go

REVISION THE FIRST SEMESTER

REPORTED SPEECH
Coù 3 loaïi cô baûn ( caâu phaùt bieåu , caâu hoûi , caâu meänh leänh )
I . Caâu phaùt bieåu :
 Nguyeân taéc chung : Khi chuyeån sang caâu töôøng thuaät , ta theo caùc böôùc sau :
Boû daáu 2 ngoaëc keùp , daáu phaåy
Đoåi ngoâi : haõy dòch sang tieáng Vieät ñeå chuyeån ngoâi , tính töø sôû höõu cuõng vaäy (
ngoâi thứ 3 thì giöõ nguyeân )
I -> he/ she, we-> they mine-> his /her , our-> their
Me-> him/her, us-> them myself-> himself /herself, ourselves->themselves
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 My-> his /her, our -> their

Ñoåi ñoäng töø : luøi veà moät thì

+ Ñoái vôùi ñoäng töø ñaët bieät : Will  Would , can could / be able to ,
must  had to , must not was not to ,
+ Trong lôøi noùi tröïc tieáp coù : Could , would , should , might , used to , ought to ,
would rather , had better .. thì giöõ nguyeân .
Traïng töø chæ thôøi gian
+ This  that + these  those + ago  before
+ here  there + now  then + today  that day
+ yesterday  the day before / the previous day
+ tomorrow  the day after / the following day
+ next week  the week after / the following week last night  the night before
Ex: John said to me , “ I saw Tom in my school yesterday ”,
 John told me that He had seen Tom in his school the day before

II. Caâu hoûi : Coù 2 loaïi caâu hoûi :

1. Caâu hoûi Yes / No questions
Ta theâm IF / Whether vaøo tröôùc lôøi noùi gian tieáp
Ta bieán caáu truùc caâu hoûi sang theå khaúng ñònh ( S + V ) vaø boû daáu hoûi . Ñoåi thì
vaø ngoâi nhö treân .
Ex :Mary said , “ Are you tired now , Tom ? ”
Mary asked Tom If he was tired then

S + asked / wondered + (O) + If / Whether + S + V

2. Caâu hoûi WH – questions
Ta giöõ laïi caùc töø ñeå hoûi ( Who , What , Where , Why , How , how many / much …. )
Ta bieán caáu truùc caâu hoûi sang theå khaúng ñònh ( S + V ) vaø boû daáu hoûi . Ñoåi thì
vaø ngoâi nhö treân .
Ex : “ Where do you live , Tom ? ”
 Mary asked Tom where he lived .

S + asked / wondered / wanted to know + (O) + WH- / HOW … + S + V

III. Caâu meänh leänh ( xaùc ñònh vaø phuû ñònh )
Trong caâu meämh leänh khoâng ñoåi thì . Ñoäng töø cuûa caâu meänh leänh ñoåi sang To
infinitive
Caùc ngoâi vaø tính töø sôû höõu vaãn ñoåi bình thöôøng . Boû Please neáu coù
Sau caùc ñoäng töø ( told , asked , ordered , requested .. ) phaûi coù Object

Ex : “ Come and see me tomorrow , please ”, he said

 He told me to come and see him the next day

Ex : His mother said, “ Don’t forget to thank Mr Bike when you are saying goodbye to
him ”

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  His mother told him not to forget to thank Mr Bike when he was saying goodbye to
him

SOME SPECIAL VERBS

 §éng tõ têng thuËtS + V + ( Object ) + ( not ) To-infinitive

- Promise + to-inf : hứa làm gì

- want + to-inf : muốn
- agree + to-inf : đồng ý làm gì
- offer + to-inf : tự nguyện …làm gì
- refuse + to-inf : từ chối làm gì ( không dùng NOT )
- threaten + to-inf : đe dọa làm gì
- demand + to-inf : đòi hỏi , yêu cầu
- guarantee + to-inf : bảo đảm
- propose + to-inf : có ý định , dự định

Lưu ý : Không cần dùng Object sau nhung động từ này

- ask + sb + to-inf : yêu cầu

- advise + sb + to-inf : khuyên
- beg + sb + to-inf : cầu xin, cầu khẩn
- encourage + sb + to-inf : động viên, khuyến khích
- invite + sb + to-inf : mời
- order + sb + to-inf : ra lệnh
- forbid + sb + to-inf : cấm ai lam gì
- remind + sb + to-inf : nhắc nhở ai làm gì
( khi dùng Remind .. thì phải bỏ “ Don’t forget /remember ” )
- tell /told + sb + to-inf : bảo ai làm gì
- urge + sb + to-inf : thúc giục ai làm gì
- warn + sb + to-inf : cảnh báo ai việc gì
- want + sb + to-inf : muốn ai làm gì

 §éng tõ têng thuËt

S + V + ( Object ) + Prep + ( not ) + V-ing

- apologize ( to sb) for : xin lỗi ( với ai) về ..

- accuse sb of : buộc tội , tố cáo ai về
- blame sb for : đỗ lỗi cho ai về ..
- congratulate sb on : chúc mừng ai về
- critize sb for : chỉ trích ai về
- prevent sb from : ngăn không cho ai làm gì
- thank (sb ) for : cám ơn ai về
- stop sb from : ngăn chặn không cho ai làm gì
- warn sb against : cảnh báo ai không nên làm gì

Ex : “ I’m sorry for being late twice ” , he said to the boss.

 He apologized to the boss for being late twice .
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 THE PASSIVE VOICE
Dùng để diễn tả ai / vật gì bị , chịu , nhận tác dộng bởi chủ từ trong câu ( do ai / hoặc vật gì
gây nên )
A . Cấu trúc câu đơn :

Subject + Verb + Object Active voice

Subject + BE + PP + by + Object Passive voice

Thêm BE và chia thì tương ứng với thì câu chủ động.
Nghĩa là: Động từ chính của câu chủ động ở thì nào thì “ To Be” phải chia ở thì đó).
Ex : Mary helps John S+ is / are / am + PP
 John is helped by Mary

Ex : Mary helped John yesterday S + was / were + PP

 John was helped by Mary

Ex : The fire has destroyed the houses S+ has / have / had + been + PP
 The houses have been destroyed by the fire

B . Cấu trúc câu tiếp diễn

Subject + be + Ving + Object Active voice

Subject + BE + Being + PP + by + Object Passive voice

Ex : Mary is helping John S + is / are / am + being + PP

 John is being helped by Mary ppppppppPPPPPPbeing + PP

Ex : Mary was helping John yesterday

 John was being helped by Mary S + was / were +being PP

C . Cấu trúc câu có Modal Verbs ( will , can . would , should . be used to , used to , BE GOING
TO , has/ have / had to , must ….. )

Subject + Modal Verbs + Verb + Object Active voice

Subject + Modal verbs + BE + PP + by + Object Passive voice

Ex1: Mary can help John Ex2 : They are going to repair the house
 The house is going to be repaired )
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  John can be helped by Mary

D . Cấu trúc câu People / they think , believe , say , consider , expect …. That + clause
Ex : People believed that the earth was the center of the universe

Cách 1 : It + be + PP1 + that –clause

 It was believed that the earth was the center of the universe

To-infinitive 2 ( V1 & V2 : cùng thì )

Càch 2 : S2 + be + PP1 +
To have + PP2 ( V1 & V2 : khác thì )
Ex;  The earth was believed to be the center of the universe .
( believed = was )
Ex : They think that she hasn’t talked to anyone .
 She is thought not to have talked to anyone .

Conditional sentences (Revision )

If + clause – main clause
Ñoäng töø trong caùc meänh ñeà coù theå thay ñoåi tuøy theo yù nghóa maø ngöôøi noùi
muoán dieãn taû. Ngöôøi ta thöôøng phaân bieät caâu ñieàu kieän thaønh 3 loaïi sau ñaây:

Tense If - clauses Main clauses

Hiện tại , Will
tương lai If + S + V (s/es ) S+ Can + Vo
+ don’t / doesn’t +Vo May
shall
Hiện tại Would
( không có If + S + v2/ed S+ Could + Vo
thật ) + didn’t +Vo Should
( be = were ) Might
Qua khứ Would
( không có If + S + had + v3/ed S+ Could + have +V3/ed
thật ) + had (not ) + v3/ed Should
Might
Loaïi I :
Ex :. If I have time, I will visit you.
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 Ex : . Ann usually walks to school if she has enough time. ( thoùi quen )

 Caâu ñieàu kieän loaïi I coøn ñeå dieãn taû yeâu caàu hay meänh leänh .
If + S + V (simple present) + command form.
Ex : . Please buy me some fruits if you go to market.
Don’t go to work if you still feel sick .
Loai II :
Ex : ( I don’t have time , so I don’t write you a letter . )
 If I had time , I’d write you a letter .
Loai III :
Ex : ( I didn’t arrive sooner because I lost my way )
 If I had not lost my way, I’d have arrived sooner .

Unless : coù theå thay cho “ If …. Not ”. ( neáu khoâng , tröø phi )
Ex : If you don’t study hard, you will fail in the exam.
=Unless you study hard, you will fail in the exam.

Khoâng duøng “ WILL/ WOULD ” trong meänh ñeà “ IF” :

Ex : If he will come , I will give him

Khoâng duøng “ NOT ”trong meänh ñeà coù “ Unless ”

Ex : Unless he doesn’t come , we will go

Söû duïng “ otherwise ” hoaëc “ Or ( else ) ” ñeå noùi roõ caùc ñieàu kieän :
Ex: I always have breakfast ; otherwise, I will get hungry.
 ( If I don’t have breakfast, I will get hungry)
Ex : You’d better hurry or you will be late
 ( If You don’t hurry , you will be late )

Provided ( that) / providing ( that) ( miễn là ) , On condition (that )( với điều kiện là ) , As long
as, so long as (miễn là ), Suppose, supposing ( giã sử như ) In case ( trong trường hợp, phòng khi),
Even if ( ngay cả khi ) …. Được dung thay thế cho IF trong mệnh đề phụ .
Ex. Supposing it rains, what will you do ?
I’ll accept your invitation provided you go with me.
Even if he goes to bed early, he always wakes up late .

Mixed type ( caâu ñieàu kieän hoãn hôïp )

Ngöôøi ta cuõng duøng caâu ñieàu lieän pha troän giöõa caùc loaïi meänh ñeà . Thoâng thöôøng
chuùng theo caùc caáu truùc sau :

If – clause : Past perfect + Main clause : would / could / might + Vo

( Type 3 ) ( type 2 )

Ex : If you hadn’t stayed up too late last night , you wouldn’t feel tired now .
( You stayed up too late last night , so you feel tired now)

Ex : If you had warned me , I wouldn’t be in great trouble now .

( You didn’t warn me , so I am in great trouble now )

 Inversion in conditional sentences : ( ĐẢO NGỮ TRONG CÂU ĐK )

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 Chuùng ta coù theå löôït boû “ IF ” trong caâu ñieàu kieän loaïi I , II vaø loaïi III .
Ex : If he appears , please tell him to wait for me .
- Should he appear , please tell him to wait for me .
( If he appears tương đương Should he appear )

Ex : . If I were younger, I would play tennis.

- Were I younger, I would play tennis.
If I had more free time , I’d write to her .
- Were I to have more free time , I’d write to her.
( had = were to have )
Ex : If he had studied hard, he would have passed his exam.
- Had he studied hard, he would have passed his exam.

MỘT SỐ TRƯỜNG HỢP KHÁC

1. When : Khi hành động chắc chắn xảy ra hơn .
Ex. I’ll phone you when I go to bed tonight.

1. But for : nếu không vì, không có (= It it hadn’t been for + N) / It it were not for + N)
Ex: But for / without the storm, we should have arrived earlier.
( = It it hadn’t been for the storm , we should have arrived earlier )
Ex : But for / without the storm, we could arrive earlier.
( = It it were not for the storm , we could arrive earlier )

4. Without ( không vì ):
Ex : Without his books, he would know nothing.
( = If he didn’t have his book , he would know nothing. )
5. Mệnh lệnh cách : + OR :
Ex : Go out or I’ll call a policeman.
(= If you don’t go out , I’ll call a policeman . )
6. Otherwise ( ngoài ra thì , dẫu sao thì ) = APART FROM THIS/THAT
Ex : This café is too noisy, but otherwise we enjoyed ourselves.

Phân biệt : UNLESS và OTHERWISE ( Nếu không thì ) + will / would

EX : Remember to use sun cream. Otherwise, you’ll get sunburnt. 

Particle clauses
( Mệnh đề phân từ làm trạng từ )

 Particles : V-ing và Ved/3 _ ngoài việc được dùng để rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ . V-ing (P) và
Ved/3(P) còn được sử dụng như mệnh đề trạng từ ( adverbial clauses ) để diễn tả lý do, hậu
quả , hoặc sự liên tục thời gian.
Ex : Feeling tired , Sheila went to bed early .
(= Because she felt tired , Sheila went to bed early )
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  Có dạng phân từ V-ed (PP) nếu chủ ngữ của mệnh đề tiếp theo không phải là tác nhân mà
chịu tác động bởi tác nhân khác (bị động)
Ex:        Located on the hill, the hotel is very quiet .
Seen from the distance , the painting appears quite realistic .

Khi rút gọn mệnh đề có chứa các từ ( because / since / as / so ) ta có thể lượt bỏ các từ nối.
 “ Being + PP ” được sử dụng trong các từ sau : after , before , while , when , since , on , by
….với ý nghĩa bị động .
ex: After being cleaned , the car looked as good as new .
( = after the car was cleaned , it looked as good as new )

 Chúng ta cũng có thể dủng mệnh đề phân từ sau các từ after , before , while , when , since ,
on , until , although ….
Ex : On arriving in New York , the immigrants started to look for jobs at once .
= When they had arrived in New York , the immigrants started to look for jobs at once .
Ex : While going shopping downtown , Jane had her purse stolen .
= While she was going shopping downtown , Jane had her purse stolen .
Ex : Although damaged , the machine was still operational .
= Although it had been damaged , the machine was still operational .

Mệnh đề trạng ngữ rút gọn với tính từ :

Ex : Although nervous , he gave a wonderful speech .
= Although he was nervous , he gave a wonderful speech .

 Khi muốn nhấn mạnh một hành động xảy ra trước , ta có thể dung
“ Having + PP ” “Having been + PP”

Ex : Tom had seen the film before . He turned off TV .

 Having seen the film before , Tom turned off TV.

 Chú ý : chủ từ ( S ) 1 phải cùng chủ từ ( S) 2

INVERSION ( ÑAÛO NGÖÛ )

1. “ Inversion ” là cách đảo động từ ra trước chủ từ như ta thường là khi đặt câu hỏi . Tuy nhiên
ta cũng dùng “ Inversion ” trong một số trường hợp để nhấn mạnh câu . Các trạng từ chỉ phủ
định thường gặp như: Hardly / seldom / only / never / little / no / not many / rarely / no
longer / not only .. but also / not until …, no sooner ... than ..

+ be
Adverb + Auxiliary Verbs ( do / does / did ) +S+V
+ Model Verb ( can / will / shall / should … )

e.g. Never in mid-summer does it snow. Hardly ever does he speak in the public.
Little did I know that he was a compulsive liar.
No money shall I lend you from now on.
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 Not many money shall I lend you from now on.

2. Đảo ngữ với ONLY
o Only in this way – auxiliary – S – V or Only in - adv of time/ place
o Only then – auxiliary – S – V or Only after – N : Chỉ sau khi là m gì
o Only by V-ing/ N : Chỉ bằ ng cá ch là m gì
o Only when – clause : Chỉ khi là m gì
o Only with – N : Chỉ vớ i cá i gì
o Only if - clause

e.g. Only after all guests had gone home could we relax.
Only by practising English everyday can you speak it fluently.
Only when her friends told me did I know she had been well-known.
Only with the bank's loan could he buy the car.
Only if you promise to return the book will he lend it to you.

3.  Đảo ngữ với các cụm từ có No

At no time: Khô ng bao giờ
e.g. The result of the match was never in doubt.
→ At no time/ Never was the result of the match in doubt
4. On no condition/ On no account + auxiliary+ S+ N: Dù bấ t cứ lý do gì cũ ng khô ng
e.g. On no account must this switch be touched. 
o On no account should you be late for the exam.
o Under/ in no circumstances: Dù trong bấ t cứ hoà n cả nh nà o cũ ng khô ng
e.g. Under no circumstances should you lend him the money. 
o For no reason/ In no way: Khô ng sao có thể 
o No longer: Khô ng cò n nữ a
e.g. The money is not tobe paid under any circumstances.
→ Under no circumsstances is the money tobe paid
→ On no condition shall we accept their proposal
o By no means: Hoà n toà n khô ng e.g. By no means does he intend to criticize your idea. 

5. No sooner....than...:(Vừ a mớ i...thì đã ... )

No sooner + ( had + S +PP ) than

Hardly S + v2/ed
Barely when / before
Scarcely

e.g. Hardly had I arrived home when the telephone rang.

(= I had hardly arrived home when the telephone rang.)
e.g. Scarcely had she finished reading when she fell asleep.

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 6. Đảo ngữ với Not only....but....also... (khô ng nhữ ng…mà cò n…..)
Not only + trợ độ ng từ + S +V + but also + S + V…
hoặc Not only + trợ độ ng từ + S + V but.... also..........

e.g. Not only is he good at English but he also draw very well
Not only does he sing well but he also plays musical instruments perfectly
Not only does he study well, but also he sings well.

7. Đảo ngữ với So So + adj / adv + aux + V + S + that clasuse

Such + be + noun + that –clause

e.g. So strange was the situation that I couldn't sleep.

So difficult is the test that students need three months to prepare.

8. Câu đảo ngữ có chứa “Such” mang cấu trúc như sau:

Such - be - Danh từ -…

e.g. Such is the moment that all greats traverse. (Thậ t là thờ i khắ c trở ngạ i lớ n lao).
Such is the stuff of dreams. (Thậ t là mộ t giấ c mơ vô nghĩa).

Lưu ý: Thườ ng khi gặ p “so great, so much - Noun” thì ta dù ng đả o ngữ vớ i “such”  

e.g. The problem is so great that everybody is concerned of it. 
→ Such is the problem that everybody is concerned of it. 
There is so much uncertainty that I will not invest my money. 
→ Such is there uncertainty that I will not invest my money. 

2.9. Đảo ngữ với until/ till:

Not until / till + S + V , aux + S + V : Cho đến khi

e.g. - I won't come home till 10 o'clock.

 Not until/ till 10 o'clock that I will come home.
 It is not until 10 o'clock that I will come home.

- I didn't know that I had lost my key till I got home.

→ Not until/ till I got home did I know that I had lost my key.

EX: They couldn't go on working until the rain stopped

 Not until the rain stopped could they go on working

9. Đảo ngữ với No where
No where – Aux – S
-V

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e.g. No where in Vietnam is the cenery as beautiful as that in my country.
No where do I feel as comfortable as I do at home.

10. Đối với cụm trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn đứng đầu câu , phải đảo vị trí của động từ mà không cần
thêm Trợ động từ ( Auxiliary verbs ) _ đối với các động từ như sau : be , appear và các động từ chỉ
nơi chốn và chuyển động như : come , go , sit , lie , stand .
Ex : There goes the farmer
Here comes the bus
An apple tree was outside the house
 Outside the house was an apple tree . ( đảo ngữ )

11. ĐẢO NGỬ TRONG CẤU TRÚC “ SO & NEITHER ”

So / Neither / Too – How To Agree In English
ME TOO / ME NEITHER
- The easiest way to agree in English is to say “Me too” (to agree with a positive
statement) or “Me neither” (to agree with a negative statement):
 “I love strawberry ice cream.” - “Me too!”
 “I don’t go to the gym very often.” - “Me neither.”

SO DO I / NEITHER DO I
- You can say “So do I” and “Neither do I” to respond to simple present sentences.
 “I always sleep late on the weekends.”  I always sleep late , too  “So do I.”

SO + Auxiliary/Be + Subject (pronoun)

I'm going to Brazil in the summer. So am I. = I am going to Brazil too.

Stephanie has a new boyfriend. So does Mary. = Mary has a new one too.
I would love a coffee right now. So would I. = I would love a coffee too.
They have finished their
So have I. = I have finished too.
homework.
I can speak two languages. So can I. = I can speak two too.
Ex : A: I cannot swim.
B: Neither can I. (= I can't swim either.)

Neither  + Auxiliary/Be + Subject (pronoun)

I am not hungry. Neither am I. = I'm not hungry either.

Stephanie doesn't
eat meat.
Mary didn't go to the party.
He won't stop talking.
Neither does Mary
= Mary doesn't eat meat either.
.
Neither did I. = I didn't go either.
Neither will you. = You won't stop either.

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