OMAE

NBDE
Part I Questio ns
Study this set o nline at: https://www.cram.co m/flashcards/nbde-part-i-questio ns-
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an anti body and, i n i ts secretory f orm, i s the mai n i mmunogl obul i n f ound i n mucous
secreti ons, i ncl udi ng tears, sal i va, col ostrum, i ntesti nal j ui ce, vagi nal f l ui d and
secreti ons f rom the prostate and respi ratory epi thel i um. I t i s al so f ound i n smal l
I gA
amounts i n bl ood. Because i t i s resi stant to degradati on by enz ymes, secretory I gA
can survi ve i n harsh envi ronments such as the di gesti ve and respi ratory tracts, to
provi de protecti on agai nst mi crobes that mul ti pl y i n body secreti ons.
an anti body i sotype that makes up about 1% of protei ns i n the pl asma membranes
of i mmature B-l ymphocytes where i t i s usual l y coexpressed wi th another cel l
surf ace anti body cal l ed I gM . I gD i s al so produced i n a secreted f orm that i s
I gD
f ound i n very smal l amounts i n bl ood serum. Secreted I gD i s produced as a
monomeri c anti body wi th two heavy chai ns of the del ta (δ) cl ass, and two I g l i ght
chai ns. F uncti on unknown.
anti body (or i mmunogl obul i n "i sotype") that has onl y been f ound i n mammal s. I t
pl ays an i mportant rol e i n al l ergy, and i s especi al l y associ ated wi th type 1
hypersensi ti vi ty.[ 1] I gE has al so been i mpl i cated i n i mmune system responses to
I gE most parasi ti c worms[ 2] l i ke Schi stosoma mansoni , T ri chi nel l a spi ral i s, and
F asci ol a hepati ca,[ 3] [ 4] [ 5] and may be i mportant duri ng i mmune def ense agai nst
certai n protoz oan parasi tes such as Pl asmodi um f al ci parum.[ 6] Al though I gE i s
typi cal l y the l east abundant i sotype - bl ood serum I gE l evel s i n a normal ("non-
atopi c") i ndi vi dual are ~75 ng/ml , compared to 10 mg/ml f or the I gGs (the
i sotypes responsi
a mul bl e f or most of
ti meri c i mmunogl the cl
obul i n, bui assi cal adapti ve i
l t of two heavy chai mmune response) - i
ns γ and two l t ins.
i ght chai s
capabl
E ach compl e of tri ggeri ng the most powerf
ex has two anti gen bi ndi ng si tes. Tul ihimmune reacti ons.
s i s the most abundant
i mmunogl obul i n and i s approxi matel y equal l y di stri buted i n bl ood and i n ti ssue
I gG l i qui ds, consti tuti ng 75% of serum i mmunogl obul i ns i n humans.[ 1] T hi s i s the onl y
i sotype that can pass through the human pl acenta, thereby provi di ng protecti on to
the f etus i n i ts f i rst weeks of l i f e bef ore i ts own i mmune system has devel oped. I t
can bi nd to many ki nds of pathogens, f or exampl e vi ruses, bacteri a, and f ungi , and
protects the body agai nst them by compl ement acti vati on (cl assi c pathway),
opsoni z ati on f or phagocytosi s and neutral i sati on of thei r toxi ns. I gG can cause
fa basi
ood alc anti
l ergy, and i
body that i
n such causes del
s present on B cel
ayed-onset f
l s. I t i s the pri
ood al lmary anti
ergy, i n contrast to f
body agai nst A
ood
and B anti gens on red bl
al l ergy by I
ood celgEl s. I
, whose ef
gM i s by f
f ects appear rapi
ar the physi caldll y l
y. argest anti body i n
the human ci rcul atory system. i s parti cul arl y ef f ecti ve at compl ement acti vati on.
I gM
I gM anti bodi es appear earl y i n the course of an i nf ecti on and usual l y do not
reappear af ter f urther exposure. I gM anti bodi es do not pass across the human
pl acenta.
a type of scar whi ch resul ts i n an overgrowth of ti ssue at the si te of a heal ed ski n

What i s a kel oi d?
i nj ury. (col l agen f i bers)
mi l i ary tubercul osi s i s spread through what medi um? bl ood
l acki ng an X chromosome f or f emal es. Onl y have 1 X-chromosome causi ng

What causes T urner's syndrome?
decreased sex characteri sti cs of the i ndi vi dual .
NBDE Part I Questio ns
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Cl assi c hemophi l i a i s due to a def i ci ency of normal F actor VI I I whi ch i n turn i s

sex-l i nked ressesi ve
due to a geneti c def i ci ency that i s
A rhabdomyosarcoma i s a mal i gnant neopl asm deri ved f rom stri ated muscl e ti ssue
Anti septi cs di f f er f rom di si nf ectants i n that anti septi cs are appl i ed to l i vi ng ti ssues
Whi ch of the f ol l owi ng i s the si ngl e most numerous group of mi croorgani sms i n the
F acul tati ve streptococci
oral cavi ty?
Whi ch of the f ol l owi ng genera most f requentl y devel ops resi stance to peni ci l l i n? Staphyl ococcus
T he di sease characteri z ed by radi ol ucent bone l esi ons, anemi a,

hypergammagl obul i nemi a, and one or more bone marrow tumors contai ni ng mul ti pl e myel oma
predomi nantl y pl asma cel l s i s
"I t i s usual l y not necessary to measure both serum amyl ase and l i pase. Serum l i pase
may be pref erabl e because i t remai ns normal i n some nonpancreati c condi ti ons that
Why i s el evated serum l i pase more usef ul i n di agnosi ng acute pancreati ti s than
i ncrease serum amyl ase i ncl udi ng macroamyl asemi a, paroti ti s, and some
el evated serum amyl ase?
carci nomas. I n general , serum l i pase i s thought to be more sensi ti ve and speci f i c
than serum amyl ase i n the di agnosi s of acute pancreati ti s"
Whi ch of the f ol l owi ng f orms of oral ul cerati ons i nvol ves oral , ocul ar, and geni tal
Behcet's
l esi ons?
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T he pri mary f uncti on of Sl gA i s thought to be preventi on of penetrati on of mucosa by mi croorgani sms.
A person's bl ood i s mi xed separatel y wi th anti -A serum, anti -B serum, and anti -Rh
Rh (+) type AB
serum. Aggl uti nati on occurs i n each case. T hi s person has what bl ood type?
Coughs producti ve of purul ent sputum are most of ten associ ated wi th whi ch of
Chroni c bronchi ti s and Chroni c l ung abscess
the f ol l owi ng condi ti ons?
Whi ch of the f ol l owi ng anti f ungal drugs i mpai r ergosterol synthesi s? (a) N ystati n;
(a) and (c) onl y
(b) Gri seof ul vi n; (c) Amphoteri ci n B (d) Potassi um i odi de
One week ago, two teeth were extracted because of peri api cal abscesses.
D rai nage of a sof t, f l uctuant swel l i ng i n the area of extracti on el i ci ts a quanti ty
f ound i n normal f l ora of the mouth
of f oul -smel l i ng, purul ent materi al . Why woul d the organi sms Bacteroi des and
Peptostreptococcus l i kel y to be i nvol ved and not Sal monel l a or Cl ostri di um?
E ndospores are f ormed by whi ch of the f ol l owi ng genera? : (a) Baci l l us; (b)
(a) and (d)
M i crococcus; (c) Acti nomyces; (d) Cl ostri di um (e) Corynebacteri um
Whi ch of the f ol l owi ng tumors ari se f rom the adrenal medul l a? (a) Schwannoma;
(c) and (e)
(b) Wi l ms' tumor; (c) N eurobl astoma; (d) Carci noi d tumor (e) Pheochromocytoma
Whi ch of the f ol l owi ng vi ruses may be transmi tted f rom man to man by i nhal ati on
of respi ratory dropl ets generated by tal ki ng or sneez i ng by i nf ected pati ents? : (a) Al l the above
Rubeol a; (b) Adenovi ruses; (c) I nf l uenz a vi rus (d) Vari cel l a-z oster vi rus
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D oes 2% gl uteral dehyde ki l l bacteri al spores? yes
H ow l ong does i t take f or 2% gl uteral dehyde to ki l l spores? 10 hrs
T he proper ti me and temp f or autocl avi ng i s: A) 320F (177C) f or 2 hours B) 250F

B
(121C) f or 15-20 mi n C) 450F (232C) f or 5 mi n D ) 89F (31C) f or 10 hrs
T he proper ti me f or dry heat steri l i z ati on i s: A) 320F (177C) f or 2 hours B) 250F

A
(121C) f or 15-20 mi n C) 450F (232C) f or 5 mi n D ) 89F (31C) f or 10 hrs
T o posi ti vel y destroy al l l i vi ng organi sms, the mi ni mum, requi red temperature i s
121C (250F )
what?
What i s the ti me f rame f or ethyl ene oxi de steri l i z ati on? 10-16 hours
whi ch of the f ol l owi ng i s(are) used as a handwash(i ng) agent? A) Chl orhexi di ne
Chl orhexi di ne gl uconate and T ri cl osan
gl uconate B) T ri cl osan C) I sopropyl al cohol
What i s the most severe ski n tumor? What i s the most common ski n tumor? What
A) M al i gnant mel anoma B) Basal cel l carci noma C) Squamous Cel l carci noma
ski n cancer accounts f or more than 90% of mal i gnant cancers of the oral cavi ty?
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Carci nomas are epi thel i al i n ori gi n and sarcomas are of supporti ve or connecti ve
What i s the di f f erence between a sarcoma and carci noma?
ti ssue ori gi n
What are the beni gn and mal i gnant f orms of muscl e neopl asms? Beni gn - rhabdomyoma M al i gnant - rhabdomyosarcoma
What does the presence of Reed-Sternberg cel l s i ndi cate? H odgki n's di sease
M ul ti pl e myel oma i s a cancer of what? Pl asma cel l s
What does the presence of Bence Jones protei n i ndi cate? mul ti pl e myel oma
What i s an adenocarci noma? a carci noma of gl andul ar epi thel i um
chroni c chromaf f i n-cel l tumor of the adrenal gl and medul l a that excretes excess
What i s a pheochromocytoma?
catechol ami nes (epi and norepi nephri ne).
what tumor i s composed of smal l round bl ue cel l s and i s cl assi f i ed as a

E wi ng's sarcoma
peri pheral neuroectodermal tumor?
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What i s urti cari a? hi ves
Whi ch val ves are most ef f ected by rheumati c f ever? mi tral and aorti c
Burki tt's l ymphoma, nasopharyngeal carci noma, i nf ecti ous monomucl eosi s, and hai ry
What i s E pstei n-Barr Vi rus associ ated wi th?
l eukopl aki a
osteophyte (bony spur) f ormati on i s an cardi nal f eature of what di sease? osteoarthri ti s N OT rheumatoi d arthri ti s
hel ps mai ntai n normal body growth and heal th of speci al i z ed ti ssues, especi al l y
D escri be the physi ol ogi cal f uncti ons of vi tami n A.
the reti na
D escri be the physi ol ogi cal f uncti ons of vi tami n D . E ssenti al i n f ormati on of bone
D escri be the physi ol ogi cal f uncti ons of vi tami n E . Anti oxi dant
D escri be the physi ol ogi cal f uncti ons of vi tami n K. i nvol ved i n cl otti ng of bl ood.
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What di sease i s associ ated wi th hypothyroi di sm? What di sease i s associ ated
a) myxedema b) grave's di sease and pl ummer's di sease
wi th hyperthyroi di sm?
A di f i ci ency i n what l eads to Pel l agra? B3 (ni aci n)
A di f i ci ency i n what l eads to Chei l osi s & gl ossi ti s? B2 (ri bof l avi n)
A di f i ci ency i n what l eads to chei l osi s, gl ossi ti s, & anemi a? B6 (pyri doxi ne)
A di f i ci ency i n what l eads to megal obl asti c anemi a (i e perni ci ous anemi a)? B12 (cobal ami n)
A di f i ci ency i n what l eads to megal obl asti c anemi a; neurol ogi c dysf uncti on i s not
F ol i c Aci d
a f eature.
A di f i ci ency i n what l eads to scurvy? Vi tami n C
What does an i nf ecti on of chl amydi a trachomati s cause? T rachoma - eye i nf ecti on that can l ead to bl i ndness but i s preventabl e.
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What l i pi d storage di sease i s caused by a geneti c def ect i n the enz yme
N ei mann-Pi ck di sease
sphi ngomyel i nase?
What l i pi d storage di sease i s caused by a def i ci ency of the enz yme T ay-Sachs di sease - resul ts i n the accumul ati on of gangl i osi des i n the brai n and
hexosami ni dase? nerve ti ssue.
What l i pi d storage di sease i s caused by a di f i ci ency of the enz yme al pha-

F abry's di sease - characteri z ed by gl ycol i pi d accumul ati on i n body ti ssues
gal actosi dase?
What l i pi d storage di sease i s caused by a def i ci ency of the enz yme Gaucher's di sease - l ease to an accumul ati on of gl ucosyl cerami de i n storage
gl ucocerebrosi dase? compartments of certai n cel l s i n the body.
over-secreti on of growth hormone by ant. pi tui tary gl and af ter normal growth of the
what i s acromegal y?
skel eton has compl eted.
M yel of i brosi s - i di opathi c di sorder w/ bone marrow f i brosi s. Pol ycythemi a -

di sord. of bl ood cel l precursors l eadi ng to excess RBC. Pri mary T hrombocythemi a
What di sorders cause spl enomegal y (spl een enl argement)?
- i ncr. pl atel et count. Chroni c myel ogenous l eukemi a - i ncr. producti on of
granul ocytes
What i s perni ci ous anemi a? l ack of i ntri nsi c f actor (needed f or B12 uptake...l eads to l ower RBC count)
i nadequate producti on of RBC due to i nhi bi ti on or destructi on of red bone

What i s apl asati c anemi a?
marrow
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What i s phl ebi ti s? i nf l ammati on of vei ns (mai nl y i n l egs)
What anemi a i s not associ ated wi th drug use? mi crocyti c anemi a - i ron def i ci ent state
petechi ae - very smal l prupl i sh di scol orati ons i n ski n due to bl eedi ng. purpura -
What are purpura, petechi ae, and ecchymoses?
medi um. ecchymoses - very l arge.
(1) F actor VI I I (2) F actor I X (3) F actor XI Al l part of i ntri nsi c pathway and wi l l
D ef i ci enci es of what cause (1) hemophi l i a A, (2) hemophi l i a B, (3) hemophi l i a C?
cause prol onged PT T but normal PT . N ormal bl eedi ng ti me as wel l .
(1) - Compl i ance i s the vol ume change per uni t of pressure change across an el asti c
E mphysema causes a(an) (1) i ncrease or (2) decrease i n compl i ance?
structure.
(1) - the l ower l obes (panl obul ar) are caused by serum al pha-1 anti trypsi n
Smoki ng i s the maj or cause of (1) centri l obul ar or (2) panl obul ar emphysema?
def i ci ency
i ncrease i n i ntracapi l l ary hydrostati c pressure (due to pumpi ng f orce of the heart)
what causes pul monary edema?
or an i ncrease i n capi l l ary permeabi l i ty.
coal worker's pneumoconi osi s, bl ack l ung di sease. deposi ts of coal dust i n the
What i s anthracosi s?
l ungs. N ot premal i gnant.
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aspi rati on of bacteri a (most of ten staphyl ococci ). Characteri sti c symptom i s the
What i s the most common cause of l ung abscesses?
producti on of f oul smel l i ng sputum.
F ree (unconj ugated) - bi l i rubi n attached to al bumi n or conj ugated wi th

What f orm of bi l i rubi n i s toxi c?
f l ucoruoni c aci d i s not toxi c
Whi ch hepati ti s i s not an RN A vi rus? H epati ti s B - doubl e-stranded D N A vi rus.
N ephroti c - condi ti on characteri z ed by marked protei nuri a, hyperl i pi demi a, and

What i s the di f f erence between N ephroti c syndrome and nephri ti c syndrome?
edema. N ephri ti c - RBC's i n uri ne
what bacteri a cause gl omerul onephri ti s? streptococcal i nf ecti on
f l ui d accumul ates i n the peri cardi um (the sac i n whi ch the heart i s encl osed).
T he el evated peri cardi al pressure puts si gni f i cant pressure on the heart, causi ng a
What i s cardi ac tamponade?
decrease i n di astol i c f i l l i ng of the ventri cl es, and hence a l ow stroke vol ume. T he
end resul t i s i nef f ecti ve pumpi ng of bl ood, shock and of ten death.
Li ver - phosphocreati ne serves as an energy reservoi r f or the rapi d regenerati on of

AT P. T hus Creati ne Ki nase i s an i mportant enz yme i n such ti ssues. Cl i ni cal l y,
What organ does not contai n the enz yme creati ne phosphoki nase? creati ne ki nase i s assayed i n bl ood tests as a marker of myocardi al i nf arcti on
(heart attack), rhabdomyol ysi s (severe muscl e breakdown) and i n acute renal
f ai l ure.
What di sease i nvol ves sof teni ng of the bones caused by a def i ci ency of vi tami n
osteomal aci a
D?
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what i s the most powerf ul anaphyl atoxi n? C5a
T ype I hypersensi ti vi ty i s due to an i nteracti on of the anti gen wi th what

I gE
i mmunogl obul i n?
What i s the most f requentl y empl oyed di agnosti c l ab techni que f or: 1) detecti on
1) i mmunof l uorescence 2) radi oi mmunoassay (RI A)
of anti gens? 2) quanti f i cati on of anti gens or haptens?
compl ement acti vati on i s a f eature of what? T ype I I I hypersensi ti vi ty reacti ons
Whi ch compl ement pathway i s anti body-i ndependent? Acti vati on of C3 cal l ed the Al ternate Pathway
What type of i mmuni ty provi des l ong l asti ng protecti on? Acti ve (passi ve woul d be short term/ i mmedi ate protecti on)
Contact dermati ti s i s typi cal l y cl assi f i ed as what type of hypersensi ti vi ty? T ype I V - del ayed hepersensi ti vi ty
What i s Ludwi g's angi na? i nf l ammati on of f l oor of mouth of ten due to i nf ecti on of roots of teeth.
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T he botul i num toxi n i s a protease that does what? cl eaves the protei ns i nvol ved i n acetyl chol i ne rel ease.
What i s l eukocytosi s? abnormal l y l arge number of l eukocytes
What i s the Ghon tubercl e? the l esi on at the pul monary si te of pri mary T B i nf ecti on
E pi demi c - an i nf ecti on that occurs much more f requentl y than usual Pandemi c -
what i s the di f f erence between epi demi c, pandemi c, and endemi c? Worl d wi de di stri buti on. E ndemi c - constantl y present at a l ow l evel i n a speci f i c
popul ati on
characteri z ed by mi l d to massi ve bl eedi ng f rom an arteri al vessel due to a tear i n

What i s mal l ory wei ss syndrome?
the mucosa of the cardi a or l ower esophagus
T hymus gl and and parathyroi d gl ands are mal f ormed and dysf uncti onal or mi ssi ng
What i s D i George syndrome? due to def ects i n the 3d and 4th pharyngeal pouches. Leads to repeated
i nf ecti ons due to the i mmune system bei ng compromi sed.
What i s Kl i nef el ter's syndrome? mal e wi th 2 X chromosomes and 1 Y . T al l wi th smal l testi cl es.
What i s T urner's syndrome? (XO) Woman wi th onl y 1 X chromosome. i nf erti l e, absent or del ayed menses.
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What must denti sts be concerned wi th when deal i ng wi th a pati ent wi th Sj ogren's
D ry mouth due to chroni c i nf l ammati on of the sal i vary gl ands
syndrome?
what i s x-l i nked agammagl obul i nemi a (Bruton's agammagl obul i nemi a)? rare di sorder characteri z ed by the absence of the serum i mmunogl obul i n I gG.
I nheri ted i mmunodef i ci ency resul ti ng f rom a f ai l ure of stem cel l s to di f f erenti ate
What i s severe combi ned i mmunodef i ci ency di sease (SCI D or "bubbl e boy
properl y. B nor T -l ymphocytes are present and they are unabl e to any i mmunol ogi cal
di sease")?
response.
name the di sorder that resul ts f rom a tri somy 21, 18, and 13. 21 - D own Syndrome 18 - E dward's syndrome 13 - Patau's syndrome
gram + cocci (streptococcus speci es) = 40-50% Gram + rods (l actobaci l l us

young pl aque i s domi nated by...
speci es) = 10-40%
What are the maj or contri butors to dental pl aque? Strep. Sangui s (produce H 2O2) & Strep. M utans (produce l acti c aci d)
Strep. mutans.Acti nomyces vi scosus (root).strep. sal i vari us.strep.

What bacteri a may be rel ated to dental cari es?
sangui s.Acti nomyces naesl undi i (root).acti nomyces i srael i .l actobaci l l us casei
Sj ogren's syndrome - autoi mmune i nvol vement wi th subsequent scarri ng of the

What shoul d a person be eval uated f or i f they have rheumatoi d arthri ti s and
sal i vary and l acri mal gl ands, l eadi ng to dry eyes and dry mouth. Secondayr ef f ects
suddenl y devel op moderate cari es?
i ncl ude paroti d gl and enl argement, dental cari es, and recurrent tracheobronchi ti s.
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At what l evel i n the ski n do bul l ae M OST l i kel y devel op i n a l ocal i z ed

H i gh i n the epi dermi s
cutaneous i nf ecti on around the mouth wi th phage group I I Staphyl ococcus aureus?
Superi or Vena Cava syndrome i s rel ated to mal i gnancy i n 85% of cases. T he most
Smal l cel l carci noma
common cause of SCV syndrome i s what?
What i s the pri nci pl e host def ense i n mycobacteri al i nf ecti ons (e.g.
Cel l -medi ated i mmuni ty
tubercul osi s)?
What speci es cause ear i nf ecti ons? Pseudomonas aerugi nosa
hi gh concentrati ons of what i s i ndi cati ve of di ssemi nated i ntravascul ar

F i bri n degradati on products
coagul ati on (D I C)?
D escri be the condi ti ons of the f ol l owi ng f or an i ndi vi dual whi ch i s acti vel y
H BsAg - absent / anti -H Bs anti body - absent / I gM anti -H Bc - present / I gG anti -
i nf ected wi th H BV: H BsAg, anti -H Bs anti body, I gM anti -H Bc, I gG anti -H Bc, and
H Bc - absent / H BeAg - absent
H BeAg
hi story of wei ght l oss, di arrhea, f l aul ence, greasy stool s, i ncreased f ecal f at, and
Cel i ac sprue has what symptoms and i s due to what?
marked atrophy of vi l l i . D ue to gl i adi n, a component of wheat.
di arrhea i n AI D S pati ents i s dangerous when 2 organi sms are responsi bl e, what are
I sospora bel l i ,and Cryptospori di um parvum
they?
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D ue to hyperal dosteroni sm. T he i ncreased mi ral ocorti coi d ef f ects of al dosterone

D escri be Conn's syndrome l ead to renal sodi um and water retenti on i n exchange f or renal potassi um excreti on.
T hi s wi l l rai se bl ood pressure
D escri be the l esi on present i n an adul t wi th newl y di agnosed tubercul osi s. A si ngl e l esi on i n a l ung apex
f reckl es al l over body i ncl udi ng buccal mucosa, l i ps, pal ms, sol es, and ski n not
D escri be peutz -j eghers syndrome.
exposed to sun. Al so associ ated wi th col oni c pol yps.
pattern of nucl ear degradati on i n whi ch a pyknoti c nucl eus undergoes

D escri be karyorrhexi s.
f ragmentati on f ol l owed by compl ete l ysi s.
D escri be karyol ysi s. D ecrease i n nucl ear basophi l i a due to D N Ase acti vi ty
D escri be pyknosi s. N ucl ear shri nki ng and basophi l i a as a resul t of D N A condensati on.
i s i t advi sabl e to treat an i ndi vi dual wi th both a bacteri ostati c and

N O - antagoni sm of the anti bacteri al ef f ects of both agents resul ts.
bacteri ci dal anti bi oti c?
What organi sm i s an opportuni st to burn vi cti ms? Pseudomonas aerugi nosa

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What resul ts f rom l ong-standi ng hypothyroi di sm i n adul ts? myxedema
What gram-posi ti ve rods can cause neonatal meni ngi ti s? Li steri a monocytogenes
What bacteri a can cause neonatal meni ngi ti s? E . col i , L. monocytogenes, and Strep. agal acti ae
one of the most commonl y measured acute-phase reactants, whi ch are a group of
What i s C-reacti ve protei n? serum protei ns showi ng a rapi d i ncrease i n concentrati on i n response to any
i nf l ammatory process. E nti rel y nonspeci f i c!
What bacteri a causes epi gl otti ts, the most common di sease of the upper
H aemophi l us i nf l uenz ae
respi ratory tract?
symptoms i ncl ude gradual coarseni ng of f aci al f eatures, progressi ve protrusi on of

D escri be acromegal y the l ower j aw, and l arger hands and f eet. D ue to GH whi ch i s control l ed by
somatostati n and GH RH .
What oral l esi on i s most l i kel y to progress to a mal i gnancy? Leukopl aki a
Chl amydi a psi ttaci BI RD S!

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Pasteurel l a M ul toci da or Bartonel l a hensel ae or protoz oa T oxopl asma gondi i Cats!
f ungus Sporthri x schencki i F l ori st
Brucel l a, a bacteri um Acqui red by handl i ng i nf ected ani mal s (sl aughterhouse workers)
I n the cl otti ng process, as the hemostati c pl ug devel ops, f i bri n pol ymeri z es i nto
monomeri c threads that are hel d together by noncoval ent bonds. Whi ch cl otti ng
F actor XI I I
protei n i ncreases the strength of the cl ot by cross-l i nki ng the newl y f ormed f i bri n
threads?
F rothy uri ne i s due to what? Protei n i n uri ne
What causes a yel l ow f oam i n uri ne? Bi l i rubi n
What i s sweet smel l i ng uri ne due to? Gl ucose i n uri ne
What gi ves uri ne an acetone-l i ke odor? Ketones

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What i s the si te of addi ti on of recogni ti on markers (e.g. mannose phosphate to

Gol gi Apparatus
enz ymes)?
What sti mul ates the f i rst reacti on i n the f ormati on of corti sol ? I t converts
adrenocorti cotropi c hormone (ACT H )
chol esterol to pregnenol one.
decreased cardi ac output l eadi ng to an i ncrease i n f l ui d retenti on f rom ki dneys.

T hi s resul ts i n greater venous return l eadi ng to an i ncrease i n ri ght atri al pressure.
Swel l i ng i n the l egs i s goi ng to be due most l i kel y to what?
T hi s i ncrease i n pressure wi l l resul t i n el evated pressure throughout the venous
system l eadi ng to f l ui d l oss i n mi croci rcul ati on (headi ng f or l ymph)
Why does cardi ac output i ncrease i n cases of severe anemi a? I ncrease i n arteri ol ar di ameter due to hypoxi a.
I n peri ods of starvati on what bl ood el ement woul d be f ound to be at an el evated

Acetoaceti c aci d (a ketone body)
rate?
E nri ched i n posi ti ve charged A.A. l ysi ne and argi ni ne whi ch bi nd to the hi ghl y
Why do hi stone protei ns bi nd ti ghtl y to D N A?
negati ve D N A
1) 3.4 kcal /g x 100g = 340kcal 2) 4 kcal /g x 100g = 400kcal 3) 9 kcal /g x 100g

100g of the f ol l owi ng woul d yi el d how many kcal ? 1) gl ucose 2) protei n 3) f ats
= 900kcal
What nucl eoti des requi re f ol ate f or si ngl e-carbon uni t transf er f or thei r synthesi s? Adenosi ne, guani ne, and thymi di ne
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Whi ch ami no aci d i s post transl ati onal l y hydroxyl ated i n the cytopl asm of Prol i ne - becomes hydroxyprol i ne whi ch i s i nvol ved i n stabi l i z i ng the three
f i brobl asts? di mensi onal tri pl e hel i x structure of col l agen.
phosphof ructoki nase I - when there i s suf f i ci ent energy and CA cycl e sl ows, ci trate
What enz yme i s i nhi bi ted by ci trate?
l eaves mi tochondri a and i nhi bi ts PF K-1 and thus sl owi ng gl ycol ysi s
C3b (C3a bi nds to mast cel l s and basophi l s, acti vati ng them and produci ng
What i s the pri mary opsoni n i n the compl ement system?
hi stami ne rel ease)
An i nf ant di agnosed wi th phenyl ketonuri a woul d be expected to be def i ci ent i n tyrosi ne - phenyl al ani ne hydroxyl ase catal yz es the synth. of tyrosi ne f rom
what? phenyl al ani ne. T hi s enz yme i s mi ssi ng i n thi s di sease
What cel l s are i nvol ved i n type I V sensi ti vi ty reacti ons? T H 1 CD 4+ l ymphocytes
T ri pl e hel i x - such as one f ound i n col l agen, i s composed of three pol yl pepti de
A stretch of 25 hydrophi l i c A.A. i n a protei n coul d be f ound where?
chai ns woul d together to f orm one structure
A stretch of 30 hydrophobi c A.A. i n a protei n coul d be f ound where? si gnal sequence, start and stop transf er sequence, and transmembrane domai ns
What substance al l ows pl atel et adhesi on to exposed col l agen f i bers f ol l owi ng
Von Wi l l ebrand f actor
surgery?
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M ost of the testosterone secreted by the testes exi sts i n the pl asma i n the f orm of
T estosterone bound to sex-steroi d-bi ndi ng gl obul i n
what?
What i s the Li neweaver-Burke pl ot? 10
Wi th ti me, bl ood stored i n a bl ood bank tends to become rel ati vel y depl eted of
Shi f ts the curve to the l ef t so that hemogl obi n has an i ncreased af f i ni ty f or
2,3-di phosphogl ycerate. What ef f ect does thi s have on the hemogl obi n-oxygen
oxygen.
di ssoci ati on curve?
F requency - I ntri nsi c pacemker regi ons wi thi n the smooth muscl e Ampl i tude - CCK,
What compounds regul ate the f requency of GI sl ow waves? Ampl i tude?
corti costeroi ds, & sympatheti cs
hypersecreti on of GH . T hi s decreases the sensi ti vi ty of peri pheral ti ssues to

Acromegal y i s a di sease caused by what?
i nsul i n resul ti ng i n el evated bl ood gl ucose l evel s
Cal ci um bi nds to what i n muscl e contracti on? T roponi n C
AT P bi nds to what i n muscl e contracti on? myosi n
What bl ocks each acti n f i l ament groove preventi ng contracti on i n the absence of
T ropomyosi n
cal ci um?
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H ow i s serum di f f erent f rom pl asma? Serum has had teh f i bri nogen and coagul ati on f actors I I , V, and VI I I removed.
What i s f ound i n both pl asma and serum? al bumi n
H ow i s norepi nephri ne degraded i n the brai n? D eami nati on by monoami ne oxi dase
What has a hi gh af f i ni ty f or bi ndi ng cal ci um and col l agen i n the cal ci gyi ng
osteonecti n - secreted by osteobl asts duri ng bone f ormati on
matri x?
What wi l l cause vascul ar smooth muscl e to rel ax? adenosi ne
Whi ch muscl e f i ber type has greater amounts of mi tochondri a, sl ow-twi tch or
Sl ow-twi tch
f ast-twi tch?
(T orF ) the hypothal amus i s i nvol ved i n the regul ati on of pupi l l ary di ameter. F - T he E di nger-Westphal nucl eus i s responsi bl e
What i s excreted f rom (1) the z ona f asci cul ata and (2) z ona gl omerul osa? (1) - Corti sol (2) Al dosterone
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F - T he renal threshol d descri bes abi l i ty of the ki dney to reabsorb f i l tered

gl ucose. I f the renal threshol d i s hi gh, thi s woul d i ndi cate the abi l i ty f or the
(T orF ) Gl ucosuri a i s l i kel y i f the renal threshol d f or an i ndi vi dual i s very hi gh. ki dney to reabsorb most of the gl ucose i f not al l . Gl ucosuri a i s def i ned as the
abnormal condi ti on of osmoti c di uresi s due to excreti on of gl ucose by the
ki dneys.
heredi tary i mbal ance i n the synthesi s of gl obul i n chai ns (al pha or beta) l eadi ng
D escri be T hal assemi a.
to anemi a
D uri ng gl ycogen synthesi s, i s UD P-gl ucose added to the reduci ng end or non
non-reduci ng end.
reduci ng end?
What enz yme phosphoryl ates gl ycogen synthase? Protei n Ki nase A
What enz yme dephosphoryl ates gl ycogen synthase? Protei n phosphatase
What i s the rate l i mi ti ng step i n the pentose phosphate pathway? Gl ucose-6-phosphate ---> 6-phosphogl uconate by the enz yme G6P-D ehydrogenase
What product of PP pathway i s needed i n f ree radi cal el i mi nati on? N AD PH - keeps gl utathi one reduced so i t can combat f ree radi cal s
What i s the f uncti on of the non-oxi dati ve phase of PP pathway? regenerates Gl u-6-phos.
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Produce N AD PH whi ch combats f ree radi cal s and parti ci pates i n f atty aci d
What i s the f uncti on of the PP pathway?
synthesi s. Al so, f ormati on of D -ri bose f or nucl ei c aci d synthesi s.
What enz yme i s acti ve i n the phosphoryl ated f orm and degrades gl ycogen? gl ycogen phosphoryl ase
What enz yme i s onl y f ound i n the l i ver and ki dney? gl u-6-phosphatase
Von Gi erke's di sease resul ts i n the accumul ati on of gl ycogen i n the l i ver due to a
Gl u-6-phosphatase
def i ci ency i n what enz yme?
H ow l ong af ter eati ng does gl ycogenol ysi s begi n mobal i z i ng? 4 hrs
I n gl uconeogenesi s, what f orm must the carbon backbone be i n as i t transports f rom

mal ate
the mi tochondrai l matri x to the cytosol ?
T here are 2, (1) pyruvate carboxyl ase l ocated i n matri x, and (2) PE P Carboxyki nase
What enz yme combats the ef f ects of pyruvate ki nase?
l ocated i n the cytosol
What i s the rate l i mi ti ng step of chol esterol synthesi s catal yz ed by? H M G-CoA Reductase
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T he synthesi s of chol esterol requi res what? N AD PH
What i s the precursor of prostagl andi ns? f atty aci ds
What are the essenti al f atty aci ds? Li nl ei c aci d & Li nol eni c aci d
What are the unsaturated f atty aci ds? Pal mi tol ei c aci d Ol ei c aci d Li nol ei c aci d Li nol eni c aci d Arachi doni c aci d
What degrades T AGs i n the i ntesti ne? i ntesti nal l i pase
Chyl omi crons are f ound where? bl ood stream and l ymphati cs
What degrades T AGs i n the capi l l ari es so they can enter the cel l s? Li poprotei n Li pase
H ow are "f ree" f atty aci ds transported i n the bl ood? bound to al bumi n
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Leci thi n - made up of 2 f atty aci d chai ns, gl ycerol backbone, phosphori c aci d,
What gl ycerophosphol i pi d i s the most abundant i n cel l s?
and chol i ne
What makes up myel i n? Sphi ngomyel i n
D escri be the structure of sphi ngol i pi ds 1 F A, Sphi ngosi ne backbone, head group
What i s the head group f or sphi ngomyel i n? phosphochol i ne
What di sease resul ts f rom a sphi gomyel i nase def i ci ency? N i emann-Pi ck di sease
What di sease resul ts f rom a gl ucoderebrosi dase def i ci ency? Gaucher's
What di sease resul ts f rom a hexosami ni dase A def i ci ency (GM 2 gangl i osi des
T ay-Sachs di sease
accumul ate)?
Prostagl andi ns, thromboxanes, & Leukotri enes are deri ved f rom what? Arachi doni c aci d, a f atty aci d component of the cel l membrane
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H ow i s Arachi doni c aci d l i berated f rom the phosphol i pi d? Phosphol i pase A2
What converts prostagl andi ns and/or thromboxanes f rom arachi doni c aci d? Cycl ooxygenase
What converts arachi doni c aci d i nto l eukotri enes? l i pooxygenase
What do N SAI D S i nhi bi t? cycl ooxygenase, theref ore prostagl i ndi n and thromboxane f ormati on.
I n de novo f atty aci d synthesi s, how does acetyl -CoA cross the mi tochondri al Combi ni ng wi th Oxal oacetate to f orm ci trate then crosses and reverts back to the
membrane? 2 consti tuents.
What enz yme f orms ci trate f rom Acetyl -CoA and oxal oacetate? Ci trate synthase
What enz yme i s i n the cytosol and converts ci trate i nto oxal oacetate and acetyl -
AT P-Ci trate Lyase
CoA?
T he f ormati on of mal onyl CoA by the enz yme acetyl -CoA carboxyl ase (requi res
What i s the rate l i mi ti ng step of de novo f atty aci d synthesi s?
bi oti n) f rom acetyl -CoA and CO2.
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T he covel ant modi f i cati on of acetyl -CoA carboxyl ase by phosphoryl ati on has D eacti vates the enz yme, a process done by gl ucagon acti vati on of Protei n Ki nase
what ef f ect? A.
What enz yme breaks down f atty aci ds? H ormone-sensi ti ve l i pase
What ti ssues can not use f ree f atty aci ds? Brai n & RBC
how do f atty aci ds get i nto the mi tochondri al matri x? Carni ti ne shuttl e
What i nhi bi ts the carni ti ne shuttl e? mal onyl -CoA, an i ntermedi ate of F A synthesi s.
Where does most beta oxi dati on occur? l i ver and muscl e
F atty aci ds are oxi di z ed to f orm what duri ng beta oxi dati on? Acetyl -CoA
What i s phosphopantotheni c aci d? A precursor of CoA, an i ntermedi ate of CA cycl e, beta oxi dati on and F A synthesi s
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What are the ketone bodi es? Acetoacetate, Acetone, and beta-hydroxybutyrate
What i s the onl y 3 carbon ketone body? Acetone
What enz yme regul ates the rate l i mi ti ng step of ketone body synthesi s? H M G-CoA synthase
Can RBC use ketone bodi es? no
What i s the pKa of ketone bodi es? 4 - thus l eadi ng to ketoaci dosi s
What ami no aci d makes up 33% of col l agen? gl yci ne
hydroxyl ysi ne. Al so, el asti n has very l i ttl e hydroxyprol i ne whi l e i t i s abundant i n
What does col l agen contai n that i s not f ound i n el asti n?
col l agen.
hydroxyl ati on requi res what? Vi tami n C, al pha-ketogl utarate, and oxygen
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What cl eaves trypsi nogen to f orm trypsi n? E nteropepti dase (E nteroki nase)
What does T rypsi n cl eave? i tsel f and al l other z ymogens.
What removes argi ni ne or l ysi ne f rom the c-termi nal end? trypsi n
What removes phenyl al ani n, tyrosi ne, or tryptophan f rom the c-termi nal ? Chymotrypsi n
What wi l l remove al l c-termi nal a.a.? Carboxypepti dases
What wi l l remove the n-termi nal resi due? Ami nopepti dases
catal yz es the f i rst step i n ami no aci d catabol i sm. T ransf ers ami no group f rom
What does the enz yme ami notransf erase do?
ami no aci ds to al pha-ketogl utarate to f orm gl utamate and an al pha-keto aci d
What i s the onl y enz yme that can use ei ther N AD or N AD P? gl utamate dehydrogenase
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What does gl utamate dehydrogenase catal yz e? converts gl utamate i nto an al pha-ketogl utarate and N H 4+
Why i s the urea cycl e needed? T he N H 3 deri ved f rom the breakdown of A.A. i s toxi c and must be di sposed of
Where does the urea cycl e take pl ace? cytosol and matri x
What i s the rate l i mi ti ng step i n the urea cycl e? Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
What does Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I f orm? carbamoyl phosphate
Where are the two ami no groups of urea acqui red f rom? f ree ammoni a (N H 3) and aspartate
What are the two ami no aci ds i n the urea cycl e that are not encoded by the
orni thi ne & ci trul i ne
genome and not f ound i n protei ns?
What enz yme i n the urea cycl e f orms urea? Argi nase
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T he most i mmedi ate source of oxal oaceti c aci d duri ng metabol i sm i s what? asparti c aci d (urea cycl e)
What wi l l cause a musty odor i n uri ne? phenyl ketones i n uri ne
What i s the phenyl ketones i n the uri ne i ndi cati ve of ? Phenyl ketonuri a - caused by the def i ci ency of phenyl al ani ne hydroxyl ase
H ow i s PKU treated? di etary restri cti ons & tyrosi ne becomes essenti al .
Al bi ni sm resul ts due to a def ecti ve process i nvol vi ng what A.A.? tyrosi ne
M apl e syrup uri ne di sease i s a resul t of what def ecti ve process? Branched-chai n A.A. degredati on (i sol euci ne, l euci ne, and val i ne)
Whi ch a.a. i s essenti al to the f ormati on of heme? gl yci ne
D ecarboxyl ati on of tryptophan i s used to f orm what? serotoni n, mel atoni n

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D ecarboxyl ati on of tyrosi ne i s used to f orm what? dopami ne, norepi nephri ne, epi nephri ne, mel ani n
D ecarboxyl ati on of gl utamate i s used to f orm what? GABA
D ecarboxyl ati on of hi sti di ne i s used to f orm what? H i stami ne
What i s the rate l i mi ti ng step i n the f ormati on of catechol ami nes (epi , norepi ,
tyrosi ne hydroxyl ase whi ch converts tyrosi ne to dopa.
dopami ne)?
What i s the key enz yme i n the f ormati on of mel ani n? tyrosi nase
the enz yme aromati c ami no aci d decarboxyl ase requi res what cof actor? pyri doxal phosphate
B1 - T hi ami ne. F uncti ons as thi ami ne pyrophosphate (T PP) and i s a cof actor f or
What vi tami n i s needed f or decarboxyl ati ons?
pyruvate dehydrogenase and al pha-ketogl utarate dehydrogenase.
Beri beri - common i n di ets consi sti ng of pol i shed ri ce Werni cke-Korsakof f -
T hi ami ne def i ci ency l eads to what 2 di seases?
common i n al cohol i cs
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What def i ci ency resul ts i n dermati ti s, chei l osi s, and gl ossi ti s? B2 (Ri bof l avi n). a precursor of the cof actors F M N and F AD
What di f i ci ency resul ts i n dermati ti s, di arrhea, and dementi a? What i s the name
N i aci n (B3) def i ci ency = Pel l agra. Precursor of the cof actors N AD + and N AD P+.
f or the di sease?
Coenz yme i n carboxyl ati on reacti ons (e.g. pyruvate carboxyl ase & acetyl -CoA
When i s bi oti n requi red?
carboxyl ase).
What vi tami n i s a component of CoA? Patotheni c aci d
f uncti ons i n one-carbon transf ers. I mportant i n synthesi s of a.a., puri nes, and
What i s the f uncti on of f ol ate?
thymi ne.
f ol i c aci d def i ci ency - A f ai l ure to synthesi z e puri ne and thymi di ne nucl eoti des,
M egal obl asti c anemi a i s a resul t of what?
Accumul ati on of l arge, i mmature RBC precursors i n the bone marrow
Spi nabi f i da resul ts f rom what? f ol i c aci d def i ci ency - f ai l ure to cl ose the caudal porti on
Anencephal y resul ts f rom what? f ol i c aci d def i ci ency - f ai l ure to cl ose the rostral porti on
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What i s requi red f or the synthesi s of methi oni ne and degradati on of odd-
B12 (Cobal ami n)
numbered f atty aci ds?
Where i s Cobal ami n absorbed? I t i s absorbed wi th i ntri nsi c f actor i n the i l eum.
Autoi mmune destructi on of the pari etal cel l s - l eads to perni ci ous anemi a
What causes B12 def i ci ency?
(i rreversi bl e CN S def ects, dementi a)
What precursor i s needed f or a vari ety of enz ymes, especi al l y those associ ated
Pyri doxi ne (B6). T he bi ol ogi cal acti ve f orm i s pyri doxal phosphate.
wi th ami no aci d catabol i sm?
Whi ch f at sol ubl e vi tami n i s the l east toxi c? E
Whi ch vi tami n def i ci ency l eads to xerophthal mi a? A (Reti nol )
Vi tami n K i s responsi bl e f or the post-transl ati onal modi f i cati on of whi ch cl otti ng
I I , VI I , I X, and X
f actors?
What sti mul ates the synthesi s of acti ve vi tami n D ? Parathyroi d hormone i n response to l ow bl ood cal ci um.
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What def i ci ency resul ts i n ri ckets? Vi tami n D
Ri ckets af f ects who? chi l dren
What vi tami n i s responsi bl e f or wound heal i ng? E
E rgocal ci f erol - acqui red through the di et 7-D ehydrochol esterol - synthesi z ed i n
What are the two precursors of Vi tami n D ?
the ski n
H ow are the precursors to vi tami n D acti vated? hydroxyl ati on
Posi ti on 25 i s hydroxyl ated i n the l i ver then i t i s sent to the ki dney to acti vate
When and i n whi ch ti ssue i s each posi ti on hydroxyl ated i n vi tami n D ?
posi ti on 1. T hi s yi el ds the acti ve f orm of 1,25-di hydroxychol ecal ci f erol .
H ow does the body reduce i ts cal ci um content? F eces
Where i s vi tami n K synthesi z ed? M i crobes i n gut

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What competi ti vel y i nhi bi ts vi tami n K? Coumadi n/ Warf ari n
What catal yz es D N A repl i cati on? D N A pol ymerase
What transcri bes D N A? RN A pol ymerase
Whi ch RN A pol ymerase transcri bes D N A i nto rRN A? I - r has one hump
Whi ch RN A pol ymerase transcri bes D N A i nto mRN A? I I - m has 2 humps
Whi ch RN A pol ymerase transcri bes D N A i nto tRN A? I I I - onl y one l ef t
Whi ch nucl eoti des are puri nes, pyri mi di nes? Puri ne - A, G Pyri mi di nes - C, U, T (CUT Py)
phosphate i s attached to whi ch carbon on ri bose f or RN A? 5'

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What i s the di f f erence between deoxyri bose and ri bose? Ri bose has an OH group at the 2' posi ti on whereas deoxyri bose has a H .
What i s the di recti on of repl i cati on? 5' to 3' on the newl y f ormed strand
Whi ch strand i s synthesi z ed conti nuousl y? l eadi ng strand
Whi ch strand i s synthesi z ed di sconti nuousl y? l aggi ng strand
What i s the f uncti on of D N A hel i case? unwi nds the D N A hel i x
What i s the f uncti on of D N A gyrase/ T opoi somerase? l i mi ts supercoi l i ng
What i s the f uncti on of si ngl e-stranded bi ndi ng protei ns (SSB)? Bi nd ssD N A; prevent reanneal i ng
What i s the f uncti on of pri mase? synthesi z es short RN A templ ates

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What i s the f uncti on of D N A pol ymerase I I I ? Synthesi z es new D N A
What i s the f uncti on of D N A pol ymerase I ? Removes RN A pri mer and repl aces i t wi th D N A
What i s the f uncti on of D N A l i gase? l i nks Okaz aki f ragments
Whi ch RN A i s most abundant? rRN A
What are the stop codons? UAA, UAG, & UGA
tRN A speci f i ci ty occurs where? 3'ami no aci d arm
What di recti on i s mRN A transl ated? 5' to 3'
What di recti on i s protei n synthesi z ed? N -termi nus to C-termi nus

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What enz yme converts RN A to D N A? Reverse T ranscri ptase
T he l argest root of the maxi l l ary f i rst mol ar i s the: Pal atal
T he buccal cusp of the mandi bul ar f i rst premol ar contacts whi ch surf aces on Onl y the mesi al margi nal ri dge of max. 1st premol ar. I t does not contact the max.
maxi l l ary teeth? cani ne i n any manner (excepti on to the rul e! ).
At the cervi cal l i ne, a cross secti on of the maxi l l ary cani ne woul d show: an oval shape wi th sl i ghtl y wi der l abi al surf ace.
When extracti ng a max central i nci sor, the moti on that i s pri mari l y used i s: rotati on
Where i s the l east l i kel y area to f i nd cari es on teeth? smooth surf aces (not pi ts and f i ssures)
D enti nal tubul es that enter enamel are known as: E namel spi ndl es - odontobl asti c processes
What extend f rom enamel i nto denti n? E namel l amel l ae - pi eces of uncal ci f i ed organi c enamel materi al
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What are hypocal ci f i ed enamel rods? E namel tuf ts
covers most of the oral cavi ty E XCE PT f or the hard pal ate and gi ngi val areas. I t i s
l oose, f reel y movabl e, and has a wel l -devel oped submucosa. T he l ami na propri a
What i s typi cal of l i ni ng mucosa?
i s of ten hi ghl y gl andul ar. T he epi thel i um i s thi n and nonkerati ni z ed. E pi thel i al
ri dges and rete pegs are uncommon and short.
What tooth has roots wi th a characteri sti c curve of the two buccal root ti ps
M ax. 1st mol ar
toward each other and i s someti mes ref erred to as pl i ers-handl ed?
T he pri mary crown most UN LI KE any permanent tooth i s the: F i rst mol ar
T he pri mary second mol ar most resembl es what tooth? Permanent F I RST mol ar counterparts
Whi ch cusp becomes smal l er and l ess conspi cuous as you go f rom maxi l l ary f i rst to
di stol i ngual
second to thi rd mol ar?
H ow many roots does the pri mary max. 1st mol ar have? 3
Whi ch tooth when vi ewed f rom the mesi al i s cl osest to the verti cal i n the
max 1st premol ar
buccol i ngual angul ati on of i ts mai n axi s i s the?
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mand. cani nes - thi s i s because, al though the mandi bul ar i nci sors are rarel y l ost to
What teeth are the l ast to remai n i n the mouth? cari es, thye are of ten l ost to peri odontal di sease due to thei r short roots and easy
cal cul us bui l dup
Whi ch of the f ol l owi ng i s not a f i ber of the gi ngi val uni t? 1) D ento-gi ngi val 2)
Al veol ar crestal - these are f i bers of the PD L
D ento-peri osteal 3) Al veol ar crestal 4) Ci rcul ar
D i stoccl usi on i s what? Cl ass I I (mand di stal to normal )
M esi occl usi on i s what? Cl ass I I I (mand mesi al to normal )
I n a mandi bul ar f i rst mol ar, whi ch pul p horn i s l i kel y to be the smal l est? D i stal (yes i t does have a pul p horn)
What i s the l ongest tooth i n the mouth (api co-i nci sal l y)? M ax. Cani ne (1mm l onger than mand. cani ne)
Whi ch cel l type of the enamel organ i s wi del y separated by l i qui d between the
Stel l ate reti cul um
cel l s?
T he epi thel i al root sheath of H ertwi g i s composed of : i nner and outer enamel epi thel i um
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T he protei n matri x of enamel i s: composed of protei n whi ch i s not col l agen or kerati n
Cervi cal bul ges are f ound on whi ch surf aces of pri mary M OLAR teeth? buccal onl y
Cervi cal bul ges are f ound on whi ch surf aces of pri mary AN T E RI OR teeth? Buccal and Li ngual
more hi ghl y devel oped than that of an average cel l (i s i s busy modi f yi ng and
T he gol gi apparatus i n odontobl asts produci ng denti n can be expected to be:
packagi ng protei ns)
T he shape of the pul p chamber i n cross secti on cut at the cervi cal l i ne i n the
round
maxi l l ary central i nci sor i s:
T he l argest cusp of a maxi l l ary f i rst mol ar i s the: mesi ol i ngual
Reduced embrasures i nterproxi mal l y - over ti me, posteri or teeth l oose smal l
T he attri ti on at the contact poi nt between teeth i s known to cause: amounts of enamel as the contact poi nts wear agai nst each other duri ng chewi ng, i t
onl y ef f ects the mesi odi stal di recti on
Whi ch l i gament of the temporomandi bul ar j oi nt i nserts i nto the ramus and angl e
Styl omandi bul ar
of the mandi bl e?
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Whi ch l i gament of the temporomandi bul ar j oi nt i nserts on the l i ngul a and deep
Sphenomandi bul ar
ramus of the mandi bl e?
Whi ch l i gament of the temporomandi bul ar j oi nt descends f rom the l ower border
and tubercl e of the z ygoma to the posteri or l ateral condyl e & i ts f i bers merge T emporomandi bul ar or l ateral l i gament
wi th those of the arti cul ar capsul e?
Cementum i s f ormed f rom whi ch embryoni c germ l ayer? mesoderm
D enti n i s f ormed f rom whi ch embryoni c germ l ayer? mesoderm
Pul pal ti ssue i s f ormed f rom whi ch embryoni c germ l ayer? mesoderm
What tooth structure i s endodermal i n ori gi n? none
D ental pul p does al l of the f ol l owi ng except: 1) sense thermal changes 2) f orm
(3) - Pul p i s f ormed f rom mesenchymal ti ssue of the dental papi l l a, thus does not
pri mary denti n ti ssue 3) f orm mesenchymal ti ssue 4) f orm secondary denti n ti ssue 5)
f orm mesenchyme.
react def ensi vel y to i rri tati on
T he crowns of i nci sors when vi ewed f rom the i nci sal are of what di mensi on? wi der mesi odi stal l y i n the maxi l l a, and wi der buccol i ngual l y i n the mandi bl e
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T he cani ne as an anteri or tooth, wi l l normal l y be sl i ghtl y out of contact between

the buccal cusp of the mandi bul ar cani ne occl udes wi th whi ch maxi l l ary tooth
i ts maxi l l ary counterpart and the tooth i mmedi atel y mesi al to i t. So i t wi l l not be
surf aces?
i n occl usi on wi th any teeth.
An i nf ant i s born wi th an abnormal l y devel oped f al ci f orm l i gament. T he

hepatogastri c and hepatoduodenal l i gaments are al so mal f ormed. the ventral mesentery
devel pmental anomal i es are most l i kel y due to abnormal devel opment of what?
What does the f i rst pharyngeal pouch devel op i nto? T he mi ddl e ear cavi ty and eustachi an tube
What does the second pharyngeal pouch devel op i nto? Pal ati ne tonsi l
What does the thi rd phayngeal pouch devel op i nto? T hymus and i nf eri or parathyroi d gl ands
superi or parathyroi d gl ands. Remember that abnormal devel opment of the 3rd and
4th pouches l eads to D i George syndrome and resul ts i n hypocal cemi a as wel l as
What does the f ourth pharyngeal pouch devel op i nto?
abnormal cel l ul ar i mmuni ty and consequent suscepti bi l i ty to vi ral and f ungal
i l l nesses
gi ves ri se to the C cel l s of the thyroi d gl and. T hese secrete cal ci toni n, a hormone
What does the f i f th pharyngeal pouch devel op i nto?
that l owers cal ci um.
An i nf ant i s noted to have an adducted and i nternal l y rotated shoul der wi th an

Bi ceps - l oss of abductors and external rotators can cause an adducted and
extended, pronated el bow. Loss of f l exi on and supi nati on by whi ch muscl e
i nternal l y rotated shoul der. T he bi ceps accompl i sh both of these moti ons.
accounts f or the el bow posi ti on?
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What i s movements i s the brachi al i s muscl e responsi bl e f or? F l exor of the el bow
What movements i s the coracobrachi al i s muscl e responsi bl e f or? f uncti ons at the el bow to hol d an obj ect under the arm
Cel l bodi es of pri mary sensory neurons of mechano receptors i n the PD L are f ound
M esencephal i c nucl eus
i n whi ch brai nstem nucl ei ?
What f orms the deep ri ng of the the i ngui nal canal ? transversal i s f asci a (not peri toneum)
I n f emal es, what does the i ngui nal canal envel ope? round l i gament of the uterus
T esti cul ar vei ns drai n where? Ri ght - i nf eri or vena cava Lef t - l ef t renal vei n
epi di dymi s - vas def erens - ej acul atory duct (combi nes wi th f l ui d f rom excretory
T race the movement of sperm duri ng ej acul ati on duct f rom semi nal vesi cl es) - prostati c urethra - membranous urethra - spongy
urethra
What i s the homol ogous structure i n f emal es to the mal e prostate gl and? Skene's gl ands
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What promotes thi ckeni ng of the endometri um? progesterone
What does the corpus l uteum secrete? progesterone
What cel l s produce testosterone? i ntersti ti al cel l s (cl ess of Leydi g)
What f orms the root of the l ung? Bronchi and pul monary vessel s
Whi ch l ung has a hi gher capaci ty ri ght
how many segments do the R and L l ung have? R - 10 L - 8
how many bronchi al arteri es do the R and L l ung reci eve? R - 1 L - 2
tongue shaped porti on of the superi or l obe that corresponds to the mi ddl e l obe of
What i s the l i ngul a of the l ef t l ung?
the ri ght l ung
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Respi ratory bronchi ol es are l i ned wi th what type of cel l s? si mpl e cuboi dal
what cel l s i n the l ungs secrete a surf ace-acti ve l i poprotei n? Cl ara cel l s (nonci l i ated bronchi ol ar epi thel i al cel l s)
What are the f uncti ons of type I and I I pneumocytes? I - permi t gaseous di f f usi on wi th the capi l l ari es I I - produce surf actant
bronchi al arteri es f rom descendi ng aorta enter at hi l um and f ol l ow branchi ng of

What del i vers oxygen ri ch bl ood to the l ung?
bronchi
What nerve passes the hi l um of l ungs? branches of vagus (X)
T he cri bri f orm pl ate i s part of what bone? ethmoi d bone
What are the pai red paranasal si nuses? maxi l l ary, f rontal , ethmoi dal , and sphenoi dal
T he nasol acri mal duct drai ns where? i nf eri or meatus i n nasal cavi ty
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What cel l s l i ne conchae of nasal f ossa? pseudostrati f i ed ci l i ated col umnar epi thel i um
T he ti ckl i ng sensati on pri or to sneez i ng i s transmi tted by what nerve? maxi l l ary di vi si on of tri gemi nal nerve (V)
D uri ng si nus attack, pai nf ul sensati on f rom ethmoi d cel l s i s carri ed by what nerve? nasoci l i ary nerve (V1)
Al l the paranasal si nuses drai n i nto the mi ddl e meatus except whi ch one? and
Sphenoi d - al most di rectl y down the throat i n nasal cavi ty
where does i t drai n?
What muscl es prevent f ood f rom enteri ng the nasal cavi ty? tensor vel i pal ati ni & l evator vel i pal ati ni
What cel l s l i ne the oropharynx and l aryngopharynx? strati f i ed squamous epi thel i um
cri cothyrotomy i s done where? i nci si on bel ow the thyroi d carti l age and above the cri coi d carti l age
outer enamel epi thel i um i nner enamel epi thel i um stratum i nermedi um stel l ate
What are the 4 l ayers of the enamel organ?
reti cul um
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Whi ch l ayer of enamel organ i s responsi bl e f or becomi ng amel obl asts and
produci ng enamel and essenti al f or the i ni ti ati on of denti n f ormati on once enamel i nner enamel epi thel i um
i s f ormed?
Whi ch l ayer of enamel organ i s essenti al to enamel f ormati on by prepari ng nutri ents
stratum i ntermedi um
f or the amel obl asts?
deri ved f rom the combi ni ng of the 4 l ayers of the enamel organ that became the
What f orms the j uncti onal epi thel i um? reduced enamel epi thel i um. T hi s became the dentogi ngi val j uncti on then the
j uncti onal epi thel i um
congeni tal absence of teeth resul ts f rom an i nterrupti on i n what phase of tooth
i ni ti ati on (bud stage)
devel opment?
f used or germi nati on of teeth can occur when duri ng the devel opment of teeth? i ni ti ati on (bud stage) or prol i f erati on (cap stage)
D enti nogenesi s i mperf ecta and amel ogenesi s i mperf ecta occur when duri ng teeth
di f f erenti ati on (bel l stage)
devel opment?
What sti mul ates the di f f erenti ati on of odontobl asts? l sj f
Sal i vary gl ands of the hard pal ate are l ocated i n the: Posterol ateral z one.
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Aci dophi l s of the hypophysi s secrete? GH
A chi l d f al l s on a nai l that penetrates the submental regi on i n the mi dl i ne. What
myl ohyoi d
i s the f i rst muscl e to be i mpal ed?
What type of ti ssue makes up the mucosa of the f l oor of the mouth? thi n nonkerati ni z ed strati f i ed squamous epi thel i um wi th a thi n l ami na propri a.
T he nerves i n the pul p are what? af f erent and sympatheti c onl y
1) si nusoi ds 2) macrophages 3) l ymphocytes 4) connecti ve ti ssue 3) l ymphocytes
Serotoni n i s thought to be produced by: 1) chei f cel l s 2) Paneth's cel l s 3) mucous

(4)
neck cel l s 4) enteroendocri ne (argentaf f i n) cel l s
What cel l s produce bi l e? hepatocytes (not Kupf f er cel l s)
what i s the f uncti on of Kupf f er cel l s? Li ver macrophages

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T he esophagus i s subdi vi ded i nto three porti ons on the basi s of a transi ti on i n
muscul ari s externa
the: 1) submucosa 2) adventi ti a 3) mucosal l ayer 4) muscul ari s externa
Spaces between the basal l ami na and the secretory cel l membrane of sweat
Where are basket (myoepi thel i al ) cel l s l ocated?
gl ands, mammary gl ands, l acri mal gl ands, and sal i vary gl ands.
M ost of the f i bers ascendi ng to or descendi ng f rom the cerebral cortex traverse
i nternal capsul e
the: 1) pyrami ds 2) i nternal capsul e 3) medi al l emni scus 4) cerebral peduncl es
Whi ch of the f ol l owi ng represents the organel l e that i s typi cal l y composed of
vesi cl es and of curved, f l attened ci sternae that are paral l el to one another? 1) gol gi compl ex
centri ol e 2) mi tochondri on 3) gol gi compl ex 4) rough E R 5) smooth E R
Long bones of the skel eton i ncrease i n l ength because of the __________ growth
i ntersti ti al (not apposi ti onal )
i n the carti l agi nous epi physeal pl ate.
T he thoraci c spl anchni c nerves to the cel i ac gangl i on consi st predomi nantl y of : 1)
parasympatheti c f i bers 2) pregangl i oni c vi sceral ef f erents 3) postgangl i oni c (2)
vi sceral ef f erents
What are the unpai red vessel s contri buti ng to the arteri al ci rcl e of Wi l l i s? Basi l ar a. and anteri or communi cati ng artery
What l ayer of ski n i s onl y f ound i n thi ck ski n? stratum l uci dum
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What travel s wi th the anteri or i nterventri cul ar (descendi ng) artery? Great cardi ac vei n
I n the ci rcul ati ng bl ood of an adul t, whi ch or the f ol l owi ng l eukocytes normal l y
appears i n the hi ghest numbers? 1) basophi l s 2) monocytes 3) eosi nophi l s 4) (4)
neutrophi l s 5) l ymphocytes
Where the cementum meets the enamel , coveri ng approxi matel y 1/3-1/2 of the
Where i s acel l ul ar cementum l ocated?
root (I guess thi s means the coronal porti on of the cementum)
Lymph f rom the ti p of the tongue arri ves at whi ch node f i rst? submental
Lymph f rom the posteri or of the tongue arri ves at whi ch node f i rst? Jugul odi gastri c node
Lymph f rom the mi ddl e of the tongue arri ves at whi ch node f i rst? Submandi bul ar node
What travel s anteri orl y to teh root of the ri ght l ung and between the medi ati nal
Phreni c nerve and peri cardi acophreni c artery and vei n.
pl eura and the peri cardi um?
T he superf i ci al head of the medi al pterygoi d muscl e ori gi nates on the tuberosi ty
of the maxi l l a and on the: a) pterygoi d f ossa b) pyrami dal process of the pal ati ne
(b)
bone c) crest of the greater wi ng of the sphenoi d bone d) l ateral surf ace of the
l ateral pterygoi d pl ate
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What f orms the medi an nerve? Branches of the Lateral and medi al nerves of the brachi al pl exus
What f orms the posteri or nerve? Branches of the Superi or, M i ddl e, and I nf eri or nerves of the brachi al pl exus
T he ul nar nerve i s a branch f rom what nerve of the brachi al pl exus? M edi al nerve
T he muscul ocutaneous nerve i s a branch f rom what nerve of the brachi al pl exus? l ateral nerve
T he radi al nerve i s a branch of what nerve of the brachi al pl exus? Posteri or nerve
T he axi l l ary nerve i s a branch of what nerve of the brachi al pl exus? posteri or nerve
T he precentral gyrus i s l ocated i n what l obe? F rontal l obe
T he post central gyrus i s l ocated i n what l obe? pari etal l obe

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I n a f aci ol i ngual secti on through a tooth and i ts rel ated gi ngi va, the demarcati on
l i ne between f ree gi ngi va and attached gi ngi va extends between the a) al veol ar
crest and the f ree gi ngi val groove b) bottom of the gi ngi val sul cus and the f ree (b)
gi ngi val groove c) api cal margi n of the epi thel i al attachment and the al veol ar
crest d) api cal margi n of the epi thel i al attachment and the f ree gi ngi val groove.
What connecti ve ti ssue sheath surrounds: a) a muscl e organ b) 10-100 muscl e

a) epi mysi um b) peri mysi um c) endomysi um
f i bers c) i ndi vi dual muscl e f i bers
T he i nternal thoraci c artery gi ves ri se to a) the hi ghest i ntercostal artery b) the

posteri or i ntercostal arteri es c) the bronchi al and esophageal arteri es d) the (d)
superi or epi gastri c and muscul ophreni c arteri es
T he i ni ti al epi thel i al attachment j oi ni ng the gi ngi va to the tooth ari ses di rectl y
f rom a) oral mucosa b) cervi cal l oop epi thel i um c) reduced enamel epi thel i um d) (c)
the epi thel i al root sheath (H ertwi g)
T he z ona pel l uci da i s associ ated wi th whi ch of the f ol l owi ng? a) corpus l uteum
b) corpus al bi cans c) oocyte i n a mature f ol l i cl e d) oocyte i n earl y pri mary (c)
f ol l i cl e
T he tendon of the tensor vel i pal ati ni muscl e curves around the a) angul ar spi ne b)
styl oi d process c) pterygoi d hamul us d) l ateral pterygoi d pl ate e) spi ne of the (c)
sphenoi d
I n the temporomandi bul ar j oi nt of an ol der person, the arti cul ati ng surf ace of the
temporal bone i s covered by a) hyal i ne carti l age b) el asti c carti l age c) hi ghl y
(d)
cel l ul ar f i brous connecti ve ti ssue d) f i brous connecti ve ti ssue contai ni ng
chondrocytes
D oes cementum have i ncremental l i nes? no

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What i ntracel l ul ar components have a doubl e-uni t membrane? N ucl eus & M i tochondri on
Al l of the f ol l owi ng structures l i e superf i ci al to the hyogl ossus muscl e except the
(b)
a) l i ngual nerve b) l i ngual artery c) hypogl ossal nerve d) submandi bul ar duct
T he whi te pul p of the spl een i s composed pri mari l y of 1) si nusoi ds 2)

3) l ymphocytes
macrophages 3) l ymphocytes 4) connecti ve ti ssue

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NBDE

a type of scar whi ch resul ts i n an overgrowth of ti ssue at the si te of a heal ed ski n

mi l i ary tubercul osi s i s spread through what medi um? bl ood

l acki ng an X chromosome f or f emal es. Onl y have 1 X-chromosome causi ng

Cl assi c hemophi l i a i s due to a def i ci ency of normal F actor VI I I whi ch i n turn i s

T he di sease characteri z ed by radi ol ucent bone l esi ons, anemi a,

T he pri mary f uncti on of Sl gA i s thought to be preventi on of penetrati on of mucosa by mi croorgani sms.

D oes 2% gl uteral dehyde ki l l bacteri al spores? yes

H ow l ong does i t take f or 2% gl uteral dehyde to ki l l spores? 10 hrs

T he proper ti me and temp f or autocl avi ng i s: A) 320F (177C) f or 2 hours B) 250F

T he proper ti me f or dry heat steri l i z ati on i s: A) 320F (177C) f or 2 hours B) 250F

M ul ti pl e myel oma i s a cancer of what? Pl asma cel l s

What i s an adenocarci noma? a carci noma of gl andul ar epi thel i um

what tumor i s composed of smal l round bl ue cel l s and i s cl assi f i ed as a

What i s urti cari a? hi ves

A di f i ci ency i n what l eads to Pel l agra? B3 (ni aci n)

A di f i ci ency i n what l eads to scurvy? Vi tami n C

What l i pi d storage di sease i s caused by a di f i ci ency of the enz yme al pha-

M yel of i brosi s - i di opathi c di sorder w/ bone marrow f i brosi s. Pol ycythemi a -

i nadequate producti on of RBC due to i nhi bi ti on or destructi on of red bone

What i s phl ebi ti s? i nf l ammati on of vei ns (mai nl y i n l egs)

F ree (unconj ugated) - bi l i rubi n attached to al bumi n or conj ugated wi th

Whi ch hepati ti s i s not an RN A vi rus? H epati ti s B - doubl e-stranded D N A vi rus.

N ephroti c - condi ti on characteri z ed by marked protei nuri a, hyperl i pi demi a, and

what bacteri a cause gl omerul onephri ti s? streptococcal i nf ecti on

Li ver - phosphocreati ne serves as an energy reservoi r f or the rapi d regenerati on of

what i s the most powerf ul anaphyl atoxi n? C5a

T ype I hypersensi ti vi ty i s due to an i nteracti on of the anti gen wi th what

What i s l eukocytosi s? abnormal l y l arge number of l eukocytes

characteri z ed by mi l d to massi ve bl eedi ng f rom an arteri al vessel due to a tear i n

gram + cocci (streptococcus speci es) = 40-50% Gram + rods (l actobaci l l us

Strep. mutans.Acti nomyces vi scosus (root).strep. sal i vari us.strep.

Sj ogren's syndrome - autoi mmune i nvol vement wi th subsequent scarri ng of the

At what l evel i n the ski n do bul l ae M OST l i kel y devel op i n a l ocal i z ed

What speci es cause ear i nf ecti ons? Pseudomonas aerugi nosa

hi gh concentrati ons of what i s i ndi cati ve of di ssemi nated i ntravascul ar

D ue to hyperal dosteroni sm. T he i ncreased mi ral ocorti coi d ef f ects of al dosterone

pattern of nucl ear degradati on i n whi ch a pyknoti c nucl eus undergoes

i s i t advi sabl e to treat an i ndi vi dual wi th both a bacteri ostati c and

What organi sm i s an opportuni st to burn vi cti ms? Pseudomonas aerugi nosa

What resul ts f rom l ong-standi ng hypothyroi di sm i n adul ts? myxedema

symptoms i ncl ude gradual coarseni ng of f aci al f eatures, progressi ve protrusi on of

Chl amydi a psi ttaci BI RD S!

Pasteurel l a M ul toci da or Bartonel l a hensel ae or protoz oa T oxopl asma gondi i Cats!

f ungus Sporthri x schencki i F l ori st

F rothy uri ne i s due to what? Protei n i n uri ne

What causes a yel l ow f oam i n uri ne? Bi l i rubi n

What i s sweet smel l i ng uri ne due to? Gl ucose i n uri ne

What gi ves uri ne an acetone-l i ke odor? Ketones

What i s the si te of addi ti on of recogni ti on markers (e.g. mannose phosphate to

decreased cardi ac output l eadi ng to an i ncrease i n f l ui d retenti on f rom ki dneys.

I n peri ods of starvati on what bl ood el ement woul d be f ound to be at an el evated

1) 3.4 kcal /g x 100g = 340kcal 2) 4 kcal /g x 100g = 400kcal 3) 9 kcal /g x 100g

What i s the Li neweaver-Burke pl ot? 10

hypersecreti on of GH . T hi s decreases the sensi ti vi ty of peri pheral ti ssues to

Cal ci um bi nds to what i n muscl e contracti on? T roponi n C

AT P bi nds to what i n muscl e contracti on? myosi n

What i s f ound i n both pl asma and serum? al bumi n

What wi l l cause vascul ar smooth muscl e to rel ax? adenosi ne

F - T he renal threshol d descri bes abi l i ty of the ki dney to reabsorb f i l tered

What enz yme phosphoryl ates gl ycogen synthase? Protei n Ki nase A

What enz yme dephosphoryl ates gl ycogen synthase? Protei n phosphatase

I n gl uconeogenesi s, what f orm must the carbon backbone be i n as i t transports f rom

T he synthesi s of chol esterol requi res what? N AD PH