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6023/cjoc201911007 综述与进展
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry REVIEW
谢 涛a 何海兵*,b 高栓虎*,a,b
(a 华东师范大学化学与分子工程学院 上海绿色化学与化工工程绿色化重点实验室 上海 200062)
(b 华东师范大学 上海分子治疗与新药创制工程技术研究中心 上海 200062)
Abstract Polycyclic xanthone natural products are a family of polyketides which are characterized by highly oxygenated
angular hexacyclic frameworks. In the last decade, there has been a noticeable increase in reports on both synthetic and
pharmacological investigations of this class of natural molecules due to their unique chemical structures and biological
activities. Most members of this class of molecules show strong activities towards Gram-positive bacteria, including
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, potent antifungal activity and antitumour activity. The synthetic studies of some
members of this class of natural products is summarized.
Keywords polycyclic xanthone; natural product; total synthesis
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 551~562 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 551
有机化学 综述与进展
OH
Me Me OR
O O Pr OH
A' A O Me
B C
N O N O O OMe
D Me O O
O OH R O OH O OH
O O O O HO O O OH
E O O
O O O OMe
F O
OMe OMe HO
cervinomycin A2 (1) OMe OMe MeO
citreamicin a (3) OR
FD-594 (5)
cervinomycin A1 (2) R = CH2OCOCH2CH(CH3)2 IB-00208 (6)
R = Gly
D = hydroquinone citreamicin h (4)
R = CH2OH
Cl O Cl O Cl OH
Me Pr Pr Pr
O O
A' A B C C' N N N
N O OMe OMe OMe
Me Me Me
O OH D O O O O O OH
HO O HO O HO O HO O
E OH OH OH
OH O O O
O
F
HO OR HO HO HO
kigamicins (7) OH OH OH
R = Gly kibdelone A (8) kibdelone B (9) kibdelone C (10)
Me O
Cl OH OMe O O Me
C' Me O
O MeO O Me
Me
A B C HN O
N O N O N OMe
H2N Me R OH
D O O
O OH O OH O OH O
O HO O HO O HO
HO E
H OH OMe
OMe OMe O
O O O
H F
Cl HO Cl
HO
sch 54445 (11) lysolipin I (12) simaomicin (13), R = Me xantholipin (15)
simaomicin (14), R = H
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Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry REVIEW
O O OMOM
OMe (1) Na2S2O4
I I I O OMe I O OMe
OMe KF, DMF (2) conc. H2SO4
+ O D E F
48% OMe (3) NaHDMS OMe
HO OMe COOMe MOMCl
O O 68%, 3 steps MOMO O
16 17 18 19
TBDMSO NH2
(1) N2O4 (1) HO Me
OTBDMS Me O
O (2) H+/MeOH (2) Ph3P, DEAD
3 steps
A' A B
Me OMOM 56%, 2 steps O 80%, 2 steps N
87%
OMOM O OH O OH
NHt Bu O
20 21 22 23
Me
MOMO O
Me
I O OMe O N OMOM
Pd(OAc)2, NaHCO3
+ A B
N O OH
OMe 65% MOMO O
MOMO O O OH
24 25 26 O
Me Me
O OMe
O
A' A B OMe
N C O N OH
h , air D NaBH4
O OH O OH
36% O O HO O
E
O O
F
cervinomycin A2 (1) OMe cervinomycin A1 (2) OMe
OMe OMe
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 551~562 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 553
有机化学 综述与进展
体 34. 水解内酯, 并将羧基保护、羟基氧化为酮得到 35, 制备了 xanthone 三环 DEF 片段 37, 同时利用 38 制备了
随后碱性条件下发生缩合构建出四氢噁唑环, 接着选择 醛基化合物 39 (Scheme 3). 通过 Wittig 反应连接两个片
性地将 D 环氧化, 得到(±)-cervinomycin A2 (1), 再将 D 段, 得到顺反混合物中间体 40, 再经过 4 步的官能团调
环对苯二醌结构还原可得到(±)-cervinomycin A1 (2). 整, 构建出酮基侧链. 随后 41 再与乙醇胺发生缩合, 得
相比较 Kelly 小组而言, Rao 小组的合成效率并不太高, 到四氢噁唑环, 这一步收率并不稳定. 虽然 Mehta 小组
特别是构建 ABCD 四环中间体 31, 作者使用了大量的 同样使用了 6π 电环化来构建 C 环, 但是与 Kelly 小组不
步骤来构建 A 环, 后续步骤与 Kelly 小组较为类似. 同的是, 他们使用了紫外光作为光源, 碘作为催化剂,
2.1.3 Mehta 小组的工作 收率相对不高, 除了底物的原因外, 还由于四氢噁唑环
1994 年, Mehta 小组以傅克酰基化为关键反应, 5 步 在酸性条件下不够稳定, 容易开环. 最终通过 D 环的氧
554 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 551~562
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry REVIEW
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 551~562 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 555
有机化学 综述与进展
556 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 551~562
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry REVIEW
OMOM
Me OMOM
(1) BrMg Me
O
(2) TMPMgBr, A B C 4 steps
O O O
then 65 MOMO DMSO, 100 oC
D
(3) p-TsOH HO 38%, 4 steps MOMO 42% yield
O OTBS
TBSO CHO TBSO OH OMe
HO
F
MeO OMe MeO OMe MeO
65
66 67
O
OH
OMOM Me
Me
Me (1) CH3CN, 180 oC
O OH
microwave O O
O O (2) TMSBr + O O
O OH HO O
O O O
MOMO O O E OMe
OMe O
O O
OMe
MeO
MeO
68 MeO IB-00208 aglycon (69) 70
71 72 73 74
I
Me Me O OH MeOOC OH
Me O O OBn MeOOC OBn (1) BCl3
Me OH 8 steps MeOOC F
O BrZnC CCH2OTBS MgI2 F (2) CSA
O
O I 87%, 2 steps
74% 40% 78% O
Me
OBn OBn Me
CHO
75 76 TBSO 77 78 79
Cl OMe Cl OH
Cl OMe
Pr (1) LiOH Pr
Cl Pr
N OMe N OMe
Me (2) N N N A B C OMe (1) HCl Me
Me (2) CAN, AcOH OH
O OH D O
HO O Cl N Cl O OH (3) Na2S2O4 HO O
74, K3PO4 HO O
MeO2C OH E OH
44%
39%, 2 steps OH 59%, 3 steps O
F O
F HO
O
O O OH
Me O
Me Me
Me kibdelone C (10)
80 81
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 551~562 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 557
有机化学 综述与进展
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Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry REVIEW
OMe O OMe
(1) (COCl)2, 89 OMe
Br (2) PhI(OAc) Pr Br
2 Pr Me
TEMPO 4 steps OH
HO2C 82%, 2 steps
N N A B
NHMe
Me 56% Me
OMe O OMe 89
O OH
88 90 91
OMe OH OMe OH
(1) DMP 11 OMe OH
Br OH Br O
(2) HClO4 Br O 13 66%, 2 steps
13 D E F
14
OH 11 O
O OMe O O
OMe O O
OMe O O Me
97 Me 98 Me
H Me
OMe Cl OH
Pr Pr OMe
(1) [Pd(C3H5)Cl]2, 91
(2) Pd/C, H2 N I OMe Br OMOM
N OMe
(3) I2, O2 Me Me D
CuCl(OH)•TMEDA O OBoc
O OH CHO
(4) Boc2O MeO O HO O
OMOM OMe
OH
O O
95
O HO
99 O (-)-kibdelone C (10) OH
Me
Me
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 551~562 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 559
有机化学 综述与进展
Pr Cl OMe
pentyne, CuI Pr Pr
Pd(PPh3)2Cl2 InBr3, TFA
OMe O OMe 5 steps N A B C OMe
93% MeOOC 91% Me
D
OMe O OMe 13% O OH
MeO OH MeO OH MeO OH
CHO CHO CHO
104 105 106
Cl OMe Cl OMe
Pr Pr
(1) nBuLi, 107
N A B C OMe N OMe
then 106 Me 3 Me
(2) IBX O OH 6 D DMAP O OH 3 steps kibdelone C
MeO OH MeO O methyl ether
12% brsm OBn 18%
OBn O 3 steps, dr 1:1 O
OBn
HO HO
OBn O OBn
107 108 OBn 109
OMe OH
Me
OMe OBn OMe OBn Noyori's catalyst
Br O
n
BuLi, 112 A B
6 steps O N OMe 5 steps
then 111 Me
D E F
O O OR 60%
63% 76% BnO O
OMe O OH OMe O OBOM OBn
O
110 111 BOM = benzyloxymethyl 113 (R = TIPS)
BOMO
O O
O O C'
C' 20 Me
Me OMe Me
1) Pd(OAc)2 A C
22
N B OMe Me Br
N OMe 2) BCl3 Ts
Me Ph
Me D B N
54%, 2 steps O OH N A Ru
O OH HO O Me i
BnO O E N Cl Pr
OH O OTIPS Ph
OBn O Ts
O F 112 Noyori's catalyst
114 (-)-simaomicin (13) HO
BOMO
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Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry REVIEW
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 551~562 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 561
有机化学 综述与进展
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562 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 551~562
有机化学 DOI: 10.6023/cjoc201910031 综述与进展
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry REVIEW
可见光直接促进的过渡金属催化交叉偶联反应研究进展
Abstract Over the last decades, the transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions have become powerful organic syn-
thetic methods for forming carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Very recently, the introduction of visible light into
transition metal catalysis opened a new avenue for achieving novel, highly enabling cross-coupling reactions that otherwise
were elusive. This type of reaction has received extensive attention due to its simple, mild conditions and no need of photo-
catalyst. Based on the classification of transition metals, the research progress of transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling
reactions directly promoted by visible light is reviewed.
Keywords visible light-promoted; transition metal-catalyzed; cross-coupling
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 563~574 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 563
有机化学 综述与进展
促使有机反应的发生[3]. 复合物.
近些年来, 光氧化还原催化与过渡金属催化逐渐发
生结合, 在可见光照射条件下光敏剂和过渡金属共同催
化偶联反应已经成为有机合成中的一种非常有效的新
策略. 在该类催化体系中, 处于激发态的光敏剂与过渡
Ph
金属催化剂或有机底物分子发生单电子转移或能量转 R +
CuCl
移, 从而促进交叉偶联反应的进行. 但是在常用的光敏 BH+X- +B
剂中, 金属光敏剂钌(Ru)、铱(Ir)络合物稀缺昂贵, 而有
BH+Cl-
机光敏剂在稳定性和催化效率方面又稍差些[4]. BH+Cl-
R
最近几年化学家们发现, 在很多情况下不用外加光
X
敏剂, 可见光能直接促进过渡金属催化的交叉偶联反 Ph Cu
Ph Cu n
n
应. 在有些情况下, 过渡金属催化剂除了参与偶联步骤 CuCl
1
还发挥光敏剂的作用, 可与有机底物分子发生单电子转 2
移; 还有些情况下, 则是可见光为偶联反应的氧化加成
CuCl
或还原消除步骤提供能量, 使得原来无法发生或缓慢进 R
Ph Cu
X
行的偶联反应顺利实现. 这不仅大大提高了交叉偶联反 n
CuCl
应的转化效率, 而且极大地扩展了反应类型. 可见光直
接促进过渡金属催化的交叉偶联反应也因反应条件简 图式 1 可见光直接促进的铜催化苯乙炔和碘苯的交叉偶联
反应
单、反应温和以及无需外加光敏剂等优点受到了化学家
Scheme 1 Copper-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of phe-
的广泛关注. 本文将根据过渡金属的分类, 总结了近些 nylacetylene and iodobenzene directly promoted by visible light
年来可见直接促进过渡金属交叉偶联反应的研究进展.
CuCl (5 mol%)
R1 + H R2
1 可见光直接促进的铜催化交叉偶联反应 CH3CN, O2
blue LED, r.t.
2012 年, Hwang 课题组[5]首次报道了可见光直接促
R1 R2 (1)
进的铜催化交叉偶联反应. 该课题组采用 CuCl 作为催
化剂, 在可见光照射条件下实现了无钯参与的 Sono-
R1 CuI
gashira 交叉偶联反应(Scheme 1). 该反应的底物范围广, R1 : electron neutral or rich group
H R2
适用于多种碘代和溴代芳烃底物, 取代基的电子效应对 R2 : electron deficient group
3
反应几乎没有影响, 均能取得良好至优秀的收率. 该反
应的优势在于不需要添加额外的配体, 在常温下就可以 2018 年, Hwang 课题组[7]报道了可见光促进的铜催
实现. 机理实验研究表明, 苯乙炔在碱的作用下与 CuCl 化肼基吡啶与末端炔烃的脱氮氧化偶联反应(Eq. 2). 该
原位生成苯乙炔铜复合物 1, 然后该复合物吸收可见光, 反应以 CuCl 作为催化剂, O2 作氧化剂, 在可见光照射下
使电子从苯乙炔向金属方向迁移(LMCT), 导致苯乙炔 生成偶联产物, 副产物仅为 N2 和 H2O. 反应简单绿色高
部分缺电子而吸引富电子的芳基靠近, 生成中间体复合 效, 这也是在室温下有关 N2 消除(非活化 C—N 键裂解)
物 2, 该复合物随即发生单键复分解得到偶联产物和 的首次报道.
CuCl.
2016 年, Hwang 课题组[6]发展了以 CuCl 作为催化
剂, 可见光促进的富电子/中性芳香炔烃与缺电子芳香
炔烃的交叉偶联反应(Eq. 1). 反应收率中等以上, 作者
认为两种炔底物先配位到铜上, 选择性地形成稳定的基 2012 年, Fu 和 Peters 等[8]报道了紫外光促进的铜催
态杂二聚乙炔铜复合物 3, 然后在光照作用下通过分子 化咔唑与芳基/烷基卤化物的 Ullmann C—N 交叉偶联反
内配体-配体偶联生成目标产物. 该反应选择性进行交 应. 研究表明该反应的关键是原位生成的咔唑复合物在
叉偶联很可能与杂二聚乙炔铜复合物 3 的偶极性质(同 紫外光照射条件下可与芳基/烷基卤化物之间发生单电
时具有富电子和缺电子部分)有关, 因为极性有机溶剂 子转移, 生成芳基/烷基自由基. 随后, 他们相继报道了
有助于稳定复合物 3, 而不能很好地稳定均二聚乙炔铜 光促进铜催化的多种交叉偶联反应, 包括 C—S、C—O
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Ph Ph Ph Ph
XantPhos
X-
[LnCuINu]
ligand
substitution excitation
Nu-
随后, 该课题组[13]还设计、合成了咔唑-双膦新型
I
[LnCuIX] [LnCu Nu]* 三齿配体 L2, 并应用于可见光促进的 Ullmann C—N 偶
联反应, 在室温下实现一系列伯氨基甲酸酯与非活化烷
coupling electron 基溴的交叉偶联(Eq. 5). 在该反应中铜盐不仅能做金属
transfer
R X 偶联试剂, 而且还能和咔唑-双膦新型三齿配体 L2 生成
R Nu
铜复合物 4, 该复合物在光照下具有光氧化还原催化剂
[LnCuINu]X 的作用.
R
图式 2 可见光直接促进的铜催化咔唑和三级烷烃卤代物的
不对称交叉偶联反应
Scheme 2 Copper-catalyzed asymmetrically cross-coupling
reaction of carbazole and tertiary alkane halides directly promot-
ed by visible light
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有机化学 综述与进展
2019 年, 郭丽娜课题组[17]也报道了在可见光条件
下铜催化的肟酸酯和胺的偶联反应(Eq. 9), 该反应底物
同年, Lalic 课题组[15]报道了室温下可见光促进的铜
适用范围非常广, 可适用于(杂)芳胺、芳香氮杂环、磺
催化烷基碘代物 Sonogashira 偶联反应(Eq. 7). 该反应适
酰胺和烷基胺等各种含氮亲核试剂.
用于各级碘代物, 收率最高可达 99%, 并且兼容酯、氰、
醇、酰胺、环氧化物、卤代芳烃和醚等官能团. 作者发
现在不加配体情况下, 该反应会生成大量的炔烃聚合
物, 而三叔丁基三联吡啶配体 L3 可以调节激发态炔铜
复合物 8 的反应性, 抑制聚合物的生成. 作者认为该反
应机理可能与激发态炔铜复合物对烷基碘代物的单电
子转移以及烷基自由基的产生有关.
最近, 张国柱课题组 [18] 报道了可见光促进的铜催
化氟烷基卤化物、烯烃和胺的三组分偶联反应(Eq. 10),
从而获得了有价值的含氟烷基胺化合物. 在该反应中
CuCl 具有双重作用, 可与胺类底物形成具有可见光吸
收特性的铜复合物以及作为金属催化剂参与偶联反应.
2 可见光直接促进的镍催化交叉偶联反应
随后, 肖文精课题组 [16] 报道了可见光促进的铜催
化肟酸酯、苯乙烯和硼酸的三组分交叉偶联反应(Eq. 8). 近些年来, 在可见光照射条件下光敏剂和镍共同催
首先肟酸酯被铜催化剂还原生成亚胺基自由基, 随后四 化的交叉偶联反应有了飞速的发展, MacMillan、Molan-
元环的碳碳键发生裂解生成氰基烷基自由基. 该自由基 der 和 Doyle 等课题组在该领域报道了大量可见光促进
加成到苯乙烯末端形成苄基自由基, 然后与芳基硼酸转 的交叉偶联反应新方法 [4,19]. 除此之外, 可见光直接促
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Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry REVIEW
进镍催化的交叉偶联反应也相继被报道. 得到目标产物.
2018 年, Alcázar 课题组[20]报道了在不加外源光敏
剂的情况下, 可见光促进的镍催化 Negishi 交叉偶联反
3 可见光直接促进的钴催化交叉偶联反应
应(Scheme 3). 作者在有光和没光的条件下分别对反应 由于钴廉价、稳定且具有较高的催化活性, 用钴催
进行了考察, 有光条件下的产率要远远高于无光条件下 化剂实现交叉偶联反应也是化学家关注的焦点[23]. 2011
的产率, 甚至有些底物在无光条件下不反应. 值得一提 年, Carreira 课题组[24]基于 CoIII—H 在碱性条件下可以去
的是, 该反应底物范围广, 不仅适用于溴代芳烃, 对氯 质子化生成 CoI 的特点, 在可见光照射下实现了第一例
代芳烃也同样适用. 通过紫外-可见光吸收实验, 作者 钴 催 化 烷 基 碘 和 烯 烃 的 分 子 内 Heck 型 偶 联 反 应
提出可见光在 NiII 还原成 Ni0 和还原消除偶联两方面都 (Scheme 4). 该反应首先生成烷基 CoIII 中间体, 对烯烃
有促进作用. 随后, 该课题组[21]研制了针对该类反应的 进行插入反应, 随后发生 β-H 消除, 得到烯基化的产物.
放大设备, 该设备集流体、光化学、固体试剂的使用和
9 or 10 (0.15 equiv.)
NMR 在线检测为一体, 能以克级规模实现该偶联反应, I i
Pr2NEt (1.5 equiv.)
R
生产效率范围在 3.4~5.6 (g/h). R CH3CN, blue LED, r.t., 24 h X
X
Me
Me
O N
N O
H
N Co R
O H
N
N O
Me
Me
9: R = SnPh3
10: R = iPr
图式 3 可见光直接促进的镍催化锌格氏试剂与溴苯交叉偶 R1
联反应
Scheme 3 Nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of zinc
Grignard reagent with bromobenzene directly promoted by visi- Ph3SnI R1
R
ble light [CoIII]
III
9 [Co ]-R
最近, Melchiorre 课题组[22]报道了可见光介导的镍 R I
催化的不对称酰基交叉偶联反应(Eq. 11). 该反应在手
性配体 L4 作用下, 以对称酸酐和 4-烷基二氢吡啶(DHP)
化合物为底物, 成功地得到了对映体富集的 α-取代的酮
R
化合物, ee 值最高达 95%. 4-烷基二氢吡啶化合物在反应 I R1
见光照射下, 4-烷基二氢吡啶化合物先被活化成激发态,
随后经单电子转移, 将 NiI 还原成 Ni0 并生成 4-烷基二氢
NR3
吡啶的正离子自由基中间体. 该中间体不稳定, 分解得 R3HN H
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有机化学 综述与进展
图式 5 可见光直接促进的钴催化的溴苯和末端炔烃交叉偶
析和密度泛函理论计算, 发现该反应会产生 FeI 物种,
联反应 并且在光照条件下 FeIII 会增加. 因此作者提出格氏试剂
Scheme 5 Cobalt-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of bromo- 先将 FeIII 19 还原成 FeI 20, 而可见光的照射促进了 FeI
benzene and terminal alkynes directly promoted by visible light 20 与芳基氯代物的氧化加成.
最近, Rovis 课题组[27]报道了可见光促进钴催化的
5 可见光直接促进的钯催化交叉偶联反应
[2+2+2]环加成反应(Scheme 6). 作者以苯乙炔和烷基
二炔类化合物为底物, 分别在有光敏剂和无光敏剂条件 由于钯具有非常好的催化活性, 钯催化交叉偶联反
下做了对照实验. 在不添加光敏剂情况下, 该反应也能 应一直是研究的热门与重点[2,30]. 近三年来, 可见光直
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Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry REVIEW
Cl
+ Fe cat.
R
R-MgX
+ blue LED
SIPr-HCl
Ar Cl
SIPr.HCl + RMgCl Oxidative Ar
addition Cl [FeIIILn]
RMgCl
RH + MgCl2
RMgCl transmetalation
19 Fe(acac)3 [FeILn] metathesis
+ 20
SIPr
MgCl
reductive Ar
elimination R [FeIIILn]
Ar R
图式 7 可见光直接促进的铁催化的芳基氯代物和格氏试剂交叉偶联反应
Scheme 7 Iron-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of Grignard reagent and aryl chloride directly promoted by visible light
接促进钯催化的交叉偶联反应的有了快速发展, 化学家
们已经开发出了一系列新型的 Suzuki-Miyaura、Heck 和
Negishi 等偶联反应.
2017 年, Odell 课题组[31]报道了可见光直接促进的
钯催化非活化卤代烷烃与芳基硼酸的羰基化 Suzuki-
Miyaura 偶联反应(Eq. 13), 该反应在双室反应装置中进
随后, 傅尧课题组 [33] 也报道了可见光促进的钯催
行, 产率中等以上. 值得一提的是, 具有挑战性的烷基
化非活化卤代烷烃的 Heck 反应(Eq. 15). 该反应不仅适
溴代物也适用于该反应, 而且该方法用固体 CO 源
用于各级溴代烷烃, 还能抑制不必要的 β 消除副反应.
(Mo(CO)5)来替代气态 CO, 不需要使用高压条件, 反应
作者认为这与激发态的 Pd 复合物具有自由基和有机金
安全便捷.
属双重反应性有关. 值得注意的是, 该反应在无光照基
态 Pd 复合物情况下是不能实现的.
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有机化学 综述与进展
N-酰氧基邻苯二甲酰亚胺发生单电子转移是反应的关
键一步.
电子的烯烃可能通过杂化自由基/阳离子途径(21-22-
24-25)进行(Scheme 8).
R1 O R2
R3
O Pd(PPh3)4 (5 mol%)
+ N R4
O THF, blue LED, r.t., 24 h
O
R1 R2
R3
R4 (19)
图式 8 可见光直接促进的钯催化碘代烷烃和烯烃交叉偶联
反应
Scheme 8 Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of io-
doalkanes and olefins directly promoted by visible light
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Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry REVIEW
Me Me
R ZnBr blue LED
N 26 (5 mol%) N
+ B2pin2 (22)
Ar R H THF, Ar, blue LED Bpin
X Ar 25 °C, 16 h
Pd(dba)2 (5 mol%) tR = 20 min
i
JohnPhos (10 mol%) T = 40 oC N N
Bu i
Bu
N N
S: THF
O O
Ar R Rh O (III)
Pd0Ln O
Rh
N O
H
Reductive X
Elimination LnPd0 Zn 26 27
R
LnPd II
Ar 催化芳香化合物 C—H 键与卤代烷烃的交叉偶联反应
R (Eq. 23). 该反应收率中等至优秀, 适用于各级卤代烃且
X 具有高度的区域选择性, 当底物为二级和三级卤代烃
LnPd0* Zn
ZnX2 Transmetalation
时, 选择性地得到间位取代的偶联产物, 为一级卤代烃
R
Ar X
时反应则优先在邻位发生. 这与一级卤代烃具有较小的
Accelerated 空间位阻有关.
LnPdII Ar Oxidative Addition
R Zn X
X
R Zn X
图式 9 可见光直接促进的钯催化锌格氏试剂和芳基卤代物
交叉偶联反应
Scheme 9 Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of zinc
Grignard reagent with aryl halides directly promoted by visible
light
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有机化学 综述与进展
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有机化学 DOI: 10.6023/cjoc201910010 综述与进展
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry REVIEW
胺及其衍生物的非酰基化动力学拆分
唐 亮 李雪薇 谢 芳* 张万斌
(上海交通大学化学化工学院 上海市手性药物分子工程重点实验室 上海 200240)
摘要 光学纯胺在合成与药物化学领域都有着广泛的应用, 发展其高效的合成方法一直以来是有机化学界的研究热
点. 其中通过 N 酰基化及去酰基化动力学拆分方法获得光学纯胺化合物, 已经成为合成手性胺类化合物的重要方法.
近年来, 基于非酰基化(或去酰基化)的不对称反应实现外消旋胺的动力学拆分的报道不断涌现, 包括一些氨基不参与
反应的非酰基化(或去酰基化)不对称反应的外消旋胺的动力学拆分. 根据氮原子是否参与反应以及反应类型的不同,
总结了外消旋胺的化学催化动力学拆分的研究进展.
关键词 光学纯胺; 动力学拆分; 非酶催化; 非酰基化(去酰基化); 不对称催化反应
Abstract Enantiopure amines are important building blocks with a plethora of applications in the fields of medicine, agri-
culture and materials. Kinetic resolution (KR) of racemic amines is one of the most important methods for obtaining enanti-
opure amines. However, KR of amines is little investigated because of their high reactivity and coordinating ability in the cor-
responding KR of alcohols. Till now, major developments using non-enzymatic catalysts for KR of amines have been exten-
sively achieved by catalytic acylation (or deacylation). Only recently the non-acylation KR of amines is improving. The rela-
tively wide range of different catalytic asymmetric reactions have been employed as strategies for the efficient KR of amines.
For some cases, the asymmetric reactions do not involve with nitrogen atoms of racemic substrates. This review aims to intro-
duce the development of the non-acylation KR of amines for the synthesis of enantiopure amines.
Keywords enantiopure amines; kinetic resolution; nonenzymatic; non-acylation; catalytic asymmetric reactions
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有机化学 综述与进展
其中, 氮原子参与催化反应的例子已经得到了许多报 R2
道. 根据氮原子参与反应的类型可将其分为非酶催化的
图式 2 钛催化的 γ-氨基醇氧化动力学拆分
氧化还原动力学拆分、氮杂环丙烷不对称开环动力学拆
Scheme 2 Ti-catalyzed OKR of γ-amino alcohols
分及 2H-氮杂丙烯啶的不对称加成动力学拆分、C—X
活化动力学拆分、取代动力学拆分及其他类型反应的动 最近几年, 通过仲胺不对称脱氢形成亚胺从而实现
力学拆分等. 二级胺的 OKR 也有报道. 2013 年, Akiyama 课题组[13]报
道了首例伯胺的高效 OKR, 他们利用不对称转移氢化
1.1 非酶催化的氧化还原动力学拆分
反应实现了二氢吲哚类化合物的氧化动力学拆分
通过二级醇类化合物不对称脱氢生成潜手性酮, 从 (Scheme 3). 该课题组以手性磷酸为催化剂, 避免了过
而合成手性二级醇的方法被称为氧化动力学拆分 渡金属催化剂因底物配位而失活的缺陷; 同时以酮亚胺
(OKR), 目前许多使用过渡金属催化的醇类化合物的
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H
H H N
N H L N N isomerization R
R R+ R
A B i-Pr
R3 R3 i-Pr
N HN
H
1 2
i-Pr
R R R1 R2 O O
Hydrogen transfer L= P OH
OMe O i-Pr
OMe
H Ph Me H H
N L (5 mol%) N N
R1 R 2
o R1 R 2
+ R1 R2
5 A MS (50 mg), benzene
17 examples
50 oC, 2 ~ 4 d 43% ~ 50% yield
96% ~ 99% ee
图式 3 手性磷酸催化的二氢吲哚氧化动力学拆分
Scheme 3 Chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed OKR of indolines
图式 4 手性磷酸催化的四氢喹啉及环状二级胺衍生物氧化动力学拆分
Scheme 4 Chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed OKR of cyclic secondary amine derivatives including tetrahydroquinolines
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 575~588 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 577
有机化学 综述与进展
NHR2 R2 R''
R''CHO N NHR2 R2
1 + + N R'' NHR2
R condensation +
1
rac R R 1
H H R1 R1
resolving reagent H
(in-situ generated)
reactive enantiomer pair
cat.* Intermolecular
hydride transfer
NHR2
R2 R''
N 2
NR 9-anthyl
+ R1
i-Pr
R1 R1
H
OHC OMe i-Pr
FG FG O O
HO (0.3 equiv.) H P
L= OH
L (2 mol%) N O
o FG Ar + i-Pr
5 A MS (50 mg), benzene
NH r.t., 22 h NH
21 examples
Ar 38% ~ 77% yield i-Pr
33% ~ 99% ee 9-anthyl
图式 5 手性磷酸催化的二氢吲哚自氧化还原动力学拆分
Scheme 5 Chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed self-redox KR of indolines
OH
( 15 mol%) Ph Ph
R3 R3 R3
OMe N N
C9 (2.5 mol%) Fe
1 + 1 O O
R 1 R R
air, toluene, 24 ~ 36 h 2 2
N R 2 N R N R Br Br
H H H 2
1
R = Me, OMe, Cl 20 examples C9
R2 = aryl, alkyl, benzyl 44% ~ 48% yield
90% ~ 99% ee
R3 = Me, OMe
OH
( 15 mol%)
R3 R3 R3
OMe
C5 (2.5 mol%) N N
R1 R1 + R1 Fe
N R2 air, toluene, 1 ~ 7 h
N R2 N R2 O O
H H H
13 examples Br Br
R1 = F, Cl, Br, Me
40% ~ 49% yield Br Br 2
R2 = aryl, Me 88% ~ 98% ee
R3 = H, Me C5
图式 6 铁催化的环状仲胺的氧化动力学拆分
Scheme 6 Iron-catalyzed OKR of cyclic secondary amines
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图式 9 小分子催化的 2,2-二取代氮杂环丙烷的动力学拆分
Scheme 9 Organocatalyzed KR of 2,2-disubstituted aziridines
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有机化学 综述与进展
(Scheme 12). 该 课 题 组 发 现 , 当 使 用 Ag 为 金 属 ,
PMPNH2 作为亲核试剂时, 可实现两 2 位取代的 N-Ts 氮
N N
杂环丙烷的动力学拆分, 拆分系数 s 最高可达 53. 同时, O
N O O
对于 2 位取代基为 Ph 的底物, 可实现克级规模的动力学 R H H N
R
拆分. L-RaMe2 : R = 2,6-Me2C6H3
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图式 14 平行动力学拆分
Scheme 14 Parallel Kinetic Resolution
O O N3
TMSN3 (1.0 equiv.) H
Ar N [10b] (15 mol%) Ar NH R
H + 图式 16 镧/钇共催化的氮杂环丙烷平行动力学拆分
1,2-ClCH2CH2Cl, r.t. HN Ar
R
R Scheme 16 La/Y-cocatalyzed PKR of aziridines
N3 O
Ar = p-O2NC6H4 6 examples 6 examples
R = alkyl 15% ~ 42% yield 39% ~ 51% yield 2H-氮杂丙烯啶是合成氮杂环丙烷的重要前体, 通
95%≥ 99% ee 90% ~ 99% ee
过亲核试剂对 2H-氮杂丙烯啶的不对称加成可以合成各
O N3
O TMSN3 (1.0 equiv.) H 种类型的手性氮杂环丙烷化合物. 2016 年, Feng 课题
[10b] (15 mol%)
Ar N
Ar
H
NH Me 组[29]报道了利用 Sc 催化的 2H-氮杂丙烯啶不对称加成
1,2-ClCH2CH2Cl, r.t., 2 d + HN Ar
Me 动力学拆分获得手性氮杂环丙烷和手性 2H-氮杂丙烯啶
Me N3 O
R 97% ee 74% yield > 99% ee 0% 的例子(Scheme 17). 该课题组以吲哚酮作为亲核试剂.
以 Sc(OTf)3/L-RaPr2 配合物为手性催化剂, 可以取得优
O O N3
TMSN3 (1.0 equiv.) H 异的拆分结果, 拆分系数 s 最高达 790. 与之前文献报道
[10b] (15 mol%) Ar NH Me
Ar N H 不同的是, 亲核反应发生在吲哚酮亲核性较弱的 1 位氮
+
1,2-ClCH2CH2Cl, r.t., 2 d HN Ar
Me
Me 原子而不是 3 位碳原子, 该反应体系对底物官能团容忍
N3 O
S 97% ee 0% 88% yield 性较高, 不管 R1 是芳基还是烷基, 都能给出优秀的结
OMe 96% ee
O 果; 同时, R2 基团芳环上的吸电子基和供电基都不影响
N
O 效率.
Y
N[Si(Me2H)]2
N O 2016 年. 张锁秦课题组[30]报道了利用吡唑类化合
OMe
物对 2H-氮杂丙烯啶的不对称加成, 从而实现 2H-氮杂
10b
丙烯啶动力学拆分的例子(Scheme 18). 该课题组利用
图式 15 钇催化的氮杂环丙烷的平行动力学拆分 手性磷酸作为催化剂. 以 3 位取代基为 4-溴苯基的吡唑
Scheme 15 Y-catalyzed PKR of aziridines 酸乙酯为亲核试剂, 可选择性对(S)-2H-氮杂丙烯啶羧酸
2014 年 Shibasaki 课题组[28]报道了以丙二酸酯类化 酯加成, 从而实现 2H-氮杂丙烯啶的动力学拆分, 得到
合物为亲核试剂实现氮杂环丙烷平行动力学拆分的例 高对映选择性的产物和原料. 拆分系数 s 最高可达到
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有机化学 综述与进展
Me Me Sc(OTf)3/L-RaPr2
物有较好的拆分效果, 特别是取代基为对甲氧基苯基
N
O
(1:1.2, 5 mol%) 时, 可得到 92% ee 的产物并回收 80% ee 的原料, 拆分
+
R1 R2 toluene/Et2O, 35 oC
1
N
H
系数 s 可达 59. 然而, 当 2 位取代基为烷基时, 拆分效
R = Ar, Me, Bn
R2 = Ar
H 果很差, 拆分系数 s 小于 10; 同时, 对于四氢喹啉类化
N
N
R2 合物, 拆分结果同样不好.
+ R1
R1 R2 N
O
20 examples
19%-55% yield Me Me
78%≥99% ee
20 examples
s 3 ~ 790 30% ~ 67% yield
25% ~ 99% ee
ON N O
N O O N
R
H H R
L-RaPr2 : R = 2,6-iPr2C6H3
R1 R2
1 2
4a, R = R = 1-naphthyl
1051.
1.3 取代反应动力学拆分
不对称烯丙基取代反应是通过碳-碳和碳-杂原子
成键从而构建手性中心的强有力方法. 目前, 将不对称
图式 20 钯催化烯丙基胺的烯丙基烷基化动力学拆分
烯丙基取代应用于胺类化合物的拆分也有了报道. 2009
Scheme 20 Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation KR of
年, 侯雪龙课题组 [31] 报道了利用钯催化的不对称烯丙 primary allylic amines
基取代反应实现二氢吲哚类化合物动力学拆分的例子
2009 年, 田仕凯课题组[34]报道了硫醇作为亲核试
(Scheme 19). 该反应利用手性 P,N 类配体, 以烯丙基
剂与 N-苄基磺胺类化合物的偶联反应(Scheme 21). 2012
Boc 酯为亲电试剂, 在室温条件下即可实现二氢吲哚类
年, 该课题组[35]利用手性磷酸实现了硫醇对 N-(3-吲哚
化合物的动力学拆分. 该反应体系对 2-芳基二氢吲哚底
基)(苯基)甲基磺胺类化合物的不对称亲核取代动力学
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Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry REVIEW
R2 CO2Me R2 CO2Me R2
CO2Me
NH2 CuI (5 mol %)
L4 (6 mol %) NH2 NH
+
I Cs2CO3 ( 1.0 equiv.) I
1,4-dioxane, r.t
R1 R1 R1
R1 = H, Me, Cl 7 examples 7 examples
R2 = alkyl, Ar 46% ~ 51% yield 45% ~ 50% yield
85% ~ 90% ee 80% ~ 97% ee
s 28 ~ 245
CF3
CF3
OH OH
OH OH
CF3
CF3
L5 L4
择性的具有季碳手性中心的二氢吲哚类产物, 拆分选择
系数 s 最高可达 91.3. 该课题组将底物扩展到 2-氨基
2f NO2
-4-(2-碘代芳基)丁酸酯类化合物时, 同样得到了很好的
图式 23 手性磷酰胺催化的立体消融动力学拆分
拆分结果. 四氢喹啉类产物对映选择性最高可达 97%,
Scheme 23 Chiral phosphoric amide-catalyzed stereoablative
拆分系数 s 最高可达 245. KR
1.5 其它反应的动力学拆分 现, 并可获得 67% ee 的手性苄胺原料.
2008 年, Enders 课题组[37]报道了手性磷酰胺催化的 2009 年, Hultzsch 课题组[38]报道了稀土金属催化的
苄胺的立体化学消融动力学拆分(Scheme 23). 该反应 γ-氨基-γ-取代烯烃化合物的氢胺化动力学拆分(Scheme
只有当 R 基团为 3-丙烯酸甲酯基时动力学拆分才能实 24). 该反应使用手性双酚和联萘酚作为配体, 通过 γ-氨
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 575~588 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 583
有机化学 综述与进展
H
N Ph
Ph
1-Y (1 ~ 2 mol%) NH2
NH2 +
[D6]benzene Ph
trans 53% conv.
22 oC (+ cis) 34% ee
53% conv.
trans/cis 1:1.3
s = 2.5
图式 24 稀土金属催化的烯胺化合物不对称氢胺化动力学拆
分
Scheme 24 Ln-catalyzed asymmetric hydroamination KR of 图式 26 有机小分子催化的氧杂吖丙啶动力学拆分
aminoalkenes Scheme 26 Organocatalyzed KR of oxaziridines
2008 年游书力课题组[39]报道了手性 NHC 催化的 β (Scheme 27). 该课题组利用甲亚胺亚胺和共轭烯醛的
内酰胺的扩环动力学拆分的例子(Scheme 25). 该小组 不对称环化, 以最高 93%的对映选择性回收了原料, 并
利用 β 内酰胺的扩环反应实现了 cis-4-甲酰基-β 内酰胺 获得了 ee 大于 93%的产物, 拆分系数 s 最高达 339.
的高效动力学拆分, 回收的 cis-4-甲酰基-β-内酰胺对映
选择性最高可达到 99%, 但是该反应的产物对映选择性 2 N 不参与反应的化学动力学拆分
很低. 胺类化合物(一级或二级胺)氮原子的强亲核性和强
2013 年冯小明课题组[40]报道了通过有机小分子催 配位性通常导致动力学拆分反应效果不佳. 于是. 通过
化的不对称氧化胺化实现氧杂吖丙啶类化合物的动力 氮原子不参与不对称催化反应的方法来实现高效动力
学拆分的例子(Scheme 26). 该课题组利用吖内酯底物 学拆分成为化学家们研究的另一种策略. 氮原子不参与
的多位点反应性, 通过吖内酯的不对称氧化胺化成功实 不对称催化反应, 不仅能避免胺类化合物自身固有缺
现了氧杂吖丙啶类化合物物的动力学拆分, 回收高对映 点, 而且还可以在底物结构中引入另一个手性中心, 使
选择性的光学氧杂吖丙啶原料的同时, 得到中等到良好 得拆分产物有更多潜在应用前景. 目前, 氮原子不参与
对映选择性的 4-恶唑烷酮产物. 的化学动力学拆分也得到了一些研究和发展.
2014 年池永贵课题组[41]报道了通过 NHC 催化的不
2.1 非酶催化的氧化还原反应
对称[3+4]环化反应, 实现了甲亚胺亚胺动力学拆分
手性氨基酸是生物体的组成部分, 同时也是重要的
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Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry REVIEW
D= N BF4
N
N
Mes
图式 27 手性 NHC 催化的甲亚胺亚胺动力学拆分
Scheme 27 Chiral NHC-catalyzed KR of azomethine imines
有机合成原料及中间体, 具有广泛的药理和生理活性.
因此, 合成光学活性的天然和非天然氨基酸一直吸引着
化学家的兴趣. 2008 年, Onomura 课题组[42]报道了氨基 图式 29 铜催化的氨基醛的氧化动力学拆分
醛类化合物及氨基醇类化合物的氧化动力学拆分 Scheme 29 Cu-catalyzed OKR of aminoaldehydes
(Scheme 28). 该课题组以(R,R)-Ph-BOX 作为手性配体,
2.2 N 不参与反应的的不对称加成动力学拆分
实现了 Cu 催化的 N-保护的 1.2-氨基醛和 1.2-氨基醇的
2009 年, Sibi 课题组[44]报道了利用铜催化的选择性
不对称电化学氧化反应, 以较低的产率得到高对映选择
Diels-Alder 环加成反应, 实现吡唑烷酮类化合物的动力
性的氨基酸甲酯, 表明了氨基醛类化合物及氨基醇类化
学拆分(Scheme 30). 该课题组使用手性 BOX 配体, 利
合物的动力学拆分的可行性.
用环戊二烯和不饱和吡唑烷酮酰亚胺的不对称环加成
Bz Bz 反应, 得到了高对映选择性的手性吡唑烷酮类化合物,
N N
对映选择性最高可达到 99%. 该课题组研究表明, 当底
Bz COOMe + R1
N n n 物 R2 基团为芳基类时, 能得到很好的拆分效果.
4 examples
R1 Cu(OTf)2 (10 mol%) 4 examples O
n L (10 mol%) 6% ~ 43% yield 34% ~ 85% yield
70% ~ 87% ee 2% ~ 27% ee Cu(OTf)2 (5.0 mol%)
or N L (5.5 mol%)
-[e] +
H H H N O
N R1 Pt electrodes, r.t. N COOMe + N R1 R1 CH2Cl2, r.t.
Bz Et4NBr (1.0 equiv.) Bz Bz R2 10 equiv.
R2 MeOH R2 R2 R1 = iPr, tBu, Ph
1 4 examples 4 examples R2 = Me, Ph, 1-naphthyl
R = CHO, CH2OH
13% ~ 50% yield 18% ~ 88% yield O O
R2 = Me, iPr 22% ~ 64% ee 0 ~ 18% ee
n = 1, 2
O O N + N
R1 N O 1 N O
N N R
R2 R2
Ph L Ph
5 examples
35% ~ 40% yield
图式 28 铜催化的氨基醇和氨基醛的电化学氧化动力学拆分 86% ~ 98% ee s 8 ~ 35
Scheme 28 Cu-catalyzed electrochemical OKR of aminoal-
O O
cohols and aminoaldehydes
N N
之后, Onomura 课题组[43]继续研究, 发现当使用 N-
碘代琥珀酰亚胺(NIS)作为氧化剂时, 可代替电化学氧 L
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有机化学 综述与进展
CuCl (5 mol%)
L (5 mol%)
R1
N R3 B2pin2 (0.6 equiv.)
MeOK (0.22 equiv.)
R2O O THF, MeOH
0 oC, 30 min ~ 2 h
Bpin 图式 33 钯催化的吡啶酮烯丙基烷基化动力学拆分
R1 R1 Scheme 33 Pd-catalyzed allylic alkylation KR of pyridones
+
N R3 N R3
R2O O R2O O
2.4 N 不参与反应的 C—H 活化动力学拆分
18 examples 18 examples 目前, 钯催化的不对称 C—H 活化已经得到了许多
40% ~ 47% yield 44% ~ 48% yield
98% ~ 99.9% ee 90% ~ 99% ee 研究和发展, 将不对称 C—H 交叉偶联应用于外消旋苄
R1 = CH3, OCH3 PPh2 胺动力学拆分反应, 显得十分有吸引力, 因为这种方法
R2 = alkyl, Ph, Bn L = Cy2P
Fe
R2 = alkyl, Ar CH3 将得到手性苄胺和手性邻芳基苄胺两种具有广泛应用
价值的骨架. 2016 年, Yu 课题组[48]报道了利用不对称
图式 31 铜催化 1,2-二氢喹啉化合物不对称硼化动力学拆分 C—H 官能化实现苄胺类化合物的动力学拆分(Scheme
Scheme 31 Cu-catalyzed borylation KR of 1,2-dihydroquino-
lines
34). 该反应利用氨基酸衍生物 Boc-L-Bn-NHOMe 为手
性配体, 与芳基硼酸酯在 N2 条件下发生偶联反应, 得到
2.3 N 不参与反应的取代反应动力学拆分
了高对映选择性邻芳基苄胺产物的同时回收了高对映
2014 年 Coldham 课题组[46]报道了利用 n-BuLi/(-)- 选择性的苄胺原料. 该反应具有良好的拆分效果, 拆分
sparteine 或 n-BuLi/(+)-sparteine 作为手性碱, 通过不对 系数 s 最高可达 135, 并且对各种取代苄胺和取代芳基
称去质子化实现了 N-Boc-2-芳基哌啶的动力学拆分, 并 硼酸酯都有良好的官能团耐受性.
取得了不错的效果(Scheme 32). 该反应对取代芳香环
上有强吸电子基的底物效果很差, 这可能是由于强酸性
底物锂化困难.
图式 32 手性碱催化的芳基哌啶动力学拆分
Scheme 32 Chiral base-catalyzed KR of arylpiperidines
2014 年侯雪龙课题组[47]利用钯催化不对称烯丙基
烷基化反应, 实现了 2-取代 2,3-二氢-4-吡啶酮类化合物
的动力学拆分(Scheme 33). 该反应以(S)-P-PHOS 作为 图式 34 钯催化的苄胺 C—H 活化动力学拆分
手性配体, 以烯丙基碳酸甲酯作为亲电试剂, 在低温下 Scheme 34 Pd-catalyzed C—H activation KR of benzylamines
586 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 575~588
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry REVIEW
erson, J. B.; Plata, D. J.; Riley, D. A.; Sham, H. L.; Stengel, P J.;
2019 年, 徐森苗课题组 [49] 利用 Ir 催化的不对称
Tien, J. H. Org. Proc. Res. Dev. 2000, 4, 264.
C—H 硼化, 实现了外消旋二芳甲基胺的 C—H 活化动 [5] France, S.; Guerin, D. J.; Miller, S. J.; Lectka, T. Chem. Rev. 2003,
103, 2985.
力学拆分(Scheme 35). 当外消旋二芳甲基胺的两个芳
[6] (a) Vedejs, E.; Jure, M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 3974.
基取代基不同, 在进行 C—H 活化时, 就会出现区域选 (b) Kagan, H. B.; Fiaud, J.-C. Top. Stereochem. 1988, 18, 249.
[7] Keith, J. M.; Larrow, J. F.; Jacobsen, E. N. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2001,
择性. 如果催化剂能够区分两个光学异构体, 即可实现
343, 5.
二芳甲基胺类化合物的动力学拆分. 于是该课题组利用 [8] (a) Arai, S.; Bellemin-Laponnaz, S.; Fu, G. C. Angew. Chem., Int.
Ed. 2001, 40, 234.
手性双齿硼酸配体, 成功实现了芳基取代基不同的二芳
(b) De, C. K.; Klauber, E. G.; Seidel, D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009,
甲基胺类的动力学拆分, 得到对映选择性最高 93%的硼 131, 17060.
(c) Klauber, E. G.; De, C. K.; Shah, T. K.; Seidel, D. J. Am. Chem.
化产物. 然而只能回收对映选择性中等到良好的二芳甲
Soc. 2010, 132, 13624.
基胺原料, 根据苯环取代基的电子性质和位置, 这些反 (d) Mittal, N.; Lippert, K. M.; De, C. K.; Klauber, E. G.; Emge, T.
J.; Schreiner, P. R.; Seidel, D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 5748.
应给出的选择系数 s 值在 9~68 之间.
(e) Birman, V. B.; Jiang, H.; Li, X.; Guo, L.; Uffman, E. W. J. Am.
NMe2 [IrCl(COD)]2 (2.5 mol%) Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 6536.
R1 L (5 mol%) (f) Yang, X.; Bumbu, V. D.; Liu, P.; Li, X.; Jiang, H.; Uffman, E.
W.; Guo, L.; Zhang, W.; Jiang, X.; Houk, K. N.; Birman, V. B. J.
B2pin2 (0.6 equiv.)
Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 17605.
R3 THF, 70 oC, 24 ~ 48 h
(g) Arseniyadis, S.; Valleix, A.; Wagner, A.; Mioskowski, C. Angew.
R2
Chem., Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 3314.
Bpin NMe2 NMe2 (h) Arseniyadis, S.; Subhash, P. V.; Valleix, A.; Mathew, S. P.;
1
R R1 Blackmond, D. G.; Wagner, A.; Mioskowski, C. J. Am. Chem. Soc.
+ 2005, 127, 6138.
3 R3 [9] (a) Birman, V. B.; Jiang, H.; Li, X.; Guo, L.; Uffman, E. W. J. Am.
R
R2 R2 Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 6536.
11 examples 11 examples (b) Yang, X.; Bumbu, V. D.; Liu, P.; Li, X.; Jiang, H.; Uffman, E.
27% ~ 54% conv. 27% ~ 54% conv. W.; Guo, L.; Zhang, W.; Jiang, X.; Houk, K. N.; Birman, V. B. J.
72% ~ 94% ee 28% ~ 88% ee Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 17605.
s 9 ~ 68
Ph Ph (c) Fowler, B. S.; Mikochik, P. J.; Miller, S. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc.
Ar
R1 = Me, OMe, CF3, X 2010, 132, 2870.
N N (d) Bumbu, V. D.; Yang, X.; Birman, V. B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011,
R2 = Me, OMe, CF3, X L= B
R3 = H, Me, Ph, X N 133, 13902.
SiMe2
Ph (e) Bumbu, V. D.; Yang, X.; Birman, V. B. Org. Lett., 2013, 15, 279.
Ar = 3,5-Me2C6H3 [10] For representative reports on OKR, see: (a) Ferreira, E. M.; Stoltz,
B. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 7725.
图式 35 Ir 催化的二芳甲基胺 C—H 硼化动力学拆分 (b) Muller, J. A.; Sigman, M. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 7005.
Scheme 35 Ir-catalyzed C—H borylation KR of diarylmethyl- (c) Nishibayashi, Y.; Yamauchi, A.; Onodera, G.; Uemura, S. J. Org.
amines Chem. 2003, 68, 5875.
(d) Radosevich, A. T.; Musich, C.; Toste, F. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc.
2005, 127, 1090.
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虽然近年来胺的动力学拆分的研究有了新的发展, (f) Chen, T.; Jiang, J.-J.; Xu, Q.; Shi, M. Org. Lett. 2007, 9, 865.
但相较于醇的动力学拆分, 就以下几方面仍然有待进一 (g) Arita, S.; Koike, T.; Kayaki, Y.; Ikariya, T. Angew. Chem., Int.
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步发展. (1)拓展更多的氮参与反应的胺的不对称催化动 (h) Tomizawa, M.; Shibuya, M.; Iwabuchi, Y. Org. Lett. 2009, 11,
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不参与反应的不对称反应的动力学拆分方法, 不但能实 12937.
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有机化学 综述与进展
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有机化学 DOI: 10.6023/cjoc201909032 综述与进展
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry REVIEW
Abstract The C—N bond is widely found in medicinal molecules, natural products and functional materials. Therefore, it
has great significance to develop simple and efficient methods for the construction of C—N bond. Recently, remarkable pro-
gress has been made in construction of C—N bond involving C(sp2)—H bond through transition-metal-free radical reactions.
Due to the relatively mild reaction condition and high reactivity, it provides a novel approach to construct C—N bond. In this
review, the recent developments in this area are summarized on the basis of different nitrogen sources.
Keywords C—N bond; C(sp2)—H bond; transition-metal-free; radical
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 589~597 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 589
有机化学 综述与进展
2018 年, 何延红、官智等[22]首次报道了光催化下贫
电子烯烃与唑的氧化偶联反应(Eq. 2). 该方法以玫瑰红
作为有机光催化剂, 反应条件温和, 原料廉价易得. 当
在标准反应条件下添加 2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚(BHT)
或四甲基哌啶氮氧化物(TEMPO)作为自由基捕获剂时,
通过高分辨质谱检测到了唑自由基与上述两种捕获剂
图式 1 烯酰胺与三甲基硅叠氮的叠氮化/芳基化反应机理
偶联的中间体, 从而证实了唑自由基的存在.
Scheme 1 Proposed mechanism for the azidoarylation of ary-
lacrylamides with TMSN3
2 叠氮参与反应
叠氮化合物参与的有机化学反应引起了化学家的 2014 年, Nevado 课题组[29]发现 N-磺酰基烯酰胺在
590 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 589~597
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry REVIEW
菲咯啉的促进下能发生芳基化/叠氮化反应(Eq. 5), 该反
R PhI(OAc)2 (2 equiv.) Het
应经过自由基加成、1,4-芳基迁移及去磺酰化的过程, TFA (1.2 equiv.) N3
+ Het + TMSN3 (7)
以中等收率高区域选择性得到系列 α-芳基-β-叠氮基酰 HOAc/DCM, 0 oC R
胺. 该特殊反应路径实现的关键在于烯酰胺的特定结
构: 氮原子上同时被磺酰基和芳基取代. Cl
SiMe3 SiMe3 N3
N N Cl N
N3 N3
82% 71% 50%
作为亲核试剂以叠氮负离子形式实现烯烃的叠氮化. 可
能反应机理如 Scheme 2: 在氧化剂醋酸碘苯作用下, 由
N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺产生氧中心自由基, 该自由基与
烯烃通过自由基加成反应得到烷基自由基中间体 C, 随
后进一步被醋酸碘苯氧化成碳正离子中间体 D, 最后叠
2016 年, 施敏课题组[30]报道了 1,7-二烯的卤代/环
氮负离子与碳正离子中间体 D 反应得到目标产物.
化和卤代/叠氮化串联反应合成 3,1-苯并噁嗪衍生物(Eq.
6), 该方法以三甲基硅叠氮作为叠氮源、N-溴代琥珀酰 O
R3
亚胺作为溴源, 同时在一个分子中构建一个 C—N 键、 O PhI(OAc)2
R2 N
(2 equiv.) O
一个 C—O 键和两个 C—Br 键. + TMSN3 + N OH N3 O (8)
DCE, r.t.
R2 R3
O O
2 2 R1
R R
HN PhI(OAc)2 (1 equiv.)
R4 + TMSN3 + NBS O
R1
R1 3
DCE, 60 oC
R O
O
2
R N3 O N
R2 N
N O
R1 Br O O
(6) N3 O
O N3 N3 O
3
R
Ph
N Ph O2N
4 70% 91% 70%, d.r. = 2:1
Br R
Ph Br Br Ph Br
O O O
N N3 N N3 N N3
Br Br Br
78%, d.r. = 1:1.4 82%, d.r. = 1:1.2 57%, d.r. = 1:1.4
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 589~597 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 591
有机化学 综述与进展
题组[36]报道了一种 1,6-烯炔类化合物温和条件下卤化/
(1) Acr+MesClO4- (3 mol%)
Toluene (0.05 mol/L) N3 3
叠氮化策略(Eq. 12). 该方法具有较高的区域选择性, 叠
R3 Blue LEDs, r.t. R
R1
R1 氮自由基在该体系下高选择性与 1,6-烯炔的碳碳双键发
4 + TMSN3 + air 2 R4 (9)
R (2) PPh3 (1.2 equiv.) R
OH 生自由基加成反应, 随后经分子内自由基环化得到关键
R2 HCl (2 equiv.)
MeCN, r.t. 的烯基自由基中间体, 该烯基自由基中间体随即与卤素
N3 N3
OH OH N3 自由基经偶联反应得到最终产物.
OH N3
OH
Ph
X
OH R1 N Me PhI(OAc)2 (2 equiv.) Me (12)
+ TMSN3 + NXS
F 86% Ph DCE, r.t.
92% 93% 54% O N
R1 N3
F O
Ph Cl Cl X = Cl, Br, I
随后, 在陆展等[33]的研究基础上, 魏伟、岳会兰、 N N
杨道山等 [34] 进一步开发了绿色高效的可见光促进下烯 O Me O Me
烃的叠氮化/氧化策略制备 α-叠氮酮衍生物(Eq. 10). 在 N3 N3
70%, Z/ E = 9:1 62%, Z/ E = 9:1
廉价易得的玫瑰红和二苯基二硒醚的共同催化下, 该反
Ph Ph
应在常温下空气中就能进行. 条件优化表明溶剂对反应 N Br N I
2018 年, 朱晨课题组[35]发展了远端杂芳基迁移导
向的烯烃叠氮化/杂芳基化方法(Eq. 11). 反应以醋酸碘
苯作为氧化剂, 在室温下能以中等至良好的收率得到系
列杂芳基取代的烷基叠氮衍生物. 此外, 制备的杂芳基
取代的烷基叠氮衍生物能高效转化为哌啶、β-哌啶酸和
三唑衍生物, 证明了该策略的实用性.
3 亚硝酸叔丁酯参与反应
OH HetAr
R PhI(OAc)2 (1.8 equiv.) 近年来亚硝酸叔丁酯作为新型自由基硝化试剂得
+ TMSN3 R (11)
MeCN, r.t. 到了广泛的应用与发展, 其能避免传统亲核及亲电取代
HetAr
O N3 中 NO- +
2 和 NO 2 的使用, 使得制备过程更加简洁和通
[38,39]
用 . 2013 年, Maiti 等[40]实现了烯烃与亚硝酸叔丁酯
的直接硝化反应(Eq. 14). 该反应无需金属催化剂, 在
N S N S S N
TEMPO 的促进下高选择性(E 构型)得到硝化烯烃衍生
物. 控制实验表明, 空气在该反应中具有重要作用, 当
O N3 O N3 O N3
61% 88% 83% 反应在氮气氛围下进行时, 只能以 5%的收率得到目标
产物. 作者进一步指出, 空气的作用在于将亚硝酸叔丁
2018 年, 同样借助醋酸碘苯作为氧化剂, 魏文廷课 酯产生的亚硝基自由基氧化为硝基自由基.
592 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 589~597
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry REVIEW
Path I:
t-BuO NO2
O2 (trace)
t-BuONO NO NO2 Ph
H2O N O
E
Ph
N O
NO2 NO2
HNO2 NO2 H
O O
[41] N N
随后, Maiti 等 进一步报道了 α,β-不饱和羧酸与亚
硝 酸 叔 丁 酯 的 脱 羧 / 硝 化 反 应 (Eq. 15). 同 样 使 用 F
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 589~597 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 593
有机化学 综述与进展
腙自由基作为一种迷人而重要的氮中心自由基, 可
以很容易的从最常见的腙中引发, 但尚未得到有机合成
化学家们应有重视, 具有极大地开发潜力[46,47]. 2013 年,
韩丙课题组 [48] 发展了腙自由基促进的烯烃双官能团化
反应合成吡唑啉的新方法(Eq. 20). 反应中 TEMPO 一方
面作为自由基引发剂诱导腙自由基对碳碳双键的加成
反应, 另一方面作为碳自由基捕获剂而发生自由基偶联
反应.
Ar2 N
NH PhI(OAc)2 (2 equiv.) O
N + (20)
N
Toluene, 100 oC Ar2
1
Ar O N
N
Ar1
N Ph O N N 5 酰胺参与反应
O
N N F3C O
酰胺被广泛应用于药物化学、材料科学等领域, 对
Ph
N N 其结构的构建修饰一直是有机化学的研究热点 [51] . 酰
N N
Ph Ph
胺参与自由基反应一般有两种方式, 一种是作为亲核试
99% NC 89%
92%
594 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 589~597
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry REVIEW
R4 R4 剂, 高区域选择性的实现喹啉、吡啶及吡咯衍生物的
(t BuO)2 R4
NH O N
N N N C(2)位胺化反应, 具有广泛的官能团兼容性和较高的收
N
R5 率. 当在反应体系中加入常用的自由基捕获剂 TEMPO
R5 R5
OH
J 或 BHT 时, 目标产物收率急剧下降, 表明该反应涉及氮
R1 3 自由基过程.
R
N O R1 R4 6 其它氮源参与反应
R 2 R3 N N
无过渡金属体系反应符合绿色化学发展的方向, 故
R5
N O 而有机合成化学家期望开发出更多的氮源, 高效地实现
R2 K C(sp2)—H 键的自由基反应构建 C—N 键. 2013 年,
R1 R4 R1 R4 Minakata 等[54]实现了碘/碘化铵催化下苯乙烯衍生物与
R3 N N t R3 N N
R5 ( BuO)2 R5 亚氨基碘的氮杂环丙烷化反应(Eq. 25). 该反应在室温
N O N O 下进行, 只需反应 3 h.
R2 L R2
图式 4 腙基自由基引发的串联反应的可能机理
Scheme 4 Proposed mechanism for the hydrazonyl radi-
cal-participated tandem reaction
MeHN N Ph O
N
Me O O
65% 56%
2017 年, 孙凯等[53]发展了高价碘介导的杂芳烃氧
化自由基胺化策略(Eq. 24). 该反应无需任何金属催化
2019 年, 王瑶课题组[56]报道了琥珀酰亚胺促进的
烯烃、胺及碘叶立德三组分的丙二酰化/胺化反应(Eq.
27). 采用琥珀酰亚胺作为质子传递物, 不仅可以加快
烯烃捕获瞬态产生的高度不稳定自由基阳离子对的过
程, 而且还可以显著提高目标产物收率.
2014 年, 姜波、屠树江等[57]高选择性地实现了吲哚
与芳基磺酰肼的磺化/重氮化反应(Eq. 28). 反应在“四丁
基碘化铵-过氧化叔丁醇”的体系下进行, 无需使用金属
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 589~597 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 595
有机化学 综述与进展
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Liang, Y.-M. J. Org. Chem. 2015, 80, 290. Y.-N.; Meng, X.-X.; Chen, G.-P.; Li, Q. ACS Sustainable Chem.
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有机化学 DOI: 10.6023/cjoc201909030 综述与进展
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry REVIEW
可见光诱导烷基羧酸及其衍生物的脱羧偶联反应研究进展
摘要 烷基羧酸广泛存在于自然界之中, 科研工作者一直致力于开发以来源丰富的烷基羧酸及其衍生物作为起始原料
的反应. 烷基羧酸及其衍生物在可见光氧化还原作用下可以高效地生成烷基自由基, 从而在温和条件下用于构筑各类
化学键. 以可见光催化烷基羧酸及其衍生物的脱羧自由基反应类型为线索, 系统地综述了近年来在可见光条件下烷基
羧酸及其衍生物的脱羧官能团化反应研究进展.
关键词 可见光催化; 脱羧反应; 烷基自由基
Abstract Alkyl carboxylic acids are among the most ubiquitous organic molecules found in nature. The reactions using
abundant carboxylic acid and its derivatives as starting materials deserve widespread attention over the world. They are often
easy to generate alkyl radical by photoredox catalysis under mild conditions for building various chemical bonds in organic
chemistry. Based on the reaction modes, decarboxylation of alkylcarboxylic acids and their derivatives, the recent progress in
decarboxylation of alkylcarboxylic acids and their derivatives under visible light is reviewed.
Keywords photocatalysis; decarboxylative; alkyl radical
598 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 598~613
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry REVIEW
物 4. 值得注意的是, 利用这种新型的脱羧加成策略可以
简单地通过三步法合成药物分子 pregabalin. Nishibayashi
课题组 [11] 在可见光条件下以对位氨基取代的苯乙酸作
为苄基化试剂, 实现了苄基自由基对缺电子烯烃的加成
反应. Ruepling 课题组[12]研究了氨基酸在可见光作用下
形成的一级及二级氨甲基自由基与不饱和羰基化合物
的加成反应. Gonzalez-Gomez 及 Koike 等[13,14]研究了可
图式 1 烷基羧酸及其衍生物脱羧过程 见光非金属吖啶盐类催化剂的脱羧反应体系. 近来,
Scheme 1 Decarboxylative of alkyl carboxylic acids and their MacMillan 课题组[15]将此可见光促进的脱羧自由基反应
derivatives 策略运用于蛋白质的选择性位点修饰, 成功地实现了胰
1 烯烃及炔烃加成反应 岛素蛋白质的选择性修饰, 提供了一种全新的生物共轭
加成方法, 将促进蛋白质修饰领域的快速发展. Flanagan
烷基羧酸及其衍生物在可见光条件下能够高效地 等[16]开发了 DNA 标记的自由基受体与 α-氨基酸的自由
形成烷基自由基, 通过自由基对不饱和键的加成反应构 基加成反应体系. 而 α-酮酸经历脱羧基及脱羰基过程,
筑各类化学键是自由基化学经典的反应过程. 烷基自由 亦能高效形成烷基自由基, 并与烯烃发生加成反 应[17].
基对烯烃/炔烃的加成反应可能形成烷基化、烯基化、炔 烷基羧酸作为自由基前驱体与含有杂原子烯烃化
基化与双官能团化产物四种类型产物. 合物加成, 能够制备各类具有高附加值的有机化合物.
1.1 自由基烷基化 α-三氟甲基炔烃常用来合成各类有机氟化物, 周磊等[18]
可见光促进的烷基羧酸及 α-氨基酸的脱羧自由基 报道了可见光诱导的 α-氨基酸与 α-三氟甲基炔烃 6 的脱
加成反应近年来受到了广泛关注, MacMillan 课题组[10] 羧/脱氟反应(Scheme 3), 在温和反应条件下高效地合成
报道了可见光促进的烷基羧酸与缺电子烯烃的 Michael 了一系列偕二氟类化合物 7 和 8, 并且这些化合物能够
加成反应(Scheme 2). 在可见光的照射下铱催化剂进入 进一步转化为具有高附加值的二氟甲基化合物或单氟
到激发态, 而激发态的铱催化剂具有强氧化能力, 其单 杂环化合物, 该反应具有良好的底物普适性, 多种 α-酮
电子氧化环己羧酸并脱除二氧化碳得到环己基自由基, 酸和 α-氨基酸均能以中等到良好的收率获得偕二氟类
环己基自由基与缺电子烯烃 3 加成构建新的碳-碳键形 化合物. 硼酸及其衍生物在有机合成、高分子材料及医
成自由基物种 5, 随后经过单电子还原得到 1,4-加成产 药行业都有十分重要的作用, Aggarwal 课题组[19]报道了
CO2H O 可见光条件下 α-氨基羧酸与烯基硼酸酯 9 的脱羧自由基
1 mol%
O Ir[dF(CF3)ppy]2(dtbbpy)+ OEt 加成反应, 高效地制备一系列 γ-氨基硼酸酯化合物 10
+ (Eq. 1). 他们通过氘代标记实验和密度泛函(DFT)理论
OEt K2HPO4, DMF, r.t.
3 26 W CFL 4
1a 计算认为, 该反应涉及 α-硼自由基的单电子还原过程,
O 由于烷基硼酸酯可以发生一系列后续官能团化, 这种高
OEt 效合成烷基硼酸酯方法对药物的开发具有重要的价值.
CO2H 3
Michael acceptor α-芳基烯基膦酸酯表现出良好的生物学活性, 李燕等[20]
1a
研究了可见光条件下烷基羧酸与 α-芳基烯基膦酸酯 11 的
SET Giese 反应, 简单高效地制备了 α-芳基烷基膦酸酯化合物
IrII
O
12 (Eq. 2), 反应具有良好的官能团容忍性和底物普适性,
reductant
*IrIII 还可以用于制备 α-芳基取代的膦胺霉素类似物.
oxidant Photoredox OEt
Catalytic visible
5 light O R1
Cycle BocHN NHBoc Ir(III)
SET O
R4 R1 COOH R3
O 3 R4 COOH CF3
R R2
R2 - CO2, HF - CO2, HF
h OEt R3 R2 F
IrIII F F
6
photoredox catalyst 4 F
8 Ir(II) 7
IrIII[dF(CF3)ppy]2(dtbbpy)+ 1,4-addition product
图式 3 可见光催化脱羧/脱氟反应
图式 2 脱羧共轭加成反应 Scheme 3 Photocatalytic decarboxylative/defluorinative reac-
Scheme 2 Decarboxylative conjugate addition tion
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 598~613 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 599
有机化学 综述与进展
图式 5 Aplyviolene 的全合成
图式 4 手性共轭加成 Scheme 5 Total synthesis of aplyviolene
Scheme 4 Conjugate addition-enantioselective
2016 年, König 课题组[26]报道了由来源丰富的氨基
烷基羧酸的酯化产物烷基 N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺
酸及脂肪酸通过简单的酯化反应制备一系列烷基 N-羟
酯的脱羧烷基化反应近来受到了人们的关注, 早在
基邻苯二甲酰亚胺酯, 其在有机染料光催化剂曙红的作
1991 年, Okada 等[22]报道了在可见光作用下烷基 N-羟基
用下高效地形成烷基自由基, 随后与缺电子烯烃 22 发
邻苯二甲酰亚胺酯 2 与缺电子烯烃 16 的 Michael 加成反
生加成反应(Eq. 4). 该反应体系展现出良好的底物普适
应(Eq. 3). 烷基 N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺酯在可见光催化
性, 适用于 α-氨基酸和 α-酮酸及(一级、二级及三级)脂
剂[Ru(bpy)3]Cl2 及氢给体 1-苄基-1,4-二氢烟酰胺(BNAH)
肪酸, 但是对于自然界中广泛存在的长链脂肪酸衍生
的作用下, 通过单电子转移过程脱去二氧化碳形成烷基
物, 产率都相对偏低. 付华课题组[27]使用廉价易得的苯
自由基, 随后与缺电子烯烃加成得到主产物 17. 由此可
硫酚类化合物作为光催化剂, 实现了烷基 N-羟基邻苯
见, 烷基 N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺酯可以作为良好的烷
二甲酰亚胺酯与缺电子烯烃 24 的脱羧自由基加成反应
基自由基前驱体. 然而直到近年来可见光促进的脱羧自
(Eq. 5), 其中 4-三氟甲基苯硫酚表现出最佳的光催化性
600 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 598~613
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry REVIEW
能. 利用丰富的苯硫酚类化合物作可见光催化剂能够有 于各种天然产物和医药分子的合成.
效地降低反应成本, 值得注意的是, 该反应体系同样适 1,2-二取代的烯烃化合物是一类重要的有机合成
用于烷基 N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺酯自身脱羧胺化, 及 子, 吴杰课题组 [29] 报道了可见光催化剂高氯吖啶盐与
其与异氰联苯的环化反应. 钴催化剂的协同催化体系下烷基羧酸的 Heck 型交叉偶
联反应(Scheme 7), 通过控制实验和 DFT 理论计算, 他
们认为反应涉及自由基历程, 而通过钴与可见光结合的
协同作用避免了额外氧化剂的使用, 只产生氢气和二氧
化碳副产物, 提升了反应的清洁性. 该反应高效地制备
了一系列烯基硅烷、烯基硼酸酯及三组分偶联烯基化合
物, 有利于开发更多具有高附加值的二取代烯基化产物
及药物分子后期的功能化修饰. 那日松等 [30] 研究了可
见光和过渡金属钯协同催化的烷基羧酸与苯乙烯类化
合物的 Heck 偶联反应, 作者认为反应经历铱催化剂的
能量转移和电子转移及钯催化 β-H 消除和插入等过程,
高效地制备了一系列具有专一 Z-选择性的 β-烷基化苯
乙烯衍生物, 然而一级脂肪酸和 α-氧烷基羧酸则不能适
用于该催化体系. MacMillan 课题组[31]研究了可见光和
镍协同催化烷基羧酸与非活化炔烃的脱羧氢烷基化反
应, 制备了各类功能化烯烃化合物.
1.2 自由基烯基化
与简单烯烃的烯基化反应是有机化学重要的反应
之一, 其中 Heck 反应已经成为有机合成中的基本反应.
近来自由基与烯烃的直接加成制备烯基化产物受到了
关注, 相比传统 Heck 烯基化反应, 该反应是通过自由
基对烯烃加成后继续氧化得到烯基化产物. MacMillan
课题组[28]报道了可见光条件下 α-氨基酸与烯基砜化合
物 26 的脱羧烯基化反应, 合成了一系列烯丙胺化合物
27 (Scheme 6). 在可见光氧化还原体系下 α-氨基酸经历
脱羧过程形成了 α-氨甲基自由基, 其与烯基砜加成释放 图式 7 烷基羧酸的 Heck 型脱羧偶联
出芳基砜自由基并且得到烯基化产物, 而释放的芳基砜 Scheme 7 Decarboxylative Heck-type coupling of aliphatic
carboxylic acids
自由基氧化 Ir(II)至 Ir(III), 从而实现整个可见光催化循
环. 这种具有优异几何构型的反应体系被成功地应用 烷基 N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺酯作为烷基自由基前
驱体的脱羧烯基化反应也受到了关注(Scheme 8), 段新
R2
CO2H SO2Ph
0.5 mol% [Ir(ppy)2(dtbbpy)]PF6 华等[32]报道了在可见光条件下 N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺
R1 +
X
CsHCO3, 1,4-dioxane 酯与不饱和烯基羧酸 32 经历双脱羧过程的偶联反应,
R2 50 °C, 26 W CFL light R1 X
27
反应以 fac-Ir(ppy)3 作可见光催化剂, 添加剂 Mg(ClO4)2
1d 26
X = NHBoc, NHCbz 能够显著提高反应的收率. 通过自由基捕获和自由基钟
26 实验, 他们认为反应体系可能涉及烷基自由基过程, 该
CO2, H+
1 R1 R1 反应具有良好的底物普适性, 适用于一级、二级和三级
R CO2H
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 598~613 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 601
有机化学 综述与进展
O O Ar fac-Ir(ppy)3 (1 mol%)
R Mg(ClO4) (2 equiv.)
R
+
O N Ar
NMP, r.t.
COOH visible light
2 O 32 33
O O 图式 9 脱羧炔基化/羰基炔基化反应
Ar Ru(bpy)3Cl2 6H2O (1 mol%)
R
DABACO (50 mol%) R Scheme 9 Decarboxylative alkynylation/carbonylative alkynyl-
O N + Ar
DMA, r.t., 12 h ation
COOH 36 W blue, LED
O 33
2 32 陈以昀等[40]研究了可见光促进的烷基 N-羟基邻苯
O O Pd(PPh3)2Cl2 (5 mol%)
R 二甲酰亚胺酯与炔基苯基砜 45 的还原交叉偶联反应
R (Ar)H Xantphos (6 mol%) (Ar)H (Eq. 6). 在有机溶剂或中性水溶液条件下可以高效地制
O N + K2CO3, H2O (1 equiv.)
Ar Ar
DMA, r.t.
备烷基、芳基及硅基取代的炔烃化合物 46, 值得注意的
2 O 34 36 W Blue LEDs 35 是该反应体系兼容各种官能团及生物分子, 并且对蛋白
R 酶的活性没有任何影响.
O O
R' Pd(PPh3)4 (5 mol%) R'
R
+
O N Ar THF (0.1 mol/L) Ar
r.t., 24 h
2 O 36 blue LEDs 37
H O
O O
O Ir(ppy)3 R
R
O N +
3 W white LEDs 1.4 双官能团化
DMSO, r.t.
O O
O
CF3COOH 通过烯烃“一步”反应同时引入两个双官能团, 是
2 38 39
有机反应中一种非常理想的合成策略. Glorius 课题组[41]
O O Ir(ppy)3 (1 mol%) 报道了可见光促进的 N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺酯、苯乙烯
R Ar
DIPEA/DMA (V: V = 1.5:1)
O N + 类化合物 47 与水或醇的多组分偶联反应, 通过烯烃的
r.t., 18 h, 36 W blue LEDs Ar R
直接双官能团化高效地制备了一系列复杂的醇或醚化
2 O 40 41
合物 48. 水或醇与 N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺酯通过氢键
图式 8 烷基 N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺酯脱羧烯基化反应 作用形成络合物 49, 在可见光氧化下还原体系 49 得到
Scheme 8 Decarboxylative coupling of N-(acyloxy)phthalimide 一个电子形成物种 50, 而中间体 50 经历 N—O 键断裂
1.3 自由基炔基化 及脱羧形成烷基自由基, 随后烷基自由基与烯烃加成形
炔烃是有机合成中一类非常重要的化合物, 通过化 成新的烷基自由基中间体 51, 再失去一个电子得到碳
学选择性 C(sp3)—C(sp)键偶联反应能够高效地构建炔 正离子 52, 最后在亲核试剂作用下生成目标化合物 48.
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直接官能团化是目前构建功能化有机胺化合物强有力
的合成手段, 2018 年, 李金恒课题组[43]报道了可见光催
化与路易斯酸协同作用下烷基 N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺
酯、烯烃 56 与胺 57 的三组分 1,2-烷基胺化反应(Eq. 8).
在反应体系中 N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺酯为烷基自由基
源, 胺为末端亲核试剂, 通过碳-碳键和碳-氮键的高效
构建制备了一系列官能团化的二级与三级胺化合物 58.
该反应体系具有良好的底物普适性, 适用于各类苯乙
烯、烷基 N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺酯及胺化合物, 提供了
一条高效制备具有高附加值胺类衍生物的合成路线.
O
Ru(bpy)3Cl2 (1 mol%)
R2 R3 R4
O N B(C6F5)3 (10 mol%)
+ + H N
R blue light, DMSO
O O R1 R5
56 57 Ar, r.t., 24 h
2 R5 R
N (8)
R4 R3
R1 R2
58
胺类化合物在有机合成中是一类非常重要的化合
物, 不仅能够作为有机合成子, 其本身还具有独特的生
物学活性, 从而被广泛地应用于医药领域. 胺与烯烃的
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 598~613 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 603
有机化学 综述与进展
63
O O
N O
O
2a O O O
N + N
IrIII* O O
CO2 O
h
IrIV
Ir(ppy)3 59a 图式 12 功能化环丙烷化合物的合成
LCu[II] Scheme 12 Synthesis of functionalized cyclopropanes
TMSCN
脱羧自由基环化反应可以简单高效地构建各类杂
LCu[I] 环化合物, Jamison 等[50]开发了一种简单高效制备吡咯
NC X
Cu(III)L 并[1,2-α]喹喔啉衍生物 72 及含有喹喔啉骨架或类似物
64
NC 的方法. 反应过程中烷基羧酸与 PhI(OAc)2 发生配体复
65 分解形成 PhI(OCOR)2, 其在可见光氧化还原体系形成
63a 烷基自由基, 随后发生自由基加成形成亚胺中间体自由
基 71. 孙培培等[51]报道了烷基羧酸与芳基丙烯酰胺衍
图式 11 苯乙烯的手性自由基氰烷基化反应
Scheme 11 Enantioselective radical cyanoalkylation of styrenes 生物 73 的脱羧烷基化串联腈基插入/环化反应. 烷基羧
酸在有机染料催化体系中难以发生脱羧自由基过程, 而
2 加成环化反应 作者巧妙地将有机染料和过硫酸铵相结合, 实现了烷基
自由基串联环化反应在“一锅反应”中可以连续地 羧酸的脱羧自由基, 从而发生随后的腈基插入及环化等
形成多个化学键, 已经成为有机合成中提高反应效率的 过程, 得到烷基菲啶化合物 75, 作者认为反应涉及亚胺
理想策略之一. Wang 等[48]报道了可见光条件下有机染 氮自由基中间体 74. 由于使用有机染料与过硫酸铵的
料荧光素催化的 N-芳基甘氨酸与 N-苯基马来酰亚胺 66 结合体系, 避免了昂贵可见光金属催化剂的使用, 提高
的氨烷基化反应(Eq. 11), 在可见光氧化还原催化剂作 了反应的经济性.
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HAS
N N
N O N O
74 R 75 R
图式 13 脱羧烷基化串联环化反应
Scheme 13 Decarboxylative alkylation cascade cyclization
3,3-二烷基吲哚酮化合物吲哚酮广泛存在于天然产
物和具有生物学活性的药物分子之中, 朱成建课题
组[52]采用可见光诱导的丙烯酰胺 76 与烷基羧酸的串联
自由基环化反应, 构筑了一系列具有四级碳中心的吲哚
酮化合物 77 (Eq. 12), 该反应体系底物普适性良好, 适
应于各种一级、二级及三级烷基羧酸. 程辟课题组[53]报
道了可见光条件下以 N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺酯作为烷 郭丽娜等[57]以乙烯基叠氮化合物 83 与烷基 N-羟基
基自由基前驱体的串联自由基环化反应, 高效制备了 邻苯二甲酰亚胺酯为原料, 制备了一系列烷基取代的菲
3,3-二烷基吲哚酮化合物 77 (Eq. 13), 该反应条件温和, 啶化合物 84 (Eq. 16). 在可见光条件下 N-羟基邻苯二甲
避免了具有易爆性的有机过氧化物类氧化剂的使用, 但 酰亚胺酯脱羧形成烷基自由基, 烷基自由基与乙烯基叠
是仅适用于三级烷基自由基, 对于一级、二级烷基自由 氮的烯基加成脱氮形成氮自由基, 随后发生环化得到目
基则不适用. 标产物. 该串联自由基环化反应体系适用于一级、二级
和三级 N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺酯, 以中等到良好的收
O O
R 率得到菲啶化合物, 反应体系无需过渡金属催化剂和氧
N Me (1) PhI(OAc)2 (1 equiv.) N Me 化剂, 反应的经济性高.
Me
+ RCOOH (12)
1 (2) f ac-Ir(ppy)3 (1 mol%)
DMF, visible light, r.t.
R1 R1
76 77
除了氮杂和氧杂环化合物, 有机磷杂环化合物在有
机化学中也具有重要作用. 周永波等 [58] 报道了一种简
单高效地制备苯并[b]磷杂环化物 86 的合成路线(Eq.
17). 在可见光作用下 N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺酯与炔基
膦氧化物发生自由基加成及环化过程, 高效地构建了带
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有机化学 综述与进展
含氮杂环化合物广泛存在于天然产物、医药化学和 H
SET N
农药分子之中, 因此氮杂环化合物的直接碳氢键官能团 h
89
-H+
化反应一直受到广大科研工作者的关注. 其中 Minisci IrIII
-e-
型反应是非常经典的氮杂环官能团化反应, 近来可见光
氧化还原体系的 Minisci 型反应得到了快速发展. 2017 N
年, Glorius 课题组[59]研究了可见光促进的芳杂环与烷基 88a
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系是通过与 N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺酯发生分子内电荷
转移得到烷基自由基物种. 这种复合催化体系首次成功
地将分子间电荷转移用于光氧化还原催化体系, 而且引
入手性磷酸催化剂后能够高效地实现对映立体选择性.
廉价三苯基膦和碘化钠的催化体系具有良好的官能团
兼容性及优秀的对映选择性, 将在有机合成及药物分子
开发等领域发挥重要的作用.
4 自由基偶联反应
自由基之间交叉偶联反应已经成为构建新型碳-碳
R
键强有力的手段之一, 但是两种不同活性自由基之间的
HNAc H 选择性偶联依然面临挑战. 2014 年, MacMillan 课题组[71]
O [Ir(dF(CF3)ppy)2(dtbpy)]PF6
O
N O N (2 mol%) 研究了可见光促进的 α-氨基酸与苯腈的脱羧自由基偶
+ R1
O chiral Brønsted acid 联反应, 以良好的收率得到了一系列苄胺类化合物 98
91 Blue LEDs
2c (Scheme 16). 在可见光氧化还原催化剂的作用下 α-氨
基酸脱羧得到烷基自由基, 苯腈得到芳烃自由基负离
R1 (19)
R 子, 随后两种自由基之间发生交叉偶联及腈基消除得到
N
NHAc 目标化合物. 该方法适用于各类 α-氨基酸化合物, 能够
92
一步将生物质转化为药物分子.
CN X
O
R R
h
OH
photoredox NHBoc
NHBoc X catalyst benzylic amine
1e 97 - CO2 98
CN
-
R radical X
NC
- radical
NHBoc
X coupling R
NHBoc
图式 16 可见光催化脱羧芳基化反应
Scheme 16 Decarboxylative arylation via photoredox catalysis
应(Scheme 15). 通常可见光催化剂与 N-羟基邻苯二甲 Tunge 等[72]报道了可见光与钯协同催化体系中氨基
酰亚胺酯发生单电子转移形成烷基自由基, 而该复合体 烷基羧酸(酯)的脱羧烯基化反应(Scheme 17), 在 Pd(0)
的作用下烯基酯化合物形成 Pd-π 烯丙基物种与羧酸盐
负离子 103, 在可见光氧化还原体系下羧酸盐负离子
103 氧化后脱羧形成稳定的苄基自由基 104, 而烯丙基
钯物种被还原形成烯丙基自由基, 随后发生自由基偶联
得到脱羧烯基化产物, 若氨基烷基羧酸作底物, 则反应
体系需要加入烯丙基甲基碳酸酯, 从而原位形成羧酸
酯. 过渡金属与可见光协同催化体系拓宽了脱羧自由基
烷基化反应的应用范围.
单氟烯基化分子在医药、农药及材料等领域有非常
重要的应用. 2017 年, 付华课题组[73]报道了可见光条件
下 α-氨基酸与偕二氟烯烃化合物 105 的自由基偶联反
图式 15 三苯基膦/碘化钠介导的光催化脱羧烷基化反应
应, 制备了单氟烯基化合物 106 (Eq. 21). α-氨基酸是自
Scheme 15 Photocatalytic decarboxylative alkylations mediated
by triphenylphosphine and sodium iodide 然界中最常见的具有生物学活性的有机分子, 在可见光
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有机化学 综述与进展
R1 PG PG
N N HN
R
photocatalyst
R2 100 + Ar2
O Ar1 H Ar2 CO2H base Ar1
2.5 mol% Pd(PPh3)4 107 1f blue LEDs, r.t.
R R R
O 0.5 mol% Ir(ppy)2(bpy)[BF4] 108
N N
R2 alkyl methyl carbonate (1 equiv.) R1 R2 reduction Photoredox oxidation
R1 if R = H, MeCN, r.t., 2 h cycle
101 102
PG
R2N R2N N (1) radical-radical coupling
O
1 + Ar 2
R (2) +H+
Ar H
O
100a Pd (0)
R2N 99a
图式 18 可见光促进的脱羧苄基化反应
Ir3+ Scheme 18 Photocatalytic decarboxylative benzylation
e- h
Ir2+ + 2018 年, 丛欢等[76]报道了可见光条件下 N-芳基四
Pd
R2N 3+*
+
Ir R2N 氢异喹啉 109 与 N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺酯的脱羧烷基
PdLn - -
e CO2 化反应(Eq. 22). 以有机染料敏化半导体材料作为可见
104
103 光催化剂, 它能够氧化 N-芳基四氢异喹啉去质子化得
CO2
到苄基自由基, 还原 N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺酯得到烷
R2N +
Pd 基自由基, 两种自由基之间快速结合得到烷基取代的四
CO2 -
氢异喹啉化合物 110. 这种廉价的有机敏化半导体材料
图式 17 可见光与钯协同催化脱羧烯基化反应 催化体系避免了贵重金属的使用, 降低了反应的成本,
Scheme 17 Decarboxylative allylation via photoredox and pal- 提高了反应的经济性.
ladium catalysis
氧化还原催化剂和碱的作用下, α-氨基酸脱除二氧化碳
得到 α-氨甲基自由基, 与此同时偕二氟烯烃分子得到一
个电子脱去氟负离子形成单氟烯基自由基, 两种自由基
高选择性地发生偶联生成 α-氨基单氟烯基化合物, 可见
光催化体系完成循环再生. 但当作者选用烷基羧酸作为
自由基前驱体时, 偶联反应收率很低. 最近, 安光辉等 2018 年, 许兆青课题组[77]报道了可见光促进的甘
[74]
使用 4-CzIPN 作催化剂, 6 ewquiv.的碳酸铯作碱, 成 氨酸和多肽酯化物的脱羧烷基化反应(Eq. 23). 作者开
功地实现了烷基羧酸与偕二氟烯烃化合物的脱羧自由 发了一种新型的廉价铜与配体相结合的可见光催化体
基偶联. 该反应在太阳光作用下也能顺利进行, 而且可 系, 该催化体系中铜配体络合物[Cu(I)L]能够吸收可见
以高效地进行复杂分子的后期功能化. 光到达激发态[Cu(I)L]*, 还原 N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺
酯形成烷基自由基和[Cu(II)L], 而[Cu(II)L]氧化甘氨酸
衍生物得到自由基阳离子, 随后在碱的作用下得到稳定
的 α-氨甲基自由基, 两种自由基交叉偶联得到目标产
物, 铜催化剂还原再生. 该反应体系具有良好的底物普
适性, 成功地实现了多种非天然氨基酸的制备和多肽化
2018 年, 翁江等[75]报道了可见光促进的亚胺 107 与 合物的烷基化修饰.
苯乙酸类化合物的脱羧苄基化反应(Scheme 18). 简单
的一级、二级和三级芳基乙酸作为理想的苄基自由基源,
在可见光氧化还原体系中苯乙酸被氧化得到苄基自由
基, 而相应的亚胺被还原成亚胺自由基负离子, 二者相
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[Ir] (1 mol%)
X [Ni] (10 mol%) 胡喜乐课题组 [87] 利用铜与可见光协同催化体系,
O dtbbpy (15 mol%)
N
+ R N R
实现了芳胺与 N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺酯的脱羧偶联反
OH Cs2CO3, DMF
Boc Boc 应, 制备了一系列烷基胺化合物, 但是他们仅仅研究了
113 26 W CFL, 23 oC
1b 114
芳香胺类亲核试剂. 而 MacMillan 课题组[88]报道了在铜
h
R
与可见光协同催化体系中烷基羧酸与各类胺化合物交
IrIII
叉 偶 联 构 建 碳 - 氮 键 (Scheme 20). 反 应 的 可 能 历 程 :
IrIII
*
LnNi0
Cu(I)与亲核试剂胺 120 发生取代反应得到 Nu—Cu(I)物
X
113 SET 种 122, Ir 光敏剂将 Nu—Cu(I)的电子转移给活化的羧酸
X N COOH 形成环己基自由基, 与此同时 Nu—Cu(II)物种捕获环己
SET
LnNiII Ar LnNiI IrII Boc 基自由基得到中间体 123, 其经过还原消除构建了碳-
1b
Alk 氮键得到目标产物. 胡喜乐课题组 [87] 的工作认为是
N
LnNiIIIX 114 N Nu—Cu(I)物种捕获烷基自由基形成 Nu—Cu(II)—R 中
Boc
Boc 间体. 该反应具有非常好的普适性, 各种氮杂环胺、芳
115 Ar
115
香胺、酰胺等胺试剂与各种一级、二级与三级烷基羧酸
图式 19 可见光/镍协同催化脱羧偶联反应 都能够顺利发生偶联反应, 重要的是该反应体系能够用
Scheme 19 Photoredox-nickel catalyzed decarboxylative cross- 于天然产物和药物分子的后期官能化.
coupling reaction
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有机化学 综述与进展
烷基胺化合物是一类重要的有机含氮化合物, 通过
可见光促进的烷基羧酸与碳氮双键或氮氮双键的自由
基加成反应能够高效构建烷基胺化合物, Tunge 等[92]报
道了可见光条件下烷基羧酸与偶氮二甲酸二异丙酯 127
的脱羧自由基加成反应, 制备了一系列烷基胺化合物
128 (Eq. 28), 而烷基胺化合物在碱性条件下发生氮-氮
键断裂能够得到氨基甲酸酯化合物. Leonori 等[93]则报
道了温和条件下烷基羧酸与亚硝基芳烃 129 的直接脱羧
自由基加成反应, 合成了一系列烷基芳基羟胺化合物
图式 20 脱羧碳-氮偶联反应 130 (Eq. 29), 该反应体系被成功地应用于各种复杂烷基
Scheme 20 Decarboxylative C—N coupling reaction
酸的功能化修饰.
6 其它反应
含氟有机化合物在医药、农药及材料等领域具有广
泛的应用, 在有机分子中引入氟原子能够显著改变其本
身的物理性质、化学性质和生物活性. 在可见光条件下
烷基羧酸的氟化反应也受到了越来越多的关注, Sammis
等[89]首次实现了以 Ru(bpy)3Cl2 作可见光催化剂, 选择
性氟试剂作氟源的苯氧乙酸的脱羧氟化反应(Eq. 26).
瞬态吸收光谱表明, Ru(II)催化剂与选择性氟试剂之间
的单电子转移过程是反应体系的关键步骤. 此反应体系
相较之前的紫外光作用下的脱羧氟化反应具有重要的 烷基硼化合物是有机合成中一类非常重要的有机
突破, 但仅仅苯氧乙酸适用该体系限制了其应用范围. 合成子, 李鹏飞课题组 [94] 报道了一种在可见光条件下
随后, MacMillan 及合作者[90]研究了[Ru(bpz)3](PF6)2 或 简单高效合成烷基硼酸酯的方法, 以 N-羟基邻苯二甲
[Ir{dF(CF3)ppy}2(dtbbpy)]PF6 作为光催化剂, 能够适用 酰 亚 胺 酯 与 硼 酸 酯 / 硼 酸 为 起 始 原 料 , [Ir(ppy)2-
于各种烷基羧酸的脱羧氟化反应(Eq. 27, condition A). (dtbpy)]PF6 作光催化剂, 在可见光作用下能够高效地生
而叶金星等[91]报道了有机染料催化的一级、二级和三级 成三氟硼酸盐 131 及一级、二级烷基硼酸酯 132 (Scheme
烷基羧酸与选择性氟的脱羧氟化反应(Eq. 27, condition 21). 随后, Aggarwal 课题组[95]报道了温和条件下无需使
B), 制备了一系列具有高附加值的有机氟化合物 126. 用额外可见光催化剂, 烷基 N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺酯
由此可见, 可见光促进的脱羧自由基氟化反应能够高效 与双联邻苯二酚硼酸酯的脱羧硼化反应, 经过频哪醇和
地将来源广泛的烷基羧酸转化为一系列烷基氟化物, 这 三乙胺的简单后处理得到稳定的频哪醇硼酸酯 132
进一步丰富了有机氟化合物的合成方法学. (Scheme 21). 通常烷基 N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺酯需要
在可见光氧化还原催化剂作用下形成烷基自由基, 作者
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612 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 598~613
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry REVIEW
(Zhao, C.)
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 598~613 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 613
有机化学 DOI: 10.6023/cjoc201909029 综述与进展
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry REVIEW
含有氢键供体大环化合物的构筑及其功能研究进展
Abstract Because of the N—H group structure in the macrocyclic compound containing hydrogen bond Donors, it can
provide additional intermolecular forces in the host-guest chemistry, and this character is widely used in the molecular
recognition, self-assembly, supramolecular catalysis and other fields. The recent progress on the synthetic methods of
macrocyclic compounds based on (thio) urea, amide and its molecular recognition in 2010~2019 are summarized. It is hoped
that this review can be referred to synthesis and applications of this kind of macrocyclic compounds.
Keywords hydrogen bond donor group; macrocyclic compounds; synthesis; molecular recognition
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I 4 steps NH HN
O O
+
NH HN
OH
OHN OHN NH
OHN NH NH
N N N N
N N O
O O O O H H
H H H O HO
O O
O HN NH O HN NH
O HN NH
N NH O
N NH OO N NH
OO
H H
H HO H O H
O HN O HN
O HN NH
NH NH
N N N N
N N
H O H O
H H O H H
图式 1 含双脲基团的大环化合物 1 的合成及其催化反应
Scheme 1 Synthesis of the macrocycle 1 with bis-urea groups and its catalytic reaction
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有机化学 综述与进展
以通过自组装形成紧密的一维圆柱状结构. 因为其内部
含有脲基, 氧原子上有孤对电子, 可以作为分子间氢键
作用的受体. 2012 年, Shimizu 课题组[14]利用大环主体 2
的这一特性将其用于三氟乙醇、苯酚、五氟苯酚以及乙
二醇等含有羟基类客体化合物的吸附. 主客体之间可以
通过分子间氢键作用形成非常有序的并且可逆的聚集
体. 不仅如此, 大环分子 2 还可以与碘苯分子结合形成
有序的主客体复合物. 这一发现大大地增强了此类含脲
图式 2 含双脲基团的大环化合物 2 的合成
Scheme 2 Synthesis of the macrocycle 2 with bis-urea groups
大环的应用范围(Scheme 4).
2013 年, Shimizu 课题组[15]将含脲大环分子进行了
为了进一步探究结构单元与此类双脲大环分子的 修饰, 以二苯甲酮作为建筑基元在一定的条件下合成含
结构之间的关系, Shimizu 课题组[13]报道了基于萘环构 脲大环分子 4, 羰基的引入不仅使环的空腔直径增大到
建的双脲大环分子 3. 与基于苯环(吡啶环)构建的双脲 约 0.7 nm, 而且衍生出新的催化性能. 通过单晶衍射验
分子不同的是, 萘环之间呈现出一种独特的平行碗状结 证了大环分子 4 通过分子间的氢键以及芳环之间的 π-π
构, 并且在不同的溶剂体系中得到两种不同的晶型 堆积作用形成稳定的分子管构型, 2-甲基-2-丁烯和异丙
(Scheme 3). 苯等客体分子可以进入空腔内部. 在紫外光照射以及有
吡啶作为建筑单元构建出含双脲基大环分子 2, 可 氧环境下选择性氧化得到对应的醇(Scheme 5).
图式 3 含双脲基团的大环化合物 3 的合成
Scheme 3 Synthesis of the macrocycle 3 with bis-urea groups
F F N N
F H H
N N Hydrogen bond donor
OH
O Hydrogen bond acceptor
图式 4 大环化合物 2 与不同醇分子的组装
Scheme 4 Assembly of the macrocycle 2 with different alcohol molecules
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Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry REVIEW
UV
O
1
O2
NH HN
O O
NH HN
O
4 80% conversion
OH
90% selectivity
OH
63% conversion
60% selectivity
图式 5 大环化合物 4 参与的选择性氧化反应
Scheme 5 The macrocycle 4 participate in selective oxidation reactions
N N
H H
O O
N N
S S N R
H N N H R N
N N
O O
O O
H N N H H H
S S
N N OC12H25-n
O OC12H25-n
6a: R = Cl
6b: R = N(C8H17)2 6c: R = HN
5a OC12H25-n
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有机化学 综述与进展
图 2 含脲大环化合物 8 和 9 与不同客体的识别
Figure 2 Recognition of urea macrocyclic compounds 8 and 9 with different guests
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Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry REVIEW
NH HN
O O
2 基于酰胺键构筑的大环化合物
NH HN
近年来, 由酰胺键构建的许多新型大环分子因其独
t t
Bu Bu
特的分子识别能力和优良的超分子催化性能被国内外
学者广泛报道[25]. 与(硫)脲基团相似, 酰胺基团中也含
10
O R 有 N—H 键, 同样可以作为氢键的供体. 研究酰胺键构
Bu4N +
N CO2-
建的大环分子与不同类型的客体分子之间的分子作用,
H
越来越受到关注, 早期以 Leigh 小组[26]、Davis 小组[27]
等的研究较为深入. 他们不仅合成了多种基于酰胺键构
R = CH3
建的新型大环分子, 还在此基础上详细研究了其分子识
Ala val Leu Phe 别及自组装行为.
图3 含脲大环化合物 10 与不同客体分子的识别
Zeng 小组[28]在基于酰胺键构建的大环化合物方面
Figure 3 Recognition of urea macrocyclic compound 10 with 也有独到的研究, 构建出由酰胺键连接的芳环五聚体大
different guests 环分子, 并通过单晶衍射研究了大环的分子结构, 空腔
2019 年, Davis 课题组[24]报道了基于脲基构建的水 内部的酰胺 N—H 与甲氧基上的 O 原子形成了网状的氢
溶性分子笼 11, 在水相环境中实现对 β-呋喃糖苷类有机 键, 稳定了其“平面圆盘式”的构型. 2011 年, 该小组[29]
物较好的识别作用. 分子笼 11 的分子结构中含有 6 个脲 继续研究了这类五聚体大环分子性能的研究. 在之前的
基, 并且其中的 N—H 均指向分子内部. 其侧链(R)修饰 工作基础上改变大环分子空腔内部的甲氧基的数目和
了具有多个“树枝状”的水溶性基团, 以增强分子的水 位置, 精准地调控大环分子的结构和分子识别行为. 为
溶性. 在分子间氢键以及 C—H…π 等多重分子间作用 了研究这种大环分子在溶剂相中的分子识别性能, 在其
力下, 分子笼 11 与葡萄糖的特异性识别作用达到了分 空腔外部引入了较长的烷基链以增强其溶解度. 在去质
子生物水平(键合常数 K=18000 L•mol-1). 这一发现对 子化作用下, 通过等温量热滴定法(ITC)详细研究了大
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有机化学 综述与进展
环主体阴离子与不同碱金属离子的键合能力(13, 13b~ R R
O O
15b). 单晶结构也证实金属离子进入空腔内部形成稳定 O H H O
的主客体复合物. N N
R O O
O O
O N O O N
O H H
O O N O O
O N R R R
N R H H
O N O
Me O O
H H Me O
OMe H Me Me O N N O
Me Me O N R' H
H Me R H H R
N O H O N O
Me H O
O H O N O O O
O N
N 16
O
R 16a: R = (CH2)7CH3
O 13a R' = H, R = H 16b: R = (CH2)9CH=CH2
12 16c: R = (CH2)11CH3
13b R' = H, R = n-C8H17O
R 16d: R = CH3
R O R O
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有机化学 综述与进展
成方法为酰胺键大环的合成提供了一条可借鉴的实验
方法.
O O
N N
O NH HN O + O O
O O
O O
NH2 H2N
22-1 22-2
O NH HN O
NH HN
图 6 大环化合物 23 与不同的客体分子
O O Figure 6 Macrocycle 23 and guests
Templating anion
(TBACl)
22a 朱必学课题组 [42] 一直致力于酰胺大环化合物的合
CH2Cl2
O O 成及其阴离子识别性能研究. 2018 年, 该小组 [43] 通过
O O
NH N N HN Schiff 碱缩合成环作用, 从 N,N'-(6-胺基-2-吡啶基)-1,3-
H H
二甲酰亚胺苯和 5,5'-亚甲基双水杨醛反应制备得到同
时含间苯二甲酰胺单元以及酚环的[1+1] Schiff 碱大环
H H
NH N N HN 24. 采用 1H NMR、FABMS 和元素分析等手段对大环进
O O
O O
行了表征. 通过 X 射线单晶衍射分析了大环的晶体结
22b 构, 结果表明大环分子具有折叠钳式结构, 在晶态结构
中大环分子间通过氢键, π…π 堆积作用自组装为具有
1D 槽的柱阵列结构. 同时还通过紫外-可见吸收光谱
N
=
滴定技术对大环与系列阴离子的键合作用考察, 结果表
明大环 24 对 H 2 PO- -
4 , HP2 O 4 具有识别作用. 进一步运
N
用紫外-可见吸收光谱、核磁和等温量热滴定等技术对
主客体识别行为进行了考察. 结果表明, 大环 24 与
H2PO4-形成键合比为 1∶1 的配合物, 与 HP2O4-形成键
图式 7 氯离子模板效应合成大环化合物 22a/22b
合比为 2∶1 的夹心式配合物结构.
Scheme 7 Macrocycles 22a and 22b synthesized by chloride-
templated amide bond formation 受到 Leigh 小组[44]合成的含有酰胺键大环分子的影
响, 2019 年, María 课题组[45]以二酰氯 25a 与双苄基胺
622 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 614~624
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry REVIEW
HO
References
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624 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 614~624
有机化学 DOI: 10.6023/cjoc201909015 综述与进展
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry REVIEW
Abstract Ligands can regulate both the steric and electronic effects of the catalytic center in transition-metal-catalyzed C—H
activation reactions, leading to the site-selective C—H functionalization of arenes. In recent years, ligand-promoted remote
C—H functionalization of arenes has developed rapidly. The recent progress on ligand-promoted transition-metal-catalyzed
remote meta-selective C—H bond functionalization of arenes is summarized, and the limitations of the research field and pro-
spects for future development are presented.
Keywords transition metal catalysis; remote meta-C—H bond; functionalization; ligand promotion
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 625~644 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 625
有机化学 综述与进展
E DG H M DG H
Ln CO2Et
C—H activation
Removal of the DG
LH
NC LiOH
MeOH/THF/H 2O CO2H
electrophile O N R r.t., 18 h +
M DG
coordination M DG NC
E
Ln - 1 Ln - 1
CO2Et CO2Et
multiple-membered R 95%
E metallacycle
NC R
图式 1 U 型模板策略下芳烃远程 meta-C—H 键选择性官能化
HN
反应机理
Scheme 1 Remote meta-C—H functionalization of arenes di- NC R
rected by a U-shaped template
65% recovered
1.1 羰基/醚基桥接构建 U 型模板
图式 2 苄醇及苯丙酸类化合物远程 meta-C—H 键选择性烯
2012 年, 余金权课题组[10]首次以醚基连接氰基芳 基化反应
基建立 U 型模板导向基, 成功完成了苄醇类衍生物 Scheme 2 meta-Selective C—H bond olefination of benzyl
alcohol derivatives and hydrocinnamic acid derivatives
meta-C—H 键选择性烯基化反应. 氰基作为远端导向基
团及配体基团, 能够与过渡金属进行可逆配位, 从而在 2014 年, 余金权课题组[11]对 U 型模板导向的芳烃
空间上拉近过渡金属与远端 meta-C—H 键的距离, 顺利 meta-C—H 键烯基化反应机理进行了研究. 研究表明,
完成 meta-C—H 活化, 最终成功得到一系列苄醇类化合 反应经历了四个基本过程, 即 C—H 活化、烯烃插入、
626 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 625~644
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry REVIEW
NC
LiOH . H2O
CO2H
O N R MeOH, THF, H2O
+
NC r.t., 18 h
R
COOH COOH
NC R 96%
HN
NC R
79% recovered
2017 年, 余金权课题组[13]利用铑作为催化剂, 同样 HN
选择羰基共价连接氰基芳基构建 U 型模板, 在模板远端
NC R
导向基团与金属配体共同作用下, 完成了苯丙酸类化合
79% recovered
物的 meta-C—H 键烯基化反应(Scheme 5). 他们给出了
可能的反应机理, 反应经历了在模板远端导向基团与配 图式 5 苯丙酸类化合物 meta-C—H 键选择性芳基化反应
Scheme 5 meta-Selective C—H bond arylation of 3-phenyl-
体共同作用下苯丙酸衍生物 meta-C—H 键的选择性活 propanoic acid derivatives
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 625~644 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 627
有机化学 综述与进展
F O
N
T= N
2
NC Ag H
NC
AgOAc
R = Me, MeO, F, Cl, Br, CF3 LPdII
R1 = Me, Et, nPr, EtCHOH, MeCHOH, MeC6H4, Reoxidation C—H
FC6H4, ClC6H4, BrC6H4, CNC6H4 L+ Pd0 activation
O
HX N
图式 6 苯丙酸类化合物 meta-C—H 键选择性芳基化反应 Reduction 2
Scheme 6 meta-Selective C—H bond arylation of 3-phenyl- elimination
LPdII C
propanoic acid derivatives N
2015 年, 余金权课题组[15]将底物拓展到苯乙酸类
LPdII H
化合物, 同样利用氰基芳基作为 U 型模板导向基, 以 X R
96∶4 的间/邻比率选择性地得到了间位烯基化苯乙酸
C -Hydride
化合物. N-甲酰甘氨酸作为配体与 KH2PO4 共同协助稳 C
elimination C
N
定 11 元钯环中间过渡态(Scheme 7), 在反应中起到重要 C C
1,2-Migratory
N
作用. 脱 U 型导向基实验中, 发现在碱与溶剂组成的基 C insertion R
N LPdII
本水解条件下得到水解混合物, 而在加入双氧水时, 能 R LPdII
够保留烯基酯, 得到单一的间位烯基化苯乙酸化合物.
R
这项工作中, 作者给出了可能的反应机理: 在 C—H 活
化过程中, 碱与配体共同作用形成了较稳定的 11 元钯 图式 7 苯乙酸类化合物 meta-C—H 键选择性烯基化反应
Scheme 7 meta-Selective C—H bond olefination of phenyla-
环中间体, 烯烃配位插入钯催化中心后经 β-H 消除过程 cetic acid derivatives
得到最终产物, AgOAc 将 Pd(0)氧化到 Pd(II)从而完成了
实现了脱 U 型模板导向基过程, 得到间位烯基化的苯乙
催化循环(Scheme 7)
酸三氟异丙酯. 该反应具有很高的立体选择性及良好的
2014 年, Maiti 课题组[16]以苯乙酸连接 2-羟基氰基
底物适应性, 一系列苯乙酸通过 U 型模板途径实现了
芳基构建 U 型模板骨架, 完成了苯乙酸类化合物 meta-
meta-C—H 键烯基化反应. 酯类化合物在碱性条件下更
C—H 键选择性烯基化反应. 他们巧妙地使用六氟异丙
易水解得到间位烯基化苯乙酸类化合物(Scheme 8).
醇作为溶剂, 可使羧基连接桥发生酯交换反应, 一锅法
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R 一特性对该酰胺类化合物进行了邻位-间位顺序烯基化
Pd(OAc)2 (10 mol%)
NC COR1 反应实验, 成功合成了多取代芳烃化合物(Scheme 9).
Ag2(CO)3 (2 equiv.)
COR1 Ac-Gly-OH (20 mol%) CF3 最后在酸水解条件下去除 U 型模板导向基, 得到间烯基
H O
m +
O
o
90 C, 24 h O CF3 化苯乙胺.
CF3 紧接着, 李纲课题组 [18] 选用酰胺基连接氰基苯乙
HFIP, O
m
H HO CF3 基结构构建 U 型模板, 实现了苯甲酸类化合物间位官能
Hydrolysis of hexafluoroisopropyl ester 化. 在该 U 型模板条件下, 多种取代苯甲酸能够顺利完
O CF3 O 成间位烯基化及乙酰基化反应, 反应具有良好的底物适
O CF3
LiOH
OH 应性. 与之前报道的利用银作氧化剂不同, 李纲课题组
MeOH/THF/H2O, r.t., 12 h 利用催化量的醋酸铜与氧气为共氧化剂, 完成了苯甲酸
R = Et, R1 = H, 95% 类化合物间位烯基化反应, 利用廉价易得的醋酸碘苯作
R = Me, R1 = F, 96% R1
R1 为氧化剂, 实现了苯甲酸间位乙酰基化(Scheme 10). 在
COR COR
此基础上, 通过筛选反应条件, 以更温和更高效的脱 U
图式 8 苯乙酸类化合物 meta-C—H 键选择性烯基化反应
型模板导向基方法得到间位烯基化苯甲酸. 该合成方法
Scheme 8 meta-Selective C—H bond olefination of phenyla-
cetic acid derivatives 的建立为几类常见苯乙基酰胺类药物的合成提供了新
方法.
2015 年, 李纲课题组[17]利用酰胺结构共价连接氰
基芳基构建 U 型模板, 完成了芳烃 meta-C—H 键烯基化 O Cl O
体作用下, 在 HFIP/1,2-二氯乙烷(DCE)混合溶剂中, N
反应收率最高, 且具有良好的选择性及底物适应性 Ns CN
Me Ac-Gly-OH
Me N O Cu(OAc)2/O2
Pd(OAc)2, AgOAc HFIP, 80 oC
N O CO2Et Ac-Gly-OH NC CO2Et CO2Et
+ 88%
NC DCE/HFIP 77%
H 80 oC, N2 F O O
CO2Et Cl Me
DG DG
Pd(OAc)2
F Ag2CO3, O2 F
H C6H5 O
N O Ac-Gly-OH
+ N
NC HFIP, t-amyl-OH F NH CO2Et CO2Et
90 oC, 24 h 81% 66%
C6H5 O O
F Me 86%
(1) LiHMDS, MeI, THF, -15 oC DG Me
DG
(2) Pd/C, H2, MeOH N O
NC Acetoxylation
OAc OAc
Pd(OAc)2
CO2Me 81% 78%
98% C6H5 Ac-Gly-OH
Ac2O, PhI(OAc)2 O O
Pd(OAc)2, AgOAc F Me
HFIP, 90 oC Me
Ac-Gly-OH N O DG DG
DCE/HFIP MeO2C NC F F
90 oC, N2, 48 oC OAc OAc
73% C6H5 61% 63%
图式 9 苯乙胺类化合物间位烯基化反应 图式 10 苯甲酸类化合物间位烯基化及乙酰基化反应
Scheme 9 Directed meta-olefination of phenethylamine deriva- Scheme 10 Directed meta-olefination and meta-acetoxylation
tives of benzoic acid derivatives
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有机化学 综述与进展
酸的加入大大提高了反应速率, 与 U 型模板中氰基共同 NC
作为配体在反应中起到至关重要的作用. 该工作增加了
图式 12 苯胺类化合物间位烯基化及乙酰基化反应
模板导向基侧链长度, 减少了底物侧链长度, 对新模板
Scheme 12 Directed meta-olefination and acetoxylation of
的提出具有重要的指导性意义, 为更多简单芳烃的间位 aniline derivatives
官能化反应指出新思路. 最后反应在酸性介质中完成了
2016 年, Maiti 课题组[21]利用苯氧基及苯羰基连接
水解酯化过程, 顺利脱除了 U 型模板导向基, 得到间位
氰基芳基构建 U 型模板, 完成了联二苯类化合物远端苯
烯基化苯甲酸酯类化合物.
基 meta-C—H 键烯基化反应. 反应在 Pd(OAc)2 催化下,
R'
以苯基氨基酸为配体, 醋酸银为氧化剂, 在二氯乙烷及
六氟异丙醇混合溶剂中, 高效完成了多种取代联二苯类
R'
化合物的间位烯基化, 烯基化试剂在反应体系中具有很
O CN Pd(OAc)2, AgOAc, MPAA 好的适应性(Scheme 13). 最后在对苯甲磺酸及甲醇中
O
HFIP, 70 oC, 24 h N 加热至 105 ℃条件下完成了模板导向基的脱除.
Me Me
N
O
Hm' EWG Hm'
NC O
Pd(OAc)2 (10 mol%)
DG Ac-Phe-OH (20 mol%) DG
H X AgOAc (2.0 equiv.) X
H O R' DCE/HFIP (V:V =7:1)
O
Pd O 65 oC, 42 h
O O Hm EWG
N Me Me Hm'
Me X = CO, O
O
O
Ag
O DG
N
O
Hm
Pd
图式 11 苯甲酸类化合物间位烯基化反应 O
Scheme 11 Directed meta-olefination of benzoic acid deriva-
DG =
tives
N
2017 年, 李纲课题组[20]继续以酰胺键桥接氰基苯
基构建 U 型模板, 实现了苯胺类化合物 meta-C—H 键官 图式 13 联二苯甲酸类化合物远端 meta-C—H 键烯基化反应
Scheme 13 Distal C—H olefination at the meta-position of
能化. 他们将廉价易得的无毒气体 CO2 引入体系中, 依 biphenyl carboxylic acid
次与苯胺成酯并连接氰基苯基构建 U 型模板, 在
2017 年, 金钟课题组[22]利用长链芳基烷醇类连接
Pd(OAc)2 催化的温和条件下, 顺利发生苯环 meta-C—H
氰基苯基构建 U 型模板, 完成了一系列芳醇类化合物间
键烯基化及乙酰基化反应(Scheme 12). 在碱性条件下,
位烯基化. 在醋酸钯催化下, 芳基烷醇如 3-苯丙醇、2-
能够顺利脱去 U 型模板, 得到相应的间位官能化苯胺类
苯氧基乙醇和 2-(苯拉米诺)乙醇等以高达 91%的产率获
化合物.
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图式 15 芳叔胺类化合物间位烯基化反应
H
n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4... CO2Et Scheme 15 Directed meta-olefination of aromatic tertiary
amines
X
O 催化 C—O 键芳基化的有序串联反应. 利用这种合成策
略可以方便地修饰联芳基和氨基酸残基, 以便进行这类
H C OMe
O Pd Ag N 天然产物结构与活性关系的研究(Scheme 16).
O O OO O
T Pd(OAc)2 (10 mol%) T
O O
CO2Et Ac-Gly-OH (20 mol%)
+ AgOAc (1.5 equiv.)
R R
OH CH2NH Pr i HFIP, 80 oC, 36 h
H CO2Et
OH O
OH
NHCOCHCl2 T meta-C—H ipso-C—O Ar
O2N O
Pd Ni R
chloramphenicol propranolol R
antibiotic -receptor blocker CO2Et
H
O OMe
OH
N N N
H
T=
OH N
OMe
NC
alibendol
choleretic agent
图式 16 苯酚类化合物间位烯基化反应
图式 14 苯基烷醇类化合物 meta-C—H 键烯基化反应 Scheme 16 Directed meta-olefination of phenols
Scheme 14 Directed meta-olefination of arenes with tethered
在羰基或醚基桥接氰基芳基构建的 U 型模板策略
alcohols derivatives
中, 充分利用了末端氰基的弱配位能力, 化学家们在模
近期, 金钟课题组 [23] 继续以芳叔胺基桥接苯基氰 板设计中做了各种各样的改变. 然而这些工作都是以氰
基构建 U 型模板, 巧妙完成了一系列芳叔胺类化合物的 基作为中心弱配位基团与过渡金属催化剂进行可逆配
间位烯基化. 反应具有良好的底物适应性和高效的区域 位. 若体系中存在其他强配位能力的基团或者溶剂, 氰
选择性, 该方法利用了叔胺经历季铵盐过程完成间位烯 基与催化剂的配位作用将被强配位基团取代并使催化
基化反应.最后, 在叔丁醇钾的 N,N-二甲基甲酰胺溶液 体系失活, 这严重限制了芳烃 C—H 键选择性官能化反
中能够顺利脱除 U 型模板(Scheme 15). 应的适用性. 2015 年, 余金权课题组[25]在氰基 U 型模板
以往的工作多以羰基或醚基桥接饱和烷烃连接氰 作用机制的基础上, 利用具有强配位作用的吡啶作为远
基苯基构建 U 型模板. 近期, 余金权课题组[24]设计合成 端导向基团, 吡啶 N 原子作为远端配位中心, 利用醚基
了氰基苯基取代的 1,3,5-三嗪结构连接氰基苯基构建 U 桥接苯基吡啶基团构建 U 型模板, 在 Pd(OAc)2 催化下,
型模板, 完成了 Pd 催化苯酚类化合物间位烯基化和 Ni 以 AgOAc 为氧化剂, N-乙酰甘氨酸(Ac-Gly-OH)为外加
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有机化学 综述与进展
配 体 , 在 HFIP 溶 剂 中 , 顺 利 完 成 了 苄 醇 类 化 合 物 meta-olefination
DG
meta-C—H 键选择性烯基化(Scheme 17). 在标准反应条 DG Pd(OAc)2 (10 mol%)
O
AgOAc (3.0 equiv.)
件 基 础 上 , 通 过 添 加 1,3- 二 碘 -5,5- 二 甲 基 乙 内 酰 脲 O +
o
CO2Et HFIP, 80 C, 24 h
(DIH)为碘化剂, 完成了系列苄醇类化合物的间位碘化 H
CO2Et
(Scheme 17). 最后, 在温和的碱性条件下, 水解去除 U meta-arylation
Pd(OAc)2 (10 mol%)
型模板导向基, 得到间位碘化苄醇化合物, 产率高达 DG
Ag2CO3, Bu4NBF4
DG
NaB(3,5-(CF3)2C6H3)4
94%. O + ArBF3K
HFIP, 80 oC, 24 h O
O Pd(OAc)2 (10 mol%) O H (3.0 equiv.) Ar
DG DG
CO2Et Ac-Gly-OH (20 mol%)
AgOAc (3.0 equiv.) meta-iodination
+ Pd(OAc)2 (10 mol%)
o
HFIP, 80 C, 18 h DG
H AgOAc (0.5 equiv.)
CO2Et + DIH TFA-Gly-OH (20 mol%) DG
O
O (1.0 equiv.) AcOH/HFIP (V:V = 1:4) O
H
80 oC, 24 h
DG = Me N I
i
Pr
F
DG =
N
i NH F
Pd(OAc)2 (10 mol%) Pr
DIH (1.0 equiv.) O
O DG
DG TFA-Gly-OH (20 mol%) 图式 18 苯乙酸类化合物 meta-C—H 键烯基化、芳基化及碘
CO2Et AgOAc (0.5 equiv.)
+ o
HOAc/HFIP, 80 C, 18 h
化反应
I Scheme 18 Directed meta-olefination, meta-arylation and me-
H
O ta-iodination of phenylacetic acid derivatives
DG = Me N
F O
O Pd(OAc)2 (10 mol%)
O
Ac-Gly-OH (20 mol%)
图式 17 苄醇类化合物间位烯基化及碘化反应 O
Scheme 17 Directed meta-olefination of benzyl alcohol deriva- AgF (3.0 equiv.) N N
tives N Na2CO3 (2.0 equiv.) Pd O
N HFIP N
H HO
2018 年, 余金权课题组[26]将远端导向基团由氰基 100 oC, 24 h O
Me
拓展到吡啶基, 他们以羰基连接苯基吡啶基构建 U 型模 O
板, 反应中吡啶氮原子作为远端配位中心, 完成了苯乙 R
O
酸类化合物的间位烯基化、芳基化及碘化(Scheme 18). +
HFIP N HO
至此, 余金权课题组通过设计和调整吡啶基位置, 完成 OH
N R
了芳烃远端 meta-C—H 键多种选择性官能化反应.
R
除此之外, 孔令仪课题组[27]近期利用 U 型模板法完
成了多种苯基烷基二醇类天然产物的合成. 他们利用 图式 19 芳烷基二醇类化合物 meta-C—H 键烯基化反应
1,3-二氧戊环桥接苯基嘧啶, 以嘧啶氮原子为远端导向 Scheme 19 Directed meta-olefination of arene-tethered diols
基团, 完成了苯环 meta-C—H 键烯基化反应. 该方法可 由于在反应过程中, 生成单官能化产物后, 要继续进行
用于香豆素、苯丙氨酸、二苯乙烯和查尔酮类天然产物 间位官能化时, 底物立体效应和电子效应受先进入的间
的合成. 该方法能够顺利脱去 U 型模板, 并能以较高效 位官能团影响而发生改变, 使进一步的间位官能化反应
率发生克级反应, 具有重要的应用价值. 此外, 他们通 变得困难. 2015 年, Maiti 课题组[28]利用磺酰基桥接 U 型
过 1H NMR, ESI-MS 和 IR 数据, 结合理论计算对反应机 模板, 在 Pd(OAc)2 催化下, 以氨基酸为外加共配体,
理进行了研究, 给出了可能的反应中间过渡态及反应机 Ag2CO3 为氧化剂, 六氟异丙醇(conditions B, C)或二氯
理(Scheme 19). 乙烷/六氟异丙醇(conditions A)为溶剂, 通过优化反应中
1.2 磺酰基桥接构建 U 型模板 配体及氧化剂用量, 完成了一系列苯甲磺酸类化合物的
在 U 型模板策略中, 大部分反应主要生成单间位官 单间位烯基化或双间位烯基化反应. 反应中, 不同底物
能化产物, 而生成双间位官能化产物的报道很少, 这是 在各个反应条件下主要生成单烯基化产物或双烯基化
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图式 22 芳基烷磺酸类化合物间位硅烷化及锗烷化反应
Scheme 22 Directed meta-silylation and germanylation of
phenylalkanesulfonic acids
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有机化学 综述与进展
O O O T' = N
O Pd(OAc)2 Cl
Ac-Gly-OH S
S
DG Ag2CO3, O2 DG i i
OH Bu Bu
+ Cl
o
R HFIP, 80 C, 30 h
R
H
meta-alkenylation O 图式 25 吲哚类化合物 meta-C—H 键烯基化、芳基化及乙酰
O O Pd(OAc)2 O O 基化反应
Ac-Gly-OH S Scheme 25 Directed meta-olefination, meta-arylation and meta-
S
DG Ag2CO3, O2 DG
OBn Cu2O, HFIP acetoxylation of Indolines
+
80 oC, 30 h H 2018 年, 余金权组[35]在上述工作的基础上, 继续以
H
N O 磺酰基桥接苯甲氰基构建 U 型模板, 完成了多种苯并
DG =
N N-杂环类化合物远程 meta-C—H 键烯基化反应. 在这项
O
工作种, 多种喹啉、异喹啉、吲哚、2-苯基吡咯和苯并
图式 24 苯甲磺酸类化合物 meta-C—H 键氰基化反应 吡咯结构都能够很好地适应反应条件, 经不同原子数目
Schme 24 Directed meta-cyanation, meta-alkyation and alken- 的大环中间过渡态完成远程苯环上 meta-C—H 键烯基
ylation of arylsulfonate derivatives 化反应. 烯基化试剂同样具有很好的底物适应性. 最后,
除上述简单芳烃外, 2014 年, 余金权课题组[34]利用 在甲醇溶液中, 零价镁存在条件下能够顺利发生脱 U 型
磺酰基桥接苯基氰基构建了 U 型模板, 完成了吲哚类化 模板过程, 得到相应的烯基化产物(Scheme 26).
合物 C(6)—H 键的选择性烯基化、芳基化及乙酰基化. 1.3 硅醚基桥接构建 U 型模板
反应中以过渡金属钯为催化剂, 远端氰基配位基团与 2013 年, Tan 课题组[36]在余金权工作的基础上, 利
N-乙酰基氨基酸共同作为配体对反应选择性起到重要 用硅醚基桥接丁氰基芳基构建 U 型模板. 这种硅醚基桥
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Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry REVIEW
种取代苯酚及萘酚能够以较高产率得到相应产物, 多种
取代烯烃能够适应反应条件(Scheme 28). 在温和反应
条件下能够顺利脱除 U 型模板, 得到间位烯基化酚类化
合物. 由于酚羟基具有较好的反应活性, 可直接进行官
能团转化, 他们对间位烯基化的苯酚衍生物进行了一系
列官能团转化反应实验, 利用这种策略完成了间位烯烃
化苯酚的醚化、芳基化及芳炔化(Scheme 28). 该策略为
一系列间烯烃化芳香族化合物的制备提供了简便易行
的方法.
Conditions
EtO2C
图式 28 苯酚类化合物间位烯基化反应
Scheme 28 Directed meta-olefination of phenol derivatives
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 625~644 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 635
有机化学 综述与进展
O Rh[Cp*Cl2]2 (5 mol%)
Si(iPr)2
Cu(CO2CF3)2 . xH2O (1.0 equiv.)
CO2Et
+ V2O5 (1.0 equiiv.)
H DCE, 120 oC, 36 h
NC
Et Et O
Si(iPr)2
NC
CO2Et Et Et
DG DG
O O
Me
CO2Et CO2Et
yield: 54% yield: 62%
m/others = 92:8 m/others = 90:10
DG DG
O
O
SO2Ph
PO(OEt)2
yield: 49%
yield: 50%
m/others = 96:4
m/others = 97:3
图式 30 芳基烷磷酸酯类化合物间位烯基化、羟基化及乙酰
OH [Pd(MeCN)4](BF4)2 O 基化反应
O Cu(OAc)2
O Scheme 30 Directed meta-olefination, meta-hydroxylation and
+
NaOPiv, mesitylene
OMe meta-acetoxylation of benzylphosphonate derivatives
120 oC, 20 h, N2
CO2Et
EtO2C 2 瞬态媒介法
yield: 70%
OH
O 除以上 U 型模板策略能够实现芳烃 meta-C—H 键
OH
Pd/C AlCl3 选择性官能化反应外, 余金权等课题组采用降冰片烯
MeOH, H2 NaCl (NBE)作为瞬态介质, 使用常见的邻位定位基实现了间
COOH COOH
HO 位选择性 C—H 键活化. 反应首先经历了芳基邻位 C—
yield: 75%
H 键活化, 成功地将降冰片烯引入邻位作为新的瞬态导
图式 29 苯酚类化合物间位烯基化反应 向基团, 进而发生降冰片烯导向的邻位 C—H 键活化,
Scheme 29 Directed meta-olefination of phenol derivatives 随后降冰片烯通过 β-消除过程从底物中脱离, 这样一个
1.4 磷酸酯基桥接构建 U 型模板 接力转移的过程最终完成了芳烃间位选择性官能化反
2012 年以来, 芳烃 meta-C—H 活化得到了快速发 应(Scheme 31). 在这种机制中, 降冰片烯化合物作为过
展, 化学家们利用 U 型模板策略完成了一系列芳烃间位 渡导向介质对促进芳烃 meta-C—H 键选择性官能化起
选择性官能化反应, 然而为了得到较高的转化产率, 大
部分反应需要在加热或者较高的温度条件下进行. 直至
2016 年, Maiti 课题组[39]利用磷酸酯基桥接简单氰基芳
基构建 U 型模板, 在室温条件下实现了芳烃 meta-C—H
键选择性烯基化. 反应在醋酸钯催化下, 以 N-乙酰基苯
丙氨酸为外加共配体(Ac-Phe-OH), 银盐作为氧化剂,
六氟异丙醇为溶剂, 以高达 84%的产率得到间位单一烯
基化产物. 反应具有良好的底物适应性. 通过调整反应
条件, 以二(三氟乙酸)碘苯为氧化剂时得到间位羟基化
图式 31 降冰片烯参与下芳烃远程 meta-C—H 键选择性官能
产物, 以醋酸碘苯为氧化剂时得到间位乙酰基化产物
化反应机理
(Scheme 30). 首次在室温条件下完成了芳烃 meta-C—H Scheme 31 Norbornene mediated remote meta-C—H selective
键选择性官能化, 对该类反应的发展具有重要意义. functionalization of arenes
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到关键性作用, 反应中选用合适配体使降冰片烯参与导
向的中间过渡态更稳定同样具有至关重要的作用, 化学
家们 [40] 对该策略进行了一系列研究工作, 以下将对不
同条件下瞬态媒介法进行介绍.
2015 年, 余金权课题组[40a]首次报道了以降冰片烯
作为瞬态导向基, 实现芳烃 meta-C—H 键选择性烷基化
及芳基化反应的新方法. 反应中以酰胺为导向基, 在
Pd(OAc)2 催化下, 以 AgOAc 为氧化剂, 通过筛选一系
列吡啶类配体, 发现添加一种吡啶并呋喃环类配体, 能
够以高达 91%的产率得到间位烷基化产物. 同样的反应
图式 33 苯基酰胺类化合物 meta-C—H 键烷基化及芳基化反
条件也可用于芳基化反应中. 以碘代苯为芳基化试剂,
应
以高达 82%的产率得到间位芳基化产物. 反应经历了导 Scheme 33 Norbornene mediated meta-alkylation and me-
向基邻位 C—H 活化过程, 将瞬态过渡介质降冰片烯引 ta-arylation of phenylacetic amides derivatives
入邻位, 接着以降冰片烯作为临时导向基团, 发生降冰 位金属化的二甲胺基作为导向基 [43], 对完成这项工作
片烯导向的邻位 C—H 活化, 进而发生官能化反应, 最 起到重要作用. 通过对反应条件进行优化, 在 Pd(OAc)2
后降冰片烯发生 β-消除过程从体系中脱离, 得到间位官 催化下, 以三苯基胂(AsPh3)为配体, AgOAc 为氧化剂,
能化产物(Scheme 32). 碘代苯为芳基化试剂, 添加降冰片烯为瞬态导向介质,
Pd(OAc)2 (10 mol%)
能够顺利完成苄胺类化合物 meta-C—H 键选择性芳基
NHArF L (20 mol%) NHArF 化反应(Scheme 34). 反应具有良好的底物适应性, 一系
Norbornene (1.5 equiv.)
H
O O 列吸电基或供电基取代的苄胺都能够以较好的产率得
AgOAc (3.0 equiv.) H
H DCE, 95 oC, 16 h R 到间位芳基化产物, 取代碘代苯同样具有良好的底物适
ArF = 4-(CF3)C6F4 R = Me, CH2CO2Et, Ar
应性, 吸电子基取代碘代苯具有非常好的反应活性. 该
OMe
工作进一步发展了芳烃间位选择性官能化反应, 将 Pd/
L= O NBE 体系拓展到了更多芳烃间位官能化反应.
O
N O N
N Pd ArF
Pd ArF R L
H
RX
NHArF
Norbornene -Norbornene
O
Pd
L
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有机化学 综述与进展
O R CO2Me
Cl ArF
N NHNs NHNs
Ligand = H
NHNs
N OH H
H H
Proposed coordination mode of pyridone-ligand with palladium
图式 36 苯乙胺、苄胺及 2-芳基苯胺类化合物间位芳基化反
O O O
R ArF R ArF R ArF 应
N N N Scheme 36 Directed meta-arylation of Nosyl-protected phene-
H
PdII PdII thylamines, benzylamines and 2-aryl anilines
N N O N O
H
PdII
图式 35 苯胺及苯酚类化合物间位氯化反应
Scheme 35 Directed meta-chlorination of anilines and phenols
derivatives
2017 年, 余金权课题组[45]接着通过筛选不同配体,
在 Pd/NBE 体系中完成了 N-取代苯乙胺类、苄胺类及
2-芳基苯胺类化合物间位芳基化反应. 他们以对硝基苯
磺酰基(Ns)对底物氨基进行保护, Ns 基团同时作为导向
基团及配体基团, 与吡啶类配体共同作用, 并在降冰片
烯作为瞬态介质机制中顺利发生 meta-C—H 键选择性
活化. 通过筛选大量吡啶类配体, 发现在 4-乙酰基吡啶 图式 37 苄胺类化合物间位芳基化
Scheme 37 Directed meta-arylation of benzylamines
作为配体条件下, 能够以最高产率得到间位双芳基化产
物. 通过对照实验发现, 在不添加吡啶配体时, 反应不 接着, 余金权课题组[47]利用 2-酯基降冰片烯为瞬态
能发生. 多种取代碘化芳烃及杂环碘代芳烃能够较好地 介质, 诱导完成了苯乙酸类化合物 meta-C—H 键芳基化
适应反应条件, 得到相应的芳基胺类间位芳基化产物, 反应. 反应中以金刚烷酸保护 3-氨基-2-羟基吡啶型化
其中 2-芳基苯胺类能够得到远端芳基的间位芳基化产 合物为外加配体, 不仅能够促进羧酸导向的邻位 C—H
物(Scheme 36), 该反应体系同样适用于克级反应的发 键活化过程, 利于将降冰片烯进入邻位作为瞬态导向介
生, 产率可达 86%, 在碱性条件下, 保护基团(Ns)可顺 质, 而且能够在降冰片烯导向的 C—H 活化过程中与过
利脱除, 表现出潜在的应用价值. 渡金属催化剂配位, 稳定反应中间过渡态, 对间位选择
2017 年, 在上述工作的基础上, 余金权课题组[46]继 性芳基化起到至关重要的作用. 一系列芳基烷酸包括苯
续对该类反应进行了拓展研究, 在 Pd/NBE 体系中完成 乙酸和苯甘氨酸都能够很好地适应反应条件, 以较高的
了苄叔胺类化合物间位官能化反应. 反应中以取代 2-吡 产率得到相应的 meta-C—H 键芳基化产物(Scheme 38).
啶酮类为配体, 在不同取代 2-吡啶酮配体作用下分别实 同样在 Pd/NBE-CO2Me 体系中, 通过筛选配体, 在异喹
现了吡啶基导向苄叔胺类化合物 meta-C—H 键芳基化、 啉作为外加配体条件下, 余金权课题组 [48] 完成了苄基
胺化及氯化反应. 反应中以 2-酯基降冰片烯为瞬态介质 磺酰胺类化合物间位芳基化及烷基化反应. 反应中利用
诱导反应进行, 反应底物具有良好的普适性, 杂环类卤 了一个新型吸电子基团作为导向基, 异喹啉配体的加入
代芳烃同样能够作为芳基化试剂, 得到相应的偶联产物 使导向基与催化体系发生配位作用而有利于间位官能
(Scheme 37). 在最优的取代吡啶酮类配体条件下, 催化 化反应的顺利发生(Scheme 38). 间位取代的苯基磺酰
剂 Pd 用量可以降低到 2.5 mol%. 此外, 吡啶导向基团 胺可以很容易地转化为磺酸钠、磺酸酯和磺酰胺以及通
易于离去, 且该体系适用于克级反应, 为芳基苄叔胺类 过烯化反应转化为苯乙烯, 为更多化合物的合成提供了
化合物的应用研究提供了基础. 条件.
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Me Pd(OAc)2 10 mol%
L (15 mol%)
Boc NBE-CO2Me (20 or 50 mol%)
N N
+ Ar(Het) I
AgOAc (3 equiv.)
R R additive (15 mol%)
Me CHCl3, heat, N2
H Boc
N N
F3C CF3
L=
Ar(Het) N OH
NH
Ns
Aryl/alkyl
Ph Me
L=
N OH
图式 39 取代二芳基甲胺及苄胺类化合物间位芳基化/烷基化
图式 38 苯乙酸类化合物间位芳基化反应及苄基磺酰胺类化 反应
合物间位芳基化/烷基化反应 Scheme 39 Directed meta-arylation arylation and alkylation of
Scheme 38 Directed meta-arylation of phenylacetic acids and diarylmethylamines and homobenzylamines
meta-arylation/meta-alkylation of benzylsulfonamides
Synthesis of masked aromatic aldehydes
2018 年, 余金权课题组[49]进一步对降冰片烯介导
H O N
的远程 meta-C—H 键官能化反应进行了研究. 他们以吡 THF, -78 oC to r.t. Me
Me
+ TBSCl OTBS
啶导向基保护的对称二芳基苄胺类化合物为模板底物, Li
N
研究了不同取代基的降冰片烯对 meta-C—H 活化反应
的影响, 发现 2-酯基降冰片烯具有最高的反应活性. 筛
选了磷配体及吡啶酮配体, 发现 2-吡啶酮类作为配体具 F3C CF3
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有机化学 综述与进展
Me
Me
Bpin
N Bpin
Ir
N O
B
H O
Me
N R
Me
除此之外, 曾小明课题组[54]利用氨基酸类配体, 完
成了吸电取代芳烃远程 meta-C—H 键及吡啶化合物远
程 C(3)—H 键的选择性烯基化反应. 他们对多种氨基酸
类配体进行了筛选, 发现在 Ac-Val-OH 作为配体时, 能
够以高达 14∶1 [C(3)∶C(2)∶C(4)=14∶1∶0]的比率
高选择性地得到间位或 C-3 位烯基化产物. 反应中以
Pd(OAc)2 为催化剂, 氧气作为氧化剂, 反应条件温和.
各种吸电及供电取代吡啶能够很好地适应反应条件, 烯
基化产物产率最高达 96% (Scheme 43). 他们通过理论
计算及动力学同位素效应(KIE)实验对反应机理进行了
研究, 给出了可能的反应机理.
2016 年, 我们课题组[55]在以上工作基础上, 对配体
图式 41 配体促进芳烃远程 meta-C—H 烯基化反应及吡啶类
进行了筛选与优化, 在金刚烷甲酸作为配体及添加剂条
化合物 C(3)—H 键选择性烯基化/芳基化反应
Scheme 41 Ligand-promoted remote meta-C—H olefination of 件下, 经过双分子 C—H 活化过程, 完成了喹啉类化合
arenes and C(3)-selective C—H olefination/arylation of pyridines 物 C(3)—H 键选择性芳基化反应. 反应中以 Pd(OAc)2
2016 年, Chattopadhyay 课题组[53]对苯甲醛类化合 为催化剂, Ag2CO3 为氧化剂, 卤代苯为芳基化试剂. 多
物邻位和间位选择性硼化反应进行了研究, 他们将苯甲 种取代喹啉能够很好的适应反应条件, 以较高的产率得
醛转化成能够与催化剂发生配位作用的亚胺基团. 通过 到 C(3)—H 键芳基化产物, 多种取代卤代苯也能够顺利
配体的筛选, 他们发现在 8-氨基喹啉作为配体时, 反应 发生 C—H 活化过程, 通过双分子 C—H 键活化过程, 与
以邻位 C—H 键活化为主, 主要生成邻位硼化产物, 选 喹啉化合物进行偶联(Scheme 44).
择性 o/m 比值最高可达 97∶3; 以四甲基邻非罗琳为配 2017 年, 余金权课题组[56]报道了无导向基参与的
体时, 主要生成亚胺指向的 meta-C—H 键硼化反应, 得 芳烃 C—H 键选择性烯基化及羧化反应, 利用 3,5-二(三
到 meta-C—H 键硼化产物. 他们对反应中电子效应及立 氟甲基)-2-羟基吡啶配体与过渡金属中心配位, 并辅助
体效应进行了验证性实验, 发现甲基亚铵反应活性最 参与 C—H 键断裂过程, 实现了一系列富电子及缺电子
高, 并给出了可能的反应中间过渡态(Scheme 42). 芳烃 meta-C—H 键的选择性烯基化反应. 此外, 该反应
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有机化学 综述与进展
N N R1
Template (20 mol%) Template (1 equiv.)
CO2Et Pd(OAc)2 (10 mol%)
Pd(OAc)2, Ac-Gly-OH
+ Ac-Gly-OH (20 mol%)
o R Het + R1
AgBF4, Cu(OAc)2, HFIP AgOAc (2.5 equiv)
m N R Het
HFIP, 80 oC, 36 h N
H
p
CO2Et
Catalytic bifunctional template
F O
Reversible N
coordination PdII N
Template L
Reversible M L Het N Pd
coordination
N
N
H Pd DG R O
O O
O O
N S N Pd N
S N
N O N N
O
M Me Me
H H CN Me NC
N N
F F
N1,N2-bis(3-cyanophenyl)oxalamide
图式 47 双功能配体模板下 2 苯基吡啶远程 C—H 键选择性 Template
烯基化反应 R
Bidentate template (20 mol%)
Scheme 47 Remote C—H olefination of 2-phenyl pyridine Pd (30 mol%)
1
directed by a catalytic bifunctional template R Ac-Gly-OH (20 mol%) R
+
Cu(OAc)2 (2 equiv.) Het
N1,N2-双(3-氰基苯基)乙二酰胺与铜盐组合的双功能模 Het AgBF4 (1 equiv.)
R1 N
N HFIP, 110 oC, 30 h
板, 完成了一系列 2-苯基吡啶及 2-苯基杂芳烃化合物远
端苯基 meta-C—H 键的活化. 反应中, 在远端导向基苯 O O
O O
基氰基与配体共同作用下, 完成了多种苯基取代杂环芳 N N
NH HN M
烃的远端苯基 meta-C—H 键烯基化反应(Scheme 48). L
NC CN
NC CN Het
Bidentate template H
5 底物弱配位基团定位法
2015 年, Kuninobu 课题组[61]设计了铱催化芳烃化
图式 48 双功能配体模板下杂环芳烃及苯基杂环芳烃远程
合物 meta-C—H 键选择性硼化反应的催化体系. 在该体 C—H 键选择性烯基化反应
系中, 具有一个侧链脲部分的联吡啶衍生物作为配体能 Scheme 48 Remote C—H olefination of benzoheterocycle and
够与铱络合配位, 配体中脲结构与底物中的氢键受体之 phenyl heterocyclic directed by a catalytic bifunctional template
间形成相互作用, 使铱接近 meta-C—H 键, 从而控制区
域选择性. 反应具有广泛的底物适应性, 多种酰胺类、
羧酸酯及磷酸酯均能适应反应条件, 得到相应的 meta-
C—H 键硼化产物(Scheme 49). 此外, 他们通过核磁数
据和控制实验证明了这种分子间氢键参与诱导区域选
择性的可行性.
2016 年, Phipps 课题组[62]利用弱配位基团离子对定
向法控制铱催化的芳香季铵盐的硼化反应区域选择性,
得到多用途的 meta-C—H 键硼化产物(Scheme 50). 反应
中联吡啶配体与弱配位基团离子对共同作用, 对形成铱
金属过渡态具有重要作用. 该体系具有良好的底物适应
性, 适用于多种简单芳基季铵盐及杂芳基季铵盐, 以较 图式 49 配体导向的芳烃化合物 meta-C—H 键硼化反应
高的产率及良好的区域选择性得到相应的间位硼化产 Scheme 49 Ligand directed meta-selective C—H borylation of
arenes
物, 为进一步官能化做好准备. 该方法证明了利用非共
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有机化学 综述与进展
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(Zhao, C.)
644 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 625~644
有机化学 DOI: 10.6023/cjoc201912018 研究论文
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
无金属和氧化剂温和条件下碱促进的烯胺酮碳-碳双键断裂
合成 NH2-结构脒类化合物
Abstract The C=C double bond cleavage of NH2-functionalized enaminones has been realized at room temperature to pro-
vide various N-sulfonyl amidines by reacting with sulfonyl azides. The reactions take place with good substrate tolerance in the
presence of 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) without any metal or oxidant reagent. The 15N-labelling experiment on
enaminone indicates that the sulfonyl azide component donates solely the sulfonamide fragment, and the reaction mechanism
involving a key decomposition of the in situ generated 1,2,3-triazoline intermediate is convictively supported.
Keywords Enaminone; C=C bond cleavage; Metal-free; Oxidant-free; Amidines
1 Introduction bond cleavage via DMF release,[6] ring opening and recon-
struction of cyclopropane intermediate resulting from car-
Effectively scissoring carbon-carbon bond represents bene cycloaddition,[7] and Pd-catalyzed tandem enamine
one of the most important tools in current organic synthesis hydrolysis and decarbonylation.[8]
because of the ubiquitous presence of carbon-carbon bond On the other hand, as a typical transformation, the cy-
in both saturated and unsaturated forms in nature.[1] The cloaddition of the in situ formed unstable enamine inter-
past decades have witnessed spectacular advances in syn- mediate and azide has been found as highly important
thetic organic reactions based on the key functionalization route to cleave the carbon-carbon bond via the decomposi-
or activation of carbon-carbon bonds. Among the numer- tion of the resulted triazoline ring, which provides effective
ous known donors of reactive carbon-carbon bond,[2] the accesses to amidines.[9] Accordingly, the employment of
enaminones have been identified as a class of promising stable enamines such as enaminones has also received
substrates in the designation of practical organic reactions concerns in the development of synthetic method toward
by cleaving the C=C double bond in recent years.[3] As amidine scaffolds. Early in 1963, Fusco and co-workers[10]
typical stable enamine species, the C=C double bonds in have observed the formation of N-sulfonyl amidines in the
enaminones have been found to be capable of decompos- reactions of aryl stabilized N,N-disubstituted α-aminosty-
ing via the formation and reorganization of 1,2-dioxe- rene with tosyl azide. Later efforts in similar reactions,
tane[4]/1,2-oxathietane intermediate,[5] free radical-based unexceptionally, can be used only for the synthesis of
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 645~650 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 645
有机化学 研究论文
N-sulfonyl amidines featured with N,N-disubstituted sub- the yield of the target product (Entries 15~16, Table 1).
structure because only N,N-disubstituted α-aminostyrenes On the other hand, increasing the amount of tosyl azide 2a
are the tolerable enamine substrates.[11] Clearly, such syn- could also help in enhancing the product yield (Entries 17,
thetic methods suffer from rigid restriction in the synthesis 18, Table 1). Finally, when the loading of DBU was in-
of amidine products with diversified amino functionaliza- creased to 5 equiv., the target product was obtained with
tion, thus reflects the urgent requirement in developing 91% yield (Entries 19, 20, Table 1).
new synthetic approaches allowing the synthesis of other
Table 1 Optimization on reaction conditionsa
amino group, such as free NH2-functionalized amidines.
Over past decade, an array of different tactics have been
devised for the synthesis amidines. For instance, the con-
densation of amines with amide acetals or in situ activated
amides,[12] the decomposition of in situ generated 1,2,3-
triazoline ring given by copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide Entry Additive Solvent Yieldb/%
dipolar cycloaddition,[13] the activation of terminal al- 1 t-BuONa DMF 21
kynes,[14] catalytic C=N bond formation from the thioam- 2 — DMF 0
ide C=S bond[15] etc have been disclosed as useful meth- 3 NaHCO3 DMF 20
ods. Amazingly, regardless the availability of these im- 4 NaOH DMF 19
portant synthetic routes,[16] most of them are limited in the 5 DBU DMF 46
synthesis of N,N-disubstituted or N-substituted amidines. 6 DMAP DMF 17
Only rather a few transition-metal-catalyzed protocols, on 7 2,6-Lutidine DMF 12
the contrary, can be used for the synthesis of amidines 8c DBU DMF 26
bearing free NH2-group.[9c,17] The synthesis of NH2-free 9 DBU H2O 38
amidines under transition-metal-free conditions, however, 10 DBU MeCN 35
has not yet been realized. In combination of the urgent 11 DBU Toluene 38
requirement to find transition-metal-free NH2-amidine 12 DBU EtOH 37
synthesis and the highly versatile application of enaminone 13 DBU DMSO 34
platform synthons in the synthesis of diversified organic 14 DBU THF 28
products,[18] we thought that NH2-functionalized enami- 15d DBU DMF 61
nones might be used as proper precursors to achieve such 16e DBU DMF 48
expected synthesis. Herein, we report the first metal-free 17d,f DBU DMF 52
method for the synthesis of NH2-featured N-sulfonyl ami- 18d,g DBU DMF 67
dines via the reactions of NH2-functionalized enaminones 19d,g,h DBU DMF 81
and sulfonyl azides, which significantly expands the fron- 20d,g,i DBU DMF 91
a
tiers of enaminones in the synthesis of structurally diverse General conditions: 1a (0.2 mmol), 2a (0.5 mmol), additive (0.4 mmol) in 2
mL of solvent, stirred at r.t. for 6 h. b Yield of isolated product based on 1a.
amidines and sulfonylated scaffolds.[19] c
Reaction at 60 ℃. d Stirred for 12 h. e Stirred for 24 h. f With 0.3 mmol of 2a.
g
With 1.0 mmol of 2a. h With 0.8 mmol of DBU. I With 1.0 mmol of DBU.
2 Results and discussion
With the optimized reaction conditions, the application
Originally, the readily available enaminone 1a and tosyl
scope of this C=C bond cleavage reaction in the synthesis
azide 2a were selected as substrates to probe practical re-
of NH2-functionalized N-sulfonyl amidines was systemati-
action conditions. As presented in Table 1, by stirring in
cally investigated (Table 2). Firstly, the enaminone 1a was
DMF at room temperature, the reaction of the two sub-
employed to react with a plethora of aryl sulfonyl azides,
strates in the presence of t-BuONa gave the target amidine
respectively. As expected, the reaction displayed broad
product 3a with 21% yield, and 3a was not observed
tolerance to the aryl substructure. Azides functionalized
without using any additive (Entries 1, 2, Table 1). Follow-
with phenyl containing electron donating (3a~3b) and
ing these results, a series of different base additives, in-
withdrawing (3c ~ 3d) group in the para-position, the
cluding organic and inorganic ones, were then screened.
phenyls with ortho- and meta-substituent (3e~3g) and
Based on the in hand data, 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-
polysubstituted phenyl (3h), as well as naphthyl/heteroaryl
7-ene (DBU) was identified as amongst the best additive
(3i~3j) were all transformed into the target products with
by assisting the formation of 3a with 46% yield (Entries
good to excellent yields. On the other hand, enaminones 1
3~7, Table 1). Heightening the reaction temperature led to
with alkyl (3k~3n), alkoxyl (3o~3p), halogen (3q) sub-
inferior result (Entry 8, Table 1). Later on, this reaction
stituted β-phenyl also participated the reaction to provide
was conducted independently in different media such as
the products with satisfactory results. Furthermore, equiv-
water, MeCN, toluene, EtOH, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)
alent enaminones featured with heteroaryl (3r) and fuse
and tetrahydrofuran (THF) (Entries 9 ~ 14, Table 1).
aryl (3s) were also practical substrates. Finally, employing
However, DMF was yet the best medium. In further study,
methyl sulfonyl azide to react with enaminone 1a did not
prolonging the reaction time to 12 h was found to improve
provide the expected amidine product under the standard
646 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 645~650
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
conditions.
Table 2 Scope on the enaminone-based synthesis of N-sulfonyl
amidinesa,b
NH2 NH O
O O
PhOC DBU S
+ Ar S N3 N Ar
DMF, r.t. H
O
1 R1
2 R1 3
NH O O
S
N Ar
H On the basis of the results obtained in hand, a plausible
mechanism for the reaction is proposed. As outlined in
Ar = 4-MeC6H4, 3a, 91% Ar = 4-MeOC6H4, 3b, 84% Scheme 1, initially, the enaminone and sulfonyl azide cou-
Ar = 4-ClC6H4, 3c, 78% Ar = 4-BrC6H4, 3d, 74%
Ar = 2-MeC6H4, 3e, 73% Ar = 2-ClC6H4, 3f, 65% ples provide 1,2,3-triazoline intermediate 4 via the well
Ar = 3-ClC6H4, 3g, 70% Ar = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2, 3h, 82% documented dipolar cycloaddition. The possible transfor-
Ar = 2-naphthyl, 3i, 80% Ar = quinolin-8-yl, 3j, 73% mation of this intermediate to 1,2,3-triazole 7 by eliminat-
NH O
R = Me, Ar = 4-MeC6H4, 3k, 88% ing ammonium can be inhibited by the presence of DBU.
O R = Me, Ar = 4-ClC6H4, 3l, 75%
S R = Me, Ar = 2-naphthyl, 3m, 78%
Instead, the other transformation route of ring decomposi-
N Ar
H R = Me, Ar = quinolin-8-yl, 3n, 69% tion providing amidine 5 and the diazoketone 6 is favored
R R = OMe, Ar = 4-MeC6H4, 3o, 80% under the present reaction conditions. The tautomerization
R = OMe, Ar = 4-ClC6H4, 3p, 72%
of 5 then yields the final amidine products 3.
NH
NH NH
NHTs
NHTs NHTs
Cl O
3q, 77% 3r, 72% 3s, 85%
a
General conditions: 1 (0.2 mmol), 2 (1.0 mmol), DBU (1.0 mmol) in DMF (2
mL), stirred at r.t. for 12 h. b Yield of isolated products based on 1.
3 Conclusions
In conclusion, by employing NH2-functionalized enam-
inone esters as the C=C bond donors, we have success-
Later on, for the sake of probing the reaction mecha- fully established the first metal-free protocol toward the
nism, several control experiments were then designed and synthesis of free NH2-featured N-sulfonyl amidines by
conducted. First, the model reaction for 3a synthesis was cleaving C=C double bond. Besides the metal-free opera-
conducted in the presence of free radical scavenger tion, the ambient reaction conditions as well as the practi-
2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidinooxy (TEMPO) and 2,6-di-t- cal scale-up synthesis constitute also notable advantages of
butyl-p-cresol (BHT), respectively. Both scavengers, how- this work.
ever, exhibited no inhibition effect to the reaction even at
the loading of 4 equiv. (Eqs. 2, 3), suggesting against the 4 Experimental section
formation of any free radical intermediate in the reaction.
4.1 General experimental information
In addition, the reaction of 15N-labelled enaminone and
tosyl azide 2a gave 15N-labelled product 15N-3a, confirm- All experiments were carried out under air atmosphere.
ing that the amino group in the enaminone substrate was Enaminones 1[20] and tosyl azides 2 (except the commer-
retained during the reaction process (Eq. 4). cially available 2a)[21] were synthesized following litera-
O NH2 ture processes. All other chemicals and solvents used in the
Standard conditions experiments were obtained from commercial sources and
Ph + TsN3 3a (2)
TEMPO, 4 equiv. used directly without further treatment. 1H NMR and 13C
1a 2a 70%
NMR spectra were recorded in 400 MHz apparatus and the
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 645~650 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 647
有机化学 研究论文
frequencies for 1H NMR and 13C NMR test are 400 MHz J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.50 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.45~7.35 (m,
and 100 MHz, respectively. The chemical shifts were re- 3H), 7.29 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 6.63 (s, 1H), 2.75 (s, 3H);
13
ported with TMS as internal standard. Melting points were C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 162.8, 140.2, 137.6, 133.3,
tested in an X-4A instrument without correcting tempera- 132.7, 132.4, 132.3, 128.8, 127.7, 127.4, 125.8, 20.4;
ture and the HRMS were obtained under ESI model in a ESI-HRMS calcd for C14H15N2O2S [M+H]+ 275.0849,
mass spectrometer equipped with TOF analyzer. found 275.0852.
4.2 General procedure for the synthesis of amidines N-(2-Chlorophenylsulfonyl)benzimidamide (3f): 38.4
3 mg, 65% yield. White solid, m.p. 91~92 ℃; 1H NMR
(400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.43 (s, 1H), 8.20 (dd, J=7.8, 1.4
To a 25 mL round-bottom flask were added enaminone
Hz, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.56~7.43 (m, 3H),
1 (0.2 mmol), sulfonyl azide 2 (1.0 mmol), DBU (1.0
7.39 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 3H), 6.73 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (100 MHz,
mmol) and DMF (2.0 mL). Then the mixture was stirred at
CDCl3) δ: 164.1, 139.4, 133.3, 133.2, 132.8, 132.6, 131.6,
the room temperature for 12 h (TLC). Upon completion, 5
129.7, 128.8, 127.5, 126.9; ESI-HRMS calcd for C13H12Cl-
mL of water was added, and the resulting mixture was ex-
N2O2S [M+H]+ 295.0303, found 295.0305.
tracted with ethyl acetate (8 mL×3). The organic phases
N-(3-Chlorophenylsulfonyl)benzimidamide (3g): 41.3
were combined and washed with small amount of water for
mg, 70% yield. White solid, m.p. 79~80 ℃; 1H NMR
three times. After drying with anhydrous Na2SO4, the solid
(400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.33 (s, 1H), 7.97 (s, 1H), 7.88 (d,
was filtered and the solvent in the acquired solution was
J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.60~7.47 (m,
removed under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was
2H), 7.43 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H), 6.64 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (100
subjected to flash silica gel column chromatography to
MHz, CDCl3) δ: 163.3, 143.8, 134.9, 133.1, 132.9, 132.5,
provide pure products with the elution of mixed petroleum
130.2, 128.9, 127.5, 126.6, 124.6; ESI-HRMS calcd for
ether/ethyl acetate (V∶V=5∶1 or 3∶1).
C13H12ClN2O2S [M+H]+ 295.0303, found 295.0302.
N-Tosylbenzimidamide (3a):[22] 49.8 mg, 91% yield.
N-(Mesitylsulfonyl)benzimidamide (3h): 49.3 mg, 82%
White solid, m.p. 153~155 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz,
yield. White solid, m.p. 90~92 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz,
CDCl3) δ: 8.30 (s, 1H), 7.86 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.78 (d,
CDCl3) δ: 8.17 (s, 1H), 7.76 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.49 (t,
J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.49 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (t, J=7.8
J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 6.92 (s, 2H), 6.40
Hz, 2H), 7.26 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 2.39 (s,
(s, 1H), 2.71 (s, 6 H), 2.28 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz,
3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 162.8, 143.0, 139.3,
CDCl3) δ: 161.8, 141.6, 138.7, 136.4, 133.6, 132.5, 131.6,
133.3, 132.7, 129.4, 128.7, 127.4, 126.4, 21.5.
128.8, 127.3, 22.7, 20.9; ESI-HRMS calcd for C16H19N2-
N-(4-Methoxyphenylsulfonyl)benzimidamide (3b): 49.0
O2S [M+H]+ 303.1162, found 303.1166.
mg, 84% yield. White solid, m.p. 109~111 ℃; 1H NMR
N-(Naphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)benzimidamide (3i). 49.7
(400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.26 (s, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=8.8 Hz,
mg, 80% yield. White solid, m.p. 103~105 ℃; 1H NMR
2H), 7.78 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.36
(400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.52 (s, 1H), 8.38 (s, 1H), 7.97 (d,
(t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 6.92 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.88 (s, 1H),
J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.85 (d, J=8.0
3.82 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 162.7, 134.1,
Hz, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.61~7.51 (m, 2H),
133.3, 132.7, 128.7, 128.5, 128.5, 127.5, 114.0, 55.6;
7.13 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.74 (s, 1H), 2.30 (s, 3H); 13C
ESI-HRMS calcd for C14H15N2O3S [M+H]+ 291.0798,
NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 163.1, 143.7, 139.1, 134.7,
found 291.0799.
132.1, 130.2, 129.4, 129.3, 129.1, 128.5, 127.8, 127.5,
N-(4-Chlorophenylsulfonyl)benzimidamide (3c): 46.1
127.3, 127.1, 122.4, 21.5; ESI-HRMS calcd for C17H15-
mg, 78% yield. White solid, m.p. 98~100 ℃; 1H NMR
N2O2S [M+H]+ 311.0849, found 311.0850.
(400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.29 (s, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=8.8 Hz,
N-(Quinolin-8-ylsulfonyl)benzimidamide (3j): 45.2 mg,
2H), 7.78 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.51 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H),
73% yield. White solid, m.p. 107~109 ℃; 1H NMR (400
7.46~7.35 (m, 4 H), 6.80 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (100 MHz,
MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 9.18 (s, 1H), 8.98 (s, 1H), 8.77 (s, 1H),
CDCl3) δ: 163.2, 140.6, 138.7, 133.0, 132.9, 129.1, 128.8,
8.55~8.42 (m, 2H), 8.26 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.91~7.71
127.9, 127.5; ESI-HRMS calcd for C13H12ClN2O2S [M+
(m, 3H), 7.70~7.60 (m, 1H), 7.58~7.49 (m, 1H), 7.48~
H]+ 295.0303, found 295.0304.
7.38 (m, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 164.0,
N-(4-Bromophenylsulfonyl)benzimidamide (3d): 49.9
151.4, 144.0, 139.6, 137.3, 134.3, 133.7, 132.6, 130.4,
mg, 74% yield. White solid, m.p. 102~103 ℃; 1H NMR
129.0, 128.9, 128.2, 126.1, 122.7; ESI-HRMS calcd for
(400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.29 (s, 1H), 7.83 (d, J=8.4 Hz,
C16H14N3O2S [M+H]+ 312.0801, found 312.0803.
2H), 7.77 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.59 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.52
4-Methyl-N-tosylbenzimidamide (3k): 50.7 mg, 88%
(t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 6.85 (s, 1H);
13 yield. White solid, m.p. 167~168 ℃; 1H NMR (400
C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 163.3, 141.2, 133.0, 132.9,
MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.27 (s, 1H), 7.86 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H),
132.1, 128.8, 128.0, 127.5, 127.2; ESI-HRMS calcd for
7.68 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.18 (d,
C13H12BrN2O2S [M+H]+ 338.9797, found 338.9798.
J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.53 (s, 1H), 2.39 (s, 3H), 2.36 (s, 3H); 13C
N-(o-Tolylsulfonyl)benzimidamide (3e): 40.0 mg, 73%
NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 162.7, 143.5, 142.9, 139.5,
yield. White solid, m.p. 68~70 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz,
130.4, 129.4, 129.3, 127.4, 126.4, 21.5; ESI-HRMS calcd
CDCl3) δ: 8.25 (s, 1H), 8.06 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (d,
for C15H17N2O2S [M+H]+ 289.1005, found 289.1008.
648 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 645~650
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
N-(4-Chlorophenylsulfonyl)-4-methylbenzimidamide 1H), 6.73 (s, 1H), 6.53~6.45 (m, 1H), 2.39 (s, 3H); 13C
(3l): 46.0 mg, 75% yield. White solid, m.p. 151~152 ℃; NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 153.2, 146.5, 146.0, 143.0,
1
H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.27 (s, 1H), 7.90 (d, J= 139.3, 129.4, 126.4, 116.9, 113.0, 21.5; ESI-HRMS calcd
8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.68 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.43 (d, J=8.8 Hz, for C12H13N2O3S [M+H]+ 265.0641, found 265.0642.
2H), 7.19 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.69 (s, 1H), 2.37 (s, 3H); N-Tosyl-2-naphthimidamide (3s): 55.0 mg, 85% yield.
13
C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 163.2, 143.9, 140.8, 138.6, White solid, m.p. 181~183 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz,
130.0, 129.5, 129.0, 127.9, 127.5, 21.5; ESI-HRMS calcd DMSO-d6) δ: 9.21 (s, 1H), 8.52 (s, 1H), 8.32 (s, 1H), 8.04
for C14H14ClN2O2S [M+H]+ 309.0459, found 309.0460. (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 8.02~7.96 (m, 2H), 7.93~7.87 (m,
4-Methyl-N-(naphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)benzimidamide 3H), 7.69~7.57 (m, 2H), 7.38 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 2.37 (s,
(3m): 50.6 mg, 78% yield. White solid, m.p. 160 ~ 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 163.1, 142.9,
162 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.52 (s, 1H), 8.38 140.2, 135.1, 132.4, 131.1, 129.9, 129.5, 129.2, 128.7,
(s, 1H), 7.97 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 128.5, 128.1, 127.4, 126.6, 124.6, 21.4; ESI-HRMS calcd
7.85 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.61~ for C18H17N2O2S [M+H]+ 325.1005, found 325.1007.
7.49 (m, 2H), 7.13 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.74 (s, 1H), 2.30
(s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 163.1, 143.7, Supporting Information The 1H NMR and 13C NMR
139.1, 134.7, 132.1, 130.2, 129.4, 129.3, 129.1, 128.5, spectra of all products, the HRMS spectrum of 15N-3a. The
127.8, 127.5, 127.3, 127.1, 122.4, 21.5; ESI-HRMS calcd Supporting Information is available free of charge via the
for C18H17N2O2S [M+H]+ 325.1005, found 325.1006. Internet at http://sioc-journal.cn/.
4-Methyl-N-(quinolin-8-ylsulfonyl)benzimidamide (3n):
45.0 mg, 69% yield. White solid, m.p. 164~166 ℃; 1H References
NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 8.22 (s, 1H), 8.05 (d, J=
[1] For selected reviews, see:
2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (s, 1H), 7.62~7.50 (m, 2H), 7.34 (d, J= (a) Kim, D.-S.; Park, W.-J.; Jun, C.-H. Chem. Rev. 2017, 117, 8977.
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21.4; ESI-HRMS calcd for C17H16N3O2S [M + H] + [2] For selected examples, see:
326.0958, found 326.0961. (a) Roque, J. B.; Kuroda, Y.; Göttemann, L. T.; Sarpong, R. Science
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yield. White solid, m.p. 164~166 ℃; 1H NMR (400 (b) He, C.; Guo, S.; Huang, L.; Lei, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010,
132, 8273.
MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.24 (s, 1H), 7.86 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H),
(c) Ren, R.; Wu, Z.; Zhu, C. Chem. Commun. 2016, 52, 8160.
7.77 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, (d) Dieskau, A. P.; Holzwarth, M. S.; Plietker, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc.
J=9.2 Hz, 2H), 6.54 (s, 1H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 2.39 (s, 3H); 13C 2012, 134, 5048.
NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 163.4, 162.2, 142.8, 139.6, (e) Souillart, L.; Parker, E.; Cramer, N. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
129.4, 129.3, 126.4, 125.2, 114.0, 55.5, 21.5; ESI-HRMS 2014, 53, 3001.
[3] For selected reviews in enaminone-based synthesis, see:
calcd for C15H17N2O3S [M + H] + 305.0954, found
(a) Fu, L.; Wan, J.-P. Asian J. Org. Chem. 2019, 8, 767.
305.0958. (b) Wan, J.-P.; Gao, Y. Chem. Rec. 2016, 16, 1164.
N-(4-Chlorophenylsulfonyl)-4-methoxybenzimidamide (c) Elassar, A.-Z. A.; El-Khair, A. A. Tetrahedron 2003, 59, 8463.
(3p): 46.6 mg, 72% yield. White solid, m.p. 72~74 ℃; (d) Greenhill, J. V. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1977, 277.
1 [4] (a) Wasserman, H. H.; Ives, J. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1976, 98, 7868.
H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.23 (s, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=
(b) Cao, S.; Zhong, S.; Xin, L.; Wan, J.-P.; Wen, C. ChemCatChem
8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.77 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.43 (d, J=8.4 Hz,
2015, 7, 1478.
2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.69 (s, 1H), 3.82 (s, 3H); (c) Yu, Q.; Zhang, Y.; Wan, J.-P. Green Chem. 2019, 21, 3436.
13
C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 163.5, 162.7, 141.0, 138.5, (d) Wan, J.-P.; Lin, Y.; Cao, X.; Liu, Y.; Wei, L. Chem. Commun.
129.5, 129.0, 127.9, 124.8, 114.1, 55.5; ESI-HRMS calcd 2016, 52, 1270.
for C14H14ClN2O3S [M+H]+ 325.0408, found 325.0409. (e) Yang, Y.; Zhong, G.; Fan, J.; Liu, Y. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2019,
4422.
4-Chloro-N-tosylbenzimidamide (3q): 47.5 mg, 77%
[5] Gan, L.; Gao, Y.; Wan, J.-P. J. Org. Chem. 2019, 84, 1064.
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7.72 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.34 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.28 (d, (b) Tian, L.; Guo, Y.; Wei, L.; Wan, J.-P.; Shou, S. Asian J. Org.
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650 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 645~650
有机化学 DOI: 10.6023/cjoc201911016 研究论文
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
帅 斌 李兆明 裘 晖 方 萍* 梅天胜*
(中国科学院上海有机化学研究所 金属有机化学国家重点实验室 分子合成科学卓越中心
中国科学院大学 上海 200032)
Abstract A nickel-catalyzed Negishi coupling of cyclobutanone oxime esters with aryl zinc reagents has been developed, in
which nickel serves both as an initiator for imine radicals and a catalyst for the coupling of aryl zinc reagents with oxime es-
ters. The protocol can avoid the use of poisonous cyanide and has broad substrate scope as well as good functional group
compatibility. Therefore, this method provides an attractive strategy for the synthesis of valuable nitriles. Preliminary mecha-
nistic studies indicate that a radical pathway is involved in the product formation.
Keywords Negishi coupling; nickel; cyclobutanone oxime esters; aryl zinc reagents
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 651~662 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 651
有机化学 研究论文
widely exist in natural products, pharmaceuticals and ag- changing acetate 1a to benzoate 1a' afforded 3a in 46%
rochemicals, but are also versatile intermediate in organic yield (Entry 2). Replacement of 1a' with p-trifluoromethyl-
synthesis and can be easily converted to amides, ketones, benzoate 1a'' further improved the yield to 96% (Entry 3),
imidazoles, and oxazoles.[16] indicating a significant electronic effect of the acyl group on
Recently, Selander and co-workers[17] reported a nickel the reaction. Other metal catalyst such as Co(acac)2 was not
catalyzed Suzuki coupling, wherein only three examples effective for the reaction (Entry 4). While with FeCl3 as
were shown (left, Scheme 1a). However, the reaction re- catalyst, it afforded only 19% yield of 3a (Entry 5). The
quires super stoichiometric amount (10 equiv.) of Et3N as inferior yield of FeCl3 was attributed to the formation of the
the base under elevated temperature (90 ℃). Later, Wang halogenation side product. A brief ligand screening re-
and Ding[18] reported a Ni-catalyzed cross-coupling of cy- vealed obvious ligand effects, and 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-
cloketone oxime esters with aromatic acid chlorides using bipyridine (L5) was found to be optimal (Entries 6~12).
metal Mn as the reductant (right, Scheme 1a). As part of our Notably, solvents were also critical, reaction carried out in
continuing interest in Ni-catalyzed reactions and radical tetrahydrofuran (THF) furnished product 3a in 53% yield,
chemistry,[19] we wondered whether alkyl radicals generated which was much lower than that of in N,N'-dimethyl-
from oxime esters by Ni catalysis could be captured by aryl formamide (DMF) (Entry 13). Switching catalyst from
nickel species and thus providing an efficient and mild NiBr2(glyme) to NiCl2(glyme) and reducing the catalyst
protocol to prepare alkyl nitriles (Scheme 1b).[20] Herein, we loading to 5 mol% slightly decreased the yield (Entries 14,
report a Ni-catalyzed Negishi coupling of cyclobutanone
Table 1 Optimization of reaction conditionsa
oxime esters with aryl zinc reagents, in which Ni catalysis
servers as dual roles for iminyl radical generation and
cross-coupling of an alkyl radical with an aryl zinc reagent
(Scheme 1c). The protocol provides an efficient method for
the syntheses of various aliphatic nitriles in good yield,
avoiding the use of poisonous cyanide. The broad substrate
scope and good functional group compatibility make this
method attractive for the synthesis of valuable nitriles. Pre- Entry Oxime ester Catalyst Ligand Yieldb/%
liminary mechanistic studies indicate that a radical pathway
1 1a NiBr2(glyme) L5 Trace
is involved in the product formation.
2 1a' NiBr2(glyme) L5 46
3 1a'' NiBr2(glyme) L5 96
(a) Known strategy: nickel-catalyzed arylation and acetylation
Ar Cl 4 1a'' Co(acac)2 L5 Trace
OAc 5 1a'' FeCl3 L5 19
Ar B(OH)2 O
Ar CN N + [Ni] 6 1a'' NiBr2(glyme) L1 66
Mn as reductant
three examples
7 1a'' NiBr2(glyme) L2 93
high temperature 8 1a'' NiBr2(glyme) L3 71
Ar 9 1a'' NiBr2(glyme) L4 82
CN
O 10 1a'' NiBr2(glyme) L6 44
11 1a'' NiBr2(glyme) L7 79
(b) Our hypothesis
12 1a'' NiBr2(glyme) L8 93
OR
[NiI] N CN [ArNiII] 13c 1a'' NiBr2(glyme) L5 53
N 14d 1a'' NiBr2(glyme) L5 86
15e 1a'' NiCl2(glyme) L5 91
[ArNiIII] CN Ar CN 16f 1a'' NiCl2(glyme) L5 73
a
Reaction conditions: 10 mol% NiBr2(glyme), 10 mol% L5, 1a (0.2 mmol, 1.0
(c) This work: nickel-catalyzed Negishi coupling equiv.), 2a (0.2 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) in DMF (0.2 mL), r.t., 12 h. b Yield deter-
OR NiCl (glyme) (5 mol%) mined by HNMR using 1,4-dimethoxybenzene as internal standard. c THF as
R1
2 solvent. d 5 mol% NiBr2(glyme) was used. e 5 mol% NiCl2(glyme) was used.
R1 N dtbbpy (5 mol%) f
Ar ZnAr + Ar CN 1 mol% NiCl2(glyme) was used.
DMF, r.t., 12h R2 R3
R2 R1 R1
44 examples N
R3 yield up to 94% O
R = p-CF3C6H4CO N
N N N N
Scheme 1 Nickel-catalyzed transformations of oxime esters N N t-Bu L3, R1 = H
L1 L2 L4, R1 = OMe
2 Results and discussion L5, R1 = t-Bu
R2 R2
L6, R2 = H, R3 = H
To test our hypothesis, cyclobutanone oxime ester 1a was L7, R2 = Ph, R3 = H
initially selected as the substrate. However, no desired N N L8, R2 = H, R3 = Me
product was observed (Table 1, Entry 1). To our delight, R3 R3
652 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 651~662
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
15). Further reducing the catalyst loading to 1 mol% de- tions, organozinc reagents bearing chloro, bromo and iodo
creased the yield to 73% (Entry 16). The amount of 2a was substituent gave the desired products in moderate to good
also investigated, increasing the amount of 2a did not im- yields (4b~4d). Organozinc reagents with electron with-
prove the yield, decreasing it led to the low yield. drawing group such as CF3 and OCF3 groups were
With the optimized conditions in hand, we further inves- well-tolerated (4e, 4f, 4q). Ortho-substituted zinc reagents
tigated the substrate scope of oxime esters (Table 2). A successfully afforded 4g and 4r in 94% and 85% yields,
variety of 3-substituted cyclobutanone oxime esters react respectively. It was noteworthy that sulfur and nitrogen
smoothly to afford the corresponding alkyl nitriles in good containing organozinc reagents reacted smoothly with 1a''
yields (3a~3n). Substrates bearing functional groups in- to afford the corresponding products in 66%~85% yields
cluding fluoro, chloro, bromo, and CF3 groups were (4j, 4k, 4r~4t). However, alkenyl zinc or alkynyl zinc
well-tolerated under the standard reaction conditions. For reagents delivered no cross-coupling products. But 23%
2-substituted oxime esters, C—C bond cleavage selectively yield of 4u was obtained when 3-phenyl propyl zinc rea-
occurs on the more substituted side, affording a thermody- gent was used.
namically favorable secondary radical intermediate. The To gain insights into the reaction mechanism, control
corresponding product was obtained in 64%~94% yield experiments was performed. When oxime ester 1x reacted
(3o~3q). The oxime ester derived from benzocyclobu- with 2a under standard condition, 29% of 3x was isolated.
tenone was also efficient substrate and product 3r was ob- Theoretically, the direct capture of ring opening radical
tained in 91% yield. Notably, alkenyl groups were also intermediate Int I by aryl nickel species could form 3y. Int
compatible, 3s and 3t were obtained in 90% and 81% I could produce Int II through an intramolecular cycliza-
yields, respectively. This result indicated that the capture tion, and trapping Int II by aryl nickel could deliver 3z.
of alkyl radicals by aryl nickel species was much faster However, 3y and 3z were not detected and 3x was isolated
than the intermolecular addition of radicals to alkenes. instead. We speculated that Int III was formed from Int II
Substrates bearing 5- and 6-membered rings gave products via a fast 1.5-hydrogen atom transfer process. The more
3u and 3v in trans-configuration. stable radical in the α-position of cyano group then reacted
Next, we turned our attention to examine the scope of with aryl nickel to produce 3x (Scheme 2a). Moreover,
organozinc reagents (Table 3). Under the standard condi- stoichiometric amount of TEMPO was added to the reac-
Table 2 Substrate scope of oxime esters
CN
CN CN CN MeO
Me Ph R
Bn
MeO MeO MeO
3a, 85% 3b, 62% 3c, 81%
R = H, 3d, 50%; p-F, 3e, 85%; o-F, 3f, 58%;
m-Br, 3g, 71%; p-Cl, 3h, 73%; p-CF3, 3i,
Me p-t-Bu, 3j, 79%
CN
CN
MeO CN
MeO CN
Me MeO
MeO 7
3k, 72% CF3 3l, 87% 3m, 83% 3n, 70%
Ph Me
4 CN
CN CN CN CN
Ph
MeO MeO MeO MeO MeO
3o, 94% 3p, 64% 3q, 74% 3r, 91% 3s, 90%
CN CN Me
CN
CN OMe OMe
MeO
MeO 3v, trans, 90%
3t, 81% 3u, trans, 92% 3w, 89%
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 651~662 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 653
有机化学 研究论文
SET
N Intramolecular
cyclization CN CN
1,5-HAT
H fast
Me
Int I Int II Int III
Ni(II)Ar Ni(II)Ar
Ni(II)Ar
Ar CN
3x
NC Ar
3y, not detected 3z, not detected
formed in-situ
tion system of 1a and 2a, formation of the desired product Based on these aforementioned results and related liter-
3a was inhibited and radical trapping product 5 was iso- ature,[21] a possible mechanism is proposed in Scheme 3.
lated in 16% yield (Scheme 2b). Stoichiometric experiment First, oxime ester is activated by nickel catalyst I via SET
was also carried out with an in-situ formed nickel complex. and furnishing iminyl radical V which is further converted
And the corresponding product 4v was isolated in 60% to radical VI by fragmentation. Aryl nickel species III is
yield (Scheme 2c). formed by transmetalation of aryl zinc reagents to a Ni(II)
654 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 651~662
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
intermediate II. Then the radical VI is trapped by aryl yl) oxime (1d): According to the literature,[22b] 1d was
nickel species III, affording a trivalent nickel intermediate prepared from the commercially available styrene as a
IV. Subsequent reductive elimination gives the desired white solid (86% yield). The data is consistent with the
product 3 and regenerates the catalyst. literature report.
3-(4-Fluorophenyl)cyclobutan-1-one O-(4-(trifluorome-
Ni(II) + Ar2Zn N LG thyl)benzoyl) oxime (1e): According to the literature,[22a]
Ar CN
3 Ni(I) Cl
1e was prepared from the commercially available 1-fluoro-
1
4-vinylbenzene as a white solid (77% yield). m.p. 111.3~
I
114.3 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.17 (d, J=8.1
N
Hz, 2H), 7.74 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (m, 2H), 7.06 (m,
2H), 3.77~3.53 (m, 3H), 3.23 (m, 2H); 13C NMR (101
CN
V Cl MHz, CDCl3) δ: 166.44, 162.80, 160.55 (d, J=246 Hz),
Ni(III) Ar Ni(II) 138.53 (d, J=3 Hz), 134.65 (q, J=33 Hz), 132.20, 130.06,
X 127.86 (d, J=8 Hz), 125.59 (q, J=4 Hz), 124.89 (q, J=
Cl II
CN
IV 271 Hz), 115.55 (q, J=21 Hz), 39.73, 39.71, 31.92; 19F
VI
NMR (376 MHz, CDCl3) δ: -63.18, -115.53; IR (neat)
Ar
Cl v: 1739, 1687, 1323, 1262, 1221, 1125, 1076, 825, 528
Zn
Ni(II) Ar cm-1. HRMS (ESI) cacld for C18H13F4NO2Na [M+Na]+
III Ar 2 374.0775, found 374.0783
3-(2-Fluorophenyl)cyclobutan-1-one O-(4-(trifluorome-
Scheme 3 Proposed reaction mechanism
thyl) benzoyl) oxime (1f): According to the literature,[22b]
3 Conclusions 1f was prepared from the commercially available 1-fluoro-
2-vinylbenzene as a white solid (69% yield). m.p. 70.6~
Overall, we have developed a nickel catalyzed cross- 71.5 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.16 (d, J=8.2
coupling of cyclobutanone oxime esters with organozinc Hz, 2H), 7.72 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (m, 2H), 7.14 (td,
reagents. The mild reaction conditions, wide substrate J=7.5, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.09~7.02 (m, 1H), 3.86 (p, J=8.4
scope and excellent functional group compatibility made Hz, 1H), 3.69~3.53 (m, 2H), 3.40~3.25 (m, 2H); 13C
this protocol an efficient method to prepare a wide variety NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 166.71, 162.78, 161.21 (d, J=
of alkyl nitriles. Preliminary mechanistic experiments 244 Hz), 134.73 (q, J=33 Hz), 132.25, 130.06, 129.19 (d,
suggest that the reaction proceeds through a radical inter- J=14 Hz), 128.74 (d, J=8 Hz), 127.62 (d, J=4 Hz),
mediate. 125.57 (q, J=4 Hz), 124.30 (d, J=4 Hz), 123.61 (q, J=
273 Hz), 115.60 (d, J=22 Hz), 38.51 (d, J=2 Hz), 38.32
4 Experimental section (d, J=2 Hz), 27.44 (d, J=2 Hz); 19F NMR (376 MHz,
4.1 Instruments and reagents CDCl3) δ: -63.19, -116.78; IR (neat) v: 1739, 1492,
1323, 1262, 1164, 1075, 872, 753 cm-1. HRMS (ESI)
Unless otherwise stated, all reagents and solvents were cacld for C18H13F4NO2Na [M + Na] + 374.0775, found
purchased from commercial suppliers and used without 374.0769
further purification. 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra were 3-(3-Bromophenyl)cyclobutan-1-one O-(4-(trifluorome-
recorded at 400 MHz NMR spectrometer using CDCl3 as thyl)benzoyl) oxime (1g): According to the literature,[22b]
solvent and TMS as an internal standard. 1g was prepared from the commercially available 1-bro-
4.2 Preparation of compound 1 mo-3-vinylbenzene as a white solid (83% yield). m.p.
Cyclobutanone O-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl) oxime 67.3~72.7 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.18~8.13
(1a): According to the literature,[22a] 1a was prepared from (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.72 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.43~7.37
the commercially available cyclobutanone as a white solid (m, 2H), 7.26~7.18 (m, 2H), 3.75~3.53 (m, 3H), 3.30~
(73% yield). The data is consistent with the literature re- 3.17 (m, 2H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 166.03,
port. 162.73, 145.10, 134.65 (q, J=33 Hz), 132.16, 130.39,
3-Benzylcyclobutan-1-one O-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzo- 130.16, 130.06, 129.62, 125.59 (q, J=3 Hz), 124.98,
yl) oxime (1b): According to the literature,[22a] 1b was 122.91, 122.18, 39.37, 32.17; 19F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl3)
prepared from the commercially available allylbenzene as δ: -63.18; IR (neat) v: 1740, 1408, 1321, 1256, 1126,
a white solid (64% yield). The data is consistent with the 1067, 844, 767, 687 cm-1. HRMS (ESI) cacld for C18H13-
literature report. BrF3NO2Na [M+Na]+ 433.9974, found 433.9984
3-Methyl-3-phenylcyclobutan-1-one O-(4-(trifluorome- 3-(4-Chlorophenyl)cyclobutan-1-one O-(4-(trifluorome-
thyl)benzoyl) oxime (1c): According to the literature,[22b] thyl)benzoyl) oxime (1h): According to the literature,[22b]
1c was prepared from the commercially available prop-1- 1h was prepared from the commercially available
en-2-ylbenzene as a yellow solid (81% yield). The data is 1-chloro-4-vinylbenzene as a white solid (88% yield). m.p.
consistent with the literature report. 137.2~140.4 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.19 (d,
3-Phenylcyclobutan-1-one O-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzo- J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.76 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.35 (d, J=1.7
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 651~662 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 655
有机化学 研究论文
Hz, 2H), 7.30~7.23 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 2H), 3.79~3.58 (m, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 1.56 (qd, J=7.2, 3.3 Hz, 3H), 1.34 (h, J=7.3
4H), 3.25 (m, 2H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 166.23, Hz, 2H), 0.94 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (101 MHz,
162.77, 141.28, 134.67 (q, J=33 Hz), 132.83, 132.17, CDCl3) δ: 168.40, 162.89, 134.82 (q, J=32 Hz), 132.41,
130.07, 128.94, 127.75, 125.60 (q, J=3 Hz), 123.60 (q, 130.02, 125.48 (q, J=3 Hz), 122.21 (q, J=271 Hz), 38.24,
J=274 Hz), 39.57, 39.55, 32.03; 19F NMR (377 MHz, 37.46, 28.14, 20.51, 13.90; 19F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl3) δ:
CDCl3) δ: -63.15; IR (neat) v: 1738, 1687, 1323, 1261, -63.17; IR (neat) v: 1740, 1323, 1261, 1160, 1113, 1065,
1181, 1124, 1074, 1011, 867, 818, 698 cm-1. HRMS (ESI) 1013, 891, 837, 740, 698 cm-1. HRMS (ESI) cacld for
cacld for C18H13ClF3NO2Na [M+Na]+ 390.0479, found C15H16F3NONa [M+Na]+ 322.1025, found 322.1024
390.0483 Spiro[3.11]pentadecan-2-one O-(4-(trifluoromethyl)ben-
3-(4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)cyclobutan-1-one O-(4- zoyl) oxime (1n): According to the literature,[22b] 1n was
(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl) oxime (1i): According to the prepared from the commercially available cyclobutanone
literature,[22b] 1i was prepared from the commercially as a white solid (75% yield). m.p. 125.4~132.2 ℃; 1H
available 1-(trifluoromethyl)-4-vinylbenzene as a white NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.18 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.75
solid (80% yield). m.p. 156.3~158.5 ℃; 1H NMR (400 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 2.81 (m, 4H), 1.61 (m, 4H), 1.38 (s,
MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.15 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.72 (d, J=8.2 18H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 167.78, 162.90,
Hz, 2H), 7.61 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.39 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 134.50 (q, J=33 Hz), 132.45, 130.02, 125.50 (q, J=3 Hz),
3.78 (p, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 3.72~3.57 (m, 2H), 3.34~3.18 123.50 (q, J=274 Hz), 42.49, 36.71, 33.41, 26.26, 25.93,
(m, 2H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 165.84, 162.73, 22.44, 22.18, 19.44; 19F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl3) δ:
146.77, 135.02 (q, J=33 Hz), 132.12, 130.06, 129.26 (q, -63.13; IR (neat) v: 2932, 1744, 1322, 1252, 1127, 1078,
J=33 Hz), 126.78, 125.82 (q, J=3 Hz), 125.60 (q, J=3 1013, 882, 696 cm-1. HRMS (ESI) cacld for C23H30F3NO2
Hz), 124.87 (q, J=53 Hz), 122.16 (q, J=54 Hz), 39.40, [M+Na]+ 432.2121, found 432.2130
32.35; 19F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl3) δ: -62.52, -63.21; (Z)-2-Benzylcyclobutan-1-one O-(4-(trifluoromethyl)-
IR (neat) v: 2935, 1738, 1511, 1323, 1244, 1159, 1109, benzoyl) oxime (1o): According to the literature,[22e] 1o
1064, 827, 584 cm-1. HRMS (ESI) cacld for C19H13F6N- was prepared from the commercially available cyclobuta-
O2Na [M+Na]+ 424.0743, found 424.0748 none as a yellow oil (54% yield), The spectrum was a
3-(4-(Tert-butyl)phenyl)cyclobutan-1-one O-(4-(trifluo- mixture of cis and trans isomers. The data is consistent
romethyl)benzoyl) oxime (1j): According to the litera- with the literature report.
ture,[22c] 1j was prepared from the commercially available 3-Phenethylcyclobutan-1-one O-(4-(trifluoromethyl)be-
1-(tert-butyl)-4-vinylbenzene as a white solid (89% yield). nzoyl) oxime (1p): According to the literature,[22b] 1p was
The data is consistent with the literature report. prepared from the commercially available cyclobutanone
3-Methyl-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)cyclobutan-1-one as a yellow oil (83% yield). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ:
O-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl) oxime (1k): According to 8.08 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.65 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (dd,
the literature,[22b] 1k was prepared from the commercially J=8.1, 6.7 Hz, 2H), 7.17~7.08 (m, 3H), 3.25~3.10 (m,
available 1-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene as 2H), 2.72~2.59 (m, 2H), 2.60~2.53 (m, 2H), 2.38 (tt, J=
a white solid (78% yield). m.p. 87.5~89.6 ℃; 1H NMR 9.5, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 1.88~1.77 (m, 2H); 13C NMR (101
(400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.21 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.77 (d, J= MHz, CDCl3) δ: 167.95, 162.85, 141.24, 134.51 (q, J=33
8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.59~7.46 (m, 4H), 3.52 (m, 2H), 3.41~3.25 Hz), 132.39, 130.03, 128.52, 128.36, 126.11, 125.53 (q,
(m, 2H), 1.65 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: J=4 Hz), 123.59 (q, J=274 Hz), 37.70, 37.39, 37.34,
165.03, 162.72, 148.73, 134.68 (q, J=33 Hz), 132.15, 33.67, 27.85; 19F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl3) δ: -63.12; IR
130.94 (q, J=32 Hz), 130.08, 129.31, 128.62, 125.62 (q, (neat) v: 1743, 1323, 1258, 1166, 1125, 1067, 1014, 859,
J=4 Hz), 125.15 (q, J=50 Hz), 123.47 (q, J=3 Hz), 767, 697 cm-1. HRMS (ESI) cacld for C20H18F3- NO2Na
122.44 (q, J=50 Hz), 121.89 (q, J=3 Hz), 44.71, 44.67, [M+Na]+ 384.1182, found 384.1183
44.67, 38.11, 30.74; 19F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl3) δ: - (Z)-2-Pentylcyclobutan-1-one O-(4-(trifluoromethyl)-
62.55, -63.14; IR (neat) v: 1743, 1325, 1264, 1127, benzoyl) oxime (1q): According to the literature,[22b] 1q
1064, 862, 696 cm-1. HRMS (ESI) cacld for C20H15F6- was prepared from the commercially available cyclobuta-
NO2Na [M+Na]+ 438.0899, found 438.0888 none as a yellow oil (43% yield). The spectrum was a
3-(Naphthalen-2-yl)cyclobutan-1-one O-(4-(trifluorome- mixture of cis and trans isomers. 1H NMR (400 MHz,
thyl)benzoyl) oxime (1l): According to the literature,[22d] 1l CDCl3) δ: 8.17 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.74 (d, J=8.4 Hz,
was prepared from the commercially available 2-vinyl- 2H), 3.47~2.96 (m, 2H), 2.57~2.20 (m, 2H), 1.94~1.58
naphthalene as a white solid (75% yield). The data is con- (m, 3H), 1.49~1.25 (m, 6H), 0.91 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 3H); 13C
sistent with the literature report. NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 173.55, 162.90, 134.57 (q, J=
3-Propylcyclobutan-1-one O-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzo- 33 Hz), 132.56, 129.97, 125.49 (q, J=3 Hz), 123.57 (q,
yl) oxime (1m): According to the literature,[22b] 1m was J=273 Hz), 45.77, 32.28, 31.59, 29.09, 26.51, 22.49,
prepared from the commercially available cyclobutanone 20.95, 14.02; 19F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl3) δ: -63.15; IR
as an oil (68% yield), m.p. 42.8~44.8 ℃; 1H NMR (400 (neat) v: 2931, 1746, 1323, 1258, 1166, 1127, 1066, 1014,
MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.16 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.72 (d, J=8.2 860, 769, 699 cm- 1. HRMS (ESI) cacld for C17H20F3-
Hz, 2H), 3.23 (m, 2H), 2.76~2.64 (m, 2H), 2.45 (p, J= NO2Na [M+Na]+ 350.1338, found 350.1334.
656 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 651~662
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 651~662 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 657
有机化学 研究论文
MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.37 (m, 2H), 7.34~7.22 (m, 3H), 6.73 58.6 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.25~7.19 (m,
(m, 4H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.02 (s, 2H), 2.68 (s, 2H), 1.54 (s, 2H), 7.09~7.03 (m, 2H), 6.94~6.87 (m, 2H), 6.75~6.70
3H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 158.40, 143.98, (m, 2H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.09 (m, 1H), 2.89 (d, J=7.5 Hz,
131.24, 128.56, 128.52, 126.96, 126.08, 118.51, 113.34, 1H), 2.55~2.39 (m, 1H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ:
55.18, 47.31, 41.31, 29.38, 25.52; IR (neat) v: 3031, 2242, 158.46, 139.79, 133.28, 130.03, 129.91, 129.00, 128.70,
1721, 1609, 1510, 1245, 1178, 1030, 836, 812, 755, 698 118.30, 114.05, 55.27, 43.50, 40.32, 23.52; IR (neat) v:
cm - 1. HRMS (ESI) cacld for C18H19NONa [M+Na] + 2930, 1610, 1511, 1244, 1177, 1032, 784, 694 cm - 1.
288.1365, found 288.1359. HRMS (EI) cacld for C17H16ClNO [M]+ 285.0920, found
4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-3-phenylbutanenitrile (3d): Col- 285.0915.
orless oil, 25.1 mg, 50% yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, 4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)bu-
CDCl3) δ: 7.32 (dd, J=8.1, 6.5 Hz, 2H), 7.29~7.23 (m, tanenitrile (3i): Colorless oil, 41.1 mg, 64% yield. 1H NMR
1H), 7.21 (dd, J=7.1, 1.8 Hz, 2H), 7.03~6.97 (m, 2H), (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.58 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (d, J=
6.82~6.76 (m, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.17 (p, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.04~6.94 (m, 2H), 6.80 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H),
2.99 (dd, J=7.6, 2.4 Hz, 2H), 2.63~2.46 (m, 2H); 13C 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.24 (td, J=7.5, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 3.00 (d, J=7.5
NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 158.34, 141.37, 130.33, Hz, 2H), 2.65 ~ 2.51 (m, 2H); 13C NMR (101 MHz,
130.01, 128.79, 127.46, 127.25, 118.51, 113.94, 55.21, CDCl3) δ: 158.51, 145.26, 129.96, 129.58, 127.72, 125.81
43.99, 40.33, 23.47; IR (neat) v: 3004, 2242, 1720, 1610, (q, J=3 Hz), 123.98 (q, J=273 Hz), 118.01, 115.38 (q,
1511, 1244, 1176, 1032, 816, 699 cm-1. HRMS (EI) cacld J=123 Hz), 114.08, 55.22, 43.86, 40.15, 23.26; 19F NMR
for C17H17NO [M]+ 251.1310, found 251.1305. (376 MHz, CDCl3) δ: -62.52; IR (neat) v: 2935, 1613,
3-(4-Fluorophenyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)butanenitrile 1511, 1323, 1245, 1162, 1109, 1067, 833 cm-1. HRMS
(3e): Colorless oil, 45.7 mg, 85% yield. 1H NMR (400 (EI) cacld for C18H16F3NO [M] + 319.1184, found
MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.20~7.13 (m, 1H), 7.05~6.94 (m, 2H), 319.1179.
6.83~6.76 (m, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.17 (qd, J=7.4, 5.7 Hz, 3-(4-(tert-Butyl)phenyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)butanenit-
1H), 2.96 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.61~2.46 (m, 2H); 13C rile (3j): Yellow solid, 48.8 mg, 79% yield. m.p. 102.7~
NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 163.23, 160.78, 158.40, 104.9 ℃, 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.28 (d, J=8.4
137.03, 130.04, 129.98, 128.80 (d, J=129 Hz), 118.32, Hz, 2H), 7.10 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.97 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H),
115.67 (d, J=21 Hz), 113.98, 55.21, 43.33, 40.46, 23.66; 6.74 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.13~3.02 (m, 1H),
19
F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl3) δ: -114.99; IR (neat) v: 2.92 (qd, J=13.8, 7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.52–2.37 (m, 2H), 1.24 (s,
2915, 1606, 1508, 1242, 1177, 1031, 830, 535 cm - 1. 9H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 158.38, 150.34,
HRMS (EI) cacld for C17H16FNO [M]+ 269.1216, found 138.49, 130.64, 130.06, 126.89, 125.72, 118.73, 114.00,
269.1210. 55.28, 43.45, 40.23, 34.52, 31.37, 23.44; IR (neat) v:
3-(2-Fluorophenyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)butanenitrile 2917, 1661, 1508, 1235, 1175, 1089, 1028, 827, 572 cm-1.
(3f): Colorless oil, 31.2 mg, 58% yield. 1H NMR (400 HRMS (EI) cacld for C21H25NO [M]+: 307.1936, found
MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.22~7.13 (m, 2H), 7.05 (m, 1H), 7.02~ 307.1931.
6.94 (m, 3H), 6.76~6.70 (m, 2H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.44 (dt, 4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)-
J=8.3, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 3.01~2.89 (m, 2H), 2.56 (d, J=6.5 phenyl)butanenitrile (3k): Yellow oil, 48.1 mg, 72% yield.
Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 160.66 (d, J= 1
H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.55 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H),
246 Hz), 158.45, 130.10, 130.00, 129.03 (d, J=8 Hz), 7.51~7.38 (m, 3H), 6.75~6.67 (m, 4H), 3.76 (d, J=0.9
128.65 (d, J=4 Hz), 127.99 (d, J=14 Hz), 124.49 (d, J= Hz, 3H), 2.99 (m, 2H), 2.75~2.61 (m, 2H), 1.56 (s, 3H);
13
3 Hz), 118.32, 115.78 (d, J=22 Hz), 114.03, 55.26, 38.83, C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 158.61, 145.04, 131.20,
37.66, 22.09; 19F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl3) δ: -118.03; 130.65, 129.54 (q, J=1 Hz), 129.03, 127.78, 125.41,
IR (neat) v: 2933, 1722, 1611, 1511, 1490, 1245, 1033, 821 123.90 (q, J=4 Hz), 122.94 (q, J=4 Hz), 117.94, 113.52,
cm-1. HRMS (EI) cacld for C17H16FNO [M]+ 269.1216, 55.19, 47.29, 41.54, 29.26, 25.34; 19F NMR (376 MHz,
found 269.1212. CDCl3) δ: -62.53; IR (neat) v: 2933, 1683, 1511, 1321,
3-(3-Bromophenyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)butanenitrile 1248, 1162, 1119, 1069, 1033, 802, 701 cm-1. HRMS (EI)
(3g): Colorless oil, 49.7 mg, 75% yield. 1H NMR (400 cacld for C19H18F3NO [M]+ 333.1340, found 333.1335.
MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.39 (dt, J=7.8, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (s, 4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)butanenitrile
1H), 7.27~7.09 (m, 2H), 7.03~6.95 (m, 2H), 6.83~6.74 (3l): Yellow solid, 52.4 mg, 87% yield. m.p. 143.1~
(m, 2H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.14 (p, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.02~2.87 144.5 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.74 (td, J=9.7,
(m, 2H), 2.61 ~ 2.43 (m, 2H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, 9.1, 4.4 Hz, 3H), 7.58 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.45~7.34 (m,
CDCl3) δ: 158.48, 143.64, 130.67, 130.38, 130.35, 129.98, 2H), 7.28 (dd, J=8.5, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 6.99~6.93 (m, 2H),
129.75, 126.02, 122.83, 118.10, 114.06, 55.24, 43.73, 6.76~6.66 (m, 2H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.29 (p, J=7.0 Hz, 1H),
40.21, 23.30; IR (neat) v: 2933, 1611, 1511, 1490, 1245, 3.10~2.96 (m, 2H), 2.66~2.51 (m, 2H); 13C NMR (101
1033, 821, 756 cm-1. HRMS (EI) cacld for C17H16BrNO MHz, CDCl3) δ: 158.39, 138.78, 133.43, 132.75, 130.30,
[M]+ 329.0415, found 329.0410. 130.08, 128.66, 127.88, 127.69, 126.33, 126.20, 126.00,
3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)butanenitrile 125.23, 118.57, 114.01, 55.25, 44.18, 40.36, 23.57; IR
(3h): Yellow solid, 41.4 mg, 73% yield. m.p. 56.2~ (neat) v: 2925, 1610, 1510, 1243, 1176, 1032, 817, 747,
658 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 651~662
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
477 cm - 1. HRMS (EI) cacld for C21H19NO [M] + 4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)oct-7-enenitrile (3s). Colorless oil,
301.1467, found 301.1461. 41.2 mg, 90% yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.11~
3-(4-Methoxybenzyl)hexanenitrile (3m): Yellow oil, 7.04 (m, 2H), 6.90~6.84 (m, 2H), 5.74 (ddt, J=18.1, 9.4,
36.1 mg, 83% yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 6.6 Hz, 1H), 5.00~4.87 (m, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 2.70~2.51
7.07–6.97 (m, 2H), 6.82~6.75 (m, 2H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 2.69 (m, 1H), 2.25~2.10 (m, 1H), 2.09~1.97 (m, 2H), 1.91
(dd, J=13.9, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 2.44 (dd, J=13.9, 9.0 Hz, 1H), (m, 2H), 1.78 (m, 1H), 1.74~1.62 (m, 2H); 13C NMR (101
2.24~2.05 (m, 2H), 1.96–1.73 (m, 1H), 1.43~1.23 (m, MHz, CDCl3) δ: 158.44, 138.11, 134.37, 128.51, 119.71,
4H), 0.87 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) 114.92, 114.17, 55.24, 43.38, 35.72, 32.36, 31.48, 15.37;
δ: 158.25, 131.02, 130.00, 118.71, 114.01, 55.28, 38.90, IR (neat) v: 2928, 1639, 1511, 1245, 1177, 1034, 911, 829
37.18, 35.53, 20.91, 19.98, 14.04; IR (neat) v: 2923, 1610, cm-1. HRMS (EI) cacld for C15H19NO [M]+ 229.1467,
1512, 1453, 1322, 1245, 1033, 745, 699 cm-1. HRMS (EI) found 229.1461.
cacld for C14H19NO [M]+ 217.1467, found 217.1460. (E)-4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)oct-6-enenitrile (3t): Colorless
2-(1-(4-Methoxybenzyl)cyclododecyl)acetonitrile (3n): oil, 35.8 mg, 64% yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ:
White solid, 45.6 mg, 70% yield. m.p. 85.7~87.5 ℃; 1H 7.14~6.98 (m, 2H), 6.88~6.79 (m, 2H), 5.64 (ddt, J=
NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.20~7.14 (m, 2H), 6.88~ 17.2, 10.2, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 5.07~4.89 (m, 2H), 3.78 (s, 3H),
6.82 (m, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 2.63 (s, 2H), 2.00 (s, 2H), 1.37 2.69 (m, 1H), 2.35 (m, 2H), 2.25~2.14 (m, 1H), 2.11~
(m, 22H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 158.30, 131.29, 1.96 (m, 2H), 1.87~1.68 (m, 1H): 13C NMR (101 MHz,
128.95, 118.94, 113.69, 55.22, 41.86, 39.97, 32.08, 26.66, CDCl3) δ: 158.44, 135.97, 134.28, 128.43, 119.62, 116.72,
26.02, 25.57, 22.80, 22.25, 19.14; IR (neat) v: 2933, 1608, 114.13, 113.70, 55.22, 43.76, 41.04, 31.40, 15.27; IR
1467, 1246, 1181, 1031, 841, 585 cm-1. HRMS (ESI) (neat) v: 2930, 1610, 1511, 1443, 1245, 1177, 1033, 915,
cacld for C22H33NONa [M + Na] + 350.2460, found 830 cm-1. HRMS (ESI) cacld for C14H17NONa [M+Na]+
350.2454. 238.1202, found 238.1206.
4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-5-phenylpentanenitrile (3o): Yel- 2-(2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)ace
low oil, 50.3 mg, 95% yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) tonitrile (3u): Colorless oil, 48.2 mg, 92% yield. 1H NMR
δ: 7.29~7.13 (m, 3H), 7.09~7.01 (m, 4H), 6.90~6.80 (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.44~7.36 (m, 1H), 7.31 (m, 5H),
(m, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.01~2.78 (m, 3H), 2.27~2.10 (m, 7.01~6.83 (m, 2H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.52 (m, 1H), 3.44~
1H), 2.09~1.94 (m, 2H), 1.91~1.77 (m, 1H); 13C NMR 3.28 (m, 2H), 3.14 (m, 1H), 2.82 (ddd, J=17.0, 5.0, 1.4
(101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 158.49, 139.55, 134.14, 129.08, Hz, 1H), 2.63 (ddd, J=17.0, 6.5, 1.3 Hz, 1H); 13C NMR
128.53, 128.31, 126.20, 119.59, 114.15, 55.24, 45.99, (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 158.75, 142.39, 142.11, 134.12,
43.56, 31.05, 15.38; IR (neat) v: 2930, 1610, 1511, 1422, 128.53, 128.00, 127.19, 124.72, 123.25, 118.48, 114.25,
1246, 1177, 1031, 830, 699 cm-1. HRMS (EI) cacld for 55.36, 51.77, 48.99, 40.19, 20.49; IR (neat) v: 2934, 1609,
C18H19NO [M]+ 265.1467, found 265.1461. 1510, 1466, 1248, 1180, 1029. 829, 776 cm-1. HRMS
3-(4-Methoxybenzyl)-5-phenylpentanenitrile (3p): Yel- (ESI) cacld for C18H17NONa [M+Na]+ 286.1202, found
low oil, 35.8 mg, 64% yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 286.1203.
δ: 7.38~7.30 (m, 2H), 7.27~7.17 (m, 3H), 7.14~7.07 2-(2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)cyclopent-3-en-1-yl)acetonitrile
(m, 2H), 6.87 (dd, J=8.3, 1.6 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 2.87 (3v): Colorless oil, 39.8 mg, 94% yield. 1H NMR (400
(m, 1H), 2.73 (m, 2H), 2.59 (m, 1H), 2.40~2.20 (m, 2H), MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.23~7.03 (m, 2H), 6.89~6.77 (m, 2H),
1.99 (m, 1H), 1.92~1.77 (m, 2H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, 5.99~5.84 (m, 1H), 5.72 (m, 1H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.01 (m,
CDCl3) δ: 158.33, 141.17, 130.69, 130.01, 128.58, 128.34, 2H), 2.95~2.79 (m, 1H), 2.58~2.40 (m, 2H), 2.39 (m,
126.17, 118.49, 114.07, 55.30, 38.72, 36.72, 34.92, 33.02, 1H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 158.38, 136.17,
21.00; IR (neat) v: 2923, 1610, 1510, 1453, 1244, 1177, 132.71, 130.58, 128.14, 118.58, 114.09, 55.28, 50.87,
1032, 835, 699 cm-1. HRMS (ESI) cacld for C19H21NONa 49.41, 41.84, 22.22; IR (neat) v: 2963, 1611, 1512, 1441,
[M+Na]+ 302.1515, found 302.1513. 1245, 1024, 824, 725 cm - 1. HRMS (ESI) cacld for
4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)nonanenitrile (3q): Colorless oil, C14H15NONa [M+Na]+ 236.1046, found 236.1045.
36.2 mg, 74% yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.06 4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)pentanenitrile (3w): Colorless oil,
(d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.86 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 33.7 mg, 89% yield. The data is consistent with the litera-
2.59 (m, 1H), 2.23~2.09 (m, 2H), 2.09~1.93 (m, 1H), ture.[22h]
1.84~1.71 (m, 2H), 1.65~1.49 (m, 6H), 1.31~1.08 (m, 2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-3-(2-methylcyclopentyl)propane-
3H), 0.87–0.78 (m, 1H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: nitrile (3x): Colorless oil, 14.1 mg, 29% yield. 1H NMR
158.31, 134.99, 128.41, 119.82, 114.08, 55.22, 44.05, (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.28~7.23 (m, 2H), 6.92 (m, 2H),
36.62, 32.41, 31.75, 27.09, 22.50, 15.38, 14.03; IR (neat) 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.75~3.67 (m, 1H), 2.17~1.99 (m, 2H),
v: 2926, 1610, 1511, 1459, 1245, 1177, 1034, 829 cm-1. 1.97~1.51 (m, 6H), 1.42~1.23 (m, 2H), 0.83 (dd, J=7.0,
HRMS (ESI) cacld for C16H23NONa [M+Na]+ 268.1672, 1.9 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 159.26,
found 268.1271. 128.39, 128.34, 121.72, 114.44, 55.37, 40.76, 37.81, 36.15,
2-(4-Methoxybenzyl)benzonitrile (3r): Colorless oil, 35.66, 33.45, 29.29, 22.54, 15.00; IR (neat) v: 2934, 1609,
40.5 mg, 91% yield. The data is consistent with the litera- 1511, 1229, 1032, 842, 729 cm-1. HRMS (EI) cacld for
ture.[22g] C16H21NO [M]+: 243.1618, found 243.1616
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 651~662 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 659
有机化学 研究论文
4-Phenylbutanenitrile (4a): Colorless oil, 24.3 mg, 84% (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.11~7.05 (m, 2H), 6.78~6.68 (m,
yield. The data is consistent with the literature.[22f] 2H), 2.95 (s, 6H), 2.71 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 2.33 (t, J=7.1
4-(4-Chlorophenyl)butanenitrile (4b): Colorless oil, 31.5 Hz, 2H), 1.96 (p, J=7.2 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (101 MHz,
mg, 88% yield. The data is consistent with the litera- CDCl3) δ: 149.43, 129.14, 127.57, 119.82, 112.99, 40.80,
ture.[22h] 33.37, 27.24, 16.31; IR (neat) v: 2925, 1614, 1523, 1445,
4-(4-Bromophenyl)butanenitrile (4c): Colorless oil, 36.4 1349 cm - 1. HRMS (EI) cacld for C12H16N2 [M] +
mg, 82% yield. The data is consistent with the litera- 188.1314, found 188.1308.
ture.[22h] 4-(4-Cyclopropylphenyl)butanenitrile (4l): Colorless oil,
4-(4-Iodophenyl)butanenitrile (4d): White solid, 33.6 31.4 mg, 84% yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.10
mg, 62% yield. m.p. 80.5~82.2 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, (m , 2H), 7.07~7.02 (m, 2H), 2.76 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H),
CDCl3) δ: 7.71~7.61 (m, 2H), 7.03~6.90 (m, 2H), 2.75 2.33 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.98 (p, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.90 (tt,
(t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.34 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.98 (p, J=7.2 J=8.4, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 1.01~0.93 (m, 2H), 0.70 (dt, J=6.6,
Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 139.35, 137.76, 4.6 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 142.25,
130.55, 119.31, 91.71, 33.88, 26.70, 16.41; IR (neat) v: 136.67, 128.42, 125.94, 119.65, 33.92, 27.01, 16.38, 15.05,
2930, 2244, 1483, 1399, 1059, 1005, 824, 786, 501 cm-1. 9.22; IR (neat) v: 3006, 2928, 2244, 1516, 1457, 1424,
HRMS (EI) cacld for C10H10IN [M] + 270.9858, found 1047, 1018, 898, 810 cm-1. HRMS (EI) cacld for C13H15N
270.9852. [M]+ 185.1204, found 185.1199.
4-(4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)butanenitrile (4e): Color- 4-(Naphthalen-2-yl)butanenitrile (4m): Colorless oil,
less oil, 30.7 mg, 72% yield. The data is consistent with the 35.3 mg, 90% yield. The data is consistent with the litera-
literature.[22h] ture.[22h]
4-(4-(Trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)butanenitrile (4f): Col- 4-(2-Fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)butanenitrile (4n):
orless oil, 38.6 mg, 84% yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, White solid, 41.2 mg, 86% yield. m.p. 175.4~177.7 ℃;
1
CDCl3) δ: 7.20 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.14 (d, J=8.4 Hz, H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.58 (dt, J=8.1, 1.5 Hz,
2H), 2.78 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.32 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 2H), 7.51~7.38 (m, 2H), 7.08 (dd, J=7.8, 1.7 Hz, 2H),
1.96 (p, J=7.2 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.03 (dd, J=11.4, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 2.85 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H),
147.86, 138.45, 129.74, 121.27, 120.45 (q, J=258 Hz), 2.40 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.05 (p, J=7.2 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR
119.28, 33.65, 26.80, 16.41; 19F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl3) (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 159.85 (d, J=247 Hz), 141.30 (d,
δ: -57.98; IR (neat) v: 2933, 1509, 1253, 1218, 1155 J=4 Hz), 135.55, 130.95 (d, J=4 Hz), 128.97 (d, J=4
cm-1. HRMS (EI) cacld for C11H10F3NO [M]+ 229.0714, Hz), 128.52, 127.69, 127.24 (d, J=13 Hz), 124.54 (d, J=3
found 229.0709. Hz), 119.38, 115.55 (q, J=23 Hz), 33.85, 26.64, 16.47; 19F
4-([1,1'-Biphenyl]-2-yl)butanenitrile (4g): Yellow solid, NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: -117.88; IR (neat) v: 2933,
41.5 mg, 94% yield. m.p. 182.6~185.4 ℃; 1H NMR (400 2246, 1624, 1483, 1416, 1126, 765, 697 cm-1. HRMS (EI)
MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.48~7.22 (m, 9H), 2.82–2.75 (t, J=7.2 cacld for C16H14FN [M]+ 239.1110, found 239.1105
Hz, 2H), 2.17 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.81~1.71 (m, 2H); 13C 4-(3a,7a-Dihydrobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)butanenitrile
NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 142.05, 141.35, 137.29, (4o): Colorless oil, 28.5 mg, 75% yield. The data is con-
130.41, 129.39, 129.05, 128.34, 127.70, 127.15, 126.53, sistent with the literature.[22j]
119.49, 31.97, 26.51, 16.63; IR (neat) v: 2933, 2244, 1478, 4-(2,3-Dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)butanenitrile
1435, 1008, 749, 702 cm-1. HRMS (EI) cacld for C16H15N (4p): Colorless oil, 35.4 mg, 87% yield. 1H NMR (400
[M]+ 221.1204, found 221.1199. MHz, CDCl3) δ: 6.78 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.68~6.60 (m,
4-([1,1'-Biphenyl]-3-yl)butanenitrile (4h): Yellow solid, 2H), 4.23 (s, 4H), 2.65 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 2.29 (t, J=7.1
39.2 mg, 89% yield. m.p. 187.8~190.1 ℃; 1H NMR (400 Hz, 2H), 1.91 (p, J=7.2 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (101 MHz,
MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.60–7.55 (m, 2H), 7.49–7.31 (m, 6H), CDCl3) δ: 143.49, 142.14, 132.93, 121.38, 119.61, 117.34,
7.16 (m, 1H), 2.83 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.33 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 117.05, 64.39, 64.31, 33.61, 26.98, 16.29; IR (neat) v:
2H), 2.01 (p, J=7.2 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) 2932, 2245, 1588, 1505, 1284, 1204, 884, 812 cm - 1.
δ: 141.72, 141.00, 140.29, 129.17, 128.86, 127.46, 127.42, HRMS (EI) cacld for C12H13NO2 [M]+ 203.0946, found
127.37, 127.21, 125.46, 119.57, 34.51, 27.00, 16.50; IR 203.0941.
(neat) v: 2926, 2244, 1599, 1501, 1478, 1453, 754, 698 4-(3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)butanenitrile (4q):
cm - 1. HRMS (EI) cacld for C16H15N [M] + 221.1204, Colorless oil, 40.4 mg, 72% yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz,
found 221.1199 CDCl3) δ: 7.79 (s, 1H), 7.68 (s, 2H), 3.00~2.92 (t, J=6.9,
4-(4-(tert-Butyl)phenyl)butanenitrile (4i): Colorless oil, 2H), 2.44 (t, J=6.9, 2H), 2.07 (p, J=7.0 Hz, 2H); 13C
34.4 mg, 86% yield. The data is consistent with the litera- NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 142.25, 131.85 (q, J=33 Hz),
ture.[22h] 128.60, 123.38 (q, J=274 Hz), 120.77 (p, J=4 Hz),
4-(4-(Methylthio)phenyl)butanenitrile (4j): Colorless 118.81, 34.15, 26.57, 16.69; 19F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl3)
oil, 28.6 mg, 75% yield. The data is consistent with the δ: -62.89; IR (neat) v: 2935, 1381, 1275, 1167, 1121,
literature.[22i] 895, 681 cm - 1. HRMS (EI) cacld for C12H9F6N [M] +
4-(4-(Dimethylamino)phenyl)butanenitrile (4k): Yellow 281.0639, found 281.0634.
solid, 24.9 mg, 66% yield. m.p. 68.4~70.8 ℃; 1H NMR 4-(Dibenzo[b,d]thiophen-4-yl)butanenitrile (4r): Yellow
660 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 651~662
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Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 651~662 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 661
有机化学 研究论文
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662 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 651~662
有机化学 DOI: 10.6023/cjoc201910022 研究论文
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
开环葫芦脲在水中对芳烃和芳醛的增溶和对腙大环形成的促进作用
摘要 利用核磁实验, 研究了并入四个磺酸根或羧酸根的高水溶性开环葫芦脲对疏水性芳烃和芳醛的水相增溶作用.
并入四个磺酸根的开环葫芦脲 acCB-1 能显著提高包括三联苯、4,4'-二甲基联苯和联苯-4,4'-二甲醛在内的芳烃和芳醛
的水溶性, 其中 4,4'-二甲基联苯的溶解度可以提高到 8.9 mmol/L, 联苯-4,4'-二甲醛的溶解度可以提高到 11.2 mmol/L.
并入四个羧酸根的 acCB-2 可以把五氟甲苯和六氟苯在水中的溶解度提高到 5.6 和 3.0 mmol/L. acCB-1 还可以通过增溶
芳香醛, 促进其与酰肼反应形成腙. 这一促进作用可以进一步应用于促进两个芳香二醛和一个芳香二酰肼在水中的反
应, 制备常规条件下不能形成的两个芳香腙大环.
关键词 开环葫芦脲; 水相增溶; 包结; 芳烃; 芳醛; 腙; 大环化合物
Abstract The promotion of two sulfate or carboxylate-bearing acyclic cucurbiturils for the water-solubility of arenes and
aromatic aldehydes is described. 1H NMR experiments reveals that sulfate-bearing acyclic cucurbituril (acCB-1) signficantly
improves the water-solubility of a number of arenes and aldehydes. For 4,4'-dimethylbiphenyl and biphenyl-4,4'-
dicarbaldehyde, the solubility can be improved to 8.9 and 11.2 mmol/L, respectively. 19F NMR experiments demonstrate that
carboxylate-bearing acyclic cucurbituril can increase the water-solubilities of pentafluorotoluene and hexafluorobenzene to 5.6
and 3.0 mmol/L, respectively. It is also found that the water-solubilization of acCB-1 for aromatic aldehydes can promote their
reaction with acylhydrazines to form hydrozone derivatives. By making use of this promotion, two hydrazone-based
macrocycles can be formed from the coupling reactions of two aromatic dialdehdes and one diacylhydrazine in water.
Keywords acyclic cucurbituril; water-solubilization; encapsulation; arene; aromatic aldehyde; hydrazine; macrocycle
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 663~668 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 663
有机化学 研究论文
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Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 663~668 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 665
有机化学 研究论文
(图 S10).
由于 acCB-1 能显著促进酰肼和醛在水中缩合形成
腙, 我们又根据文献[13]合成了化合物 17. 尽管引入一
个亲水的乙氧基链, 这一化合物在水中的溶解度仍然很
低, 和溶解度同样较低的等摩尔量的 15 或 16 在水中反
应, 1H NMR 表明有反应发生, 但形成不能分离的沉淀,
其最有可能是不同长度的寡聚腙链. 两个反应的底物都
不能完全转化. 在 5 mmol/L 的 acCB-1 水溶液中, 二醛
15 和 16 可以增溶到 2.0 和 1.1 mmol/L. 在这两个溶液中
分批加入等摩尔量的 17, 其与两个二醛反应, 形成黄色
沉淀. 在乙腈和二甲基亚砜中重结晶, 可以得到相应 2
+2 大环 18 和 19, 产率在 16%和 12%. 尽管两个大环化
图4 溶解有化合物 15 (2 mmol/L)的开环葫芦脲 acCB-1 (5
合物的产率仍然较低, 但由于在纯水中不能形成这些大
mmol/L)重水溶液及加入化合物 14 (2 mmol/L)后的重水溶液
环, acCB-1 对底物的增溶作用对于两个大环的形成起到
随时间变化的 1H NMR (400 MHz)
Figure 4 1H NMR (400 MHz) of the solution of acCB-1 (5 重要促进作用.
mmol/L) and dialdehyde 15 (2 mmol/L) in D2O and the same
solution after addition of diacylhydrazone 14 (2 mmol/L) record- 2 结论
ed at different times
通过核磁实验揭示, 高水溶性的开环葫芦脲能够通
acCB-2 中, 增溶的五氟甲苯受 acCB-2 屏蔽, 其 CH3 信 过包结作用显著提高疏水性芳烃、芳香醛和氟代芳烃的
号向高场移动至 δ 1.27. 通过比较这一信号与 acCB-2 的 水溶性. 这一水相增溶作用可以促进芳香醛与酰肼在水
Ar-H 信号强度, 可以计算出五氟甲苯的溶解度为 5.6 中缩合形成腙类分子, 并进一步应用于合成具有低溶解
mmol/L (图 S8). 六氟苯 12 在水中即有一定的溶解度 性能的腙类大环. 由芳香单体形成的腙类大环分子, 由
(1.0 mmol/ L). 在 20、40 和 80 mmol/L 的乙酸钠溶液中, 于共轭大环的强堆积作用, 其溶解性一般很低, 需要引
其溶解度分别为 1.8、 1.6 和 1.1 mmol/L, 即有所增加, 但 入多个长的亲水侧链或正离子才能制备, 分离和纯化相
随着乙酸钠的浓度增加而降低. 但在 5、10 和 20 mmol/L 应大环[14]. 本文研究结果显示, 通过开环葫芦脲的水相
的 acCB-2 溶液中, 其溶解度分别测定为 2.2、2.9 和 3.0 增溶作用, 可以实现普通条件下不能进行的一些反应,
mmol/L(图 S9), 不但总体上随 acCB-2 浓度增加而增加, 为一些低溶解性的特殊结构分子特别是大环分子的合
而且与乙酸钠溶液对照, 分别提高了 0.4、1.3 和 1.9 成提供了一个新的思路[15].
mmol/L. 在不同浓度的 acCB-2 的溶液中, 19F NMR 都没
有观察到全氟联苯 12 的信号, 表明开环葫芦脲对这一 3 实验部分
更大的有机氟化合物增溶作用有限.
3.1 仪器和试剂
基于上述实验结果, 我们进一步研究了 acCB-1 通
溶剂和试剂使用前没有进一步纯化. 核磁在 400 M
过增溶作用对己二酰肼(14)和间苯二甲醛(15)及联苯-
Bruker Avance III HD 型核磁共振仪记录, 质谱在 Bruker
3,3'-二甲醛(16)在水中反应形成酰肼/腙聚合物的可能的
McriOTOF 11 型 质 谱 仪 测 试 . acCB-1[9a], acCB-2[8a],
促进效应. 由于三个底物在水中溶解度都很小, 并且反
10[12]和 17[13]根据文献方法合成, 其它化合物为商品试
应产物腙聚合物不溶于水[11], 这两个反应都不能在水中
剂. 核磁实验中, 内标对苯二甲酸钠(STP)的浓度直接
顺利进行. 1H NMR 揭示, 在 acCB-1 (5 mmol/L)的重水
通过称重样品确定, 被增溶分子的浓度通过比较其相应
溶液中, 加入等摩尔量的(2.0 mmol/L) 14 到增溶的二醛
的探针信号和 STP 的 CH 信号相对积分计算。
15 (2.0 mmol/L)的相应溶液中, 反应能快速进行, 大约
30 min 后, 化学位移在 δ 9.4 周围的醛基 CHO 特征信号 3.2 化合物 18 的合成
完全消失(图 4). 当 acCB-1 浓度提高 20 mmol/L 时, 反 在化合物 acCB-1 (0.15 g, 0.10 mmol)的水溶液中
应在约 10 min 后即能完成. 尽管由于产物成分复杂, 不 (20 mL)加入化合物 15 (5.4 mg, 0.04 mmol). 室温搅拌
能进一步研究这一反应的产物选择性, 这些结果证明, 10 min 后, 向溶液中加入化合物 17 (16 mg, 0.04 mmol).
acCB-1 可以通过促溶作用促进酰肼和醛形成腙键. 同 继续搅拌 1 h 后, 形成的黄色沉淀离心分离, 用甲醇和
样地, 在 20 mmol/L 浓度的 acCB-1 重水溶液中, 14 和 乙醚分别洗涤后, 离心分离, 之后在乙腈和二甲基亚砜
16 反应形成腙衍生物的反应, 在约 20 min 内即可完成 (V∶V=3∶1)中重结晶, 得到化合物 18 (6.4 mg, 16%)为
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有机化学 研究论文
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学报, 2018, 39, 226.) [12] Kotha, S.; Shah, V. R. Synthesis 2007, 3653.
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2016, 14, 7563. (张丹维, 黎占亭, 有机化学, 2012, 32, 2009.)
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668 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 663~668
有机化学 DOI: 10.6023/cjoc201909042 研究论文
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
胡椒基咪唑盐类化合物的合成及生物活性研究
摘要 从胡椒酸出发, 通过还原、甲磺酸酯化、偶联和成盐四步反应合成了一系列新型的胡椒基咪唑盐类化合物, 其
结构经 1H NMR, 13
C NMR, HRMS 以及 X 射线单晶衍射确定. 对合成的新化合物进行了体外抗肿瘤细胞毒活性筛选,
结果表明, 1-((苯并[d][1,3]二氧杂环戊烯-5-基甲基)-3-(2-萘甲基))-5,6-二甲基-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-3-溴盐(30)具有显著的细
胞毒活性, 对 HL-60、SMMC-7721、A-549、MCF-7 和 SW-480 肿瘤细胞株的活性均优于顺铂(DDP), 尤其对 HL-60 肿
瘤细胞株表现出较好的选择性细胞毒活性, 其 IC50 值约为顺铂的 7.2 倍. 进一步研究表明, 化合物 30 具有诱导
SMMC-7721 细胞株在细胞周期 G0/G1 期阻滞和细胞凋亡的作用.
关键词 胡椒基; 咪唑盐; 分子杂合; 构效关系; 细胞毒活性
Abstract A series of novel hybrid compounds between piperonyl and imidazolium salts were prepared from tryptophol by
four steps of reduction, mesylation, coupling and salt formation. Their structures were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR,
HRMS and X-ray crystallographic analysis. These compounds were evaluated in vitro against a panel of human tumor cell
lines. The results showed that 1-((benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-ylmethyl)-3-(2-naphthylmethyl))-5,6-dimethyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-
3-ium bromide (30) exhibited remarkable inhibitory activity selectively against HL-60, SMMC-7721, A-549, MCF-7 and
SW480 cell lines compared with DDP. In particular, the compound was more selective to HL-60 cell lines with IC50 values
7.2-fold lower than DDP. Further studies showed that compound 30 has the effect of inducing SMMC-7721 cell line arrest and
cell apoptosis in cell cycle G0/G1.
Keywords piperonyl; imidazolium salts; molecular hybridization; structure-activity relationship; cytotoxic activity
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 669~678 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 669
有机化学 研究论文
4, R1, R2 = H R1
5, R1 = CH3, R2 = H O N N R
3
6, R1 = H, R2 = CH3
O Br
R2
R2
7 ~ 33
R3 = phenacyl, benzyl
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Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 669~678 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 671
有机化学 研究论文
株的 2.6~4.6 倍.
从化合物 4~33 对五种癌细胞株的 IC50 值数据进行
初步构效关系分析时, 可以从三个方面进行考虑, 第一:
咪唑盐类化合物(7~33)优于咪唑类化合物(4~6); 第
二: 对于咪唑环的差异可知, 5,6-二甲基苯并咪唑取代
的咪唑盐类化合物(25~33)优于 2-甲基苯并咪唑的咪唑
盐类化合物(16~24)及苯并咪唑取代的咪唑盐类化合物
(7~15); 第三: 对于 N-取代基的咪唑盐杂合物的差异
图 3 化合物 8 的晶体结构 可知, 除了 N-取代的 4-硝基苄基咪唑盐化合物 33 外,
Figure 3 Crystal structure of compound 8 芳基甲基取代的咪唑盐化合物(29~32)优于芳基甲酰甲
基取代的咪唑盐化合物(25~28), 而在芳基甲基取代的
择了五种人体癌细胞株[白血病细胞(HL-60)、肝癌细胞
咪唑盐化合物中, 萘甲基取代的咪唑盐化合物 30 的细
(SMMC-7721)、肺癌细胞(A-549)、乳腺癌细胞(MCF-7)
胞毒活性最佳. 本文总结了初步构效关系分析(图 4).
和结肠癌细胞(SW480)]进行体外细胞毒活性测试, 其检
测以顺铂(DDP)作为阳性对照物, 通过浓度效应生长曲
R1 R1
线计算了化合物的 IC50 值. 测试结果(表 1)表明, 化合物 O O
N N 3
N N R
9, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26 和 27 具有一定的体外肿瘤生长
O O Br
抑制活性; 化合物 10, 19, 28, 29, 30, 31 和 32 具有显著的
体外肿瘤生长抑制活性, 这 7 种化合物对上述五种人体 R2 R2
R2 R2
癌细胞株的活性均优于顺铂. 值得一提的是, 化合物 30 A B
的活性最好, IC50 值达到 0.25~5.19 μmol/L, 对 HL-60 Piperonyl-derivatives
肿瘤细胞株表现出较好的选择性细胞毒活性, 其 IC50 值 Better
imidazolium salt (B) imidazole hybrids (A)
低于顺铂的 7.2 倍, 也低于其它 4 种人体化合物癌细胞
Best imidazole ring:
表 1 化合物 4~33 的体外细胞毒活性数据(IC50, µmol•L-1)a 5,6-dimethyl-benzimidazole > 2-methyl-benzimidazole >
Table 1 In vitro cytotoxic activities of compounds 4~33 (IC50, benzimidazole
Best
µmol•L-1) 3
R = 2-naphthylmethyl > 4-methylbenzyl > 4-bromobenzyl
白血病 肝癌 肺癌 乳腺癌 结肠癌 2-bromobenzyl > 2-naphthylacyl > phenacyl 4-methoxy-
化合物
HL-60 SMMC-7721 A-549 MCF-7 SW480 phenacyl > 4-bromophenacyl > 4-nitrobenzyl
4~8 >20 >20 >20 >20 >20 Best potent compound
9 7.94 >20 >20 8.30 >20
10 1.46 6.34 8.44 4.70 7.71
O Br
11 >20 >20 >20 >20 >20 N N
12 1.80 11.60 17.76 5.81 12.99 O
13~18 >20 >20 >20 >20 >20
19 1.71 4.11 6.81 2.79 6.19
20 5.05 13.00 13.90 10.89 >20 30
21 2.11 4.40 8.50 5.53 11.02
22 3.25 7.42 2.34 7.20 17.66 图 4 胡椒基-咪唑盐化合物的初步构效关系分析
23 2.37 10.57 6.29 8.44 18.69 Figure 4 Preliminary structure-activity relationship of piper-
24 >20 >20 >20 >20 >20 onyl-imidazolium slats
25 3.57 16.88 >20 9.07 19.08
Annexin V/FITC 凋亡检测试剂盒通过 PI(碘化丙啶)
26 4.10 9.99 >20 7.04 12.65
27 6.22 >20 >20 7.76 7.25 对丧失细胞膜完整性的细胞进行染色. 本研究将
28 1.31 4.98 6.74 4.26 7.36 SMMC-7721 细胞暴露在梯度浓度的化合物 30 中, 并以
29 0.63 5.63 7.07 5.29 7.36 DMSO 作为空白对照, 癌细胞株分别置于 1.25、2.5、5
30 0.25 2.72 4.53 3.04 5.19
µmol•L-1 的样品溶液中 48 h 后, 检测到细胞凋亡比率随
31 0.40 4.69 6.13 5.40 7.77
32 0.66 4.84 7.71 5.99 7.60 着化合物 30 的浓度的增加而增加, 通过柱状图对比可
33 >20 >20 >20 >20 >20 以明显得知, 随着化合物 30 样品溶液浓度的增加, 在 5
DDP 1.81 9.62 8.58 13.93 13.73 µmol•L-1 的浓度下, 化合物 30 能显著促使 SMMC-7721
a
实验数据为三次平行实验平均值
细胞凋亡(图 5).
672 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 669~678
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
2 结论
从商品化的胡椒酸出发, 通过还原、甲磺酸酯化、
偶联和成盐四步反应合成了 27 个新型的胡椒基-咪唑盐
类化合物, 其结构经 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HRMS 以及 X
射线单晶衍射确定. 对合成的新化合物进行了体外抗肿
瘤活性的筛选. 结果表明, 化合物 10, 19, 28, 29, 30, 31
和 32 具有显著的体外肿瘤生长抑制活性. 其中化合物
30 的 IC50 值为 0.25~5.19 μmol/L, 对 HL-60 肿瘤细胞株
表现出较好的选择性细胞毒活性, 其 IC50 值低于顺铂的
7.2 倍, 同时低于其它 4 种人体癌细胞株的 2.6~4.6 倍;
在细胞凋亡与周期试验中, 化合物 30 具有诱导 SMMC-
7721 细胞株在细胞周期 G0/G1 期阻滞和细胞凋亡的作
用; 本文也对新合成的 27 个新型的胡椒基-咪唑盐类化
合物根据体外细胞毒活性数据进行了初步的构效关系
研究, 希望今后在本研究的基础上, 可开展进一步的结
构修饰, 为此类化合物的活性及抗肿瘤机制进行更深入
图 5 化合物 30 的细胞凋亡分析 的研究.
Figure 5 Cell apoptosis analysis of compound 30
3 实验部分
本研究对细胞周期的试验结果如图 6 所示, 通过与
空白样对照, SMMC-7721 细胞株随着样品浓度的增加, 3.1 仪器与试剂
其停留在 G0/G1 期细胞数量所占比例明显提高, 而停留 核磁共振用 Bruker DRX 400 核磁共振仪测定, TMS
在 S 期和 G2/M 细胞数量所占的比例轻微减少. 综合上 为内标; 熔点用 X-6 双目熔点测定仪进行测定, 温度计
述分析, 化合物 30 具有诱导 SMMC-7721 细胞株在细胞 未校正; 高分辨质谱在 AB QSTAR Pulsar 质谱仪上测
周期 G0/G1 期阻滞和细胞凋亡的作用. 定; 柱层析用硅胶(200~300 目)和薄层色谱硅胶板
(GF254)均由青岛海洋化工厂生产; 显色剂为 5%的磷钼
酸乙醇溶液, 喷洒后加热显色; 商品化原料或试剂为
Aldrich、探索平台、百灵威、TCI 产品, 实验过程中未
纯化; 对空气和水敏感的反应在氮气保护下进行; 无水
四氢呋喃经金属钠回流(二苯甲酮作显色剂)至深蓝色后
重蒸获得, 无水二氯甲烷经氢化钙重蒸获得.
3.2 化合物 2 的合成
在 250 mL 的双口圆底烧瓶中加入胡椒酸(1.60 g,
9.63 mmol), 用注射器加入 150 mL 的无水四氢呋喃, 置
于 0 ℃下缓慢加入氢化锂铝(913.8 mg, 24.08 mmol), 将
反应体系在常温搅拌 3 h 后, 在冰浴条件下缓慢滴加冰
水(10 mL)淬灭, 直至反应体系中无气泡产生. 在此过程
中, 反应混合物将出现凝固现象, 需加入四氢呋喃溶剂,
直至固体溶解, 混合物的颜色由灰色转为乳白色为止.
用装有体积为 1/3 硅胶的砂芯漏斗进行减压抽滤, 滤液
用二氯甲烷(50 mL×3)和饱和食盐水(50 mL)洗, 有机
相用无水 Na2SO4 干燥, 过滤, 减压蒸馏除去溶剂. 柱色
图 6 化合物 30 的细胞周期分析
谱分离(石油醚 60~90 ℃/乙酸乙酯, V∶V=10∶1)得到
Figure 6 Cell cycle analysis of compound 30 白色固体化合物 2, 产率为 89%. 该化合物的 1H NMR
及 13C NMR 数据与已知文献报道一致[17].
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 669~678 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 673
有机化学 研究论文
674 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 669~678
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
1H), 6.58 (s, 2H), 6.06 (s, 2H), 5.82 (s, 2H); 13C NMR m.p. 175~176 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ:
(100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 191.3, 147.9, 147.8, 143.5, 135.6, 10.09~10.2 (m, 1H), 8.07 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 7.95~7.93
132.3, 132.1, 131.1, 131.0, 130.6, 129.8, 129.5, 128.8, (m, 1H), 7.77 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.70~7.64 (m, 2H),
128.0, 127.5, 127.3, 127.0, 126.8, 123.4, 122.8, 114.2, 7.49~7.45 (m, 2H), 7.42~7.38 (m, 1H), 7.20~7.19 (m,
114.1, 109.1, 108.7, 101.5, 53.4, 50.0; HRMS (ESI-TOF) 1H), 7.15 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.04
calcd for C27H21N2O3 [M - Br] + 421.1547, found (s, 2H), 5.88 (s, 2H), 5.74 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR
421.1546. (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 147.8, 147.7, 143.2, 133.4, 132.6,
1-((苯并[d][1,3]二氧杂环戊烯-5-基甲基)-3-(4-溴苄 131.3, 131.1, 131.01, 130.98, 130.88, 128.5, 127.4, 127.4,
基))-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-3-溴盐(11): 产率 92%, 白色粉末. 127.0, 126.9, 123.2, 122.7, 114.3, 114.0, 109.0, 108.6,
m.p. 241~242 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 101.4, 50.7, 49.9; HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C22H18Br-
10.13~10.08 (m, 1H), 8.04 (d, J=7.2, Hz, 1H), 7.96 (d, N2O2 [M-Br]+ 421.0546, found 421.0549.
J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.67~7.64 (m, 4H), 7.53 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1-((苯并[d][1,3]二氧杂环戊烯-5-基甲基)-3-(4-硝基
2H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 7.14 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (d, J=8.0 苄基))-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-3-溴盐(15): 产率 88%, 白色粉
Hz, 1H), 6.05 (s, 2H), 5.80 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 5.70 (d, J= 末. m.p. 200~201 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ:
3.2 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 147.8, 10.14 (d, J=14.0 Hz, 1H), 8.28 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 8.05
147.7, 142.7, 133.4, 132.0, 131.1, 131.0, 130.8, 127.3, (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=
126.8, 126.8, 122.8, 122.2, 114.2, 114.0, 109.1, 108.6, 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.69~7.62 (m, 2H), 7.23 (s, 1H), 7.14 (d, J=
101.5, 50.0, 49.4; HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for 7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.05 (s, 2H), 6.01 (s,
C22H18BrN2O2 [M-Br]+ 421.0546, found 421.0546. 2H), 5.73 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ:
1-((苯并[d][1,3]二氧杂环戊烯-5-基甲基)-3-(萘-2-甲 147.8, 147.7, 147.6, 143.1, 141.4, 131.13, 131.09, 129.6,
基))-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-3-溴盐(12): 产率 95%, 白色粉末. 127.2, 127.0, 126.9, 124.0, 122.9, 114.3, 113.9, 109.2,
m.p. 218~219 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 108.6, 101.5, 50.1, 49.3; HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for
10.10 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 8.05~7.92 (m, C22H18N3O4 [M-Br]+ 388.1292, found 388.1291.
5H), 7.67~7.61 (m, 3H), 7.60~7.56 (m, 2H), 7.21 (s, 1-((苯并[d][1,3]二氧杂环戊烯-5-基甲基)-3-苯甲酰
1H), 7.14 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.04 甲基)-2-甲基-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-3-溴盐(16): 产率 96%,
(s, 2H), 5.96 (s, 2H), 5.70 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, 白 色 粉 末 . m.p. 279 ~ 280 ℃ ; 1H NMR (300 MHz,
DMSO-d6) δ: 147.8, 147.7, 142.7, 132.8, 132.7, 131.4, DMSO-d6) δ: 8.17 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 8.08~8.03 (m, 2H),
131.3, 131.1, 128.9, 127.9, 127.8, 127.7, 127.4, 126.9, 7.81 (t, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.71~7.58 (m, 4H), 6.98~6.91
126.8, 126.83, 125.80, 122.7, 114.2, 114.1, 109.0, 108.6, (m, 3H), 6.51 (s, 2H), 6.04 (s, 2H), 5.83 (s, 2H), 2.95 (s,
101.5, 50.3, 50.0; HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C26H21N2O2 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 191.2, 153.4,
[M-Br]+ 393.1958, found 393.1958. 147.9, 147.4, 134.7, 133.8, 131.6, 130.7, 129.0, 128.8,
1-((苯并[d][1,3]二氧杂环戊烯-5-基甲基)-3-(4-甲基 127.8, 126.4, 121.2, 113.4, 108.7, 107.9, 101.5, 52.2, 48.2,
苄基))-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-3-溴盐(13): 产率 89%, 白色粉 10.9; HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C24H21N2O3 [M-Br]+
末. m.p. 206~207 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 385.1457, found 385.1456.
10.07~10.04 (m, 1H), 8.03~8.01 (m, 1H), 7.97~7.95 1-((苯并[d][1,3]二氧杂环戊烯-5-基甲基)-3-(4-甲氧
(m, 1H), 7.66~7.61 (m, 2H), 7.44 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 基苯甲酰甲基))-2-甲基-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-3-溴盐(17): 产
7.24~7.19 (m, 3H), 7.12 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (d, J= 率 91%, 白色粉末. m.p. 286~287 ℃; 1H NMR (400
8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.04 (s, 2H), 5.74 (s, 2H), 5.68 (s, 2H), 2.29 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 8.15 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 8.05 (d, J=
(s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 147.8, 147.7, 7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.66~7.59 (m, 2H), 7.20 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H),
142.5, 138.3, 131.1, 131.0, 130.9, 129.6, 128.4, 127.4, 6.97~6.92 (m, 3H), 6.47 (s, 2H), 6.04 (s, 2H), 5.84 (s,
126.8, 122.7, 114.14, 114.10, 109.0, 108.6, 101.5, 50.0, 2H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 2.94 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz,
49.9, 20.8; HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C23H21N2O2 [M- DMSO-d6) δ: 189.4, 164.4, 153.4, 147.9, 147.4, 131.7,
Br]+ 357.1598, found 357.1599. 131.3, 130.7, 127.8, 126.6, 126.42, 126.40, 121.2, 114.3,
1-((苯并[d][1,3]二氧杂环戊烯-5-基甲基)-3-(2-溴苄 113.4, 113.3, 108.7, 107.9, 101.5, 55.9, 51.8, 48.1, 11.0;
基))-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-3-溴盐(14): 产率 86%, 白色粉末. HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C25H23N2O4 [M - Br] +
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 669~678 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 675
有机化学 研究论文
415.1652, found 415.1653. 48.7, 48.4, 11.3; HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C27H23N2O2
1-((苯并[d][1,3]二氧杂环戊烯-5-基甲基)-3-(4-溴苯 [M-Br]+ 407.1754, found 407.1753.
甲酰甲基))-2-甲基-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-3-溴盐(18): 产率 1-((苯并[d][1,3]二氧杂环戊烯-5-基甲基)-3-(4-甲基
86%, 白色粉末. m.p. 262~263 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, 苄基))-2-甲基-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-3-溴盐(22): 产率 89%,
DMSO-d6) δ: 8.24~7.98 (m, 4H), 7.91 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 白 色 粉 末 . m.p. 299 ~ 300 ℃ ; 1H NMR (400 MHz,
7.64~7.59 (m, 4H), 6.96 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 3H), 6.56 (s, 2H), DMSO-d6) δ: 7.96~7.93 (m, 2H), 7.61~7.58 (m, 2H),
6.04 (s, 2H), 5.85 (s, 2H), 2.99 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 7.28 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.20 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.00 (s,
MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 190.7, 153.4, 147.9, 147.4, 132.8, 1H), 6.94 (s, 2H), 6.02 (s, 2H), 5.77 (s, 2H), 5.72 (s, 2H),
132.1, 131.6, 130.8, 130.7, 128.9, 127.8, 126.5, 126.4, 3.04 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6)
121.3, 113.4, 108.7, 107.9, 101.5, 52.4, 48.2, 11.1; HRMS δ: 152.4, 147.8, 147.4, 137.9, 131.2, 131.1, 131.0, 129.6,
(ESI-TOF) calcd for C24H20BrN2O3 [M-Br]+ 463.0652, 127.8, 127.5, 126.4, 121.4, 113.5, 113.4, 108.6, 108.2,
found 463.065. 101.4, 48.3, 48.2, 20.8, 11.3; HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for
1-((苯并[d][1,3]二氧杂环戊烯-5-基甲基)-3-萘甲酰 C24H23N2O2 [M-Br]+ 317.1754, found 317.1752.
甲基)-2-甲基-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-3-溴盐(19): 产率 89%, 1-((苯并[d][1,3]二氧杂环戊烯-5-基甲基)-3-(2-溴苄
白 色 粉 末 . m.p. 268 ~ 269 ℃ ; 1H NMR (400 MHz, 基))-2-甲基-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-3-溴盐(23): 产率 93%, 白
DMSO-d6) δ: 9.02 (s, 1H), 8.24 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.12~ 色 粉 末 . m.p. 234 ~ 235 ℃ ; 1H NMR (400 MHz,
8.06 (m, 5H), 7.80~7.71 (m, 2H), 7.68~7.61 (m, 2H), DMSO-d6) δ: 7.98 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.80~7.77 (m, 1H),
7.00~6.94 (m, 3H), 6.66 (s, 2H), 6.05 (s, 2H), 5.85 (s, 7.72 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.64~7.55 (m, 2H), 7.38~7.33
2H), 3.00 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: (m, 2H), 7.04~7.00 (m, 2H), 6.96 (s, 2H), 6.03 (s, 2H),
191.1, 153.4, 147.9, 147.4, 135.7, 132.0, 131.7, 131.5, 5.83 (s, 2H), 5.75 (s, 2H), 2.98 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100
131.1, 130.8, 129.8, 129.5, 128.6, 128.0, 127.8, 127.5, MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 53.1, 147.8, 147.4, 133.3, 132.8,
126.5, 126.4, 123.6, 121.3, 113.4, 113.3, 108.7, 108.0, 131.2, 131.1, 130.5, 128.51, 128.48, 127.7, 126.6, 126.5,
101.5, 52.2, 48.2, 11.0; HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for 122.0, 121.4, 113.6, 113.2, 108.6, 108.1, 101.4, 49.1, 48.4,
C28H23N2O3 [M-Br]+ 435.1703, found 435.1702. 11.3; HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C23H22BrN2O2 [M-Br]+
1-((苯并[d][1,3]二氧杂环戊烯-5-基甲基)-3-(4-溴苄 435.0703, found 435.0704.
基))-2-甲基-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-3-溴盐(20): 产率 96%, 白 1-((苯并[d][1,3]二氧杂环戊烯-5-基甲基)-3-(4-硝基
色 粉 末 . m.p. 311 ~ 312 ℃ ; 1H NMR (400 MHz, 苄基))-2-甲基-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-3-溴盐(24): 产率 88%,
DMSO-d6) δ: 7.94 (s, 2H), 7.60 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 4H), 7.37 白 色 粉 末 . m.p. 306 ~ 307 ℃ ; 1H NMR (400 MHz,
(d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.03 (s, 1H), 6.98~6.93 (m, 2H), 6.03 DMSO-d6) δ: 8.25 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.96~7.94 (m, 1H),
(s, 2H), 5.83 (s, 2H), 5.73 (s, 2H), 3.04 (s, 3H); 13C NMR 7.90~7.87 (m, 1H), 7.66~7.58 (m, 4H), 7.03 (s, 1H),
(100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 152.7, 147.8, 147.3, 133.7, 131.9, 7.00~6.94 (m, 2H), 6.03 (s, 2H), 6.00 (s, 2H), 5.73 (s,
131.1, 131.0, 129.8, 127.7, 126.4, 121.6, 121.4, 113.5, 2H), 3.02 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ:
113.3, 108.6, 108.2, 101.4, 48.4, 47.8, 11.3; HRMS 153.0, 147.8, 147.4, 141.7, 131.1, 131.0, 128.7, 127.7,
(ESI-TOF) calcd for C23H20BrN2O2 [M-Br]+ 435.0703, 126.53, 126.51, 124.0, 121.5, 113.6, 113.2, 108.6, 108.3,
found 435.0708. 101.4, 48.4, 47.8, 11.3; HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for
1-((苯并[d][1,3]二氧杂环戊烯-5-基甲基)-3-(萘-2-甲 C23H22N3O4 [M-Br]+ 402.1448, found 402.1447.
基))-2-甲基-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-3-溴盐(21): 产率 87%, 白 1-((苯并[d][1,3]二氧杂环戊烯-5-基甲基)-3-苯甲酰
色 粉 末 . m.p. 264 ~ 265 ℃ ; 1H NMR (400 MHz, 甲 基 )-5,6- 二 甲 基 -1H- 苯 并 [d] 咪 唑 -3- 溴 盐 (25): 产 率
DMSO-d6) δ: 7.99~7.92 (m, 5H), 7.91~7.88 (m, 1H), 95%, 白色粉末. m.p. 221~222 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz,
7.63~7.58 (m, 2H), 7.57~7.50 (m, 3H), 7.03 (s, 1H), DMSO-d6) δ: 9.71 (s, 1H), 8.13 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.91
6.97~6.94 (m, 2H), 6.03 (s, 2H), 5.99 (s, 2H), 5.75 (s, (d, J=14.4 Hz, 2H), 7.80 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (t, J=
2H), 3.09 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 7.12 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (d,
152.7, 147.9, 147. 8, 132.8, 132.6, 131.8, 131.3, 131.1, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.39 (s, 2H), 6.05 (s, 2H), 5.74 (s, 2H),
128.8, 127.9, 127.8, 127.7, 126.8, 126.7, 126.43, 126.39, 2.41 (s, 3H), 2.36 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6)
126.3, 125.2, 121.4, 113.5, 113.4, 108.6, 108.2, 101.4, δ: 191.3, 147.8, 147.7, 142.1, 136.7, 136.5, 134.6, 133.8,
676 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 669~678
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
130.7, 129.1, 129.0, 128.5, 127.5, 122.6, 113.6, 113.4, DMSO-d6) δ: 9.98~9.95 (m, 1H), 7.86 (s, 1H), 7.79 (s,
108.9, 108.7, 101.5, 53.3, 49.7, 20.1, 20.0; HRMS 1H), 7.63 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.49 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.19
(ESI-TOF) calcd for C25H23N2O3 [M-Br] + 399.1703, (s, 1H), 7.11 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H),
found 399.1704. 6.04 (s, 2H), 5.73 (s, 2H), 5.63 (s, 2H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 2.36
1-((苯并[d][1,3]二氧杂环戊烯-5-基甲基)-3-(4-甲氧 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 147.8, 147.7,
基苯甲酰甲基))-5,6-二甲基-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-3-溴盐(26): 141.4, 136.7, 136.6, 133.6, 132.0, 130.6, 129.6, 129.5,
产率 94%, 白色粉末. m.p. 194~195 ℃; 1H NMR (400 127.5, 122.6, 122.1, 113.6, 113.4, 109.0, 108.7, 101.5,
MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 9.68 (s, 1H), 8.10 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 49.8, 49.2, 20.1; HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for
7.88 (d, J=22.8 Hz, 2H), 7.20~7.16 (m, 3H), 7.10 (d, J= C24H22BrN2O2 [M-Br]+ 449.0859, found 449.0857.
8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.98 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.30 (s, 2H), 6.04 (s, 1-((苯并[d][1,3]二氧杂环戊烯-5-基甲基)-3-(萘-2-甲
2H), 5.71 (s, 2H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 2.36 (s, 3H); 基))-5,6-二甲基-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-3-溴盐(30): 产率 92%,
13
C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 189.5, 164.3, 147.8, 白 色 粉 末 . m.p. 198 ~ 199 ℃ ; 1H NMR (400 MHz,
147.7, 142.2, 136.7, 136.5, 130.9, 130.7, 129.0, 127.5, DMSO-d6) δ: 9.98 (s, 1H), 8.07 (s, 1H), 7.99~7.93 (m,
126.7, 122.6, 114.4, 113.5, 113.4, 108.9, 108.7, 101.5, 3H), 7.83 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.61~7.56 (m, 3H), 7.18 (s,
55.9, 52.9, 49.7, 20.1, 20.0; HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for 1H), 7.11 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.04
C26H25N2O4 [M-Br]+ 429.1809, found 429.1808. (s, 2H), 5.90 (s, 2H), 5.64 (s, 2H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.34 (s,
1-((苯并[d][1,3]二氧杂环戊烯-5-基甲基)-3-(4-溴苯 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 147.8, 141.4,
甲酰甲基))-5,6-二甲基-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-3-溴盐(27): 产 136.7, 136.6, 132.8, 131.7, 129.8, 129.6, 128.9, 127.9,
率 94%, 白色粉末. m.p. 194~195 ℃; 1H NMR (400 127.8, 127.7, 127.4, 126.8, 125.6, 122.5, 113.6, 113.4,
MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 9.68 (s, 1H), 8.10 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 108.9, 108.6, 101.5, 50.1, 49.8, 20.1; HRMS (ESI-TOF)
7.88 (d, J=22.8 Hz, 2H), 7.20~7.16 (m, 3H), 7.10 (d, J= calcd for C28H25N2O2 [M - Br] + 421.1911, found
8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.98 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.30 (s, 2H), 6.04 (s, 421.1914.
2H), 5.71 (s, 2H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 2.36 (s, 3H); 1-((苯并[d][1,3]二氧杂环戊烯-5-基甲基)-3-(4-甲基
13
C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 189.5, 164.3, 147.8, 苄基))-5,6-二甲基-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-3-溴盐(31): 产率
147.7, 142.2, 136.7, 136.5, 130.9, 130.7, 129.0, 127.5, 88%, 白色粉末. m.p. 252~253 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz,
126.7, 122.6, 114.4, 113.5, 113.4, 108.9, 108.7, 101.5, DMSO-d6) δ: 10.01~9.91 (m, 1H), 7.85 (d, J=2.4 Hz,
55.9, 52.9, 49.7, 20.1, 20.0; HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for 1H), 7.79 (s, 1H), 7.41 (s, 2H), 7.22 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H),
C26H25N2O4 [M-Br]+ 429.1809, found 429.1808. 7.19~7.17 (m, 1H), 7.11~7.09 (m, 1H), 6.96 (d, J=8.0
1-((苯并[d][1,3]二氧杂环戊烯-5-基甲基)-3-萘甲酰 Hz, 1H), 6.04 (s, 2H), 5.68 (s, 2H), 5.63 (s, 2H), 2.37 (s,
甲 基 )-5,6- 二 甲 基 -1H- 苯 并 [d] 咪 唑 -3- 溴 盐 (28): 产 率 3H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz,
90%, 白色粉末. m.p. 230~231 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 147.8, 147.7, 141.2, 138.2, 136.6, 131.2,
DMSO-d6) δ: 9.74 (s, 1H), 8.94 (s, 1H), 8.24 (d, J=8.0 129.6, 129.5, 128.3, 127.7, 122.5, 113.5, 113.4, 108.9,
Hz, 1H), 8.15 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.10~8.06 (m, 2H), 108.6, 101.5, 49.7, 49.6, 20.8, 20.1; HRMS (ESI-TOF)
7.93 (s, 2H), 7.78~7.70 (m, 2H), 7.18 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), calcd for C25H25N2O2 [M - Br] + 385.1911, found
7.13 (d, J=8.0, 1H), 7.00 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.51 (s, 2H), 385.1916.
6.05 (s, 2H), 5.75 (s, 2H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 2.37 (s, 3H); 13C 1-((苯并[d][1,3]二氧杂环戊烯-5-基甲基)-3-(2-溴苄
NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 191.3, 147.8, 147.7, 142.2, 基))-5,6-二甲基-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-3-溴盐(32): 产率 88%,
136.7, 136.5, 135.6, 132.1, 131.1, 130.9, 130.8, 129.8, 白 色 粉 末 . m.p. 168 ~ 169 ℃ ; 1H NMR (400 MHz,
129.4, 129.1, 128.8, 128.0, 127.5, 127.4, 123.4, 122.6, DMSO-d6) δ: 9.89~9.84 (m, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.78~
113.6, 113.4, 108.9, 108.7, 101.5, 53.3, 49.7, 20.1, 20.0; 7.74 (m, 2H), 7.48~7.44 (m, 1H), 7.41~7.37 (m, 2H),
HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C29H25N2O3 [M - Br] + 7.17 (s, 1H), 7.11 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (d, J=8.0 Hz,
449.186, found 449.1859. 1H), 6.03 (s, 2H), 5.80 (s, 2H), 5.66 (s, 2H), 2.38 (s, 3H),
1-((苯并[d][1,3]二氧杂环戊烯-5-基甲基)-3-(4-溴苄 2.35 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 147.7,
基))-5,6-二甲基-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-3-溴盐(29): 产率 89%, 147.6, 141.8, 136.8, 136.7, 133.4, 132.8, 131.1, 130.7,
白 色 粉 末 . m.p. 257 ~ 258 ℃ ; 1H NMR (400 MHz, 129.9, 129.4, 128.6, 127.6, 123.1, 122.5, 113.7, 113.4,
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 669~678 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 677
有机化学 研究论文
(c) Liu, Z. F.; Li, M. Y.; Wang, B. J.; Deng, G. G.; Chen, W.; Kim,
108.8, 108.6, 101.4, 50.5, 49.7, 20.1; HRMS (ESI-TOF)
B. S.; Zhang, H. B.; Yang, X. D.; Walsh, P. J. Org. Chem. Front.
calcd for C24H22BrN2O2 [M - Br] + 449.0859, found 2018, 5, 1870.
(d) Duan, S. Z.; Li, M. Y.; Ma, X. Q.; Chen, W.; Li, L.; Zhang, H.
449.0863.
B.; Yang, X. D.; Walsh, P. J. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2018, 360, 4837.
1-((苯并[d][1,3]二氧杂环戊烯-5-基甲基)-3-(4-硝基 (e) Deng, G. G.; Li, M. Y.; Yu, K. L.; Liu, C. X.; Liu, Z. F.; Duan, S.
Z.; Chen, W.; Yang, X. D.; Zhang H. B.; Walsh, P. J. Angew. Chem.,
苄基))-5,6-二甲基-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-3-溴盐(33): 产率
Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 2826.
92%, 白色粉末. m.p. 251~252 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, (f) Yu, K. L.; Li, M. Y.; Deng, G. G.; Liu, C. X.; Wang, J.; Liu, Z. F.;
Zhang, H. B.; Yang, X. D.; Walsh, P. J. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2019,
DMSO-d6) δ: 10.00~9.97 (m, 1H), 8.26 (d, J=8.8 Hz,
361, 4354.
2H), 7.86 (s, 1H), 7.74 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 3H), 7.19 (s, 1H), [5] Gerrard, A. W. Pharm. J. 1877, 8, 214.
[6] (a) Kornienko, A.; Evidente, A. Chem. Rev. 2008, 108, 1982.
7.11 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.03 (s,
(b) Cao, Z. F.; Yang, P.; Zhou, Q. S. Sci. China Chem. 2013, 56,
2H), 5.92 (s, 2H), 5.64 (s, 2H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.33 (s, 3H); 1382.
13 (c) Nair, J. J.; van Staden, J.; Bastida, J. Curr. Med. Chem. 2016,
C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 147.8, 147.7, 147.6,
23, 161.
141.6, 136.8, 136.7, 129.6, 129.5, 129.4, 127.4, 124.1, [7] (a) Hande, K. R. Eur. J. Cancer 1998, 34, 1514.
(b) Damayanthi, Y.; Lown, J. W. Curr. Med. Chem. 1998, 5, 205.
122.7, 113.6, 113.3, 109.1, 108.6, 101.5, 49.9, 49.1, 20.1;
[8] (a) Vlahakis, J. Z.; Lazar, C.; Crandall, I. E.; Szarek, W. A. Bioorg.
HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C24H22BrN3O4 [M - Br] + Med. Chem. 2010, 18, 6184.
(b) Dominianni, S. J.; Yen, T. T. J. Med. Chem. 1989, 32, 2301.
416.1605, found 416.1605.
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3.6 生物活性筛选 16, 4686.
[9] (a) Fortuna, C. G.; Barresi, V.; Berellini, G.; Musumarra, G. Bioorg.
胡椒基-咪唑及咪唑盐化合物 4~33 经纯化及结构 Med. Chem. 2008, 16, 4150.
(b) Saberi, M. R.; Vinh, T. K.; Yee, S. W.; Griffiths, B. J. N.; Evan,
鉴定后, 进行了肿瘤细胞毒活性的筛选. 采用 MTS 法进 P. J.; Simsons, C. J. Med. Chem. 2006, 49, 1016.
行测定: 选取白血病(HL-60)、肝癌(SMMC-7721)、肺癌 [10] Cui, B.; Zheng, B. L.; He, K.; Zheng, Q. Y. J. Nat. Prod. 2003, 66,
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(A-549)、乳腺癌(MCF-7)和结肠癌(SW480) 5 种肿瘤细 [11] Zeng, X. H.; Yang, X. D.; Zhang, Y. L.; Qing, C.; Zhang, H. B.
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678 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 669~678
有机化学 DOI: 10.6023/cjoc201909036 研究论文
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
云南蕊木茎中的抗炎吲哚生物碱
Abstract Seven new monoterpenoid indole alkaloids, kopsiofficines A~G, together with twenty known alkaloids, were iso-
lated from the stems of Kopsia officinalis. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic methods.
The anti-inflammatory activities of all alkaloids were evaluated on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells by
the inhibiting the production of IL-1β, PGE2 and TNF-α. Among them, kopsiofficines A (1), kopsiofficines B (2), kopsiof-
ficines D (4), kopsiofficines F (6), kopsiofficines G (7), 12-methoxykopsine (11), kopsinoline (15), (-)-N-methoxycarbonyl-
11,12-methylenedioxykopsinaline (16), kopsinine (18) and kopsinic acid (20) exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity,
which were comparable to that of dexamethasone. The results supposed that the acetonyl group at C-5 of monoterpenoid indole
alkaloids play an important role in their anti-inflammatory activity.
Keywords Kopsia officinalis; kopsiofficines A~G; anti-inflammatory; monoterpenoid indole alkaloids
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C-9), 105.2 (d, C-10), 149.0 (s, C-11), 135.8 (s, C-12), [δC 31.0/δH 2.14 (s)]. 从已经报道的该属植物中生物碱
123.8 (s, C-13)]. 同时, 结构中还含有两个酮羰基(δC 数据来看, 化合物 1 是一个蕊木素类型的单萜吲哚生物
211.9, 207.2)、一个酰胺羰基(δC 155.5)、一个亚甲二氧 碱, 且碳谱数据与已知生物碱 11,12-methylenedioxy-
基(δC 100.6)、一个甲氧基[δC 53.6/δH 3.76 (s)]和一个甲基 kopsine (10)[18]非常相似. 只是化合物 1 多了三个碳信号
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[δC 52.2 (t), 207.2 (s)和 31.0 (q)], 这也与化合物 1 的质谱 和 2 具有相似的比旋光值( [α ]22.4 22.4
D +23 for 1, [α ]D +21
相吻合. 在 HMBC 图谱中, 质子信号 δH 2.14 (s, 3H, for 2), 说明化合物 2 的绝对构型也与化合物 1 相同.
H-3')与碳信号 δC 207.2 (s, C-2')和 52.2 (t, C-1')相关, 质 1.3 化合物 3 的结构鉴定
子信号 δH 2.66 (dd, J=14.9, 4.5 Hz, 1H, H-1′b)与碳信号
高分辨质谱 HR-ESI-MS 给出化合物 3 的分子式为
δC 207.2 (s, C-2'), 61.2 (d, C-5)和 59.5 (d, C-6)相关, 揭示
C23H26N2O2 (m/z 363.2064 [M+H]+). 其 UV 数据 242,
了 C-1', C-2'及 C-3'之间形成了一个 CH2COCH3 结构片
295 nm 和 IR 数据 3439, 1632, 1611, 1089 cm-1 表明化合
段, 且与 C-5 位相连(图 2). 化合物 1 的相对构型通过
物 3 的结构中存在吲哚环[22]. 13C NMR 和 DEPT 显示化
ROESY 图谱来解析(图 2), 首先 ROESY 相关信号 δH
合物 3 有 23 个碳信号, 包括一个甲基(δC 31.0)、七个亚
6.81 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H, H-9)/δH 3.25 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H,
甲基(δC 16.1, 23.9, 33.0, 34.1, 36.0, 45.2, 52.7)、八个次甲
H-21)和 δH 3.25 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H, H-21)/δH 2.93~2.82
基(δC 52.1, 61.6, 63.8, 71.3, 110.9, 119.7, 122.6, 127.7)和
(m, 1H, H-3a)可以把 C-3 位的两个氢原子区别开, 此后
七个季碳(δC 31.1, 61.5, 69.2, 133.9, 150.8, 207.5, 216.0).
相关信号 δH 3.02~2.95 (m, 1H, H-3b)/δH 3.69 (dt, J=7.1,
化合物 3 的碳谱数据与蕊木素类型已知生物碱
4.5 Hz, 1H, H-5)表明 H-5 为 β 构型, 由此推测与 C-5 相
(-)-kopsanone[18]非常相似, 不同之处在于化合物 3 多
连的 CH2COCH3 基团为 α 构型. 另外相关信号 δH 3.25
三个碳信号[δC 31.0 (q), 207.5 (s)和 52.7 (t)]. 通过
(d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H, H-21)/δH 1.61 (ddd, J=13.8, 12.3, 5.0
HMBC 相关信号 δH 2.14 (s, 3H, H-3′)/δC 207.5 (s, C-2′)和
Hz, 1H, H-18a), δH 2.45 (overlapped, 1H, H-18b)/δH 7.01
52.7 (t, C-1')表明化合物 3 的结构中含有 CH3COCH2 结
(s, 1H, OH-16)表明 OH-16 为 α 构型(图 2). 通过二维核
构片段, 且 HMBC 图谱中 δH 2.47 (dd, J=15.0, 7.2 Hz,
磁共振数据(HSQC, HMBC 和 ROESY)最终推测其结构,
1H, H-1'b)与 δC 61.6 (d, C-5)和 δC 63.8 (d, C-6)相关说明
并将其命名为 kopsiofficine A.
该基团连接在 C-5 位. 化合物 3 的相对构型通过 ROESY
O 图谱解析, 由于蕊木素类生物碱 H-21 的相对构型通过
3'
5 生源途径可以确定为 α 构型, 而相关信号 δH 3.42 (d, J=
5 9 3
N 1.3 Hz, 1H, H-21)/δH 2.94~2.84 (m, 1H, H-3a)表明 H-3a
21
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Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
1.5 化合物 5 的结构鉴定 (s, C-2')和 51.7 (t, C-1'), δH 2.71 (dd, J=6.0, 6.5 Hz, 1H,
高分辨质谱 HRESIMS 给出的准分子离子峰 m/z H-1b'))/δC 56.8 (d, C-5), 证实了此丙酮基的存在, 并且
401.1836 [M+Na]+, 结合 1H NMR, 13C NMR 确定化合 连接在 C-5 位. 从生源途径可以确定白坚木碱型生物碱
物 5 的分子式为 C23H26N2O3, 计算得不饱和度为 12. 其 H-21 位的相对构型为 α 构型. 在 ROESY 相关信号 δH
13
C NMR 和 DEPT 数据显示结构中有 23 个碳信号, 包 3.24 (s, 1H, H-21)/δH 2.89~2.84 (m, 1H, H-3a), δH 3.24
括一个甲基(δC 30.9)、七个亚甲基(δC 23.0, 29.5, 32.5, (s, 1H, H-21)/δH 1.97~1.90 (m, 1H, H-18b), δH 1.36
33.0, 33.7, 41.7, 47.6)、八个次甲基(δC 39.5, 57.9, 69.8, (overlapped, 1H, H-18a)/δH 2.81 (overlapped, 1H, H-16)表
90.2, 112.2, 120.2, 122.6, 128.4)和七个季碳(δC 32.9, 50.1, 明, 它们在同一平面. 因此, H-3a 和 H-16 均为 α 构型,
66.0, 132.9, 150.2, 173.5, 207.1)(表 2), 这与蕊木素类已 由此推测 C-3 位链接的另一个氢原子 H-3b 和 C-16 链接
知生物碱 paucidactine E[26]的碳谱数据非常相似, 仔细 的 COOH 基团均为 β 构型, ROESY 相关信号 δH 3.0 (d,
比较这两个化合物的 1D-NMR 数据发现, 5 多了 3 个碳 J=14.4 Hz, 1H, H-3b)/δH 3.87~3.74 (m, 1H, H-5)表明
信号[δC 41.7 (t, C-1'), 207.1 (s, C-2')和 30.9 (q, C-3')], 推 H-5 为 β 构型, 由此推测 C-5 位连接的丙酮基为 α 构型.
测化合物 5 可能是其丙酮基衍生物. 通过 HMBC 相关信 因此, 推导了 kopsiofficine F (6)的结构, 如图 1 所示.
号 δH 2.76 (1H, dd, J=18.2, 5.9 Hz, H-1'-b)/δC 207.1 (s, 1.7 化合物 7 的结构鉴定
C-2'), 90.2 (d, C-6)和 57.9 (d, C-5), δH 2.51 (s, 3H, 高分辨质谱 HRESIMS 给出化合物 7 的分子式为
H-3′)/δC 41.7 (t, C-1'), 以及 1H-1H COSY 图谱中 3.34~ C24H30N2O3 (m/z 395.2326 [M+H]+). UV 数据给出化合
3.23 (m, 1H, H-5)与 δH 4.18~4.14 (m, 1H, H-6)和 2.76 物的最大吸收值为 205, 299 和 326 nm, 结合 13C NMR
(dd, J=18.2, 5.9 Hz, 1H, H-1'b)相关, 证实了上述推测, 数据 δC 167.7 (s, C-2)和 92.4 (s, C-16), 表明化合物有 β-
且该丙酮基连接在 C-5 位(图 3). 通过 ROESY 图谱, δH 苯胺丙烯酸酯发色团[31]. 其 IR 图谱显示 NH (3426 cm-
2.64~2.59 (m, 1H, H-1'a)/δH 2.54 (s, 1H, H-21)以及 δH 1
)和共轭酯基(1667 cm-1). 同时 13C NMR 数据给出了丙
2.54 (s, 1H, H-21)/δH 1.64 (overlapped, 1H, H-18b)/δH 烯酯双键上碳的特征信号 δC 167.7 (s, C-2)和 92.4 (s,
2.90~2.84 (m, 1H, H-16)相关, 表明它们在同一平面, C-16). 1H NMR 图谱数据(表 2)显示化合物 7 中含有邻二
且为 α 构型. 因此, C-5 位连接的丙酮基为 α 构型, 进而 取代的苯环[δH 7.18 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H, H-9), 6.84 (t, J=
推测 C-5 位连接的氢原子 H-5 为 β 构型. 由此, 推导了 7.4 Hz, 1H, H-10), 7.09 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H, H-11), 6.75 (d,
kopsiofficine E (5)的结构如图 1 所示. J=7.4 Hz, 1H, H-12)]、一个甲氧基[δH 3.73 (s, 3H)]和两
个 甲 基 [δH 2.10 (s, 3H, H-3′), 0.55 (overlapped, 3H,
H-18)]. 13C NMR 和 DEPT 图谱显示, 化合物 7 含有 24
个碳信号, 其中三个甲基、七个亚甲基、六个次甲基和
八个季碳(表 2). 1D-NMR 数据显示化合物 7 属于白坚木
碱型的吲哚生物碱, 且与已知化合物 vincadifformine
(8)[16]非常相似, 只是化合物 7 在 C-5 位多一个丙酮基[δC
31.0 (q, C-3'), 207.3 (s, C-2')和 46.7 (t, C-1')]. 通过
图3 化合物 5 的主要 HMBC ( )相关, 主要 1H-1H COSY
HMBC 图谱, 相关信号 δH 2.10 (s, 3H, H-3')与 δC 207.3
( )和 ROESY ( )相关
Figure 3 Selective HMBC ( ), 1H-1H COSY ( ) and (s, C-2')和 46.7 (t, C-1'), 相关信号 δH 2.32 (dd, J=16.4,
ROESY ( ) correlations of 5 5.7 Hz, 1H, H-1'a)/δC 56.0 (d, C-5)和 51.4 (t, C-6)(图 4)也
证实结构中含有一个丙酮基, 且连接在 C-5 位. ROESY
1.6 化合物 6 的结构鉴定
谱相关信号 δH 2.58 (s, 1H, H-21)/δH 3.05 (td, J=10.9, 5.7
白色无定形粉末, 高分辨质谱 HRESIMS ([M+ H]
+
Hz, 1H, H-5)推测 H-5 为 α 构型, 进一步推测 C-5 上相连
, m/z 381.2174)推导出其分子式为 C23H28N2O3, 其 UV
的丙酮基团为 β 构型. ROESY 图谱上的相关点 δH 2.58
数据 203, 225, 285 nm 处的吸收表明, 化合物 6 是一个二
(s, 1H, H-21)/δH 0.57 (overlapped, 1H, H-19a)说明化合物
氢吲哚类生物碱[30]. 通过比较化合物 6 与白坚木碱型已
7 的相对构型与 8 一致(图 4). 由此推导了化合物 7 的结
知生物碱 kopsinic acid (20)[25]的 1H NMR 和 13C NMR 数
构, 如图 1 所示, 并命名为 kopsiofficine G.
据(表 2)发现, 化合物 6 比 20 多了 3 个碳信号[δC 51.7 (t,
1.8 生物碱 1~27 的抗炎活性
C-1'), 207.7 (s, C-2')和 30.7 (q, C-3')], 推测结构中多了一
个丙酮基. HMBC 相关信号 δH 2.09 (s, 3H, H-3')/δC 207.7 通过脂多糖诱导的 RAW 264.7 细胞, 测定其中 IL-
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换中红外光谱仪测定, KBr 压片; 电喷雾电离质谱由 到化合物 22 (35 mg)和 20 (7 mg). Fr.C3 经硅胶柱色谱
Waters Xevo TQ-S 三重四级杆质谱仪测定; 高分辨电喷 (氯仿/丙酮, V∶V=10∶1~3∶1)洗脱, Sephadex LH-20
雾电离质谱在 API QSTAR Pulsar i 串联四级杆飞行时间 甲醇洗脱后得化合物 5 (6 mg), 11 (98 mg), 13 (35 mg)和
质谱仪上测定; 一维和二维核磁共振在 Bruker AM-400, 14 (498 mg). Fr.D (32.8 g)经反相 RP-18 柱色谱(甲醇/水,
DRX-500 超导核磁共振波谱仪和 AVANCE III-600 超低 V∶V=30∶70~80∶20)得到 Fr.D1 和 Fr.D2. Fr.D1 经
温探头超导核磁共振波谱仪上测定, TMS 作为内标; 柱 Sephadex LH-20 柱色谱(氯仿/甲醇, V∶V=1∶1)得到化
色谱硅胶(200~300 目, 青岛谱科分离材料有限公司生 合物 18 (78 mg)和 21 (8 mg). Fr.D2 经硅胶柱色谱(氯仿/
成, 中国); Sephadex LH-20 葡聚糖凝胶(瑞典乌普萨拉 甲醇, V∶V=12∶1, 3∶1)得到化合物 19 (367 mg), 2 (26
Amersham Pharmacia Biotech 公司, 瑞典)和 MCI 材料 mg)和 26 (9 mg). Fr.E (17 g)经硅胶柱色谱(氯仿/甲醇,
(日本京东 Mitsubishi 化工生产, 日本); 反相中压填充材 V∶V=8∶1, 2∶1), Sephadex LH-20(甲醇)柱色谱和重
料 RP-18, 粒径 20~45 µm(德国达姆施塔特 Merck 公司 结晶得到化合物 4 (22 mg), 6 (15 mg)和 27 (12 mg). Fr.F
生产, 德国); Agilent 1200 HPLC 液相色谱仪, 半制备色 (15 g)经 RP-18(甲醇/水, V∶ V=20∶80~100∶0), Se-
谱柱 Agilent Zorbax SB-C18 (4.6 mm×250 mm, 3 mL/ phadex LH-20(甲醇)得到化合物 25 (109 mg), 进一步经
min); 二 极 管 阵 列 检 测 器 ; 薄 层 色 谱 (TLC) 硅 胶 板 半制备 HPLC(乙腈/水, V∶V=45∶55~80∶20, 2.5
(GF254, 青岛谱科分离材料有限公司生成, 中国); 显色 mL/min)分离纯化得到化合物 23 (56 mg, tR=13 min), 24
剂为改良碘化铋钾 Dragendorff’s 试剂, 体积分数为 10% (34 mg, tR=14.5 min)和 7 (8 mg, tR=16 min).
的硫酸乙醇. 3.4 抗炎活性测定
3.2 植物材料 巨噬细胞 RAW 264.7 在含体积分数为 10%新生牛
云南蕊木茎 2012 年采自云南省西双版纳. 经中国 血清的 DMEM 培养基中培养, 于 37 ℃体积分数为 5%
科学院昆明植物研究所崔景云先生鉴定为蕊木属植物 的 CO2, 100%相对湿度下生长. 取对数生长期的 RAW
云南蕊木(Kopsia officinalis), 标本(Cui20121113)保存于 264.7 细胞, 经消化计数后, 以 2×104/孔接种于 96 孔板
中国科学院昆明植物研究所中国西部植物化学与植物 中, 24 h 后每个孔加不同浓度(5, 1, 0.4 µg/mL)的生物碱,
资源国家重点实验室. 2 h 后加 LPS (20 µmol•L-1), 用地塞米松(10 µg/mL)作为
3.3 提取与分离 阳性对照, 继续培养 24 h 后. 收集培养基上清, 然后按
照试剂盒说明操作, 通过 ELISA 试剂盒(武汉华美生物
云南蕊木(K. officinalis)茎干燥样品 13 kg, 粉碎后
技术, 武汉, 中国)测试白细胞介素-1β (IL-1β)、前列腺
在室温下用体积分数为 90%的甲醇冷浸提取 4 次, 每次
素 2 (PGE2)和肿瘤坏死因子-α (TNF-α). 所有实验均在
48 h, 合并提取液, 55 ℃减压蒸馏除去溶剂得到浸膏.
没有细胞毒性的浓度内进行. 结果表示为平均值±
浸膏经体积分数为 0.5%盐酸水溶液溶解浸泡, 搅拌, 调
SEM, t 检验确定统计学显著性, p<0.01 或 p<0.05 被认
节 pH 至 2~3, 过滤. 滤液中加入乙酸乙酯, 用体积分
为是有显著差异的.
数为 10%氨水溶液将水层的 pH 调至 9~10, 萃取 3 次,
合并乙酸乙酯萃取液, 浓缩得总生物碱 98 g. 总生物碱 3.5 波谱数据
用 150 g 硅胶拌样, 3 kg 硅胶进行柱层析(氯仿/甲醇, V∶ Kopsiofficine A (1): 白色无定型粉末, m.p. 215~
V=1∶0~0∶1)梯度洗脱, TLC 检测, 合并相同馏分得 217 ℃; [α ]22.4
D +23 (c 0.15, CH3OH); UV (CH3OH) λmax
到 6 个段 Fr.A~Fr.F. Fr.A (1.5 g)经过硅胶柱色谱(石油 (log [ε/(L•mol - 1•cm - 1)]): 196 (4.20), 224 (4.48), 244
醚/丙酮, V∶V=4∶1)洗脱得到生物碱 8 (56 mg)和 12 (4.09), 290 (3.28) nm; IR (KBr) ν: 3438, 2928, 2865, 1756,
(96 mg). Fr.B (2.7 g)经 RP-18 中压柱色谱(甲醇/水, V∶ 1683, 1633, 1469, 1359, 1249, 1096, 758, 741 cm-1; HR-
V=40∶60~70∶30)梯度洗脱, 后通过硅胶柱色谱(石 EIMS calcd for C26H29N2O7 [M+H]+ 481.1969, found
油醚/丙酮, V∶V=2∶1)得到化合物 1 (9 mg), 15 (35 481.1965.
mg)和 10 (10 mg). Fr.C (18 g)通过中压柱色谱 RP-18(甲 Kopsiofficine B (2): 无色油状物 ; [α ]22.4 D + 21 (c
醇/水, V∶V=20∶80~100∶0)梯度洗脱, TLC 检测合 0.12, CH3OH); UV (CH3OH) λmax (log [ε/(L•mol - 1•
并相同馏分得到 3 小段 Fr.C1~Fr.C3. Fr.C1 通过半制备 cm-1)]): 220 (4.42); 240 (3.99); 274 (3.24) nm; IR (KBr) ν:
HPLC(甲醇/水, V∶V=70∶30, 2.5 mL/min)等度洗脱得 3425, 2929, 2863, 1751, 1708, 1654, 1473, 1375, 1244,
到化合物 17 (14 mg, tR=8 min), 3 (24 mg, tR=12.5 min) 1061, 1052, 790 cm-1; HREIMS calcd for C24H27N2O5
和 16 (38 mg, tR=15 min). 化合物 9 (17 mg)从 Fr.C2 中 [M+H]+ 423.1914, found 423.1914.
结晶, 将其母液 589 mg 经 Sephadex LH-20, 甲醇洗脱得 Kopsiofficine C (3): 无色油状物 ; [α ]22.4 D - 25 (c
686 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 679~687
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 679~687 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 687
有机化学 DOI: 10.6023/cjoc201909021 研究论文
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
钌(II)-催化偶氮苯与乙醛酸乙酯的环化反应构建 3-羧酸酯吲唑
Abstract The Ru(II)-catalyzed regioselective [4+1] cycloaddition of azobenzenes with ethyl glyoxalate through C—H bond
activation has been developed. This method provides a facile approach to various 3-carboxylate indazoles in moderate to good
yields. Meantime, the kinetic isotope effect was further investigated and the results indicated that the C—H bond-breaking was
possibly not involved in the rate-limiting step of this transformation.
Keywords Ru(II), C—H bond activation, cycloaddition, Indazoles
1 Introduction strategies are limited by their low yields and harsh reaction
conditions.[3] Therefore, there is a continued strong de-
Indazole heterocycles have attracted significant interest mand for constructing 3-carboxylate indazoles in simple
among the medicinal chemistry community because of operation from cheap starting materials.
their promising pharmaceutical applications and biological Transition-metal-catalyzed C—H bond functionaliza-
activities.[1] In particular, the 3-carboxylate indazole scaf- tion has emerged a powerful strategy to the rapid assembly
folds are constituents of key privileged molecules, acting of various heterocycles.[4] In this regard, the recent pro-
as anti-cancer drug, viral polymerase inhibition and an- gress has been focused on the synthesis of indazoles via
ti-inflammatory agent, etc. (Figure 1).[2] Thus, the devel- C—H bond activation process under Rh(III), Co(III) and
opment of robust synthetic approaches for affording sub- Re(I) catalysts. For example, the pioneering work by
stituted 3-carboxylate indazoles has been the focus of in- Ellman took advantage of the directing character of azo
tensive research. The classical routes to 3-carboxylate in- group to enable a Rh(III)-catalyzed C—H activation/cyc-
dazoles involve direct lithiation at the C3-position of in- lization of azobenzenes with aryl aldehydes for the synthe-
dazoles followed by the addition of electrophiles, but these sis of 2,3-diaryl-2H-indazoles (Scheme 1).[5] Moreover,
688 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 688~693
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 688~693 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 689
有机化学 研究论文
turned our attention toward exploring scope and limitation Table 2 Substrate scopea,b
of Ru(II)-catalyzed C—H bond [4+1] cycloaddition of
azobenzenes (1) with ethyl glyoxalate (2a). As shown in R [RuCl2(p-cymene)]2
Table 2, the reactivity of substituted azobenzenes 1 was O
(5 mol%)
N AgSbF6 (20 mol%)
obviously dependent on the electronic properties of substi- N +
R H COOEt NaOAc (50 mol%)
tutents. Azobenzenes bearing electron-donating groups DCE, 100 oC, 24 h
H 2
(Me, MeO) on the para-position afforded excellent yields 1
of 3b (84% yield) and 3c (88% yield), respectively. In N
R N
contrast, electron-withdrawing halogen group (Cl), ester
R
group (COOEt) and cyano group (CN) slightly decreased COOEt
the reaction conversion and produced 3d~3f in moderate 3
to good yields (59%~77% yields), which indicated that
C—H activation was involved in an electrophilic aromatic N N
substitution process. Notably, this reaction protocol could N N Me
also smoothly convert ortho- or meta-substituted azoben- Me
COOEt COOEt
zenes to the desired 3g or 3h with excellent yields (80%
3a, 82% 3b, 84%
and 83%) in spite of steric congestion. Moreover,
3,5-demethyl-substituted azobenzene 1i could afford the N N
desired product 3i with 78% yield, in which no significant N OMe N Cl
MeO Cl
effect of steric hindrance from methyl moiety was ob- COOEt
COOEt
served in this transformation. In addition, the unsymmet- 3c, 88% 3d, 77%
rical azobenzene 1j having both methy group and methoxy
N N
group on one aryl ring is also allowed for this transfor- N CO2Et N CN
mation to assemble the corresponding indazole 3j in 76% EtO2C NC
yield. Beside, methyl 2-oxoacetate and 2-oxo-2-phenylace- COOEt COOEt
taldehyde could also react with 1a to afford the corre- 3e, 68% 3f, 59%
a
5a, R = H, 36% All the reactions were carried out using azobenzenes (1) (0.20 mmol) and
N (1) aldehyde (2) (0.40 mmol) with [Ru(p-cymene)Cl2] (5 mol%) in the presence of
5b, R = OMe, 27%
5c, R = Ac, 21% AgSbF6 (20 mol%) and NaOAc (50 mol %) in DCE (2.0 mL) at 100 ℃ for 24
COOEt
h under Ar in a sealed reaction tube. Followed by flash chromatography on
SiO2. b Isolated yield.
N N
N (1) KOH, EtOH that the C—H activation step might be an electrophilic
N (2)
(2) Ag2CO3, DMSO aromatic substitution process.[9] Subsequently, the inter-
COOMe
6a, 78% molecular isotope effect (KH/KD=1.1) further indicated
3k
that C—H bond-breaking was not involved in the rate-
To gain more insights into the mechanism, some ex- limitting step of this transformation (Scheme 2b).[10] On
periments were conducted (Scheme 2). A competition re- the basis of the above-mentioned results, a plausible
action was performed to determine the electronic prefe- mechanism is proposed in Scheme 3. First, coordination of
rence of this transformation. When 1c and 1f were treated an azo group in azobenzene 1a to a cationic Ru species to
at the same time, the reaction favored the electron-rich form a five-membered cobaltacycle intermediate I. Subse-
azo-benzenes in 3.2∶1 ratio (Scheme 2a), thus implying quently, an insertion of C=O to Ru—C bond of interme-
690 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 688~693
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
4 Experimental section
4.1 General information
The azobenzene substrates were prepared according to
the previously reported procedure.[5] Solvents were treated
with 4 Å molecular sieves or sodium and distilled prior to
use. Purifications of reaction products were carried out by
flash chromatography using silica gel (200~300 mesh).
1
H NMR and 13C NMR spectra were recorded with tetra-
methylsilane (TMS) as internal standard at ambient tem-
perature unless otherwise indicated on a Bruker Avance
DPX 600 fourier Transform spectrometer operating at 400
MHz for 1H NMR and 100 MHz for 13C NMR. High reso-
lution mass spectra (HRMS) were recorded on an IF-TOF
spectrometer (Micromass).
4.2 General procedure for the synthesis of 3-car-
boxylate indazole derivatives 3
A 10 mL of reaction tube was charged with azobenzenes
Scheme 2 Preliminary mechanistic studies 1 (0.2 mmol), [Ru(p-cymene)Cl2] (5 mol%), AgSbF6 (20
mol%), NaOAc (50 mol%) and DCE (1.5 mL) under Ar
diate A forms the seven-membered intermedaite II, which
atmosphere. Then ethyl glyoxalate 2a (0.4 mmol) in DCE
undergoes protonation to give the alcohol III with release
(0.5 mL) was added in one-pot under Ar and the mixture
of Ru catalyst. Finally, indazole 3a is obtained through an
was stirred at 100 ℃ for 24 h. The corresponding reaction
intramolecular nucleophilic substitution/cyclization pro-
mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite, washed with
cess.
DCE and concetrated under reduced pressure. The residue
N was purified by flash chromatography on silical gel using
N
ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (V∶V=1∶8) as eluent to
3a COOEt afford the products 3.
Nucleophilic Ethyl 2-phenyl-2H-indazole-3-carboxylate (3a): Brown
substitution [RuCl2(L)]2 solid, 82% yield. m.p. 80~82 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz,
N L = p-cymene
N CDCl3) δ: 8.12 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (d, J=8.5 Hz,
AgSbF6 N
OH
N 1H), 7.52 (s, 5H), 7.41 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (t, J=7.4
NaOAc
AgCl
H Hz, 1H), 4.36 (q, J=13.1, 2H), 1.33 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 3H);
CO2Et 1a
[RuOAc(L)] +[SbF6- ]
13
C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 159.5, 148.4, 141.0, 129.3,
III
128.6, 127.1, 126.4, 125.5, 125.1, 124.01, 121.6, 118.6,
Protonation
C H activation 61.1, 14.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C16H15N2O2 [M+H]+
267.1132, found 267.1135.
N N
N Ethyl 5-methyl-2-(p-tolyl)-2H-indazole-3-carboxylate
N
[Ru] (3b): Brown solid, 84% yield. m.p. 68~70 ℃; 1H NMR
O Ru L
EtO2C
(400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.85 (s, 1H), 7.73 (d, J=8.6 Hz,
II I OAc 1H), 7.39 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.30 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.24
migratory (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 4.36 (q, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 2.50 (s, 3H),
insertion O 2.44 (s, 3H), 1.34 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (101 MHz,
H CO2Et CDCl3) δ: 159.7, 147.4, 139.2, 138.7, 135.3, 129.8, 129.2,
2a 126.1, 124.4, 119.7, 118.2, 60.9, 22.2, 21.3, 14.2; HRMS
Scheme 3 Proposed mechanism (ESI) calcd for C18H19N2O2 [M+H] + 295.1631, found
295.1636.
3 Conclusions Ethyl 5-methoxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2H-indazole-3-
carbo-xylate (3c): Brown solid, 88% yield. m.p. 88~
In conclusion, we have developed a novel Ru(II)-
90 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.64 (d, J=9.1 Hz,
catalyzed regioselective C—H bond cycloaddition of
1H), 7.35 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (s, 1H), 7.01 (d, J=9.2
azobenzenes with ethyl glyoxalate for the rapid assembly
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 688~693 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 691
有机化学 研究论文
Hz, 1H), 6.93 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 4.30~4.21 (q, 2H), 3.83 2.61 (s, 3H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 2.37 (s, 6H), 1.13 (t, J=7.1 Hz,
(d, J=8.6 Hz, 3H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 1.25 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 3H); 3H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 165.8, 142.0, 132.4,
13
C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 160.0, 159.8, 157.9, 145.0, 131.2, 130.0, 123.3, 121.9, 119.1, 115.8, 104.3, 98.2, 60.8,
134.2, 127.4, 125.1, 124.1, 121.8, 119.9, 113.7, 97.9, 60.8, 17.9, 17.5, 13.7, 11.0; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C20H23N2O2
55.6, 55.4, 14.2; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C18H19N2O4 [M+ [M+H]+ 323.1791, found 323.1795.
H]+ 327.1328, found 327.1332. Ethyl 2-(3-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)-2H-indazole-3-
Ethyl 5-chloro-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2H-indazole-3-car- carboxylate (3j): Brown solid, 76% yield. m.p. 95~97 ℃;
1
boxylate (3d): Brown solid, 77% yield. m.p. 186~188 ℃; H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.73 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H),
1
H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.08 (s, 1H), 7.77 (d, J= 7.33 (dt, J=30.7, 9.0 Hz, 5H), 7.09 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H),
9.1 Hz, 1H), 7.56~7.44 (m, 5H), 7.36 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (q, 2H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 2.45 (s, 3H), 1.32 (t, J=6.7
4.39 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.38 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 159.8, 157.9,
(101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 159.0, 146.9, 139.1, 135.6, 131.7, 145.1, 139.1, 138.7, 129.1, 126.0, 125.1, 121.9, 120.0,
129.4, 128.9, 127.6, 124.4, 124.2, 120.5, 120.1, 61.5, 14.2; 97.9, 60.8, 55.4, 21.3, 14.2; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C18H19-
HRMS (ESI) calcd for C16H13Cl2N2O2 [M + H] + N2O3 [M+H]+ 311.1338, found 311.1342.
335.0355, found 335.0359. Methyl 2-phenyl-2H-indazole-3-carboxylate (3k):
Diethyl 2-(4-(ethoxycarbonyl)phenyl)-2H-indazole-3,5 - Brown solid, 74% yield. m.p. 79~81 ℃; 1H NMR (500
dicarb-oxylate (3e): Brown solid, 68% yield. m.p. 139~ MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.11 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (d, J=8.3
141 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.91 (s, 1H), 8.23 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (s, 5H), 7.42 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (t, J=
(d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 8.05 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (d, J= 7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.92 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ:
8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 4.51~4.36 (m, 6H), 160.0, 148.4, 140.9, 129.4, 128.7, 127.1, 126.33, 125.6,
1.42 (m, 9H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 166.5, 124.83 123.9, 121.5, 118.6, 52.0; HRMS (ESI) calcd for
165.6, 158.9, 149.8, 143.9, 131.6, 130.6, 130.1, 127.8, C15H13N2O2 [M+H]+ 253.1901, found 253.1908.
127.3, 127.2, 126.3, 125.7, 123.4, 122.9, 118.5, 61.7, 61.4, Phenyl(2-phenyl-2H-indazol-3-yl)methanone (3l): Bro-
61.3, 14.3, 14.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C22H23N2O6 [M+ wn solid, 32% yield. m.p. 153~155 ℃; 1H NMR (400
H]+ 411.1501, found 411.1508. MHz, ) δ: 7.89~7.85 (m, 3H), 7.60 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H),
Ethyl 5-cyano-2-(4-cyanophenyl)-2H-indazole-3-car- 7.55~7.52 (m, 2H), 7.47~7.35 (m, 7H), 7.19~7.16 (m,
boxylate (3f): Brown solid, 59% yield. m.p. 192~194 ℃; 1H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 168.9, 138.9, 132.5,
1
H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 9.81 (s, 1H), 8.07 (s, 1H), 130.3, 126.9, 125.9, 124.0, 123.3, 123.2, 122.9, 121.7,
7.93 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.24 – 120.5, 120.1, 119.3, 116.5, 114.9; HRMS (ESI) calcd for
7.03 (m, 3H), 4.40 (q, 2H), 1.42 (t, 3H); 13C NMR (101 C20H15N2O [M+H]+ 299.3208, found 299.3213.
MHz, CDCl3) δ: 162.5, 142.2, 141.1, 132.7, 131.4, 128.8, Ethyl pyrido[2,1-a]isoindole-6-carboxylate (5a): Yellow
127.7, 127.3, 121.9, 120.9, 119.9, 118.0, 117.9, 117.5, solid, 36% yield. m.p. 65~67 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz,
117.3, 104.4, 59.6, 14.9; HRMS (ESI) calcd for CDCl3) δ: 9.98 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 8.27 (d, J=8.5 Hz,
C18H13N4O2 [M+H]+317.1064, found 317.1070. 1H), 8.10 (ddt, J=12.0, 8.2, 1.1 Hz, 2H), 7.55 (m, 1H),
Ethyl 7-methyl-2-(o-tolyl)-2H-indazole-3-carboxylate 7.29~7.27 (m, 1H), 7.27~7.25 (m, 1H), 7.21 (td, J=6.9,
(3g): Brown solid, 80% yield. m.p. 74~76 ℃; 1H NMR 1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.51 (q, 2H), 1.52 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H); 13C
(400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.97 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (dd, NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 150.1, 126.3, 124.8, 122.5,
J=10.5, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 7.38~7.26 (m, 4H), 7.18 (d, J=6.8 122.1, 117.3, 116.6, 115.9, 115.6, 114.9, 114.0, 113.9,
Hz, 1H), 4.30 (q, 2H), 2.69 (s, 3H), 2.01 (s, 3H), 1.27 (t, 103.3, 67.6, 31.9; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C15H14NO2 [M+
3H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 159.4, 148.8, 140.8, H]+ 240.3609, found 240.3612.
135.0, 130.5, 129.6, 128.9, 127.0, 126.3, 126.1, 125.7, Ethyl 8-methoxypyrido[2,1-a]isoindole-6-carboxylate
123.3, 119.0, 60.9, 17.1, 17.0, 14.0; HRMS (ESI) calcd for (5b): Yellow solid, 27% yield. m.p. 94~96 ℃; 1H NMR
C18H19N2O2 [M+H]+ 295.1446, found 295.1453. (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 9.88 (s, 1H), 8.00~7.91 (m, 2H),
Ethyl 6-methyl-2-(m-tolyl)-2H-indazole-3-carboxylate 7.60 (s, 1H), 7.25 (m, 1H), 7.12 (td, J=7.0, 1.4 Hz, 1H),
(3h): Brown solid, 83% yield. m.p. 85~87 ℃; 1H NMR 6.90 (dd, J=8.8, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.49 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 3H),
(400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.99 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (s, 3.95 (s, 3H), 1.51 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (101 MHz,
1H), 7.41~7.26 (m, 4H), 7.17 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (q, CDCl3) δ: 150.1, 148.3, 126.5, 122.3, 117.8, 116.7, 113.4,
J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.49 (s, 3H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 1.33 (t, J=7.0 112.9, 111.1, 110.9, 103.1, 99.0, 67.5, 64.2, 31.9; HRMS
Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 159.5, 149.0, (ESI) calcd for C16H16NO3 [M+H] + 270.1681, found
141.0, 138.7, 137.0, 130.0, 128.4, 128.3, 126.8, 124.9, 270.1685.
123.5, 122.4, 121.0, 116.8, 61.0, 22.1, 21.3, 14.2; HRMS Ethyl 8-acetylpyrido[2,1-a]isoindole-6-carboxylate (5c):
(ESI) calcd for C18H19N2O2 [M + H] + 295.1508, found Yellow solid, 21% yield. m.p. 113~115 ℃; 1H NMR
295.1514. (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 9.90 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 1H), 8.85 (s,
Ethyl 2-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-4,6-dimethyl-2H-indazo- 1H), 8.11~8.07 (m, 2H), 7.79 (dd, J=8.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H),
le-3-carboxylate (3i): Brown solid, 78% yield. m.p. 67~ 7.33~7.27 (m, 1H), 7.24 (td, J=6.9, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.51 (q,
69 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.38 (s, 1H), 7.26 J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.72 (s, 3H), 1.54 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H); 13C
(s, 1H), 7.12 (s, 2H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 4.25 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 179.0, 149.7, 129.2, 125.7,
692 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 688~693
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
123.9, 122.1, 118.1, 117.6, 116.2, 115.7, 115.2, 114.6, (f) Song, G.; Li, X. Acc. Chem. Res. 2015, 48, 1007.
114.5, 104.1, 67.9, 41.4, 31.8; HRMS (ESI) calcd for (g) Zhang, F.; Spring, D. R. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 6906.
(h) Wencel-Delord, J.; Glorius, F. Nat. Chem. 2013, 5, 369.
C17H15NO3 [M+H]+ 282.1131, found 282.1134. (i) Chen, X., Bai, L.; Zeng, W. Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2018, 38, 1859
2-Phenyl-2H-indazole (6a): Yellow solid, 36% yield. (in Chinese).
m.p. 83~85 ℃; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.43 (s, (陈训, 白丽丽, 曾伟, 有机化学, 2018, 38, 1859.)
1H), 7.93 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.83 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (j) Zhang, Z.; Butt, N. A.; Zhou, M.; Liu, D.; Zhang, W. Chin. J.
(d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.42 (t, J=7.4 Chem. 2018, 36, 443.
(k) Jeong, T.; Han, S. H.; Han, S.; Sharma, S.; Park, J.; Lee, J.;
Hz, 1H), 7.38~7.33 (m, 1H), 7.15 (dd, J=8.0, 7.0 Hz, Kwak, J. H.; Jung, Y. H.; Kim, I. S. Org. Lett. 2016, 18, 232.
1H); 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 149.8, 140.5, 129.6, (l) Chen, W.; Yang, W.; Wu, R.; Yang, D. Green Chem. 2018, 20,
127.9, 126.8, 122.8, 122.4, 121.0, 120.4, 120.4, 118.0; MS 2512.
(ESI) m/z: 195.09. (m) Yang, W.; Chen, Y.; Yao, Y.; Yang, X.; Lin, Q.; Yang, D. J. Org.
Chem. 2019, 84, 11080.
(n) Yao, Y.; Yang, W.; Lin, Q.; Yang, W.; Li, H.; Wang, L.; Gu, F.;
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Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 688~693 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 693
有机化学 DOI: 10.6023/cjoc201909009 研究论文
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
694 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 694~703
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 694~703 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 695
有机化学 研究论文
696 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 694~703
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
N
F2HC Cl F2HC Br F2HC F F2HC OCH3 F2HC
N N N N N N N N N N
O O O O O O O O O O
3a, 83% 3b, 79% 3c, 76% 3d, 74% 3e, 55%
N
F2HC Cl F2HC Cl F2HC Br F2HC F F2HC OCH3
N N N N N N N N N N
O O O O O O O O O O
3f, 61% 3g, 62% 3h, 63% 3i, 64% 3j, 61%
N N
F2HC F2HC Cl F2HC Cl F2HC Br F2HC F
N N N N N N N N N N
O O O O O O O O O O
H3CO H3CO H3CO
3k, 48% 3l, 54% 3m, 60% 3n, 62% 3o, 61%
F2HC OCH3 N N
N N F2HC F2HC Cl F2HC Cl F2HC Br
N N N N N N N N
O O
H3CO O O O O O O O O
H3CO H3CO H3CON H3CON
3p, 56% 3q, 49% 3r, 57% 3s, 53% 3t, 55%
N N
F2HC F F2HC OCH3 F2HC F2HC Cl
N N N N N N N N
O O O O O O O O
H3CON H3CON H3CON H3CON
3u, 47% 3v, 59% 3w, 39% 3x, 57%
3 3
2 5
3 3
2 2 5
2
3 3
3
3 X
3
2 2 5 2
2
3
3 3
2 2 5
2 5
2 3 3
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 694~703 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 697
有机化学 研究论文
OMe
F2HC F2HC
N N
O O
O O
4a, 75% 4b, 75%
CF3
F2HC N Me N
698 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 694~703
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
insecticidal activities of compounds 4a~4h with phenyl- 52.14 (t, 2JFH=25.0 Hz), 52.03, 25.61; HR-ESI-MS cacld
methyl and methyl against four target insects were not for C14H16ClF2N2O2 [M+H]+ 317.0863, found 317.0865.
evaluated. 4-((N-2,2-Difluoroethyl)(N-6-bromopyridin-3-ylmethyl)-
amino)-5,5-dimethylfuran-2(5H)-one (3b): White solid,
3 Conclusions 571 mg, yield 79%. m.p. 134~136 ℃; 1H NMR (300
A catalyst-free domino reaction of ethyl 4-hydroxyalkyl- MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 8.28 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=8.4
2-ynoate and N-heteroarylmethyl-N-2,2-difluoroethan-1- Hz, 1H), 7.59 (dd, J=8.4, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.29 (tt, 2JFH=54.6,
amine was developed in MeOH under reflux temperature, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.78 (s, 1H), 4.66 (s, 2H), 3.82 (dt, 3JFH=
which afforded 4-(N-(2,2-difluoroethyl)(N-heteroaryl-me- 14.4, J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 1.53 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (75 MHz,
thyl)amino)-5,5-disubstitutedfuran-2(5H)-one in 39% ~ DMSO-d6) δ: 174.68, 170.62, 149.13, 140.35, 138.08,
83% yields. Their structures were characterized by 1H 132.31, 128.07, 114.53 (t, 1JCF=240.6 Hz), 86.05, 81.98,
NMR, 13C NMR, HR-ESI-MS data and confirmed by the 52.14 (t, 2JCF=25.2 Hz), 52.06, 25.62; HR-ESI-MS cacld
X-ray diffraction of compound 8. Compounds 3a and 3c for C14H16BrF2N2O2 [M+H]+ 361.0358, found 361.0355.
exhibited 100% mortality against Myzus persicae at the 4-((N-2,2-Difluoroethyl)(N-6-fluoropyridin-3-ylmethyl)-
concentration of 600 µg•mL-1, respectively. amino)-5,5-dimethylfuran-2(5H)-one (3c): White solid, 456
mg, yield 76%. m.p. 117~119 ℃; 1H NMR (300 MHz,
4 Experimental section DMSO-d6) δ: 8.13 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.88~7.81 (m, 1H),
7.20 (dd, J=8.4, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 6.29 (tt, 2JFH=55.0, J=3.6
4.1 General information Hz, 1H), 4.80 (s, 1H), 4.68 (s, 2H), 3.82 (dt, 3JFH=14.7,
Melting points (m.p.) were examined using a Yanag- J = 3.6 Hz, 2H), 1.54 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (75 MHz,
imoto apparatus without further corrected. 1H NMR and 13C DMSO-d6) δ: 174.69, 170.67, 162.60 (1JFC =234.1 Hz),
NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker DPX 300 spec- 146.14 (3JFC =15.2 Hz), 140.80 (3JFC =8.1 Hz), 130.48,
trometer with CDCl3 as solvent and tetramethylsilane 114.58 (t, 1JCF=240.8 Hz), 109.67 (2JFC=37.6 Hz), 85.95,
(TMS) as the internal standard. HR-ESI-MS data were 81.98, 52.00 (t, 2JCF=24.9 Hz), 51.88, 25.62; HR-ESI-MS
acquired on a Linear Trap Quadropole (LTQ) Orbitrap calcd for C14H16F3N2O2 [M + H] + 301.1158, found:
instrument equipped with electrospray ionization source 301.1155.
(ESI). Crystal structure was analyzed at an Thermo Fisher 4-((N-2,2-Difluoroethyl)(N-6-methoxypyridin-3-yl-
ESCALAB 250 X-ray diffractometry. methyl)amino)-5,5-dimethylfuran-2(5H)-one (3d): White
All chemicals such as starting materials and reagents solid, 462 mg, yield 74%. m.p. 102~104 ℃; 1H NMR (300
were purchased from commercial supplier (Energy Chem- MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.01 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J=8.4,
ical) and used without further purification except as indi- 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.95 (tt, 2JFH=55.0,
cated. Organic solvents were concentrated under reduced J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (s, 1H), 4.55 (s, 2H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 3.50
pressure using a rotary evaporator or oil pump. All reactions (dt, 3JFH=13.7, J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 1.69 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (75
were carried out using magnetic stirring. The silica gel MHz, CDCl3) δ: 174.08, 171.04, 164.03, 145.52, 137.11,
chromatography was performed using 200~300 mesh flash 122.56, 112.89 (t, 1JCF=243.2 Hz), 111.38, 85.86, 81.90,
silca gel (Qingdao Haiyang). 53.26, 51.93, 51.16 (t, 2JCF=26.5 Hz), 25.73; HR-ESI-MS
4.2 Synthesis of compounds 3a~3x and 4a~4h calcd for C15H19F2N2O3 [M + H] + 313.1358, found
N-Heteroaryl/arylmethyl-N-2,2-difluoroethan-1-amine 313.1356.
(1a~1i, 2 mmol) and ethyl 4-hydroxyalkyl-2-ynoate (2a~ 4-((N-2,2-Difluoroethyl)(N-pyrimidin-5-ylmethyl)amino)-
2d, 2 mmol) were dissolved in 2 mL of MeOH in a 10 mL 5,5-dimethylfuran-2(5H)-one (3e): White solid, 248 mg,
tube with plug. The reaction mixture was heated to reflux yield 55%. m.p. 111~113 ℃; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3)
temperature (65 ℃), stirred for 48 h, and cooled to room δ: 9.17 (s, 1H), 8.60 (s, 2H), 5.98 (tt, 2JFH=54.8, J=3.6 Hz,
temperature. The solution was concentrated in vacuo, the 1H), 4.70 (s, 1H), 4.63 (s, 2H), 3.61 (dt, 3JFH=13.8, J=3.6
crude products were purified by flash column chromatog- Hz, 2H), 1.63 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ:
raphy on silica gel (200~300 mesh) and eluted with pe- 173.66, 170.56, 158.28, 155.26, 128.45, 112.96 (t, 1JCF=
troleum and ethyl acetate (V∶V=4∶1 to 3∶2) to afford 243.3 Hz), 87.35, 81.94, 51.92 (t, 2JCF=25.5 Hz), 50.92,
compounds 3a~3x and 4a~4h. 25.69; HR-ESI-MS calcd for C13H16F2N3O2 [M + H] +
4-((N-2,2-Difluoroethyl)(N-6-chloropyridin-3-ylmethyl)- 284.1205, found 284.1208.
amino)-5,5-dimethylfuran-2(5H)-one (3a): White solid, 510 4-((2,2-Difluoroethyl)(N-2-chloropyrimidin-5-ylmethyl)-
mg, yield 83%. m.p. 136~138 ℃; 1H NMR (300 MHz, amino)-5,5-dimethylfuran-2(5H)-one (3f): White solid, 388
DMSO-d6) δ: 8.30 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (dd, J=8.4, 2.4 mg, yield 61%. m.p. 155~157 ℃; 1H NMR (300 MHz,
Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.29 (tt, 2JFH=54.7, J= DMSO-d6) δ: 8.65 (s, 2H), 6.30 (tt, 2JFH=54.8, J=3.6 Hz,
3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.79 (s, 1H), 4.68 (s, 2H), 3.83 (dt, 3JFH=14.5, 1H), 4.83 (s, 1H), 4.69 (s, 2H), 3.89 (dt, 3JFH=14.8, J=3.6
J = 3.6 Hz, 2H), 1.54 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, Hz, 2H), 1.54 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ:
DMSO-d6) δ: 174.69, 170.63, 149.42, 148.56, 138.30, 174.49, 170.54, 159.27, 159.05, 129.61, 114.62 (t, 1JCF=
131.92, 124.32, 114.57 (t, 1JCF=240.7 Hz), 86.04, 81.98, 240.6 Hz), 86.43, 82.01, 52.21 (t, 2JCF=24.9 Hz), 50.29,
25.57; HR-ESI-MS calcd for C13H15ClF2N3O2 [M+H] +
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 694~703 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 699
有机化学 研究论文
318.0815, found 318.0819. 128.54, 112.95 (t, 1JCF=243.0 Hz), 88.19, 84.06, 52.11 (t,
2
4-((N-2,2-Difluoroethyl)(N-6-chloropyridin-3-ylmethyl)- JCF =26.0 Hz), 50.98, 34.04, 24.03, 21.66; HR-ESI-MS
amino)-5,5-spirocyclohexylfuran-2(5H)-one (3g): White calcd for C16H20F2N3O2 [M + H] + 324.1518, found
solid, 442 mg, yield 62%. m.p. 137~139 ℃; 1H NMR (300 324.1516.
MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.25 (s, 1H), 7.49 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.38 4-((2,2-Difluoroethyl)(N-2-chloropyrimidin-5-ylmethyl)-
(d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.97 (tt, 2JFH=55.0, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), amino)-5,5-spirocyclohexylfuran-2(5H)-one (3l): White
4.76 (s, 1H), 4.67 (s, 2H), 3.57 (dt, 3JFH=13.7, J=3.9 Hz, solid, 385 mg, yield 54%. m.p. 155~157 ℃; 1H NMR (300
2H), 1.84~1.19 (m, 10H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ: MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.50 (s, 2H), 6.00 (tt, 2JFH=54.7, J=3.6
173.76, 170.97, 151.26, 147.95, 136.89, 129.56, 124.42, Hz, 1H), 4.76 (s, 1H), 4.67 (s, 2H), 3.66 (dt, 3JFH=13.8,
112.92 (t, 1JCF=243.3 Hz), 87.56, 84.04, 52.15, 52.03 (t, J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 1.84~1.20 (m, 10H); 13C NMR (75 MHz,
2
JCF=26.1 Hz), 33.98, 24.01, 21.66; HR-ESI-MS calcd for CDCl3) δ: 173.37, 170.63, 161.18, 157.87, 127.24, 112.99
C17H20ClF2N2O2 [M + H] + cacld 357.1176, found (t, 1JCF=243.4 Hz), 88.68, 84.11, 52.13 (t, 2JCF=25.7 Hz),
357.1172. 50.56, 34.08, 24.02, 21.65; HR-ESI-MS calcd C16H19Cl-
4-((N-2,2-Difluoroethyl)(N-6-bromopyridin-3-ylmethyl)- F2N3O2 [M+H]+ 358.1128, found 358.1124.
amino)-5,5-spirocyclohexylfuran-2(5H)-one (3h): White 4-((2,2-Difluoroethyl)(N-2-chloropyridin-5-ylmethyl)-
solid, 501 mg, yield 63%. m.p. 113~115 ℃; 1H NMR (300 amino)-5,5-spiro(4-methoxycyclohexyl)furan-2(5H)-one
MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.22 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J=8.1 (3m): White solid, 463 mg, yield 60%. m.p. 162~164 ℃;
Hz, 1H), 7.38 (dd, J=8.4, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 5.97 (tt, 2JFH=55.0, 1
H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.24 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H),
J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (s, 1H), 4.64 (s, 2H), 3.57 (dt, 3JFH= 7.47 (dd, J=8.4, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (dd, J=8.4, 0.9 Hz, 1H),
13.7, J=3.9 Hz, 2H), 1.80~1.15 (m, 10H); 13C NMR (75 5.97 (tt, 1JFH=55.0, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.79 (s, 1H), 4.63 (s,
MHz, CDCl3) δ: 173.78, 171.06, 148.38, 141.76, 136.63, 2H), 3.56 (dt, 3JFH=13.8, J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 3.34 (s, 3H),
130.00, 128.22, 112.91 (t, 1JCF=243.2 Hz), 87.56, 84.08, 3.17~3.06 (m, 1H), 2.08~1.79 (m, 8H); 13C NMR (75
52.20, 52.05 (t, 2JCF = 26.1 Hz), 33.97, 24.01, 21.66; MHz, CDCl3) δ: 172.95, 170.63, 151.41, 147.91, 136.83,
HR-ESI-MS calcd for C17H20BrF2N2O2 [M+H] + cacld. 129.36, 124.51, 112.79 (t, 1JCF=241.8 Hz), 87.97, 82.95,
401.0671, found 401.0675. 77.01, 55.38, 52.25, 52.08 (t, 2JCF=25.1 Hz), 32.72, 27.23.
4-((N-2,2-Difluoroethyl)(N-6-fluoropyridin-3-ylmethyl)- HR-ESI-MS calcd for C18H22ClF2N2O3 [M + H] +
amino)-5,5-spirocyclohexylfuran-2(5H)-one (3i): White 387.1282, found 387.1284.
solid, 434 mg, yield 64%. m.p. 102~104 ℃; 1H NMR (300 4-((2,2-Difluoroethyl)(N-2-bromopyridin-5-ylmethyl)-
MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.09 (s, 1H), 7.66~7.59 (m, 1H), 7. 00 (dd, amino)-5,5-spiro(4-methoxycyclohexyl)furan-2(5H)-one
J=8.4, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 5.97 (tt, 1JFH=55.1, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), (3n): White solid, 524 mg, yield 61%. m.p. 155~157 ℃;
4.78 (s, 1H), 4.68 (s, 2H), 3.56 (dt, 3JFH=13.6, J=3.6 Hz, 1
H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.21 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H),
2H), 1.85~1.15 (m, 10H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.54 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (dd, J=8.4, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 5.97
173.84, 171.12, 163.21 (d, 1JCF =239.5 Hz), 146.10 (d, (tt, 1JFH=55.0, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.79 (s, 1H), 4.61 (s, 2H),
3
JCF=15.1 Hz), 139.44 (d, 3JCF=8.1 Hz), 128.24 (d, 4JCF= 3.56 (dt, 3JFH=13.8, J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 3.35 (s, 3H), 3.17~
4.6 Hz), 112.91 (t, 1JCF=243.3 Hz), 109.94 (d, 2JCF=37.5 3.05 (m, 1H), 2.08~1.79 (m, 8H); 13C NMR (75 MHz,
Hz), 87.39, 84.10, 51.95, 51.83 (t, 2JCF=26.2 Hz), 33.98, CDCl3) δ: 172.94, 170.59, 148.35, 141.93, 136.53, 129.78,
24.02, 21.67; HR-ESI-MS calcd for C17H20F3N2O2 [M+ 128.29, 112.79 (t, 1JCF =241.8 Hz), 88.00, 82.95, 77.00,
H]+ 341.1471, found 341.1476. 55.39, 52.31, 52.10 (t, 2JCF = 25.0 Hz), 32.72, 27.24.
4-((N-2,2-Difluoroethyl)(N-6-methoxypyridin-3-yl- HR-ESI-MS calcd for C18H22BrF2N2O3 [M + H] +
methyl)amino)-5,5-spirocyclohexylfuran-2(5H)-one (3j): 431.0776, found 431.0778.
White solid, 429 mg, yield 61%. m.p. 108~110 ℃; 1H 4-((2,2-Difluoroethyl)(N-2-fluroropyridin-5-ylmethyl)-
NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.01 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.39 amino)-5,5-spiro(4-methoxycyclohexyl)furan-2(5H)-one
(dd, J=8.4, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.94 (tt, (3o): White solid, 454 mg, yield 62%. m.p. 119~121 ℃; 1H
2
JFH=54.9, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 4.79 (s, 1H), 4.61 (s, 2H), 3.96 NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.07 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.64~
(s, 3H), 3.50 (dt, 3JFH=13.6, J=3.9 Hz, 2H), 1.88~1.16 7.60 (m, 1H), 7.00 (dd, J=8.4, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 5.97 (tt, 1JFH=
(m, 10H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 173.99, 171.33, 55.2, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 4.80 (s, 1H), 4.64 (s, 2H), 3.56 (dt,
164.03, 145.49, 137.05, 122.74, 112.86 (t, 1JCF=243.2 Hz), 3
JFH=13.8, J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 3.35 (s, 3H), 3.18~3.06 (m,
111.36, 86.59, 84.03, 53.26, 51.95, 51.47 (t, 2JCF=26.6 Hz), 1H), 2.08~1.80 (m, 8H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ:
33.97, 24.08, 21.69; HR-ESI-MS calcd for C18H23F2N2O3 172.98, 170.65, 163.26 (d, 1JCF =239.9 Hz), 146.05 (d,
3
[M+H]+ 353.1671, found: 353.1676. JCF=14.8 Hz), 139.39 (d, 3JCF=7.9 Hz), 128.07 (d, 4JCF=
4-((N-2,2-Difluoroethyl)(N-pyrimidin-5-ylmethyl)- 4.8 Hz), 112.81 (t, 1JCF=243.2 Hz), 110.02 (d, 2JCF=37.7
amino)-5,5-spirocyclohexylfuran-2(5H)-one (3k): White Hz), 87.83, 82.95, 77.02, 55.37, 52.06, 51.89 (t, 2JCF=26.1
solid, 314 mg, yield 48%. m.p. 157~158 ℃; 1H NMR (300 Hz), 32.72, 27.24; HR-ESI-MS calcd for C18H22F3N2O3
MHz, CDCl3) δ: 9.19 (s, 1H), 8.59 (s, 2H), 5.98 (tt, 2JFH= [M+H]+ 371.1577, found 371.1574.
54.9, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.74 (s, 1H), 4.67 (s, 2H), 3.61 (dt, 4-((2,2-Difluoroethyl)(N-2-methoxypyridin-5-ylmethyl)-
3
JFH =13.7, J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 1.82~1.13 (m, 10H); 13C amino)-5,5-spiro(4-methoxycyclohexyl)furan-2(5H)-one
NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 173.51, 170.77, 158.37, 155.26, (3p): White solid, 429 mg, yield 56%. m.p. 125~127 ℃;
700 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 694~703
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.97 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), [M+H]+ 444.0729, found 444.0726.
7.36 (dd, J=8.4, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.93 4-((N-2,2-Difluoroethyl)(N-6-fluoropyridin-3-ylmethyl)-
(tt, 2JFH=54.9, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 4.78 (s, 1H), 4.56 (s, 2H), amino)-5,5-spiro(4-methoxyimino cyclohexyl)furan-2(5H)-
3.92 (s, 3H), 3.48 (dt, 3JFH=13.8, J=3.9 Hz, 2H), 3.33 (s, one (3u): White solid, 421 mg, yield 47%. m.p. 79~80 ℃;
3H), 3.18~3.05 (m, 1H), 2.06~1.78 (m, 8H); 13C NMR 1
H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 8.06 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H),
(75 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 173.22, 170.94, 164.05, 145.42, 7.63~7.57 (m, 1H), 7.01 (dd, J=8.4, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 5.97 (tt,
136.98, 122.57, 112.79 (t, 1JCF=242.9 Hz), 111.39, 86.91, 1
JFH=55.0, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.84 (s, 1H), 4.62 (s, 2H), 3.83
82.91, 77.09, 55.34, 53.27, 52.07, 51.56 (t, 2JCF=26.7 Hz), (s, 3H), 3.54 (dt, 3JFH=13.8, J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 3.34~3.26
32.69, 27.26; HR-ESI-MS calcd for C19H25F2N2O4 [M+ (m, 1H), 2.68~1.98 (m, 7H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
H]+ 383.1777, found 383.1779. δ: 172.51, 170.40, 163.28 (1JCF=239.9 Hz), 155.36, 146.04
4-((N-2,2-Difluoroethyl)(N-pyrimidin-5-ylmethyl)- (3JFC=14.9 Hz), 139.37 (3JFC=8.2 Hz), 127.84 (4JFC=4.8
amino)-5,5-spiro(4-methoxycyclohexyl)furan-2(5H)-one Hz), 112.70 (t, 1JCF=243.5 Hz), 110.05 (2JFC=37.8 Hz),
(3q): White solid, 346 mg, yield 49%. m.p. 117~119 ℃; 87.77, 83.16, 60.91, 52.18, 51.84 (t, 2JCF=26.0 Hz), 34.15,
1
H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 9.19 (s, 1H), 8.59 (s, 2H), 32.98, 27.39, 20.49; HR-ESI-MS calcd for C18H21F3N3O3
5.98 (tt, 2JFH=54.9, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.77 (s, 1H), 4.64 (s, [M+H]+ 384.1530, found 384.1536.
2H), 3.60 (dt, 3JFH=13.8, J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 3.33 (s, 3H), 4-((N-2,2-Difluoroethyl)(N-6-methoxypyridin-3-yl-
3.18~3.06 (m, 1H), 2.06~1.74 (m, 8H); 13C NMR (75 methyl)amino)-5,5-spiro(4-methoxyimino cyclohexyl)furan-
MHz, CDCl3) δ: 172.72, 170.40, 158.42, 155.23, 128.39, 2(5H)-one (3v): White solid, 464 mg, yield 59%. m.p.
112.85 (t, 1JCF=243.0 Hz), 88.63, 82.97, 55.41, 52.17 (t, 122~124 ℃; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.97 (d, J=
2
JCF=26.0 Hz), 51.11, 32.76, 27.23. HR-ESI-MS calcd for 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (dd, J=8.4, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.78 (d, J=8.4
C17H22F2N3O3 [M+H]+ 354.1624, found 354.1619. Hz, 1H), 5.92 (tt, 2JFH=54.9, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 4.84 (s, 1H),
4-((N-2,2-Difluoroethyl)(N-2-chloropyrimidin-5-yl- 4.53 (s, 2H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.48 (dt, 3JFH=13.8,
methyl)amino)-5,5-spiro(4-methoxycyclohexyl)furan- J=3.9 Hz, 2H), 3.34~3.28 (m, 1H), 2. 68~2.05 (m, 7H);
13
2(5H)-one (3r): White solid, 442 mg, yield 57%. m.p. C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 172.69, 170.67, 164.10,
136~138 ℃; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.48 (s, 2H), 155.59, 145.42, 136.96, 122.32, 112.68 (t, 1JCF=243.4 Hz),
5.99 (tt, 2JFH=54.8, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (s, 1H), 4.63 (s, 111.46, 86.88, 83.11, 60.88, 53.30, 52.19, 51.52 (t, 2JCF=
2H), 3.64 (dt, 3JFH=13.9, J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 3.34 (s, 3H), 26.5 Hz), 34.14, 32.97, 27.42, 20.51; HR-ESI-MS calcd for
3.18~3.05 (m, 1H), 2.08~1.76 (m, 8H); 13C NMR (75 C19H24F2N3O4 [M+H]+ 396.1729, found 396.1725.
MHz, CDCl3) δ: 172.57, 170.25, 161.25, 157.84, 127.07, 4-((N-2,2-Difluoroethyl)(N-pyrimidin-5-ylmethyl)-
112.89 (t, 1JCF=243.6 Hz), 89.11, 83.02, 55.43, 52.18 (t, amino)-5,5-spiro(4-methoxyiminocyclohexyl)furan-2(5H)-
2
JCF=25.8 Hz), 50.71, 32.78, 27.22; HR-ESI-MS calcd for one (3w): White solid, 288 mg, yield 39%. m.p. 65~67 ℃;
1
C17H21ClF2N3O3 [M+H]+ 388.1234, found 388.1238. H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 9.19 (s, 1H), 8.58 (s, 2H),
4-((N-2,2-Difluoroethyl)(N-6-chloropyridin-3-ylmethyl)- 5.97 (tt, 2JFH=55.0, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.82 (s, 1H), 3.79 (s,
amino)-5,5-spiro(4-methoxyimino cyclohexyl)furan-2(5H)- 3H), 3.59 (dt, 3JFH=13.8, J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 3.34~3.05 (m,
one (3s): White solid, 422 mg, yield 53%. m.p. 173~ 1H), 2.70~2.06 (m, 7H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ:
175 ℃; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.22 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 172.28, 170.21, 158.38, 155.21, 128.26, 112.75 (t, 1JCF=
1H), 7.46 (dd, J=8.4, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7. 37 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 243.2 Hz), 88.54, 83.19, 60.91, 52.13 (t, 2JCF=25.6 Hz),
5.96 (tt, 1JFH=54.8, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.82 (s, 1H), 4.61 (s, 51.20, 34.16, 32.98, 27.37, 20.49; HR-ESI-MS calcd for
2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.55 (dt, 3JFH=13.7, J=3.9 Hz, 2H), C17H21F2N4O3 [M+H]+ 367.1546, found 367.1548.
3.34~3.28 (m, 1H), 2.70~1.97 (m, 7H); 13C NMR (75 4-((N-2,2-Difluoroethyl)(N-2-chloropyrimidin-5-yl-
MHz, CDCl3) δ: 172.47, 170.34, 155.33, 151.46, 147.87, methyl)amino)-5,5-spiro(4-methoxyiminocyclohexyl)furan-
136.82, 129.95, 124.49, 112.71 (t, 1JCF=241.5 Hz), 87.90, 2(5H)-one (3x): White solid, 456 mg, yield 57%. m.p.
83.14, 60.90, 52.37, 52.03 (t, 2JCF=24.6 Hz), 34.12, 32.95, 133~134 ℃; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.47 (s, 2H),
27.37, 20.48; HR-ESI-MS calcd for C18H21ClF2N3O3 [M+ 5.98 (tt, 2JFH=54.9, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.81 (s, 1H), 4.61 (s,
H]+ 400.1234, found 400.1238. 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.66 (dt, 3JFH=13.8, J=3.6 Hz, 2H),
4-((N-2,2-Difluoroethyl)(N-6-bromopyridin-3-ylmethyl)- 3.34~3.06 (m, 1H), 2.69~1.95 (m, 7H); 13C NMR (75
amino)-5,5-spiro(4-methoxyimino cyclohexyl)furan- MHz, CDCl3) δ: 172.16, 170.09, 161.26, 157.83, 155.18,
2(5H)-one (3t): White solid, 415 mg, yield 55%. m.p. 139~ 126.94, 112.81 (t, 1JCF =243.6 Hz), 89.01, 83.26, 60.93,
140 ℃; 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 8.21 (d, J=2.4 52.15 (t, 2JCF=25.8 Hz), 50.82, 34.19, 33.01, 27.37, 20.49;
Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (dd, J=8.1, 2.4 Hz, HR-ESI-MS calcd for C17H20ClF2N4O3 [M + H] +
1H), 5.96 (tt, 1JFH=55.0, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.83 (s, 1H), 4.59 401.1187, found 401.1185.
(s, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.55 (dt, 3JFH=13.7, J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 4-N-Benzyl-N-2,2-difluoroethylamino-5,5-dimethyl-
3.34~3.27 (m, 1H), 2.68~1.96 (m, 7H); 13C NMR (75 furan-2(5H)-one (4a): White solid, 421 mg, yield 75%. m.p.
MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 172.43, 170.32, 155.33, 148.31, 89~90 ℃; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.43~7.31 (m,
142.02, 136.52, 129.55, 128.29, 112.69 (t, 1JCF=239.2 Hz), 3H), 7.18~7.14 (m, 2H), 5.93 (tt, 2JFH=55.2, J=4.2 Hz,
87.96, 83.14, 60.91, 52.42, 52.05 (t, 2JCF=24.3 Hz), 34.15, 1H), 4.75 (s, 1H), 4.62 (s, 2H), 3.50 (dt, 3JFH=13.7, J=4.2
32.97, 27.38, 20.49; HR-ESI-MS calcd for C18H21BrF2N3O3 Hz, 2H), 1.66 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ:
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 694~703 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 701
有机化学 研究论文
13
174.36, 171.27, 134.61, 128.92, 128.08, 126.49, 112.79 (t, C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 174.38, 171.57, 150.93,
1
JCF=243.2 Hz), 85.28, 81.95, 54.62, 51.80 (t, 2JCF=26.9 147.89, 136.92, 130.02, 124.38, 83.76, 81.60, 53.36, 38.40,
Hz), 25.71; HR-ESI-MS calcd for C15H18F2NO2 [M+H]+ 25.30; HR-ESI-MS calcd for C13H16ClN2O2 [M + H] +
282.1300, found 282.1304. 267.0895, found 267.0898.
4-N-(4-Methoxybenzyl)-N-2,2-difluoroethylamino-5,5- 4-N-(6-Methoxypyridin-3-ylmethyl)-N-methylamino-
dimethylfuran-2(5H)-one (4b): Yellow solid, 464 mg, yield 5,5-dimethylfuran-2(5H)-one (4h): Yellow liquid, 421 mg,
75%. m.p. 132~134 ℃; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ: yield 80%. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.95~7.93 (m,
7.08 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.91 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 5.90 (tt, 1H), 7.39~7.34 (m, 1H), 7.73~7.69 (m, 1H), 4.54 (s, 1H),
2
JFH=55.3, J=4.2 Hz, 1H), 4.74 (s, 1H), 4.55 (s, 2H), 3.81 4.35 (s, 2H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 2.88 (s, 3H), 1.59 (s, 6H); 13C
(s, 3H), 3.47 (dt, 3JFH=13.7, J=4.2 Hz, 2H), 1.67 (s, 6H); NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 174.55, 171.91, 163.68, 145.11,
13
C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 174.32, 171.28, 159.36, 137.08, 123.41, 111.07, 82.87, 81.57, 53.30, 53.14, 37.95,
128.02, 126.28, 114.32, 112.85 (t, 1JCF=242.9 Hz), 85.06, 25.31. HR-ESI-MS calcd for C14H19N2O3 [M + H] +
81.92, 55.01, 54.06, 51.36 (t, 2JCF = 26.8 Hz), 25.74; 263.1390, found 263.1394.
HR-ESI-MS calcd C16H20F2NO3 [M+H]+ 312.1406, found 4.3 Synthesis of 3-chloro-4-((N-2,2-difluoroethyl)(N-
312.1409. pyrimidin-5-ylmethyl)amino)-5,5-spiro(4-methoxy-
4-N-(4-Trifluoromethylbenzyl)-N-2,2-difluoroethyl-
cyclohexyl)furan-2(5H)-one (8)
amino-5,5-dimethylfuran-2(5H)-one (4c): Yellow solid,
483 mg, yield 69%. m.p. 125~127 ℃; 1H NMR (300 MHz, To a solution of compound 3q (177 mg, 0.5 mmol) in
CDCl3) δ: 7.66 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.30 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), acetonitrile (1 mL) were added N-chlorosuccinimide (67
5.97 (tt, 2JFH=55.1, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 4.74 (s, 1H), 4.69 (s, mg, 0.5 mmol) and triethylamine (0.138 mL, 1 mmol) at
2H), 3.55 (dt, 3JFH=13.7, J=3.9 Hz, 2H), 1.65 (s, 6H); 13C room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred over-
NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 174.00, 170.82, 138.86, 130.42 night. After the reaction completion, the solvent was re-
(q, 2JCF = 32.4 Hz), 126.66, 125.90 (q, 3JCF = 3.6 Hz), moved by rotary evaporator, and the residue was purified by
123.41 (q, 1JCF =270.3 Hz), 112.79 (t, 1JCF =243.0 Hz), silica gel flash column chromatography (200~300 mesh)
86.24, 81.86, 54.43, 52.06 (t, 2JCF = 26.5 Hz), 25.70; and eluted with petroleum/ethyl acetate (V∶V=1∶1) to
HR-ESI-MS calcd for C16H17F5NO2 [M+H] + 350.1174, afford 173 mg of compound 8 as a white solid, yield 89%.
found 350.1170. m.p. 165~167 ℃; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 9.23 (s,
4-N-Benzyl-N-methylamino-5,5-dimethylfuran-2(5H)- 1H), 8.65 (s, 2H), 5.98 (tt, 2JFH=54.8, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.83 (s,
one (4d): White solid, 363 mg, yield 79%. m.p. 119~ 2H), 3.87 (td, 3JFH=14.1, 3.6 Hz, 2H), 3.33 (s, 3H), 3.19~
121 ℃; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.41~7.29 (m, 3H), 3.13 (m, 1H), 2.09~1.71(m, 8H); 13C NMR (75 MHz,
7.18~7.14 (m, 2H), 4.60 (s, 1H), 4.49 (s, 2H), 2.94 (s, 3H), CDCl3) δ: 166.40, 163.23, 158.56, 155.50, 129.23, 113.76
1.65 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 174.76, 172.08, (t, 1JCF=243.5 Hz), 95.22, 83.59, 55.46, 51.49, 51.44 (t,
2
135.37, 128.69, 127.64, 126.31, 82.80, 81.58, 56.02, 38.45, JCF = 25.2 Hz), 33.25, 27.09; HR-ESI-MS calcd for
25.43; HR-ESI-MS calcd for C14H18NO2 [M + H] + C17H21ClF2N3O3 [M+H]+ 388.1234, found 388.1236.
232.1332, found 232.1335. 4.4 X-ray diffraction analysis of compound 8
4-N-(4-Methoxybenzyl-N-methylamino-5,5-dimethyl- The crystal of 8 was obtained from n-hexane/methanol
furan-2(5H)-one (4e): Yellow liquid, 417 mg, yield 80%. 1H (V ∶ V=1 ∶20) solution. Its structure parameters were
NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.10 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 6.90 shown as following: crystal size 0.40 mm×0.35 mm×
(d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 4.60 (s, 1H), 4.41 (s, 2H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 0.33 mm, formula C17H20ClF2N3O3, M=387.81, mono-
2.89 (s, 3H), 1.65 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ: clinic, a = 1.30969(3) nm, b = 0.792737(18) nm, c =
174.72, 172.17, 159.04, 127.73, 127.20, 114.10, 82.59, 1.68448(4) nm, β=100.038(2)°, V=1.722137(7) nm3, ρ=
81.59, 55.45, 54.99, 38.08, 25.44; HR-ESI-MS calcd for 1.496 mg/mm3, space group P21/n, Z=4, μ(Mo Kα)=
C15H20NO3 [M+H]+ 262.1438, found: 262.1434. 0.266 mm - 1, F(000)=808, S=1.037. Totally 14382 re-
4-N-(4-Trifluoromethylbenzyl-N-methylamino-5,5- flections were measured at T=108.40 K, 3370 unique re-
dimethylfuran-2(5H)-one (4f): Yellow liquid, 510 mg, yield flections (Rint=0.0332) were used for all calculations and
85%. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.65 (d, J=8.1 Hz, structure refinement. The final R1=0.0371, wR2=0.0759
2H), 7.30 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 4.61 (s, 1H), 4.55 (s, 2H), 2.99 (all data). The crystallographic data of 8 have been depos-
(s, 3H), 1.66 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 174.57, ited with the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre
171.79, 139.54, 130.04 (q, 2JCF=32.6 Hz), 126.56, 125.72 (CCDC) with the accession number of 1860431. These data
(q, 3JCF=3.6 Hz), 123.51 (q, 1JCF=270.5 Hz), 83.52, 81.58, can be obtained free of charge from The Cambridge Crys-
55.80, 38.65, 25.37; HR-ESI-MS calcd for C15H17F3NO2 tallographic Data Centre via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_
[M+H]+ 300.1206, found 300.1207. request/cif.
4-N-(6-Chloropyridin-3-ylmethyl)-N-methylamino-5,5-
dimethylfuran-2(5H)-one (4g): White solid, 519 mg, yield
Supporting Information 1H NMR, 13C NMR of 3a~3x
85%. m.p. 106~108 ℃; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ:
and 4a~4h, and X-ray diffraction data of 8. The Supporting
8.24~8.21 (m, 1H), 7.51~7.47 (m, 1H), 7.36~7.33 (m,
Information is available free of charge via the Internet at
1H), 4.58 (s, 1H), 4.46 (s, 2H), 2.98 (s, 3H), 1.62 (s, 6H);
702 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 694~703
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
http://sioc-journal.cn. (e) Muehlebach, M.; Boeger, M.; Cederbaum, F.; Cornes, D.;
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(Zhao, C.)
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 694~703 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 703
有机化学 DOI: 10.6023/cjoc201909002 研究论文
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
Abstract A novel tandem metal relay catalytic system of Zn/Y has been successfully developed. By using this unprecedented
Zn(OTf)2/Y(OTf)3 bimetallic relay catalytic system, a variety of oxazole α-hydroxy amides derivatives were obtained from
easily available N-(propargyl)-arylamides and various 1-benzylindoline-2,3-dione derivatives through intramolecular cycloi-
somerization/intermolecular Alder-ene reaction under mild conditions. The first step of the one-pot procedure is that Zn(OTf)2
acts as a π acid to activate the triple bond of N-(propargyl)-arylamides, and a subsequent intramolecular 5-exo-dig cyclization
forms the oxazoline intermediate. Separately, Y(OTf)3 acts as Lewis acid, then oxazoline intermediate and 1-benzylindoline-
2,3-dione derivatives are transformed to the oxazole α-hydroxy amide derivatives in good to excellent yields in an intermolec-
ular Alder-ene reaction. Control experiments in the optimization section disclose the fact that Zn(OTf)2 and Y(OTf)3 are both
indispensable for this intramolecular cycloisomerization/intermolecular Alder-ene reaction. Generally, the synthetic reactions
run under air atmosphere by heating all the substrates and reagents in one-pot at 100 ℃. The present method benefits from the
704 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 704~713
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
distinctive features of simple reaction conditions, high atom economy and broad substrate tolerance. It is of great significance
for the synthesis of oxazole derivatives.
Keywords relay catalysis; cycloisomerization; Alder-Ene reaction; oxazole derivatives
噁唑化合物是很多天然产物和药物分子的基本骨 1 结果与讨论
架, 具有丰富的生物活性和功能 [1]. 此外, 噁唑分子作
1.1 反应条件的筛选和优化
为保护基团[2]、导向基团[3]以及配体[4]广泛应用于有机合
成中. 因此, 对噁唑化合物的合成引起了化学家的广泛 用 N-(2-炔-1-基)苯甲酰胺(1a)与 1-苄基吲哚啉-2,3-
关注. 二酮(2a)为模板反应, Zn(OTf)2 作为 π 酸催化剂催化炔丙
现 有 的 合 成 方 法 中 , 过 渡 金 属 比 如 Au[5], Pd[6], 基酰胺分子内环化反应, 其他路易斯酸作为另外一种催
Cu[7], Ag[8], Fe[9], Zn[10]等催化炔丙基酰胺的分子内环化 化剂, 令人高兴的是, 所试验的路易斯酸催化剂, 比如
反应是构建噁唑衍生物的最有吸引力的策略之一. 该方 In(OTf)3、Y(OTf)3、Yb(OTf)3、La(OTf)3、Sc(OTf)3 和
法具有良好的官能团兼容性和较好的原子经济性. 如 Ni(ClO 4 ) 2 •6H 2 O 都可以得到目标产物 3a, 其中以
2012 年, Hashmi 课题组[5d]发展了 Au(I)催化的炔丙基酰 Y(OTf)3 催化反应所得到的收率最高(表 1, Entries 1~6).
胺发生分子内环化生成噁唑啉中间体, 而后氧气氧化到 而后考察了温度对反应的影响: 反应温度降低至 80 ℃,
氢过氧化物, 硼氢化钠还原得到相应的噁唑醇类化合物 反应收率降低至 75%, 反应温度升高至 120 ℃, 反应收
的方法; 2014 年, Moran 课题组[7b]发展了一个 CuI 催化环 表 1 反应条件优化 a
化端位炔丙酰胺合成噁唑啉的方法; 2015 年, 徐政虎课 Table 1 Optimization of reaction conditionsa
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 704~713 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 705
有机化学 研究论文
706 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 704~713
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
表 2 分子内环异构化/阿尔德-烯反应底物扩展
Table 2 Application scope of the intramolecular cycloisomerization/intermolecular Alder-ene reaction a
O O
O O
N N
HO N HO
N
O
O
O
N
HO
N
3d, 89%
O O
O
O
N Cl HO N
HO N
F N
NO2 O O
O
O
N N
HO F3C N HO
N
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 704~713 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 707
有机化学 研究论文
续表
O
O
N
HO
N
3t, 92% F
NC
O
O N
HO
N
3w,90%
O
O
N
N HO
3y, 87%
a
Reaction conditions: 1 (0.24 mmol), 2 (0.2 mmol), Zn(OTf)2 (10 mol%), Y(OTf)3 (10 mol%), DCE (2 mL), in sealed tube, overnight, isolated yield based on 2a.
图式 2 控制实验及反应机理研究
Scheme 2 Control experiments and proposed reaction mechanism
4.62 (d, J=15.8 Hz, 1H), 4.32 (s, 1H), 3.51 (dd, J=31.7, 哚啉-2-酮(3b): 产率 89%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ:
14.6 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz) δ: 177.28, 7.62~7.52 (m, 2H), 7.40 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.32~6.95
142.54, 134.93, 130.16, 130.04, 129.24, 128.78, 128.67, (m, 9H), 6.74 (s, 1H), 6.61 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (d, J=
127.63, 127.20, 126.84, 126.10, 124.34, 123.32, 109.75, 15.7 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (d, J=15.7 Hz, 1H), 4.03 (s, 1H), 3.50
75.67, 43.91, 34.87; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C25H21N2O3 (dd, J = 34.4, 14.6 Hz, 2H), 2.34 (s, 3H); 13C NMR
[M+H]+ 397.1547, found 397.1548. (CDCl3, 100 MHz) δ: 177.19, 161.52, 145.88, 142.58,
1-苄基-3-羟基-3-[(2-(间甲苯基)噁唑-5-基)甲基]吲 138.39, 134.94, 130.97, 130.06, 129.21, 128.79, 128.58,
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127.63, 127.10, 126.85, 126.83, 126.71, 124.37, 123.29, 7.05~6.97 (m, 3H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 6.61 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H),
123.26, 109.75, 75.64, 43.92, 34.91, 21.29; HRMS (ESI) 4.95 (d, J=15.7 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (d, J=15.7 Hz, 1H), 4.43
calcd for C26H23N2O3 [M + H] + 411.1703, found (s, 1H), 3.47 (dd, J = 34.2, 14.7 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR
411.1703. (CDCl3, 100 MHz) δ: 177.29, 157.52, 145.66, 142.50,
1-苄基-3-羟基-3-((2-(邻甲苯基)噁唑-5-基)甲基)吲 134.96, 130.06, 129.75, 129.20, 128.79, 128.06, 127.85,
哚啉-2-酮(3c): 产率 90%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 127.66, 127.54, 126.88, 126.76, 124.37, 123.33, 109.74,
7.63 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (t, 75.61, 43.93, 34.75; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C23H19N2O3S
J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.20~7.04 (m, 7H), 7.00 (dd, J=6.0, 2.3 [M+H]+ 403.1111, found 403.1112.
Hz, 2H), 6.78 (s, 1H), 6.59 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (d, J= 1-苄基-3-((2-(3-氟苯基)噁唑-5-基)甲基)-3-羟基吲
15.8 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (d, J=15.8 Hz, 2H), 3.52 (q, J=14.6 哚啉-2-酮(3g): 产率 80%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ:
Hz, 2H), 2.42 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz) δ: 7.54 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (ddd, J=21.6, 14.5, 7.5 Hz,
177.45, 161.83, 145.64, 142.52, 137.18, 134.94, 131.47, 3H), 7.21 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.17~6.92 (m, 7H), 6.76 (s,
130.00, 129.78, 129.33, 128.77, 128.75, 128.72, 127.63, 1H), 6.63 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 4.96 (d, J=15.7 Hz, 1H),
126.86, 126.67, 126.24, 126.24, 125.84, 124.37, 123.42, 4.62 (d, J=15.7 Hz, 1H), 4.26 (s, 1H), 3.51 (q, J=14.6
109.79, 75.79, 43.90, 34.77, 21.79; HRMS (ESI) calcd for Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz) δ: 177.18, 162.80
C26H23N2O3 [M+H]+ 411.1703, found 411.1704. (d, J=244.8 Hz), 160.16 (d, J=3.2Hz), 146.51, 142.53,
1-苄基-3-羟基-3-((2-(4-甲氧基苯基)噁唑-5-基)甲 134.91, 130.36 (d, J=8 Hz), 130.15, 129.19, 129.10,
基)吲哚啉-2-酮(3d): 产率 89%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, 128.78, 127.66, 127.12, 126.84, 124.33, 123.39, 121.77 (d,
CDCl3) δ: 7.68 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.39 (d, J=7.2 Hz, J=2.9 Hz), 117.10 (d, J=21.2 Hz), 113.04 (d, J=23.8
1H), 7.17 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (dt, J=9.8, 4.4 Hz, 4H), Hz), 109.78, 75.63, 43.92, 34.88; 19F NMR (376 MHz,
7.02~6.95 (m, 2H), 6.85 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.64 (s, 1H), CDCl3) δ: -112.27; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C25H20FN2O3
6.58 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (d, J=15.8 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (d, [M+H]+ 415.1452, found 415.1453.
J=15.8 Hz, 2H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.48 (dd, J=31.8, 14.6 Hz, 1-苄基-3-((2-(3-氯苯基)噁唑-5-基)甲基)-3-羟基吲
2H); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz) δ: 177.38, 161.40, 哚啉-2-酮(3h): 产率 82%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ:
161.19, 145.43, 142.54, 134.96, 129.95, 129.39, 128.77, 7.64 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.42 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.35~
127.77, 127.60, 126.81, 126.56, 124.35, 123.26, 120.05, 7.21 (m, 3H), 7.17~7.05 (m, 4H), 7.05~6.97 (m, 2H),
114.08, 109.71, 75.70, 55.35, 43.87, 34.84; HRMS (ESI) 6.78 (s, 1H), 6.64 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.96 (d, J=15.7 Hz,
calcd for C26H23N2O4 [M + H] + 427.1652, found 1H), 4.62 (d, J=15.7 Hz, 1H), 4.19~3.77 (m, 1H), 3.50
427.1650. (q, J=14.6 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz) δ:
1-苄基-3-((2-(呋喃-2-基)噁唑-5-基)甲基)-3-羟基吲 177.09, 159.97, 146.53, 142.55, 134.91, 134.74, 130.22,
哚啉-2-酮(3e): 产率 92%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 130.11, 129.97, 129.16, 128.79, 127.67, 127.12, 126.86,
7.47 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.21~ 126.11, 124.34, 124.09, 123.40, 109.78, 75.61, 43.93,
7.11 (m, 4H), 7.06 (dd, J=8.4, 4.8 Hz, 3H), 6.74 (d, J= 34.92; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C25H19ClN2O3 [M+H] +
3.2 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (s, 1H), 6.63 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.44 430.1084, found 430.1085.
(dd, J=3.4, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (d, J=15.7 Hz, 1H), 4.66 1-苄基-3-((2-(4-溴苯基)噁唑-5-基)甲基)-3-羟基吲
(d, J=15.7 Hz, 1H), 4.28 (dd, J=23.8, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 3.46 哚啉-2-酮(3i): 产率 83%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ:
(dd, J=42.4, 14.8 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz) 7.57 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.39 (d,
δ: 177.20, 154.12, 145.75, 144.20, 142.71, 142.47, 135.00, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (dd, J=7.4,
130.06, 129.05, 128.80, 127.69, 126.95, 126.66, 124.32, 4.2 Hz, 4H), 7.02~6.91 (m, 2H), 6.72 (s, 1H), 6.60 (d, J=
123.32, 111.72, 111.21, 109.72, 75.48, 43.93, 34.68; 7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (d, J=15.7 Hz, 1H), 4.59 (d, J=15.7
HRMS (ESI) calcd for C23H19N2O4 [M+H]+ 387.1339, Hz, 2H), 3.49 (q, J=14.6 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100
found 387.1340. MHz) δ: 177.30, 160.45, 146.42, 142.51, 134.89, 131.92,
1-苄基-3-羟基-3-((2-(噻吩-2-基)噁唑-5-基)甲基)吲 130.06, 129.31, 128.78, 127.68, 127.52, 127.04, 126.81,
哚啉-2-酮(3f): 产率 93%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 126.06, 124.61, 124.33, 123.35, 109.75, 75.65, 43.90,
7.36 (ddd, J=13.0, 12.4, 6.1 Hz, 3H), 7.22~7.05 (m, 5H), 34.85; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C25H20BrN2O3 [M+H] +
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 704~713 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 709
有机化学 研究论文
475.0652, found 475.0652. 1H), 7.19 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H),
1-苄基-3-羟基-3-((2-(2-硝基苯基)噁唑-5-基)甲基) 7.07~6.93 (m, 5H), 6.89 (s, 1H), 6.59 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H),
吲哚啉-2-酮(3j): 产率 78%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 4.92 (d, J=15.8 Hz, 1H), 4.75 (s, 1H), 4.61 (d, J=15.8
δ: 7.75~7.67 (m, 1H), 7.66~7.59 (m, 1H), 7.53 (p, J= Hz, 1H), 3.58 (q, J=14.6 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100
6.6 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.25~7.05 (m, 7H), MHz) δ: 177.57, 161.37, 145.88, 142.54, 134.90, 133.84,
6.84 (s, 1H), 6.67 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (d, J=15.7 Hz, 130.99, 130.02, 129.96, 129.39, 128.78, 128.73, 128.46,
1H), 4.74 (d, J=15.7 Hz, 1H), 3.91 (s, 1H), 3.44 (dd, J= 127.75, 127.60, 127.49, 126.96, 126.86, 126.82, 126.19,
50.8, 14.9 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz) δ: 126.15, 124.90, 124.44, 123.70, 123.45, 109.84, 75.89,
177.00, 156.67, 148.40, 147.73, 142.41, 135.08, 131.89, 43.93, 34.86; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C29H23N2O3 [M+H]+
130.76, 130.11, 130.09, 128.88, 128.83, 127.72, 127.46, 447.1703, found 447.1705.
127.06, 124.35, 123.74, 123.46, 120.83, 109.79, 75.34, 1-苄基-3-羟基-5-甲氧基-3-[(2-苯基噁唑-5-基)甲基]
43.93, 34.61; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C25H20N3O5 [M+H]+ 吲哚啉-2-酮(3n): 产率 82%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3)
442.1397, found 442.1397. δ: 7.76 (dd, J=7.6, 1.6 Hz, 2H), 7.45~7.29 (m, 3H), 7.08
4-(5-[(1-苄基-3-羟基-2-氧代吲哚啉-3-基)甲基]噁 (dd, J=5.0, 1.7 Hz, 3H), 7.05~6.95 (m, 3H), 6.74 (s, 1H),
唑-2-基)苯甲腈(3k): 产率 80%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, 6.68 (dd, J=8.5, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 6.47 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H),
CDCl3) δ: 7.79 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.60 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 5.17~4.79 (m, 2H), 4.57 (d, J=15.7 Hz, 1H), 3.70 (s,
2H), 7.41 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (dd, J=11.2, 4.3 Hz, 3H), 3.58~3.39 (m, 2H); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz) δ:
1H), 7.17~7.02 (m, 4H), 7.02~6.94 (m, 2H), 6.83 (s, 177.28, 161.30, 156.51, 146.15, 135.70, 135.02, 130.66,
1H), 6.64 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.97 (d, J=15.7 Hz, 1H), 130.17, 128.75, 128.66, 127.58, 127.18, 126.85, 126.12,
4.60 (d, J=15.7 Hz, 1H), 4.43 (s, 1H), 3.52 (q, J=14.7 114.63, 111.33, 110.31, 76.07, 55.82, 43.98, 34.92; HRMS
Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz) δ: 177.16, 159.43, (ESI) calcd for C26H23N2O4 [M+H] + 427.1652, found
147.50, 142.50, 134.87, 132.49, 130.85, 130.17, 129.20, 427.1652.
128.79, 127.69, 127.68, 126.82, 126.37, 124.30, 123.44, 1-苄基-3-羟基-5-甲基-3-((2-苯基噁唑-5-基)甲基)吲
118.30, 113.35, 109.80, 75.59, 43.92, 34.88; HRMS (ESI) 哚啉-2-酮(3o): 产率 85%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ:
calcd for C26H20N3O3 [M + H] + 422.1499, found 7.83~7.69 (m, 2H), 7.42~7.30 (m, 3H), 7.07 (dd, J=
422.1499. 10.1, 5.1 Hz, 3H), 7.04~6.90 (m, 3H), 6.75 (s, 1H), 6.68
1-苄基-3-羟基-3-((2-(3-(三氟甲基)苯基)噁唑-5-基) (dd, J=8.5, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 6.47 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.90 (d,
甲基)吲哚啉-2-酮(3l): 产率 76%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, J=15.8 Hz, 2H), 4.58 (d, J=15.7 Hz, 1H), 3.71 (s, 3H),
CDCl3) δ: 7.90 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, 3.51 (q, J=14.7 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz) δ:
J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (t, J=7.7 177.26, 161.31, 156.52, 146.13, 135.71, 135.01, 130.63,
Hz, 1H), 7.13 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (dd, J=4.9, 1.3 Hz, 130.17, 128.75, 128.66, 127.59, 127.19, 126.89, 126.85,
3H), 6.99~6.92 (m, 2H), 6.81 (s, 1H), 6.63 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 126.12, 114.64, 111.33, 110.31, 76.07, 55.82, 43.99, 34.93;
1H), 4.95 (d, J=15.7 Hz, 1H), 4.72 (s, 1H), 4.57 (d, J= HRMS (ESI) calcd for C26H23N2O3 [M+H]+ 411.1703,
15.7 Hz, 1H), 3.68~3.41 (m, 2H); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 found 411.1704.
MHz) δ: 177.30, 159.86, 146.83, 142.49, 134.89, 131.18 1-苄基-3-羟基-5-硝基-3-[(2-苯基噁唑-5-基)甲基]吲
(q, J=32.5 Hz), 130.16, 129.41, 129.22, 129.09, 128.75, 哚啉-2-酮(3p): 产率 92%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ:
127.88, 127.60, 127.15, 126.84, 126.53 (q, J=3.6 Hz), 8.35 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.10 (dd, J=8.7, 2.1 Hz, 1H),
125.07, 124.37, 123.42, 122.91 (q, J=3.8 Hz), 109.73, 7.68 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (tt, J=14.2, 7.1 Hz, 3H),
75.73, 43.9, 34.9; 19F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.17~7.03 (m, 3H), 6.96 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.82 (s, 1H),
-62.82; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C26H20F3N2O3 [M+H]+ 6.64 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 5.13 (d, J=13.9 Hz, 1H), 4.95 (d,
465.1421, found 465.1422. J=15.8 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (d, J=15.8 Hz, 1H), 3.64~3.45 (m,
1-苄基-3-羟基-3-((2-(萘-1-基)噁唑-5-基)甲基)吲哚 2H); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz) δ: 177.47, 161.73,
啉-2-酮(3m): 产率 91%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 148.06, 145.13, 143.87, 133.79, 130.58, 130.49, 129.06,
8.99 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (t, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.76 (d, 128.81, 128.14, 127.24, 126.86, 126.77, 126.63, 126.03,
J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.58~7.41 (m, 3H), 7.37 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 120.35, 109.48, 75.22, 44.26, 34.68; HRMS (ESI) calcd for
710 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 704~713
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
C25H20N3O5 [M+H]+ 442.1397, found 442.1398. 161.45, 145.88, 144.28 (d, J=11.7 Hz), 134.39, 130.31,
1-苄基-5-氯-3-羟基-3-[(2-苯基噁唑-5-基)甲基]吲哚 128.92, 128.74, 127.87, 127.07, 126.94, 126.82, 126.07,
啉-2-酮(3q): 产率 89%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 125.72, 125.62, 124.73 (d, J=3.0 Hz), 109.48 (d, J=22.3
7.84~7.61 (m, 2H), 7.44 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (d, J= Hz), 98.66 (d, J=27.6 Hz), 75.27, 44.06, 34.84; 19F NMR
6.2 Hz, 3H), 7.19~7.03 (m, 4H), 6.97 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), (376 MHz, CDCl3) δ: -108.85; HRMS (ESI) calcd for
6.80 (s, 1H), 6.49 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 4.91 (d, J=15.8 Hz, C25H20FN2O3 [M+H]+ 415.1452, found 415.1453.
1H), 4.61 (d, J=15.8 Hz, 1H), 4.43 (s, 1H), 3.64~3.38 1-苄基-7-氯-3-羟基-3-[(2-苯基噁唑-5-基)甲基]吲哚
(m, 2H); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz) δ: 176.90, 161.55, 啉-2-酮(3u): 产率 88%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ:
145.52, 141.00, 134.43, 130.96, 130.32, 129.91, 128.89, 7.79 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 7.29 (d,
128.73, 127.82, 127.10, 127.02, 126.78, 126.12, 125.02, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (s, 3H), 7.04
110.80, 75.70, 44.03, 34.87; HRMS (ESI) calcd for (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (d, J=4.2 Hz, 2H), 6.76 (s, 1H),
C25H20ClN2O3 [M+H]+ 431.1157, found 431.1158. 5.22 (s, 2H), 4.32 (s, 1H), 3.46 (q, J=14.7 Hz, 2H); 13C
1-苄基-5-氟-3-羟基-3-[(2-苯基噁唑-5-基)甲基]吲哚 NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz) δ: 177.95, 161.53, 145.60,
啉-2-酮(3r): 产率 91%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 138.65, 136.70, 132.60, 132.17, 130.30, 128.73, 128.58,
7.74 (dd, J=7.7, 1.5 Hz, 2H), 7.40~7.30 (m, 3H), 7.18 127.19, 127.12, 126.13, 126.07, 124.29, 123.03, 116.02,
(dd, J=7.5, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.12~7.01 (m, 3H), 6.95 (d, J= 74.87, 45.02, 35.02; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C25H20ClN2O3
6.2 Hz, 2H), 6.86 (td, J=8.9, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 6.75 (s, 1H), [M+H]+ 431.1157, found 431.1158.
6.47 (dd, J=8.6, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 5.24 (s, 1H), 4.91 (d, J= 3-羟基-1-(4-甲基苄基)-3-[(2-苯基噁唑-5-基)甲基]
15.8 Hz, 1H), 4.56 (d, J=15.8 Hz, 1H), 3.51 (s, 2H); 13C 吲哚啉-2-酮(3v): 产率 85%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3)
NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz) δ: 177.37, 161.48, 159.58 (d, J= δ: 7.82~7.63 (m, 2H), 7.43~7.28 (m, 4H), 7.18 (t, J=7.7
241.3 Hz), 145.76, 138.30, 134.57, 131.25 (d, J=7.7 Hz), Hz, 1H), 7.08 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.95~6.81 (m, 4H), 6.71
130.32, 128.84, 128.73, 127.75, 126.99, 126.92, 126.77, (s, 1H), 6.61 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.90 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H),
126.09, 116.19 (d, J=23.3 Hz), 112.54 (d, J=24.7 Hz), 4.55 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 2H), 3.50 (q, J=14.6 Hz, 2H), 2.16
110.48 (d, J=7.8 Hz), 75.96, 44.05, 34.83; 19F NMR (376 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz) δ: 177.29, 161.29,
MHz, CDCl3) δ: - 119.09; HRMS (ESI) calcd for 146.11, 142.60, 137.28, 131.90, 130.12, 129.98, 129.45,
C25H20FN2O3 [M+H]+ 415.1452, found 415.1453. 129.34, 128.62, 127.23, 126.84, 126.10, 124.29, 123.26,
1-苄基-6-氯-3-羟基-3-[(2-苯基噁唑-5-基)甲基]吲哚 109.77, 75.69, 43.68, 34.85, 20.99; HRMS (ESI) calcd for
啉-2-酮(3s): 产率 88%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: C26H23N2O3 [M+H]+ 411.1703, found 411.1704.
7.84~7.68 (m, 2H), 7.44~7.33 (m, 3H), 7.30 (d, J=7.9 4-((3-羟基-2-氧代-3-((2-苯基噁唑-5-基)甲基)吲哚
Hz, 1H), 7.10 (ddd, J=9.6, 6.5, 1.6 Hz, 4H), 7.04~6.92 啉-1-基)甲基)苯甲腈(3w): 产率 90%. 1H NMR (400
(m, 2H), 6.78 (s, 1H), 6.60 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 1H), 4.90 (d, J= MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.66 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 7.49 (t, J=8.7
15.8 Hz, 1H), 4.58 (d, J=15.8 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (t, J=54.4 Hz, 1H), 7.42~7.15 (m, 7H), 7.01 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H),
Hz, 1H), 3.47 (dd, J=32.9, 14.7 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR 6.70 (s, 1H), 6.52 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 5.03 (d, J=16.3 Hz,
(CDCl3, 100 MHz) δ: 177.23, 161.49, 145.66, 143.79, 1H), 4.57 (d, J=16.3 Hz, 1H), 4.55~4.17 (m, 1H), 3.62~
135.91, 134.35, 130.33, 128.93, 128.75, 127.88, 127.65, 3.44 (m, 2H); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz) δ: 177.24,
127.03, 126.77, 126.08, 125.34, 123.25, 110.37, 75.29, 161.34, 145.81, 142.06, 140.33, 132.62, 130.46, 130.21,
44.03, 34.86; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C25H20ClN2O3 [M+ 129.30, 128.79, 127.38, 126.90, 126.87, 125.94, 124.59,
H]+ 431.1157, found 431.1157. 123.84, 118.28, 111.65, 109.24, 75.78, 43.48, 34.90;
1-苄基-6-氟-3-羟基-3-[(2-苯基噁唑-5-基)甲基]吲哚 HRMS (ESI) calcd for C26H20N3O3 [M+H]+ 422.1499,
啉-2-酮(3t): 产率 92%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: found 422.1498.
7.76 (dd, J=7.6, 1.7 Hz, 2H), 7.42~7.28 (m, 4H), 7.16~ 3-羟基-1-甲基-3-[(2-苯基噁唑-5-基)甲基]吲哚啉-2-
7.03 (m, 3H), 7.03~6.89 (m, 2H), 6.84~6.64 (m, 2H), 酮(3x): 产率 88%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.81
6.32 (dd, J=8.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.90 (d, J=15.8 Hz, 1H), (dd, J=6.5, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 7.41~7.36 (m, 3H), 7.34~7.26
4.69~4.32 (m, 2H), 3.48 (q, J=14.7 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (m, 2H), 7.09 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.75 (s, 1H), 6.73 (d, J=
(CDCl3, 100 MHz) δ: 177.59, 163.93 (d, J=246.4 Hz), 8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (s, 1H), 3.42 (dd, J=50.2, 14.7 Hz, 2H),
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 704~713 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 711
有机化学 研究论文
(j) Zhou, J. H.; Dai, H.; Qian, H. W.; Du, X. C.; Mao, X. Y.; Shi, Y.
3.10 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz) δ: 177.32,
J.; Feng, H.; Shi, J.; Yao, Y. Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2018, 38, 2122 (in
161.27, 146.29, 143.18, 130.18, 130.09, 129.13, 128.70, Chinese).
(周家华, 戴红, 钱宏炜, 杜显超, 茅心宇, 石玉军, 冯浩, 石健,
127.22, 126.63, 126.07, 124.30, 123.26, 108.58, 75.57,
姚勇, 有机化学, 2018, 38, 2122.)
34.85, 26.23; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C26H23N2O4 [M+H]+ (k) Dai, H.; Ding, Y.; Du, X. C.; Yao, W.; Chen, Q. W.; Wang, X.
L.; Zhong, S. L.; Cao, X. F.; Shi, Y. J. Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2018,
427.1652, found 427.1650.
38, 1755 (in Chinese).
1-苄基-3-羟基-3-((2-(4-甲氧基苯基)噁唑-5-基)甲 (戴红, 丁颖, 杜显超, 姚炜, 陈庆文, 王祥龙, 仲苏林, 曹雄飞,
石玉军, 有机化学, 2018, 38, 1755.)
基)吲哚啉-2-酮(3y): 产率 87%. 1H NMR (400 MHz,
(l) Shi, Y. J.; Du, X. C.; Wang, X. L.; Chen, Q. W.; Li, L.; Dai, H.;
CDCl3) δ: 7.77 (dd, J=6.6, 2.9 Hz, 2H), 7.46~7.33 (m, Xu, C. Q.; Zhang, J. Y.; Ling, Y. Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2018, 38,
1772 (in Chinese).
4H), 7.27 (dd, J=5.3, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H),
(石玉军, 杜显超, 王祥龙, 陈庆文, 李玲, 戴红, 徐蔡芹, 张敬
6.87 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.69 (s, 1H), 4.42 (dd, J=14.0, 远, 凌勇, 有机化学, 2018, 38, 1772.)
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7.0 Hz, 1H), 4.30~3.78 (m, 1H), 3.43 (q, J=14.5 Hz,
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3561.
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10.8, 7.6 Hz, 3H), 6.58 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 4.94 (d, J=
Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 8912.
15.7 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (d, J=15.7 Hz, 1H), 4.30 (s, 1H), 3.40 (b) Hashmi, A. S. K.; Weyrauch, J. P.; Frey, W.; Bats, J. W. Org.
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(q, J=14.5 Hz, 2H), 1.07 (s, 9H); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100
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MHz) δ: 177.33, 170.85, 145.18, 142.37, 135.05, 129.84, Ward, N. A. B.; Robson, K. J.; Tweedley, S.; Harrington R. W.;
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129.29, 128.88, 127.66, 127.00, 124.83, 124.51, 123.21,
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辅助材料(Supporting Information) 目标化合物的氢
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有机化学 DOI: 10.6023/cjoc201908040 研究论文
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
钴催化双齿导向基辅助的 1-萘胺衍生物与醇的区域
选择性碳氢键烷氧基化反应
Abstract The cobalt-catalyzed regioselective C—H alkoxylation of 1-naphthylamide with alcohols through a biden-
tate-chelation assistance has been developed. In this transformation, not only primary and secondary alcohols, but also aliphat-
ic diols and oligoethylene glycols, which always be employed as O,O-donor ligands and reducing agents in transition metal
catalyzed coupling reaction, were all tolerated under current reaction conditions. It is noteworthy that deuterium labeled
8-alkoxyl-1-N-(naphthalen-1-yl)picolinamide derivative was easily achieved under this catalytic system. In addition, control
experiments suggested that picolinoyl was the key directing group, and furthermore, the C(8)—H alkoxylation reaction might
proceed through a single-electron-transfer (SET) process.
Keywords cobalt-catalyzed; bidentate-assisted; 1-naphthylamide; C(8)-alkoxylation; regioselectivity
714 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 714~723
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
Recently, Co-catalyzed C—H activation has received Table 1 Optimization of the reaction conditionsa
increasing attention in organic synthesis because of its in-
expensive and sustainable. And much progress has been
made in constructing C—C and C—X bonds mediated by
cobalt, and which has been reviewed by Ackermann[14],
Niu[15] and others[16,17]. Inspired by cobalt-catalyzed C—O
bond construction of arenes and alkenes, reported by
Song,[18] Zeng,[19] Zhang,[20] Wu,[21] Chatani,[22] and Acker-
mann,[23] respectively, we speculated that a cobalt catalyst
might also promote the C(8)-alkoxylation of N-(naphthalen-
1-yl)picolinamide applying alcohols, especially diols, as
alkoxylation reagents.
To probe the feasibility of this approach, initially, the 1 Co(OAc)2 Ag2CO3 KOAc — 32
reaction of N-(naphthalen-1-yl)picolinamide (1) with 2 CoCl2 Ag2CO3 KOAc — 12
methanol (2a) was explored in the presence of Co(OAc)2 3 Co2(CO)8 Ag2CO3 KOAc — 21
(30 mol%), Ag2CO3 (2.0 equiv.) and KOAc (2.0 equiv.). As
4 Co(acac)2 Ag2CO3 KOAc — NR
expected, the desired N-(8-methoxynaphthalen-1-yl)pico-
linamide (3a) was obtained in 32% yield (Table 1, Entry 1) 5 Pd(OAc)2 Ag2CO3 KOAc — NR
and the structure of 3a was further confirmed by X-ray 6 Co(OAc)2 Ag2O KOAc — 40
crystallography.[24] Other catalysts were investigated in- 7 Co(OAc)2 AgOAc KOAc — 20
cluding CoCl2, Co2(CO)8, Co(acac)2 and Pd(OAc)2. It was
8 Co(OAc)2 AgOTFA KOAc — 23
found that CoCl2 and Co2(CO)8 failed to give a better yield
than Co(OAc)2, and no desired product was achieved when 9 Co(OAc)2 Mn(OAc)2•2H2O KOAc — 17
Co(acac)2 and Pd(OAc)2 were introduced (Table 1, Entries 10 Co(OAc)2 Mn(OAc)2 KOAc — 61
2 ~ 5). Different oxidants were also examined in this 11 Co(OAc)2 Mn(OAc)2 Na2CO3 — 25
transformation and Mn(OAc)2 was proved to be the best
12 Co(OAc)2 Mn(OAc)2 K2CO3 — 28
oxidant giving 3a in 61% yield (Table 1, Entries 6~10).
Na2CO3, K2CO3 and Cs2CO3 were found to be inferior 13 Co(OAc)2 Mn(OAc)2 Cs2CO3 — 30
compared to KOAc for providing 3a in 25%, 28%, and 30% 14 Co(OAc)2 Mn(OAc)2 KOAc — 43c
yields (Table 1, Entries 10~13), respectively, and it was 15 — Mn(OAc)2 KOAc — 0
noteworthy that 8-(picolinamido)naphthalen-1-yl acetate
16 Co(OAc)2 — KOAc — 0
reported by Zeng[19] was not detected, even though the
amount of KOAc was increased to 10 equiv. (Table 1, Entry 17 Co(OAc)2 Mn(OAc)2 KOAc n-Bu4NI 13
14). The control experiments indicated that the cobalt cat- 18 Co(OAc)2 Mn(OAc)2 KOAc n-Bu4NOAc 21
alyst and oxidant were essential, as no reaction took place in 19 Co(OAc)2 Mn(OAc)2 KOAc n-Bu4NPF6 26
the absence of Co(OAc)2 and Mn(OAc)2 (Table 1, Entries 20 Co(OAc)2 Mn(OAc)2 KOAc 18-Crown-6 38
15, 16). The reaction was less active when phase transfer 21 Co(OAc)2 Mn(OAc)2 KOAc — 19d
catalysts were added (Table 1, Entries 17~20). The addi- 22 Co(OAc)2 Mn(OAc)2 KOAc — 21e
tion of other solvent, such as toluene and O-chlorotoluene, 23 Co(OAc)2 Mn(OAc)2 KOAc — 44 f
the yield was reduced significantly (Table 1, Entries 21, 24 Co(OAc)2 Mn(OAc)2 KOAc — 13 g
22). It was found that the yield was decreased when the a
Reaction conditions unless otherwise specified: 1 (0.1 mmol), catalyst (30
amount of Co(OAc)2 was reduced (Table 1, Entries 23, 24). mol%), oxidant (2.0 equiv.), base (2.0 equiv.), additive (2.0 equiv.), MeOH (1
Finally, the optimized reaction conditions were obtained: mL), 80 ℃ under air for 12 h. b Isolated yield. c The amount of KOAc was
Co(OAc)2 (30 mol%), Mn(OAc)2 (2.0 equiv.), KOAc (2.0 increased to 10 equiv. d Used toluene as the solvent and the volume ratio of
e
equiv.) in MeOH (1.0 mL) at 80 ℃ for 12 h. MeOH and toluene was 1∶1 (1.0 mL). Used O-chlorotoluene as the solvent
and the volume ratio of MeOH and O-chlorotoluene was 1∶1 (1.0 mL). f The
With the optimized conditions established, we began to amount of Co(OAc)2 was reduced to 20 mol%. g The amount of Co(OAc)2 was
examine the scope of the reaction with respect to various reduced to 10 mol%.
alcohols. A variety of linear, branched, monohydric alco-
hol and glycol were well applicable to give corresponding in low yield under the standard condition. When the oxi-
alkoxylated products 3a~3s. Among simple primary alkyl dant was replaced by Ag2CO3, the reaction yield was in-
alcohols, methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, creased to 53% (Table 2, Entry 8). Moreover, phenyleth-
hexanol, heptanol, hexanol gave the desired products in anol was proved to be effective coupling partners to pro-
higher yields (Table 2, Entries 1~7). Trifluoroethanol vide 3i in 72% yields (Table 2, Entry 9). Gratifyingly,
underwent reaction with 1 to form the desired product 3h secondary alcohol, such as cyclopentanol 2j could react
with 1 to afford the desired product 3j in 66% yield (Table
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 714~723 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 715
有机化学 研究论文
2, Entry 10). It was worth noting that not only alcohol, but corresponding products in mediated yield (Table 2, Entries
also phenol could act as an alkoxylating reagent, affording 12~17). It is worth noting that the yield of 3n was im-
the corresponding product 3k in 43% yield (Table 2, Entry proved to 75% when n-Bu4NPF6 was added (Table 2, En-
11). try 14). Unfortunately, this phase transfer catalyst has no
Glycol compounds were always applied as reducing re- effect on other glycols. Moreover, when the butane-
gent in heterogeneous coupling reaction, ligands in transi- 1,3-diol (2o) was employed, the desired product was ob-
tion metal catalyzed coupling reaction, detection groups in tained at the position of primary alcohol and no isomer was
fluorescent probes, phase transfer catalysts in organic syn- observed (Table 2, Entry 15). After further research, we
thesis and chemical raw materials in polymer prepara- found that ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene
tion,[25] therefore, we turned our interest to explore the re- glycol monoethyl ether, and diethylene glycol monomethyl
activity of glycol under our reaction condition. To our de- ether were all tolerated in this transformation, affording the
light, various glycol, such as ethylene glycol, 1,3-pro- desired compound in 65%~76% yields (Table 2, Entries
panediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, diethylene glycol 18~20).
and triethylene glycol could reacted with 1 to afford the
O
O OH
N
H
N N
1 MeOH (2a) H 61 11 O 43
N
MeO
3a 2k
3k
O
O
N
N H
OH H N
2 2b
N 48 12 O 48
O
3b HO
3l
O O
N N
H H
N
3 N
O
36 13 O 33
3c HO 3m
O O
N N
H H
N N
4 O 73 14 O 75d
3d 3n
HO
N
H
N
5 O 78 15 57
3e
716 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 714~723
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
Continued
Entry Substrate 2 Product 3 Yieldb/% Entry Substrate 2 Product 3 Yieldb/%
O O
OH
N N
H H
N O N
6 O 86 16 O 63
HO 2p
O
3f HO 3p
OH
OH
O
7 88 17 O 53
2g
HO 2q
N
H 53c
8 N 18 65
O
F3C
3h
N
H
9 N 80 19 76
O
Ph 3i
O
OH N
H
N
10 O 66 20 67
2j
3j
a
Reaction conditions unless otherwise specified: 1 (0.1 mmol), Co(OAc)2 (30 mol%), Mn(OAc)2 (2.0 equiv.), KOAc (2.0 equiv.), alcohol (1 mL), 80 oC under air for
12 h. b Isolated yield. c Ag2CO3 was instead of Mn(OAc)2. d n-Bu4NPF6 (2.0 equiv.) was added.
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 714~723 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 717
有机化学 研究论文
718 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 714~723
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
1-naphthylaminde promoted the red shift of UV absorption. tracted with ethyl acetate and water. The organic layer was
Moreover, the mechanistic investigation suggests that this collected and dried over Na2SO4. After concentrated in
C—H alkoxylation reaction might proceed via a sin- vacuum and the residue was purified by flash column
gle-electron-transfer process. chromatography with ethyl acetate and petroleum ether as
eluent to afford the corresponding products.
4 Experimental 4.5 Isotopically labeled experiment
4.1 General 4.5.1 Kinetic isotope effect of this transformation
The reagents and solvents were purchased from common A 25 mL sealed tube with a magnetic stir bar was
commercial sources and used without additional purifica- charged with Co(OAc)2 (30 mol%), Mn(OAc)2 (2.0
tion, if there is no special version. The starting materials of equiv.), KOAc (2.0 equiv.), 1 (0.1 mmol) or d-1a (0.1
N-(naphthalen-1-yl)picolinamide were prepared according mmol) and MeOH (1 mL). Then the sealed tube was sealed
to the known methods.[2~12,17] NMR spectra were recorded and heated to 80 ℃ with stirring for 6 h. After cooling
for 1H NMR at 400 MHz, and 13C NMR at 100 MHz using down, the mixture was filtered through a plug of Celite,
TMS as internal standard. Mass spectroscopy data of the and then the residue was concentrated and purified by flash
products were collected on an Xevo G2-XS QTof (Waters). column chromatography with ethyl acetate and petroleum
4.2 General procedure for preparation of products 3 ether as eluent to afford the corresponding products.
4.5.2 H/D exchange experiment
A 25 mL sealed tube with a magnetic stir bar was
charged with Co(OAc)2 (30 mol%), Mn(OAc)2 (2.0 A 25 mL sealed tube with a magnetic stir bar was
equiv.), KOAc (2.0 equiv.), 1 (0.1 mmol), alcohol (1 mL). charged with Co(OAc)2 (30 mol%), Mn(OAc)2 (2.0
Then the sealed tube was sealed and heated to 80 ℃ with equiv.), KOAc (2.0 equiv.), 1 (0.1 mmol) and CD3OD (1.0
stirring for 12 h. After cooling down, the mixture was fil- mL). Then the sealed tube was sealed and heated to 80 ℃
tered through a plug of Celite, and then the residue was with stirring for 6 h. After cooling down, the mixture was
concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography filtered through a plug of Celite, and then the residue was
with ethyl acetate and petroleum ether as eluent to afford concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography
the corresponding products. with ethyl acetate and petroleum ether as eluent to afford
the corresponding products.
4.3 General procedure for preparation of products
3h 4.6 Characterization data of the products
A 25 mL sealed tube with a magnetic stir bar was N-(8-Methoxynaphthalen-1-yl)picolinamide (3a): light
charged with Co(OAc)2 (30 mol%), Ag2CO3 (2.0 equiv.), yellow solid (17 mg, 61% yield), m.p. 174~175; 1H NMR
KOAc (2.0 equiv.) and 1 (0.1 mmol), 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (400 Hz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 4.20 (s, 3H), 6.91 (d, J=8.0 Hz,
(1 mL). Then the sealed tube was sealed and heated to 1H), 7.35~7.39 (m, 1H), 7.44~7.50 (m, 2H), 7.53 (d, J=
80 ℃ with stirring for 12 h. After cooling down, the 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.56~7.58 (m, 1H), 7.91 (td, J=8.0, 1.6 Hz,
mixture was filtered through a plug of Celite, and then the 1H), 8.35 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.69~8.70 (m, 1H), 9.01
residue was concentrated and purified by flash column (dd, J=8.0, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 13.24 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (100 Hz,
chromatography with ethyl acetate and petroleum ether as CDCl3, TMS) δ: 56.2, 105.7, 116.6 (2C), 122.0, 122.6,
eluent to afford the corresponding products. 123.7, 125.6, 126.0, 126.8, 135.2, 136.4, 137.5, 148.0,
151.2, 156.2, 162.4; IR (film) ν: 2958, 2925, 2855, 1667,
4.3 General procedure for preparation of products
1544, 1499, 1291 cm - 1 ; HRMS (ESI) calcd for
3n
C 1 7 H 1 5 N 2 O 2 [M+H] + 279.1128, found 279.1121.
A 25 mL sealed tube with a magnetic stir bar was N-(8-Ethoxynaphthalen-1-yl)picolinamide (3b): White
charged with Co(OAc)2 (30 mol%), Ag2CO3 (2.0 equiv.), solid (14 mg, 48% yield), m.p. 117~118 ℃; 1H NMR
KOAc (2.0 equiv.), n-Bu4NPF6 (2.0 equiv.), 1 (0.1 mmol) (400 Hz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 1.72 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 3H), 4.40 (q,
and butane-1,4-diol (1 mL). Then the sealed tube was J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.94 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (dd, J=8.0,
sealed and heated to 80 ℃ with stirring for 12 h. After 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.44~7.50 (m, 2H), 7.53 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H),
cooling down, the mixture was filtered through a plug of 7.58 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (td, J=8.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.37
Celite, and then the residue was concentrated and purified (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.65~8.66 (m, 1H), 9.01 (d, J=8.0
by flash column chromatography with ethyl acetate and Hz, 1H), 12.77 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (100 Hz, CDCl3, TMS)
petroleum ether as eluent to afford the corresponding δ: 15.1, 65.4, 106.8, 117.0, 117.2, 121.9, 122.7, 124.0,
products. 125.6, 126.1, 126.6, 135.0, 136.5, 137.4, 147.7, 151.1,
4.4 General procedure for preparation of products 4 155.6, 162.8; IR (film) ν: 3052, 2924, 2848, 1671, 1527,
A 25 mL sealed tube with a magnetic stir bar was 1490, 1271 cm-1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C18H17N2O2
charged with 3d (0.1 mmol), NaOH (2 mmol) and MeOH [M+H]+ 293.1285, found 293.1280.
(1 mL). Then the sealed tube was sealed and heated to N-(8-Propoxynaphthalen-1-yl)picolinamide (3c): White
80 ℃ with stirring for 12 h. After cooling down, the solid (11 mg, 36% yield), m.p. 85~86 ℃; 1H NMR (400
mixture was concentrated, and then the residue was ex- Hz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 1.06 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 3H), 2.12~2.21
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 714~723 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 719
有机化学 研究论文
(m, 2H), 4.31 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 6.94 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 1.27 (m, 4H), 1.28~1.33 (m, 2H), 1.40~1.47 (m, 2H),
7.36 (dd, J=8.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.44~7.54 (m, 3H), 7.57~ 2.09~2.16 (m, 2H), 4.33 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.95 (d, J=
7.60 (m, 1H), 7.93 (td, J=8.0, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 8.37 (d, J=8.0 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (dd, J=8.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.44~7.46 (m,
Hz, 1H), 8.66~8.67 (m, 1H), 9.00 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 1H), 7.48~7.53 (m, 2H), 7.57~7. 60 (m, 1H), 7.93 (td,
12.75 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (100 Hz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 10.8, J=8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.37 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.67~8.68
22.3, 71.5, 106.8, 117.1, 117.2, 121.8, 122.8, 124.0, 125.6, (m, 1H), 8.98~9.00 (m, 1H), 12.73 (s, 1H); 13C NMR
126.1, 126.6, 135.0, 136.5, 137.4, 147.6, 151.2, 155.7, (100 Hz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 14.1, 22.6, 26.1, 29.0, 29.1, 31.8,
162.8; IR (film) ν: 2955, 2924, 2849, 1682, 1535, 1494, 70.0, 106.8, 117.1, 117.2, 121.8, 122.8, 124.0, 125.6,
1275 cm-1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C19H19N2O2 [M+H]+ 126.1, 126.6, 135.0, 136.5, 137.5, 147.7, 151.2, 155.7,
307.1441, found 307.1445. 162.8; IR (film) ν: 2950, 2921 2856, 1532, 1471, 1377,
N-(8-Butoxynaphthalen-1-yl)picolinamide (3d): White 1058 cm-1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C23H27N2O2 [M+H]+
solid (23 mg, 73% yield), m.p. 109~110 ℃; 1H NMR 363.2067, found 363.2070.
(400 Hz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 0.93 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 3H), 1.44~ N-(8-(2,2,2-Trifluoroethoxy)naphthalen-1-yl)picolina-
1.53 (m, 2H), 2.08~2.15 (m, 2H), 4.33 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), mide (3h): White solid (18 mg, 53% yield), m.p. 201~
6.94 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (dd, J=8.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 202 ℃; 1H NMR (400 Hz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 4.78 (q, J=
7.45 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.47~7.50 (m, 1H), 7.52~7.53 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J=8.0, 8.0
(m, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (td, J=8.0, 0.8 Hz, Hz, 1H),7.48~7.51 (m, 1H), 7.53~7.63 (m, 3H), 7.93
1H), 8.37 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.67 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 9.00 (dd, J=8.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.35 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.66~
(d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 12.73 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (100 Hz, 8.67 (m, 1H), 8.95 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 12.53 (s, 1H); 13C
CDCl3, TMS) δ: 13.9, 19.3, 31.0, 69.7, 106.8, 117.1, 117.2, NMR (100 Hz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 68.0, 68.4, 68.7, 69.1,
121.8, 122.8, 124.0, 125.6, 126.1, 126.6, 135.0, 136.5, 109.8, 117.3, 118.1, 122.5, 124.2, 124.5, 125.4, 126.3,
137.4, 147.7, 151.2, 155.7, 162.8; IR (film) ν: 2951, 2920, 127.1, 134.1, 136.5, 137.5, 148.1, 150.7, 154.8, 162.7; IR
2852, 1660, 1532, 1456, 1373 cm-1; HRMS (ESI) calcd (film) ν: 2958, 2920, 2860, 1667, 1547, 1468, 1317 cm-1;
for C20H21N2O2 [M+H]+ 321.1598, found 321.1594. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C18H14F3N2O2 [M+H]+ 347.1002,
N-(8-(Pentyloxy)naphthalen-1-yl)picolinamide (3e): found 347.1003.
White solid (26 mg, 78% yield), m.p. 109~110 ℃; 1H N-(8-Phenethoxynaphthalen-1-yl)picolinamide (3i):
NMR (400 Hz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 0.86 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 3H), White solid (28 mg, 80% yield), m.p. 134~136 ℃; 1H
1.29~1.38 (m, 2H), 1.39~1.47 (m, 2H), 2.10~2.17 (m, NMR (400 Hz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 3.49 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H),
2H), 4.33 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.94 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.36 4.54 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 6.95 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.20~
(dd, J=8.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.48~ 7.26 (m, 1H), 7.30 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 4H), 7.36 (dd, J=8.0,
7.54 (m, 2H), 7.58 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (td, J=8.0, 2.0 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.44~7. 49 (m, 2H), 7.53 (dd, J=8.0, 8.0
Hz, 1H), 8.37 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.67 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), Hz, 1H), 7.59~7.61 (m, 1H), 7.92 (td, J=8.0, 1.6 Hz,
8.99 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 12.73 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (100 Hz, 1H), 8.35~8.38 (m, 1H), 8.60~8.61 (m, 1H), 9.00~9.03
CDCl3, TMS) δ: 14.1, 22.5, 28.3, 28.7, 70.0, 106.8, 117.1, (m, 1H), 12.76 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (100 Hz, CDCl3, TMS)
117.2, 121.8, 122.8, 124.0, 125.6, 126.1, 126.6, 135.0, δ: 35.7, 70.7, 107.0, 117.3, 122.2, 122.8, 124.1, 125.6,
136.5, 137.5, 147.7, 151.2, 155.7, 162.8; IR (film) ν: 2954, 126.2, 126.7 (2C), 128.7, 129.0, 134.9, 136.5, 137.5,
2913, 2852, 1675, 1532, 1462, 1377 cm-1; HRMS (ESI) 137.8, 147.7, 155.3, 162.7; IR (film) ν: 3027, 2933, 2872,
calcd for C21H23N2O2 [M + H] + 335.1754, found 1597, 1499, 1450, 1046 cm - 1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for
335.1763. C24H21N2O2 [M+H]+ 369.1598, found 369.1560.
N-(8-(Hexyloxy)naphthalen-1-yl)picolinamide (3f): N-(8-(Cyclopentyloxy)naphthalen-1-yl)picolinamide
White solid (30 mg, 86% yield), m.p. 80~82 ℃; 1H NMR (3j): light yellow solid (22 mg, 66% yield), m.p. 138~
(400 Hz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 0.86 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 3H), 1.24~ 139 ℃; 1H NMR (400 Hz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 1.62~1.69
1.34 (m, 4H), 1.43~1.48 (m, 2H), 2.11~2.18 (m, 2H), (m, 2H), 1.78~1.86 (m, 2H), 2.05~2.14 (m, 2H), 2.31~
4.36 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 6.97 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (dd, 2.39 (m, 2H), 5.08~5.13 (m, 1H), 6.94~6.96 (m, 1H),
J=8.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.51~7.55 7.36 (dd, J=8.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.42~7.44 (m, 1H), 7.48~
(m, 2H), 7.59~7.61 (m, 1H), 7.96 (dd, J=6.0, 6.0 Hz, 7.52 (m, 2H), 7.57~7.59 (m, 1H), 7.93 (td, J=8.0, 1.6 Hz,
1H), 8.39 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.70 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 1H), 8.36~8.39 (m, 1H), 8.65~8.67 (m, 1H), 8.93~8.96
8.99~9.01 (m, 1H), 12.75 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (100 Hz, (m, 1H), 12.36 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (100 Hz, CDCl3, TMS)
CDCl3, TMS) δ: 13.9, 22.6, 25.8, 29.0, 31.6, 70.0, 106.9, δ: 24.7 (2C), 32.8, 81.3, 108.2, 117.6, 121.5, 123.0, 124.2,
117.1, 117.2, 121.8, 122.8, 124.0, 125.6, 126.1, 126.6, 125.5, 126.1 (2C), 126.3, 134.8, 136.6, 137.4, 147.5,
135.0, 136.5, 137.4, 147.7, 151.3, 155.7, 162.7; IR (film) 151.3, 154.8, 163.0; IR (film) ν: 2954, 2925, 2848, 1679,
ν: 2950, 2925, 2852, 1675, 1532, 1427, 1279 cm-1; HRMS 1532, 1458, 1270 cm - 1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for
(ESI) calcd for C22H25N2O2 [M+H] + 349.1911, found C21H21N2O2 [M+H]+ 333.1598, found 333.1560.
349.1910. N-(8-Phenoxynaphthalen-1-yl)picolinamide (3k): White
N-8-(Heptyloxy)naphthalen-1-yl)picolinamide (3g): solid (15 mg, 43% yield), m.p. 116~118 ℃; 1H NMR
White solid (32 mg, 88% yield), m.p. 87~89 ℃; 1H NMR (400 Hz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 6.99 (dd, J=8.0, 1.2 Hz, 1H),
(400 Hz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 0.85 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 3H), 1.18~ 7.18~7.23 (m, 1H), 7.24~7.29 (m, 2H), 7.34~7.38 (m,
720 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 714~723
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
2H), 7.40~7.45 (m, 2H), 7.58~7.64 (m, 2H), 7.67 (dd, 8.37 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.69 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 9.00 (d,
J=8.0, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.82~7.86 (m, 1H), 8.27~8.30 (m, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 12.71 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (100 Hz, CDCl3,
2H), 9.07 (dd, J=8.0, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 13.05 (s, 1H); 13C TMS) δ: 23.7, 37.5, 64.8, 66.5, 107.0, 117.0, 117.2, 122.0,
NMR (100 Hz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 114.0, 117.0, 117.9, 123.1, 124.1, 125.6, 126.3, 126.6, 134.9, 136.5, 137.8,
120.1, 122.2, 124.0, 124.2, 125.6, 126.0, 126.9, 129.7, 147.9, 151.1, 155.0, 162.5; IR (film) ν: 2962, 2920, 2849,
134.6, 136.6, 137.3, 147.7, 150.5, 154.2, 156.6, 162.7; IR 1728, 1671, 1535, 1494, 1279 cm-1; HRMS (ESI) calcd
(film) ν: 2983, 2941, 2888, 1689, 1531, 1493, 1232 cm-1; for C20H21N2O3 [M+H]+ 337.1547, found 337.1549.
HRMS (ESI) calcd for C22H17N2O2 [M+H]+ 341.1285, N-(8-(2-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy)naphthalen-1-yl)-
found 341.1282. picolinamide (3p): White solid (22 mg, 63% yield), m.p.
N-(8-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)naphthalen-1-yl)picolinamide 162~163 ℃; 1H NMR (400 Hz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 3.55 (t,
(3l): White solid (15 mg, 48% yield), m.p. 141~142 ℃; J=4.0 Hz, 2H), 3.62 (t, J=4.0 Hz, 2H), 4.15 (t, J=4.0
1
H NMR (400 Hz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 4.23 (t, J=4.0 Hz, Hz, 2H), 4.52 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 6.99 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H),
2H), 4.34 (t, J=4.0 Hz, 2H), 6.96 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.38 7.37 (dd, J=8.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.47~7.51 (m, 2H), 7.53 (d,
(dd, J=8.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.56~7.58 (m, 3H), 7.60~7.62 J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.58~7.60 (m, 1H), 7.91~7.96 (m, 1H),
(m, 1H), 8.00 (td, J=8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.47 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 8.38 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 8.71 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 8.94~
1H), 8.75 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 9.03~9.06 (m, 1H), 12.23 8.96 (m, 1H), 12.64 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (100 Hz, CDCl3,
(s, 1H); 13C NMR (100 Hz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 60.2, 71.7, TMS) δ: 61.8, 69.1, 69.3, 72.3, 107.9, 117.3, 117.5, 122.5,
106.7, 116.7, 117.7, 122.4, 124.0, 124.5, 125.6, 126.5, 122.9, 124.1, 125.6, 126.2, 126.7, 134.7, 136.5, 137.6,
126.6, 134.6, 136.4, 138.4, 147.9, 151.2, 155.6, 162.2; IR 147.7, 151.2, 155.4, 162.6; IR (film) ν: 2957, 2920, 1736,
(film) ν: 2954, 2920, 2856, 1724, 1528, 1490, 1252 cm-1; 1369, 1245, 1045 cm - 1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for
HRMS (ESI) calcd for C18H17N2O3 [M+H]+ 309.1234, C20H21N2O4 [M+H]+ 353.1496, found 353.1491.
found 309.1236. N-(8-(2-(2-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)naphtha-
N-8-(3-Hydroxypropoxy)naphthalen-1-yl)picolinamide en-1-yl)picolinamid (3q): White solid (21 mg, 53% yield),
(3m): White solid (11 mg, 33% yield), m.p. 111~112 ℃; m.p. 91~92 ℃; 1H NMR (400 Hz, CDCl3, TMS) δ:
1
H NMR (400 Hz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 2.30~2.36 (m, 2H), 3.51~3.66 (m, 8H), 4.17 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.53 (t, J=
3.84 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.53 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 6.95 (d, 6.0 Hz, 2H), 7.00 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (dd, J=8.0, 8.0
J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (dd, J=8.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (d, J= Hz, 1H), 7.47~7.53 (m, 3H), 7.59 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H),
12.0 Hz, 1H), 7.46~7.48 (m, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 7.94 (dd, J=8.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.38 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H),
1H), 7.56 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.89~7.94 (m, 1H), 8.35 (d, 8.72 (s, 1H), 8.96 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 12.67 (s, 1H); 13C
J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.66~8.67 (m, 1H), 8.97 (d, J=8.0 Hz, NMR (100 Hz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 61.7, 69.2, 69.3, 70.4,
1H), 12.65 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (100 Hz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 70.7, 72.5, 107.9, 117.2, 117.4, 122.5, 122.9, 124.1, 125.6,
31.2, 59.6, 66.3, 106.9, 117.0, 117.3, 122.1, 123.1, 124.2, 126.2, 126.7, 134.7, 136.5, 137.6, 147.7, 151.2, 155.5,
125.6, 126.3, 126.6, 134.8, 136.5, 137.8, 147.8, 151.1, 162.6; IR (film) ν: 2928, 2864, 1724, 1535, 1426, 1233
155.1, 162.6; IR (film) ν: 2948, 2917, 2845, 1660, 1524, cm - 1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C22H25N2O5 [M + H] +
1491, 1271 cm - 1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C19H19N2O3 397.1758, found 397.1761.
[M+H]+ 323.1390, found 323.1393. N-(8-(2-Methoxyethoxy)naphthalen-1-yl)picolinamide
N-(8-(4-Hydroxybutoxy)naphthalen-1-yl)picolinamide (3r): White solid (21 mg, 65% yield), m.p. 101~102 ℃;
(3n): White solid (25 mg, 75% yield), m.p. 87~88 ℃; 1H 1
H NMR (400 Hz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 3.36 (s, 3H), 4.08 (t,
NMR (400 Hz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 1.68~1.75 (m, 2H), J=4.0 Hz, 2H), 4.49 (t, J=4.0 Hz, 2H), 7.00 (d, J=8.0
2.19~2.24 (m, 2H), 3.65 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 4.35 (t, J= Hz, 1H), 7.37 (dd, J=8.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, J=8.0 Hz,
8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.92 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (dd, J=8.0, 8.0 1H), 7.49~7.51 (m, 1H), 7.53 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (d,
Hz, 1H), 7.43~7.49 (m, 2H), 7.52 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.91~7.95 (m, 1H), 8.38 (d, J=4.0 Hz,
7.56~7.59 (m, 1H), 7.88~7.92 (m, 1H), 8.35 (d, J=8.0 1H), 8.72 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.98 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H),
Hz, 1H), 8.68 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 8.98 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 12.67 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (100 Hz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 59.0,
12.69 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (100 Hz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 25.4, 69.3, 70.5, 107.8, 117.2, 117.3, 122.4, 122.9, 124.0, 125.6,
29.3, 62.4, 69.6, 106.9, 117.0, 117.3, 121.9, 122.8, 124.1, 126.1, 126.6, 134.8, 136.5, 137.5, 147.7, 151.2, 155.6,
125.6, 126.2, 126.6, 134.9, 136.5, 137.5, 147.8, 151.1, 162.7; IR (film) ν: 2950, 2917, 2852, 1675, 1532, 1491,
155.5, 162.7; IR (film) ν: 2962, 2929, 2868, 1671, 1527, 1279 cm-1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C19H19N2O3 [M+H]+
1495, 1238 cm-1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C20H21N2O3 323.1390, found 323.1393.
[M+H]+ 337.1547, found 337.1550. N-(8-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)naphthalen-1-yl)picolinamide (3s):
N-(8-(3-Hydroxybutoxy)naphthalen-1-yl)picolina- White solid (25 mg, 76% yield), m.p. 109~110 ℃; 1H
mide (3o): White solid (19 mg, 57% yield), m.p. 127~ NMR (400 Hz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 1.13(t, J=6.0 Hz, 3H),
128 ℃; 1H NMR (400 Hz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 1.20 (d, J= 3.51 (q, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 4.10 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.50 (t,
4.0 Hz, 3H), 2.03~2.11 (m, 1H), 2.29~2.38 (m, 1H), 2.48 J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 7.01 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (dd, J=8.0,
(s, 1H), 4.04~4.12 (m, 1H), 4.50~4.61 (m, 2H), 6.97 (d, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.46~7.50 (m, 2H), 7.52 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H),
J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (dd, J=8.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.44~7.53 7.58 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.91~7.95 (m, 1H), 8.37 (d, J=
(m, 3H), 7.58 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.90~7.94 (m, 1H), 8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.71 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.97~8.99 (m, 1H),
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 714~723 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 721
有机化学 研究论文
12.69 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (100 Hz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 66.7, tra of compounds 3~4. The Supporting Information is
68.5, 69.4, 107.8, 117.2, 117.3, 122.4, 122.8, 124.0, 125.6, available free of charge via the Internet at http://sioc-
126.1, 126.6, 134.8, 136.5, 137.5, 147.7, 151.2, 155.6, journal.cn/.
162.7; IR (film) ν: 2954, 2925, 2844, 1667, 1532, 1495,
1283 cm-1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C20H21N2O3 [M+H]+ References
337.1547, found 337.1539.
[1] For the application of functionalized 1-naphthylamine compounds,
N-(8-(2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)naphthalen-1-yl)- see: (a) Jurok, R.; Cibulka, R.; Dvořáková, H.; Hampl, F.; Hodačo-
picolinamide (3t): White solid (24 mg, 67% yield), m.p. vá, J. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2010, 5217.
77~78 ℃; 1H NMR (400 Hz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 3.33 (s, (b) Jurok, R.; Hodačová, J.; Eigner, V.; Dvořáková, H.; Setnička, V.;
3H), 3.46 (t, J=4.0 Hz, 2H), 3.63 (t, J=4.0 Hz, 2H), 4.19 Cibulka, R. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2013, 7724.
(c) Zhang, D.; Nadres, E. T.; Brookhart, M.; Daugulis, O. Organo-
(t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.54 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 7.01 (d, J=8.0
metallics 2013, 32, 5136.
Hz, 1H), 7.37 (dd, J=8.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.46~7.53 (m, (d) Dai, S.; Sui, X.; Chen, C. Chem. Commun. 2016, 52, 9113.
3H), 7.58 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.91~7.95 (m, 1H), 8.37 (d, (e) Lu, M.; Zhou, H.-S.; You, Q.-D.; Jiang, Z. J. Med. Chem. 2016,
J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.73 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 8.98 (d, J=8.0 59, 7305.
Hz, 1H), 12.69 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (100 Hz, CDCl3, TMS) (f) Jiang, Z.-Y.; Xu, L.-L.; Lu, M.-C.; Chen, Z.-Y.; Yuan, Z.-W.; Xu,
X.-L.; Guo, X.-K.; Zhang, X.-J.; Sun, H.-P.; You, Q.-D. J. Med.
δ: 59.1, 69.3, 70.6, 71.9, 107.8, 117.2, 117.3, 122.4, 122.8,
Chem. 2015, 58, 6410.
124.0, 125.6, 126.1, 126.6, 134.8, 136.5, 137.5, 147.8, (g) Rosen, H.; Hajdu, R.; Silver, L.; Kropp, H.; Dorso, K.; Kohler,
151.2, 155.5, 162.6; IR (film) ν: 2917, 2868, 1679, 1456, J.; Sundelof, J. G.; Huber, J.; Hammond, G. G. Jackson, J. J.; Gill,
1350, 1200 cm-1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C21H23N2O4 C. J.; Thompson, R.; Pelak, B. A.; Epstein-Toney, J. H.; Lankas, G.;
[M+H]+, 367.1652, found 367.1658. Wilkening, R. R.; Wildonger, K. J.; Blizzard, T. A.; DiNinno, F. P.;
Ratcliffe, R. W.; Heck, J. V.; Kozarich, J. W.; Hammond, M. L.
N-(8-Methoxynaphthalen-1-yl)picolinamide (3a'): Light
Science 1999, 283, 703.
yellow solid (14 mg, 50% yield), m.p. 176~177 ℃; 1H (h) Oh, S.-J.; Hwang, S. J.; Jung, J.; Yu, K.; Kim, J.; Choi, J. Y.;
NMR (400 Hz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 6.92~6.94 (m, 1H), 7.39 Hartzell, H. C.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, C. J. Mol. Pharmacol. 2013, 84,
(dd, J=8.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.46~7.52 (m, 2H), 7.53 (d, J= 726.
8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.57~7.59 (m, 1H), 7.91~7.96 (m, 1H), [2] For selected papers on C2-functionalizations of 1-naphthylamide
derivatives, see: (a) Daugulis, O.; Zaitsev, V. G. Angew. Chem., Int.
8.35~8.38 (m, 1H), 8.72~8.73 (m, 1H), 8.99~9.02 (m,
Ed. 2005, 44, 4046.
1H), 13.25 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (100 Hz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: (b) Kim, B. S.; Jang, C.; Lee, D. J.; Youn, S. W. Chem. Asian J.
105.7, 116.6 (2C), 121.9, 122.6, 123.7, 125.6, 126.1, 2010, 5, 2336.
126.8, 135.2, 136.4, 137.5, 148.0, 151.2, 156.2, 162.4; IR (c) Yip, K.-T.; Yang, D. Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 2134.
(film) ν: 2949, 2921, 2851, 1679, 1544, 1491, 1290 cm-1; (d) Wu, Y.; Choy, P. Y.; Mao, F.; Kwong, F. Y. Chem. Commun.
2013, 49, 689.
HRMS (ESI) calcd for C17H12D3N2O2 [M+H]+ 282.1316,
(e) Szabó, F.; Daru, J.; Simkó, D.; Nagy, T. Z.; Stirling, A.; Novák,
found 282.1320. Z. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2013, 355, 685.
N-(5-Bromo-8-butoxynaphthalen-1-yl)picolinamide (3w): (f) Gao, Y.; Huang, Y.; Wu, W.; Huang, K.; Jiang, H. Chem. Com-
White solid (13 mg, 32% yield), m.p. 153~155 ℃; 1H mun. 2014, 50, 8370.
NMR (400 Hz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 0.94 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 3H), (g) Iwasaki, M.; Iyanaga, M.; Tsuchiya, Y.; Nishimura, Y.; Li, W.;
Li, Z.; Nishihara, Y. Chem.-Eur. J. 2014, 20, 2459.
1.44~1.53 (m, 2H), 2.07~2.15 (m, 2H), 4.34 (t, J=6.0
(h) Zhang, X.; Si, W.; Bao M.; Asao, N.; Yamamoto, Y.; Jin, T. Org.
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9.06~9.08 (m, 1H), 12.73 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (100 Hz, 5433.
[3] For selected papers on C4-functionalizations of 1-naphthylamide
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118.3, 122.9, 123.3, 126.2, 128.0, 129.7, 134.0, 135.3, Weng, J.; Lu, G. ACS Catal. 2017, 7, 2661.
137.5, 147.7, 151.0, 155.6, 162.8; IR (film) ν: 2958, 2921, (b) Liang, S.; Bolte, M.; Manolikakes, G. Chem.-Eur. J. 2017, 23,
2846, 1667, 1524, 1491, 1389 cm-1; HRMS (ESI) calcd 96.
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8-Butoxynaphthalen-1-amine (4): Green liquid (20 mg,
(d) Han, S.; Liang, A.; Ren, X.; Gao, X.; Li, J.; Zou, D.; Wu, Y.;
93% yield); 1H NMR (400 Hz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 1.01 (t, Wu, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 2017, 58, 4859.
J=8.0 Hz, 3H), 1.51~1.61 (m, 2H), 1.87~1.94 (m, 2H), (e) You, G. Wang, K.; Wang, X.; Wang, G.; Sun, J.; Duan, G.; Xia,
4.11 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.57 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (d, C. Org. Lett. 2018, 20, 4005.
J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.18~7.25 (m, (f) Zhu, H.; Sun, S.; Qiao, H.; Yang, F.; Kang, J.; Wu, Y.; Wu, Y.
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TMS) δ: 13.9, 19.5, 31.3, 68.5, 104.3, 109.6, 115.1, 116.9, 3030.
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2962, 2864, 1593, 1401, 1299, 1242 cm-1; HRMS (ESI) Org. Chem. 2013, 78, 9689.
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Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 714~723 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 723
有机化学 DOI: 10.6023/cjoc201908036 研究论文
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
铜促进 8-氨基喹啉导向的芳基酰胺的二甲硫基化反应
摘要 报道了利用廉价易得的二甲基亚砜作为甲硫基源, 实现 8-氨基喹啉导向的芳基酰胺的二甲硫基化反应. 利用
CuSO4•5H2O 作为促进剂, 以中等到较好的收率高效地合成了一系列含有二甲硫基的芳酰胺衍生物. 此外, 该反应体系
具有反应条件温和、不需要外加其它氧化剂的特点.
关键词 二甲硫基化; 二甲基亚砜; 8-氨基喹啉; Cu 促进
Abstract Cu(II)-promoted dimethylthiolation of C(sp2)—H bonds using DMSO as the methylthiolation source with the as-
sistance of an 8-aminoquinoline directing group have been developed. A number of dimethylthiolated benzamides were effi-
ciently synthesized using CuSO4•5H2O as a promoter in moderate to good yields. In addition, this reaction system features
facile conditions and no other oxidant additive was required.
Keywords Dimethylthiolation; DMSO; 8-Aminoquinoline; Copper-promoted
724 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 724~730
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 724~730 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 725
有机化学 研究论文
a
物. 该反应具有反应条件温和、不需要外加其它氧化剂 Reaction conditions: 1a (0.2 mmol), 2 (1.5 mL), CuSO4•5H2O (0.4 mmol),
CsF (0.2 mmol), under Ar for 8 h. b Isolated yield. c A complicated reaction
等优点, 为芳酰胺化合物的结构修饰提供了一种简单有 mixture was observed where the substrate was completely transformed and no
效的方法. major by-product was detected by LCMS.
726 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 724~730
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
DMSO
150 oC O
O O O MeSH or
CuSO4. 5H2O MeSSMe N
N N N
H Cu N
N Cu N Cu N
H3O+ H HSO4- SMe
1a SO4 B DMSO
A C
150 oC
O SMe O SMe O MeSH or
CuSO4. 5H2O MeSSMe
N N N
H
N H3O+ Cu N Cu N
SMe H HSO -
4
SO4 F
D
E
SMe O SMe O
N N
H
Cu N N
SMe
SMe
3a
G
图式 2 可能的反应机理
Scheme 2 Proposed mechanism
基亚砜(2) (1.5 mL)、五水硫酸铜(0.4 mmol)、氟化铯(0.2 Hz, 1H), 8.73 (dd, J=4.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.16 (dd, J=8.3,
mmol)反应混合物在 150 ℃下搅拌反应 8 h, 用薄层色 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (like t, 1H), 7.56 (dd, J=8.3, 1.4 Hz,
谱(TLC)检测反应进程. 反应结束后, 将反应冷却至室 1H), 7.42 (q, J=4.2 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (s, 2H), 2.45 (s, 3H),
温, 加水, 用乙酸乙酯(15 mL×3)萃取, 有机层用饱和 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.30 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ:
氯化钠溶液萃取(15 mL), 无水硫酸钠干燥后, 滤去干燥 167.9, 148.3, 139.3, 138.5, 136.3, 135.6, 134.5, 134.0,
剂, 减压蒸馏除去溶剂后, 用石油醚/乙酸乙酯(V∶V= 132.1, 131.0, 128.0, 127.5, 126.8, 122.0, 121.7, 116.9,
8/1~6/1)作为洗脱剂通过柱层析色谱分离得纯化合物 3. 19.9, 18.4, 16.7; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C19H19N2OS [M+
2,6-二甲硫基-N-8-氨基喹啉苯酰胺(3a): 54.4 mg, H]+ 323.1213, found 323.1212.
白色固体, 产率 80%. m.p. 134~136 ℃ (Lit.[7k] m.p. 4-甲氧基-2,6-二甲硫基-N-8-氨基喹啉苯酰胺(3d):
128~131 ℃); 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 10.05 (s, 57.0 mg, 白 色 固 体 , 产 率 77%. m.p. 151 ~ 153 ℃
1H), 9.04 (dd, J=7.4, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.76 (dd, J=4.2, 1.6 (Lit.[7k] m.p. 153~156 ℃); 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3)
Hz, 1H), 8.17 (dd, J=8.3, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.63~7.55 (m, δ: 10.06 (s, 1H), 9.02 (dd, J=7.4, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 8.75 (dd,
2H), 7.45~7.42 (m, 1H), 7.39~7.35 (m, 1H) , 7.22 (d, J=4.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.15 (dd, J=8.3, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.61~
J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 2.47 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 7.53 (m, 2H), 7.42 (q, J=4.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.71 (s, 2H), 3.87
δ: 165.7, 148.3, 138.6, 137.7, 136.9, 136.3, 134.4, 130.0, (s, 3H), 2.46 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ:
128.0, 127.5, 125.0, 122.1, 121.6, 117.1, 17.3; LC-MS 165.7, 160.4, 148.2, 138.6, 138.5, 136.3, 134.5, 130.4,
(ESI) m/z: 341.1 [M+H]+. 128.0, 127.5, 121.9, 121.6, 116.9, 110.3, 55.5, 17.2;
4- 甲 基 -2,6- 二 甲 硫 基 -N-8- 氨 基 喹 啉 苯 酰 胺 (3b): LC-MS (ESI) m/z: 371.2 [M+H]+.
45.3 mg, 白 色 固 体 , 产 率 64%. m.p. 175 ~ 177 ℃ 3-甲氧基-2,6-二甲硫基-N-8-氨基喹啉苯酰胺(3e):
(Lit.[7k] m.p. 176~179 ℃); 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 59.2 mg, 白色固体, 产率 80%. m.p. 151~153 ℃; 1H
δ: 10.04 (s, 1H), 9.03 (dd, J=7.4, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 8.75 (dd, NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3 CDCl3) δ: 9.90 (s, 1H), 9.00 (dd,
J=4.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.17 (dd, J=8.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.62~ J=7.5, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 8.71 (dd, J=4.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.16
7.54 (m, 2H), 7.43 (q, J=4.2 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (s, 2 H), 2.47 (dd, J=8.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (like t, 1H), 7.54 (dd, J=
(s, 6H), 2.40 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.3, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (q, J=4.2
165.9, 148.2, 140.0, 138.6, 136.6, 136.3, 135.4, 134.5, Hz, 1H), 6.96 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 2.44 (s,
128.0, 127.5, 125.9, 121.9, 121.6, 117.0, 21.5, 17.4; 3H), 2.39 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 165.8,
LC-MS (ESI) m/z: 355.1 [M+H]+. 159.4, 148.2, 146.1, 138.5, 136.3, 134.5, 133.2, 128.0,
2,3-二甲基-6-甲硫基-N-8-氨基喹啉苯酰胺(3c): 36.1 127.5, 126.2, 122.2, 121.9, 121.6, 117.0, 112.3, 56.3, 19.7,
mg, 白色固体, 产率 56%. m.p. 135~136 ℃; 1H NMR 18.8. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C19H19N2O2S2 [M + H] +
(400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 9.96 (s, 1H), 9.03 (dd, J=7.5, 1.4 371.0882, found 371.0881.
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 724~730 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 727
有机化学 研究论文
728 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 724~730
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 724~730 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 729
有机化学 研究论文
730 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 724~730
有机化学 DOI: 10.6023/cjoc201907052 研究论文
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
1,3,4-噁二唑和 1,3,4-噻二唑衍生物的设计、合成和生物活性研究
Abstract In order to find new anti-tumor drugs, a series of novel 1,3,4-oxadiazole and 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives were
designed and synthesized. The target compounds were evaluated for antitumor activity in vitro on four human cancer cell lines
including B-16 (skin melanoma cells), PC-3 (human prostate cancer cells), U87 (human primary glioblastoma cells) and A549
(human non-small cell lung cancer cells). The results displayed that some of the compounds had good activities, especially,
5-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-N-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-carboxamide
(8b) and 5-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-
carboxamide (8c) showed high antitumor activities against four cancer cell lines, which was better than dasatinib. These
compounds were further studied for their possible target of tumor suppression.
Keywords 1,3,4-oxadiazole; 1,3,4-thiadiazole; anti-cancer; Src inhibitor
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 731~739 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 731
有机化学 研究论文
732 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 731~739
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 731~739 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 733
有机化学 研究论文
734 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 731~739
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 731~739 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 735
有机化学 研究论文
m.p. 132~133 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 5-[2- 甲 基 -6-(4- 甲 基 哌 嗪 -1- 基 ) 嘧 啶 -4- 基 氨
6.99 (s, 1H), 4.36 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.62 (s, 4H), 2.41~ 基]-[1,3,4]噁二唑-2-羧酸(3,4,5-三甲氧基)苯酰胺(4b):
2.37 (m, 4H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 2.22 (s, 3H), 1.32 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 白色固体, 收率 49%. m.p. 252~254 ℃; 1H NMR (400
3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 167.0, 161.6, 157.8, MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 12.25 (s, 1H), 10.73 (s, 1H), 7.25 (s,
156.6, 154.9, 150.7, 86.6, 62.5, 54.5, 44.4, 30.4, 22.8, 14.1; 2H), 7.02 (s, 1H), 3.76 (s, 6H), 3.64 (s, 3H), 3.63 (s, 4H),
ESI-MS m/z: 348.25 [M+H]+. Anal. calcd for C15H21- 2.40 (s, 4H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 2.23 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100
N7O3: C 51.86, H 6.09, N 28.23; found C 51.88, H 6.05, N MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 165.6, 162.5, 161.7, 157.3, 153.9,
28.27. 153.5, 153.4, 153.1, 152.5, 134.8, 134.4, 98.9, 98.5, 84.5,
5-(2-甲基-6-(4-乙酰基哌嗪-1-基)嘧啶-4-基氨基]- 60.6, 56.3, 54.5, 46.0, 44.2, 23.2; ESI-MS m/z: 485.40
[1,3,4]噁二唑-2-羧酸乙酯(3b): 白色固体, 收率 36%. [M+H]+. Anal. calcd for C22H28N8O5: C 54.54, H 5.82, N
m.p. 130~131 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 6.15 (s, 23.13; found C 54.55, H 5.77, N 23.15.
1H), 4.46 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.73 (br, 6H), 3.64~3.55 5-[2- 甲 基 -6-(4- 甲 基 哌 嗪 -1- 基 ) 嘧 啶 -4- 基 氨
(m, 2H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 1.42 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H); 基]-[1,3,4]噁二唑-2-羧酸(4-甲氧基)苯酰胺(4c): 白色固
13
C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 169.4, 166.4, 161.8, 159.0, 体, 收率 47%. m.p. 202~204 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz,
156.7, 154.8, 151.0, 86.7, 62.7, 53.5, 45.6, 44.1, 40.9, 23.1, DMSO-d6) δ: 12.14 (s, 1H), 10.70 (s, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=9.0
21.4, 14.1; ESI-MS m/z: 376.25 [M+H]+. Anal. calcd for Hz, 2H), 7.02 (s, 1H), 6.94 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 3.75 (s,
C16H21N7O4: C 51.19, H 5.64, N 26.12; found C 51.20, H 3H), 3.62 (s, 4H), 2.41~2.37 (m, 4H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 2.22
5.58, N 26.21. (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 167.0, 161.7
5-{2-甲基-6-[(2-羟基-乙基)-哌嗪-1-基]嘧啶-4-基氨 156.9, 156.4, 153.0, 151.3, 130.0, 121.5, 114.3, 100.0,
基 }-[1,3,4] 噁 二 唑 -2- 羧 酸 乙 酯 (3c): 白 色 固 体 , 收 率 86.4, 55.5, 54.5, 46.0, 44.4, 22.9; ESI-MS m/z: 425.30
20%. m.p. 134~135 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: [M+H]+. Anal. calcd for C20H24N8O3: C 56.59, H 5.70, N
6.13 (s, 1H), 4.46 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.72~3.67 (m, 6H), 26.40; found C 56.57, H 5.84, N 26.43.
2.62~2.58 (m, 6H), 2.49 (s, 3H), 1.42 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H); 5-[2- 甲 基 -6-(4- 甲 基 哌 嗪 -1- 基 ) 嘧 啶 -4- 基 氨
13
C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 166.7, 161.7, 158.4, 156.6, 基]-[1,3,4]噁二唑-2-羧酸(2-氯-6-甲基)苯酰胺(4d): 白色
154.8, 150.8, 86.4, 63.6, 62.6, 59.5, 57.9, 44.4, 22.8, 14.1; 固体, 收率 46%. m.p. 260~262 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz,
ESI-MS m/z: 378.25 [M+H]+. Anal. calcd for C16H23- DMSO-d6) δ: 12.19 (s, 1H), 10.51 (s, 1H), 7.42~7.38 (m,
N7O4: C 50.92, H 6.14, N 25.98; found C 50.89, H 6.18, N 1H), 7.31~7.26 (m, 2H), 7.03 (s, 1H), 3.62 (s, 4H), 2.42~
26.08. 2.37 (m, 4H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 2.22 (s, 3H); 13C
3.2.4 化合物 4a~4h 的制备 NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 165.6, 162.6, 161.8, 157.4,
在 50 mL 反应瓶中加入 3 (0.5 mmol)、芳胺(0.5 153.0, 152.9, 139.1, 133.0, 132.7, 129.5, 129.1, 127.5,
mmol)、甲苯(5 mL)和三甲基铝溶液(1 mL, 1 mmol). 在 84.6, 54.6, 46.1, 44.3, 23.3, 18.6; ESI-MS m/z: 443.25
氩气保护下, 反应瓶置于 100 ℃的油浴中 24 h, 然后冷 [M+H]+. Anal. calcd for C20H23ClN8O2: C 54.24, H 5.23,
却到室温. 反应瓶中加入甲醇(20 mL), 随后过滤、减压 N 25.30; found C 54.21, H 5.29, N 25.32.
浓缩滤液, 用硅胶柱分离得到化合物 4a~4h. 5-[2- 甲 基 -6-(4- 乙 酰 哌 嗪 -1- 基 ) 嘧 啶 -4- 基 氨 基 ]-
5-[2- 甲 基 -6-(4- 甲 基 哌 嗪 -1- 基 ) 嘧 啶 -4- 基 氨 基 ]- [1,3,4]噁二唑-2-羧酸(3,4,5-三甲氧基)苯酰胺(4e): 白色
[1,3,4]噁二唑-2-羧酸苯酰胺(4a): 白色固体, 收率 48%. 固体, 收率 38%. m.p. 164~166 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz,
m.p. 196~197 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: DMSO-d6) δ: 12.25 (s, 1H), 10.72 (s, 1H), 7.25 (s, 2H),
12.15 (s, 1H), 10.81 (s, 1H), 7.78 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.37 7.01 (s, 1H), 3.76 (s, 6H), 3.70 (s, 2H), 3.63 (br, 5H), 3.58
(t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.15 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (s, 1H), (s, 4H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.05 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz,
3.62 (s, 4H), 2.40 (s, 4H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 2.22 (s, 3H); 13C DMSO-d6) δ: 169.0, 162.5, 157.4, 153.5, 153.1, 152.5,
NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 165.4, 162.6, 161.8, 157.3, 134.8, 134.4, 130.0, 129.9, 98.9, 84.7, 60.6, 56.3, 45.3,
153.5, 152.7, 138.3, 129.2, 124.9, 121.1, 84.6, 54.6, 46.1, 44.2, 43.9, 23.3, 21.7; ESI-MS m/z: 513.25 [M+H] + .
44.2, 23.3; ESI-MS m/z: 395.30 [M+H]+. Anal. calcd for Anal. calcd for C23H28N8O6 C 53.90, H 5.51, N, 21.86;
C19H22N8O2 C 57.86, H 5.62, N 28.41; found C 57.81, H found C 53.94, H 5.47, N 21.88.
5.70, N 28.28. 5-[2- 甲 基 -6-(4- 乙 酰 哌 嗪 -1- 基 )- 嘧 啶 -4- 基 氨 基 ]-
736 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 731~739
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
[1,3,4]噁二唑-2-羧酸(2-氯-6-甲基)苯酰胺(4f): 白色固 2H), 2.60 (s, 3H), 1.35 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).
体, 收率 34%. m.p. 187~189 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, 3.2.6 5-(6-氯-2-甲基嘧啶-4-氨基)-[1,3,4]噻二唑-2-
DMSO-d6) δ: 12.21 (s, 1H), 10.53 (s, 1H), 7.42~7.38 (m, 羧酸(6)的制备
1H), 7.33~7.25 (m, 2H), 7.04 (s, 1H), 3.74~3.52 (m, 在 10 mL 反应瓶中加入 5 (149.5 mg, 0.5 mmol)、甲
8H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 2.05 (s, 3H); 13C NMR 醇(1 mL)、1 mol/L NaOH 水溶液(3 mL), 室温搅拌 1 h,
(100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 169.0, 162.5, 157.4, 153.1, 152.9, 随后加入 1 mol/L HCl (3 mL), 过滤、烘干, 得到白色固
139.1, 133.0, 132.7, 129.6, 129.1, 127.5, 119.7, 84.7, 45.3, 体 95 mg, 收率 70%. m.p. 286~288 ℃; 1H NMR (400
44.3, 43.9, 21.7, 18.6; ESI-MS m/z: 471.25 [M+H] + . MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 12.30 (s, 1H), 9.16 (s, 1H), 6.96 (s,
Anal. calcd for C21H23ClN8O3 C 53.56, H 4.92, N, 23.80; 1H), 2.56 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ:
found C 53.52, H 4.95, N 23.81. 167.9, 159.5, 159.2, 158.1, 149.5, 124.7, 103.9, 25.6;
5-{2-甲基-6-[4-(2-羟基乙基)-哌嗪-1-基]-嘧啶-4-基 ESI-MS m/z: 272.25 [M+H]+. Anal. calcd for C8H6ClN5-
氨基}-[1,3,4]噁二唑-2-羧酸(3,4,5-三甲氧基)苯酰胺(4g): O2S C 35.37, H 2.23, N 25.78; found C 35.41, H 2.28, N
白色固体, 收率 38%. m.p. 150~152 ℃; 1H NMR (400 25.71.
MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 12.20 (s, 1H), 10.70 (s, 1H), 7.24 (s, 3.2.7 化合物 7a~7c 的制备
2H), 7.00 (s, 1H), 4.44 (s, 1H), 3.76 (s, 6H), 3.65~3.62 在 50 mL 反应瓶中加入 6 (135.5 mg, 0.5 mmol)、芳
(m, 7H), 3.56~3.52 (m, 2H), 2.51 (s, 4H), 2.45~2.42 (m, 胺(0.5 mmol)、2-(7-氮杂苯并三氮唑)-N,N,N',N'-四甲基
2H), 2.35 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 脲六氟磷酸酯(HATU, 285 mg, 0.75 mmol)、N,N-二异丙
165.7, 162.5, 161.6, 157.3, 153.4, 153.1, 152.5, 134.8, 基乙胺(DIEA, 97 mg, 0.75 mmol)和 DMF (5 mL), 室温
134.4, 98.9, 84.5, 60.6, 60.5, 60.0, 56.3, 53.2, 44.4, 23.2; 搅拌 24 h, 随后加入水(5 mL), 过滤、烘干, 得到化合物
ESI-MS m/z: 515.35 [M+H]+. Anal. calcd for C23H30N8O6 7a~7c.
C 53.69, H 5.88, N 21.78; found C 53.74, H 5.86, N 21.80. 5-(6-氯-2-甲基嘧啶-4-氨基)-[1,3,4]噻二唑-2-羧酸
5-{2-甲基-6-[4-(2-羟基乙基)-哌嗪-1-基]-嘧啶-4-基 (3,4,5-三甲氧基苯基)酰胺(7a): 白色固体, 收率 65%.
氨基}-[1,3,4]噁二唑-2-羧酸(2-氯-6-甲基)苯酰胺(4h): m.p.>300 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 12.76
白色固体, 收率 36%. m.p. 153~154 ℃; 1H NMR (400 (s, 1H), 10.83 (s, 1H), 7.34 (s, 2H), 6.96 (s, 1H), 3.77 (s,
MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 12.16 (s, 1H), 10.51 (s, 1H), 7.42~ 6H), 3.65 (s, 3H), 2.62 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz,
7.39 (m, 1H), 7.30~7.28 (m, 2H), 7.02 (s, 1H), 4.44 (s, DMSO-d6) δ: 168.0, 163.0, 160.7, 159.5, 157.5, 157.0,
1H), 3.62 (s, 4H), 3.53 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 2.49~2.40 (m, 153.2, 149.7, 134.7, 121.8, 98.9, 60.6, 56.2, 25.6; ESI-MS
6H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 2.24 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, m/z: 437.25 [M+H]+. Anal. calcd for C17H17ClN6O4S C
DMSO-d6) δ: 165.6, 162.5, 161.7, 157.4, 153.0, 152.9, 46.74, H 3.92, N 19.24; found C 46.80, H 3.98, N 19.25.
139.1, 133.0, 132.7, 129.5, 129.1, 127.5, 84.5, 60.5, 59.0, 5-(6-氯-2-甲基嘧啶-4-氨基)-[1,3,4]噻二唑-2-羧酸
53.2, 44.4, 23.3, 18.6; ESI-MS m/z: 473.25 [M+H] + . (2-甲氧基苯基)酰胺(7b): 白色固体, 收率 54%. m.p.>
Anal. calcd for C21H25ClN8O3 C 53.33, H 5.33, N 23.69; 300 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 12.73 (s, 1H),
found C 53.34, H 5.30, N 23.66. 9.71 (s, 1H), 8.14 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.20~7.16 (m, 2H),
3.2.5 5-(6-氯-2-甲基嘧啶-4-氨基)-[1,3,4]噻二唑-2- 7.03~6.97 (m, 2H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 2.61 (s, 3H); 13C NMR
羧酸乙酯(5)的制备 (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 168.0, 162.9, 159.5, 157.5, 156.7,
在 10 mL Schlenk 管中加入 4,6-二氯-2-甲基嘧啶 153.2, 149.6, 126.4, 121.1, 111.8, 104.5, 56.5, 25.6;
(32.4 mg, 0.2 mmol)、5-氨基-[1,3,4]噻二唑-2-羧酸乙酯 ESI-MS m/z: 377.25 [M+H]+. Anal. calcd for C15H13Cl-
(51.9 mg, 0.3 mmol)、Pd(OAc)2 (4.5 mg, 0.02 mmol)、 N6O2S: C 47.81, H 3.48, N 22.30; found C 47.76, H 3.52,
xantphos (23 mg, 0.04 mmol)、Cs2CO3 (97.8 mg, 0.3 N 22.41.
mmol)和无水 DMF (2 mL). 在氩气保护下, 反应管置于 5-(6-氯-2-甲基嘧啶-4-氨基)-[1,3,4]噻二唑-2-羧酸
110 ℃的油浴中 36 h, 然后冷却到室温. 反应混合物用 (4-甲氧基苯基)-酰胺(7c): 白色固体, 收率 60%. m.p.>
EtOAc (20 mL×3)萃取. 有机相用 MgSO4 干燥, 减压浓 300 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 12.75 (s, 1H),
缩, 硅胶柱分离得到白色固体 5[18] 30 mg, 收率 50%. 10.84 (s, 1H), 7.77~7.75 (m, 2H), 6.95~6.93 (m, 3H),
m.p. 280~282 ℃(文献值[18]: 280~281 ℃); 1H NMR 3.75 (s, 3H), 2.61 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6)
(400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 6.98 (s, 1H), 4.42 (q, J=7.2 Hz, δ: 168.0, 162.6, 160.1, 159.4, 157.6, 157.2, 156.4, 131.5,
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 731~739 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 737
有机化学 研究论文
122.5, 114.3, 104.4, 55.7, 25.6; ESI-MS m/z: 377.25 [M+ 3.2.9 细胞测试抗肿瘤细胞毒活性实验
H]+. Anal. calcd for C15H13ClN6O2S: C 47.81, H 3.48, N 取对数生长期的细胞, 消化计数后, 以 4×103 个/
22.30; found C 47.80, H 3.54, N 22.42. 孔的细胞密度接种至 96 孔板中, 每孔 100 μL 培养基.
3.2.8 化合物 8a~8c 的制备 在 37 ℃孵育 24 h 后, 弃去培养基, 加入提前用培养基
在 10 mL 反应瓶中加入 7 (0.5 mmol)、1-(2-羟乙基) 稀释好的样品, 即将待测样品以 100、50.0、25.0、12.5、
哌嗪(260 mg, 2 mmol)、浓盐酸(0.05 mL)和乙醇(2 mL), 6.25、3.12、1.56、0.78 μL/mL 浓度加入 96 孔板中, 每
加热回流反应 24 h. 冷至室温, 加入饱和 NaHCO3 溶液 个浓度设 6 个复孔, 另设空白对照组及阴性对照组, 培
(5 mL), 然后用 EtOAc (20 mL×3)萃取. 有机相用 养 72 h 后, 每孔加入 20 μL MTT 溶液进行染色, 继续培
MgSO4 干燥, 减压浓缩, 硅胶柱分离得到化合物 8a~ 养 4 h 后, 吸去液体, 加入 150 μL 的二甲基亚砜, 振荡
8c. 均匀, 酶标仪 490 nm 处检测吸光度值, 用 Graphpad
5-{6-[4-(2-羟基乙基)哌嗪-1-基]-2-甲基嘧啶-4-基氨 Prism 5 软件处理得出 IC50 值.
基}-[1,3,4-噻二唑-2-羧酸(3,4,5-三甲氧基苯基)酰胺(8a): 3.2.10 Src 激酶抑制活性的测试
白色固体, 收率 68%. m.p. >300 ℃; 1H NMR (400 用二甲基亚砜(DMSO)将化合物配成 1 mmol/L 母
MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 12.01 (s, 1H), 10.72 (s, 1H), 7.34 (s, 液, 再用含有 5% (体积分数) DMSO 的缓冲液依次稀释
2H), 6.06 (s, 1H), 4.43 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.76 (s, 6H), 得到一系列浓度的测试液, 向 384 孔板中依次添加各浓
3.65 (s, 3H), 3.57~3.49 (m, 6H), 2.47 (s, 4H), 2.45~2.40 度的测试液, 每孔 1 μL. 在 384 孔板中, 依次加入 Src (2
(m, 5H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 165.7, 163.6, ng/μL, 2 μL)、腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸(ATP) (250 μmol/L, 1
163.0, 158.8, 157.8, 156.5, 153.1, 134.7, 134.6, 98.7, 83.5, μL)及底物(1 μg/μL, 1 μL). 每个浓度 2 个复孔. 同时设
60.7, 60.6, 59.0, 56.2, 53.2, 44.1, 25.9; ESI-MS m/z: 置不加药的阴性对照组. 在 30 ℃摇床中孵化 60 min,
531.35 [M+H]+. Anal. calcd for C23H30N8O5S: C 52.06, H 加入 5 μL 的 ADP-Glo Reagent, 25 ℃孵化 40 min, 最后
5.70, N, 21.12; found C 52.01, H 5.73, N 21.22. 加入 10 μL 的 Kinase Detection Reagent. 酶标仪 Lumi-
5-{6-[4-(2-羟基乙基)哌嗪-1-基]-2-甲基嘧啶-4-基氨 necesce 模式下检测发光, 收集数据. 用 Graphpad Prism
基}-[1,3,4-噻二唑-2-羧酸(2-甲氧基苯基)酰胺(8b): 白色 5 软件处理, 得到 IC50 值.
固体, 收率 60%. m.p.>300 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz,
DMSO-d6) δ: 12.02 (s, 1H), 9.64 (s, 1H), 8.17 (d, J=8.0 辅助材料(Supporting information) 化合物 2a~2b、
Hz, 1H), 7.16 (q, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.01 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 3a~3c、4a~4h 和 8a~8c 的 1H NMR、13C NMR 谱图
6.08 (s, 1H), 4.45 (s, 1H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 3.53 (s, 6H), 和采用 Sybyl-x 2.0 软件构建分子对接结果. 这些材料可
2.50~2.43 (m, 6H), 2.43 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, 以免费从本刊网站(http://sioc-journal.cn/)上下载.
DMSO-d6) δ: 165.7, 163.8, 162.9, 158.3, 157.1, 156.5,
149.5, 126.6, 125.5, 121.1, 120.6, 111.7, 83.6, 60.6, 58.8, References
56.5, 53.1, 44.1, 25.9; ESI-MS m/z: 471.30 [M+H] + . [1] Majumdar, P.; Pati, A.; Patra, M.; Behera, R.; Behera, A. K. Chem.
Rev. 2014, 114, 2942.
Anal. calcd for C21H26N8O3S C 53.60, H 5.57, N 23.81; [2] Guin, S.; Ghosh, T.; Rout, S. K.; Banerjee, A.; Patel, B. K. Org.
found C 53.57, H 5.59, N 23.65. Lett. 2011, 13, 5976.
[3] Khalilullah, H.; Ahsan, M. J.; Hedaitullah, M.; Khan, S.; Ahmed, B.
5-{6-[4-(2-羟基乙基)哌嗪-1-基]-2-甲基嘧啶-4-基氨 Mini-Rev. Med. Chem. 2012, 12, 789.
基}-[1,3,4-噻二唑-2-羧酸(4-甲氧基苯基)酰胺(8c): 白色 [4] Fathi, M. A. A.; Abd, Ei-Hafeez, A. A.; Abdelhamid, D.; Abbas, S.
H.; Montano, M. M.; Abdel-Aziz, M. Bioorg. Chem. 2019, 84, 150.
固体, 收率 64%. m.p.>300 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, [5] Huang, W. S.; Metcalf, C. A.; Sundaramoorthi, R.; Wang, Y.; Zou,
DMSO-d6) δ: 11.98 (s, 1H), 10.73 (s, 1H), 7.75 (d, J=8.4 D.; Thomas, R. M.; Zhu, X.; Cai, L.; Wen, D.; Liu, S.; Romero, J.;
Qi, J.; Chen, I.; Banda, G.; Lentini, S. P.; Das, S.; Xu, Q.; Keats, J.;
Hz, 2H), 6.93 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.06 (s, 1H), 4.45 (s, Wang, F.; Wardwell, S.; Ning, Y.; Snodgrass, J. T.; Broudy, M. I.;
1H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.53 (s, 5H), 2.60 (br, 6H), 2.47~2.39 Russian, K.; Zhou, T.; Commodore, L.; Narasimhan, N. I.; Mo-
hemmad, Q. K.; Iuliucci, J.; Rivera, V. M.; Dalgamo, D. C.; Saw-
(m, 4H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 165.8, 163.4, yer, T. K.; Clackson, T.; Shakespeare, W. C. J. Med. Chem. 2010,
163.0, 159.0, 157.6, 156.6, 156.5, 156.4, 131.6, 122.5, 53, 4701.
[6] Summa, V.; Petrocchi, A.; Bonelli, F.; Crescenzi, B.; Donghi, M.;
114.3, 83.5, 60.6, 58.9, 55.7, 53.1, 44.1, 26.0; ESI-MS m/z: Ferrara, M.; Fiore, F.; Gardelli, C.; Gonzalez, Paz. O.; Hazuda, D.
471.30 [M+H]+. Anal. calcd for C21H26N8O3S C 53.60, H J.; Jones, P.; Kinzel, O.; Laufer, R.; Monteagudo, E.; Muraglia, E.;
Nizi, E.; Orvieto, F.; Pace, P.; Pescatore, G.; Scarpelli, R.; Still-
5.57, N 23.81; found C 53.58, H 5.60, N 23.77. mock, K.; Witmer, M. V.; Rowley, M. J. Med. Chem. 2008, 51,
5843.
[7] Nishimori, I.; Vullo, D.; Innocenti, A.; Scozzafava, A.; Mastrolo-
738 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 731~739
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
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Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 731~739 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 739
有机化学 DOI: 10.6023/cjoc201907040 研究论文
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
Abstract A highly efficient and regioselective C-3-alkylation of 2-arylindoles with maleimides has been developed using
Ag(I) as catalyst. 3-(2-Aryl-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrrolidine -2,5-diones were afforded with high yields (up to 97%) under relatively
mild reaction conditions. The method features operational simplicity and avoiding external oxidant.
Keywords silver-catalyzed; 2-arylindoles; maleimides; alkylation
1 Introduction H
H
O N O
O N O
Indolylsuccinimide, an important motif of aza-hetero-
cycles, frequently emerges in natural products[1] and drug
candidates[2] due to their noteworthy biological activities,[3] O
N
as well as drug candidates that exhibit high kinase selectiv- N
H
O H
O O
ity and anticancer activity.[4] They are also useful synthetic A B
intermediates for construction of complicate heterocyclic H H H
N
frameworks.[5] For examples, compound A is a mood sta- O N O O N O O O
bilizer and able to stimulate steroidogenesis.[6] Compound F
B, with remarkable antiangiogenic activity, was discovered
from 2,3-diarylmaleimide derivatives.[7] Compound C, one N N N
H H
clinical candidate, shows great potency in IDO-1 human H
C D E
whole blood assay.[8] Additionally, compounds D and E
exhibit good chemical activities in term of fluorescence
(FL), chemiluminescence (CL), and bioluminescence (BL) Figure 1 Examples illustrating the importance of indolylsuc-
(Figure 1).[9] cinimides
Traditionally, indolylsuccinimides were prepared start- tion-metal-catalyzed coupling reactions have been widely
ing from indolylmagnesium bromides and bromomalei- applied in indolylsuccinimides synthesis. For example,
mides.[10] Moreover, they have also been catalyzed by the Zhao group[12] developed the Michael addition and oxida-
conjugate addition of indoles to α,β-unsaturated com- tive dehydrogenation reaction of indoles with maleimides
pounds in the presence of Lewis acid.[11] Recently, transi- promoted by AlCl3, obtaining 3-substituted indoles in high
yields with excellent regioselectivity. Then, this group[13]
740 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 740~747
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
extended the regioselective tandem oxidative coupling Table 1 Optimization of the reaction conditionsa
reactions from both free and protected (NH) indoles with
maleimides catalyzed by palladium. Despite these methods
have contributed greatly to this field, there still exist some
respective limitations, such as requirement of long reaction
times, excess oxidant, pre-functionalized substrates and
low efficiency. Therefore, developing high efficiency and
convenient method is considerable. Silver salts have con-
Entry Catalyst Additive Solvent Yieldb/%
currently been developed as a newly emerging metal cata-
lyst due to its excellent catalytic activity, high selectivity, 1 AgNTf2 — DCE 56
long service life, convenient after-treatment, and ease of 2 AgNTf2 AcOH DCE 86
removal.[14] With our ongoing efforts to the clean transi- 3 AgSbF6 AcOH DCE 70
tion-metal-catalyzed C — H bond functionalization,[15] 4 AgOTf AcOH DCE 78
herein, we disclose a Ag(I)-catalyzed alkylation of 2-aryl- 5 AgBF4 AcOH DCE 82
indoles with maleimides to synthesize 3-(2-aryl-1H-indol- 6 Ag2CO3 AcOH DCE NR
3-yl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione with high yields and excellent 7 AgOAc AcOH DCE NR
regioselectivity, avoiding external oxidants under relative- 8 AgTFA AcOH DCE Trace
ly mild reaction conditions. 9 AgNTf2 HCOOH DCE 89
10 AgNTf2 TFAc DCE 73
2 Results and discussion 11 AgNTf2 MSAd DCE 92
12 AgNTf2 Ac2O DCE 80
Our initial experiment was performed with 2-phenyl- 13 AgNTf2 PivOH DCE 93
indole (1a) and N-methylmaleimide (2a) as model sub- 14e AgNTf2 PivOH DCE 54
strates to optimize the reaction conditions (Table 1). In the 15f AgNTf2 PivOH DCE 61
presence of 20 mol% AgNTf2, the reaction of indole 1a 16 AgNTf2 PivOH DMF NR
with 2a in 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) at 80 ℃ under air 17 AgNTf2 PivOH CH3OH 32
atmosphere afforded the expected product 3aa in 56% 18 AgNTf2 PivOH CH3CN NR
yield (Table 1, Entry 1). The structural and regiochemical 19 AgNTf2 PivOH Toluene 86
assignments of compound 3aa were confirmed by X-ray 20 AgNTf2 PivOH CHCl3 89
crystallographic analysis (Figure 2).[16] To our delight, the 21 AgNTf2 PivOH CCl4 96
yield increased significantly to 86% when 1.0 equiv. of 22g AgNTf2 PivOH CCl4 97
AcOH was added (Table 1, Entry 2). The silver salts, in- 23h AgNTf2 PivOH CCl4 78
cluding AgSbF6, AgOTf, AgBF4, Ag2CO3, AgOAc, Ag- 24i AgNTf2 PivOH CCl4 82
TFA, were tested. AgNTf2 was proved to be an optimal 25 — PivOH CCl4 NR
catalyst (Table 1, Entries 2~8). Then, an extensive survey a
Reaction conditions: 1a (0.1 mmol), 2a (0.15 mmol), catalyst (20 mol%), and
of acids (AcOH, HCOOH, TFA, MSA, Ac2O, PivOH) was additive (1.0 equiv) at 80 ℃ for 12 h in solvent (2.0 mL) under air. b Isolated
performed (Table 1, Entries 9~13). PivOH afforded 3aa yield. c TFA: trifluoroacetic acid. d MFA: methanesulfonic acid. e PivOH (0.5
in the highest yield of 93% (Table 1, Entry 13). Both rais- equiv). f PivOH (2.0 equiv.). g 1a (0.1 mmol), 2a (0.12 mmol), AgNTf2 (5
mol%). h At 60 ℃. i At 100 ℃.
ing and lowering the amount of PivOH resulted in lower
yield of the target product 3aa (Table 1, Entries 14, 15).
Next, several additional parameters were altered in an at-
tempt to further improve yield. It was observed that the
solvent played a crucial role. Among the solvents tested,
CCl4 was the optimal choice (Table 1, Entries 15~21).
Finally, 80 ℃ was determined to be the optimal reaction
temperature. The yield reduced significantly when the re-
action temperature decreased or increased (Table 1, Entries
22~24). Subsequently, the loading of 5 mol% AgNTf2
was most appropriate (Table 1, Entry 24). Moreover, the
control experiment indicated that PivOH could not pro-
mote the reaction in the absence of the Ag catalyst (Table
1, Entry 25).
With the optimized reaction conditions in hand, we Figure 2 X-ray molecular structure of the product 3aa
turned our attention to the scope of the substrates for this
leimides were firstly evaluated in the reaction with
transformation (Table 2). The reaction was compatible
2-phenylindole (1a) (Table 2, 3aa~3ah). The maleimides
with a variety of 2-phenylindoles affording the desired
with N-alkyl substituted (such as Me, Et, and cyclohexyl)
products in moderate to good yields. A wide range of ma-
maleimides gave the desired products (3aa, 97%; 3ab,
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 740~747 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 741
有机化学 研究论文
a,b
Table 2 Scope of substrates
Ph
Et Cy Ph
O O O N O O
N N N N
O O O O O O
N
O
N N N N N
H H H H H
3aa, 97% 3ab, 70% 3ad, 46% 3ae, 95% N
3ac, 80% H
F 3af, 96%
O O O O
O O O N N N N
O O O O
O
N O
O
N N N N N
H H H H H OMe
N 3ah, 73% 3ba, 73% 3ca, 86% 3da, 90% 3ea, 88%
H
3ag, 86% O
N
O
N O O O
N O N N
O O
O O
R
N
H
N R = F, 3ga, 70% N
H MeO N N
R = Cl, 3ha, 76% H H H
R = Br, 3ia, 85% F 3ma, 90%
3fa, 90% 3ka, 96% 3la, 82%
R = CF3, 3ja, 64%
O O O N O N O
N N N
O O O O O
F Cl Br
N N N N N
H H H H
3na, 89% 3oa, 82% 3pa, 78% 3qa, 94% 3ra, 52%
a
Reaction conditions: 1a (0.1 mmol), 2a (0.12 mmol), AgNTf2 (5 mol%), and PivOH (1.0 equiv.) at 80 ℃ for 12 h in CCl4 (2.0 mL) under air. b Isolated yield.
70%; 3ac, 80%) in good to excellent yields. N-Phenyl ma- Generally, 4'-methyl, 3'-methyl, 2'-methyl 2-phenylindoles
leimide (3ad, 46%) obtained a medium yield, perhaps due afforded excellent yields (3ba, 73%; 3ca, 86%; 3da, 90%).
to its good conjugate structure with maleimide ring. N- And 3'-methoxy, 2'-methoxy 2-phenylindoles could obtain
Benzyl functionalities readily furnished the desired product good yields (3ea, 88%; 3fa, 90%). Then, 2-phenylindoles
3ae in 95% yield. Additionally, evaluation of electronic with halogen and trifluoromethyl generally have slightly
effects on the aryl ring of N-aryl maleimides turned out lower yields (3ga, 70%; 3ha, 76%; 3ia, 85%; 3ja, 64%).
great yields (3af, and 3ag, 96%, and 86%). And the dime- These results suggest that electron-withdrawing substitu-
thyl maleate (3ah, 73%) also had a good transformation in ents could slightly decrease the reactivity of the 2-phenyl-
the reaction. indoles by reducing the nucleophilicity of the 3-position.
Then, substituted 2-phenylindoles with N-methyl ma- Additionally, halogens on the indole ring (3la, 3ma, 3na,
leimide were subjected to the optimized reaction condi- 3oa, and 3pa) were tolerated and given excellent yields,
tions. It was found that the identity of the 2-phenylindoles providing useful synthetic handles for further functionali-
substituents has no obviously influence the reaction yields. zation. In addition, N-methyl-2-phenylindole could give
742 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 740~747
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
the product 3qa in 94% yield, and 2-methylindole was also imide (2a) was activated by Ag(I) to form intermediate A.
applied to this catalytic system, giving the product 3ra in Then electrophilic attack of 2-phenylindole to the interme-
52% yield. diate A gave intermediate B, which delivered the desired
Some control experiments were conducted to gain in- product 3aa and catalytically active Ag(I) through pro-
sight into the reaction mechanism (Scheme 1). When the todemetalation. In the catalytic cycle, Ag(I) as a catalyst
radical scavenger 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinooxy (TEM- promotes the procedure by increasing the electrophilic
PO) was affiliated to the reaction system, the desired ability of α,β-unsaturated compounds.[17a,18]
product 3ae was not detected. Considering the selective
oxidation of TEMPO may hinder the reaction, we switched
to 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), which had little
influence on the yield of the product 3ae. In addition, when
the reaction was performed under N2 atmosphere, the de-
sired product 3ae was obtained in 65% yield. These results
indicated that the radical process was ruled out, and mo-
lecular oxygen does not play a crucial role in this reaction.
Bn AgNTf2 (5 mol%)
O PivOH (1.0 equiv.)
+ N
N O TEMPO (1.5 equiv.)
H
CCl4, 80 oC, 12 h
1a (0.1 mol) 2e (0.12 mol)
Bn
O
Figure 3 Plausible reaction mechanism
N
O
3 Conclusions
In summary, the alkylation of 2-arylindole with malei-
N mides has been developed using silver(I) as catalyst. Under
H
3ae ND
the optimized reaction conditions, a broad range of 3-
(2-pheny-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrrolidine-2,5-diones were con-
AgNTf2 (5 mol%)
Bn
PivOH (1.0 equiv.)
veniently obtained in moderate to excellent yields under
O
+ N relatively mild reaction conditions.
N O BHT (1.5 equiv.)
H
CCl4, 80 oC, 12 h 4 Experimental section
1a (0.1 mol) 2e (0.12 mol)
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 740~747 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 743
有机化学 研究论文
on silica gel (EtOAc/petroleum ether, V∶V=1∶3) to for C25H21N2O2 [M+H]+ 381.1598, found 381.1600.
afford the desired product 3aa. 3-(2-Phenyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-1-(p-tolyl)pyrrolidine-2,5-
Methyl-3-(2-phenyl-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione dione (3af): White solid. 37.8 mg, 95% yield. m.p. 125~
(3aa): Pale yellow solid. 29.5 mg, 97% yield. m.p. 184~ 127 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.45 (s, 1H),
186 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.33 (s, 1H), 7.43~7.37 (m, 1H), 7.36~7.34 (m, 1H), 7.31~7.27 (m,
7.60~7.57 (m, 2H), 7.48~7.39 (m, 3H), 7.35 (d, J=8.2 2H), 7.20~7.16 (m, 1H), 7.15~7.06 (m, 3H), 4.37 (dd,
Hz), 7.25~7.15 (m, 2H), 7.10~7.07 (m, 1H), 4.39 (t, J= J=5.2, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.13 (s, 3H), 3.10 (t, J=4.4 Hz, 2H);
7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.12 (s, 3H), 3.09 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H); 13C 13
C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3) δ: 178.1, 176.0, 138.9, 137.7,
NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 179.0, 176.8, 137.6, 136.0, 136.1, 131.9, 123.0, 129.5, 129.08, 129.1, 128.9, 128.7,
131.9, 129.1, 128.8, 128.7, 126.1, 122.8, 120.5, 118.2, 126.3, 126.2, 122.7, 120.6, 118.1, 111.8, 107.8, 38.0, 36.3,
111.6, 107.7, 37.9, 36.2, 25.2; HRMS (ESI) calcd for 21.3; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C25H21N2O2 [M + H] +
C19H17N2O2 [M+H]+ 305.1285, found 305.1287. 381.1598, found 381.1601.
Ethyl-3-(2-phenyl-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione 1-(4-Fluorophenyl)-3-(2-phenyl-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrro-
(3ab): White solid. 22.2 mg, 70% yield. m.p. 193 ~ lidine-2,5-dione (3ag): Pale red solid. 33.0 mg, 86% yield.
195 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.49 (s, 1H), m.p. 115~117 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.31 (s,
7.61~7.59 (m, 2H), 7.49~7.41 (m, 3H), 7.33 (t, J=8.0 1H), 7.62 (dd, J=1.7, 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.50~7.43 (m, 3H),
Hz), 7.23~7.19 (m, 2H), 7.13~7.09 (m, 1H), 4.39 (t, J= 7.38~7.32 (m, 4H), 7.24~7.20 (m, 1H), 7.18~7.12 (m,
7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.73 (dd, J=7.1, 14.5 Hz, 2H), 3.09 (d, J= 3H), 4.55 (dd, J=6.4, 8.3 Hz, 1H), 3.25 (dd, J=3.2, 8.9
7.8 Hz, 2H), 1.21 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 177.8, 175.6,
CDCl3) δ: 178.8, 176.7, 137.6, 136.1, 131.9, 129.0, 128.8, 164.2, 160.8, 137.8, 136.1, 131.8, 129.2, 128.9, 128.8,
128.6, 126.1, 122.7, 120.4, 118.2, 111.7, 107.7, 37.8, 36.2, 128.4, 128.3, 122.9, 120.7, 118.0, 116.4, 116.2, 111.8,
34.2, 13.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C20H19N2O2 [M+H]+ 38.0, 36.2; 19F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl3) δ: -112.14 (s);
319.1441, found 319.1444. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C24H18N2O2 [M+H]+ 385.1347,
Cyclohexyl-3-(2-phenyl-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrrolidine-2,5- found 385.1350.
dione (3ac): White solid. 29.6 mg, 80% yield. m.p. 224~ 3-(2-Phenyl-1H-indol-3-yl)hexane-2,5-dione (3ah):
226 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.32 (s, 1H), White solid. 22.2 mg, 73% yield. m.p. 180~182 ℃; 1H
7.61~7.59 (m, 2H), 7.47~7.40 (m, 3H), 7.32 (t, J=8.2 NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.13 (s, 1H), 7.74 (d, J=8.0
Hz, 1H), 7.20~7.16 (m, 2H), 7.10~7.06 (m, 1H), 4.30 (t, Hz, 1H), 7.67 (t, J=1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.53~7.49 (m, 2H),
J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.18~4.09 (m, 1H), 3.03 (s, 1H), 3.01 (s, 7.46~7.41 (m, 1H), 7.38 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.24~7.20
1H), 2.33~2.17 (m, 2H), 1.83 (d, J=13.1 Hz, 2H), 1.65 (m, 1H), 7.16~7.12 (m, 1H), 4.57 (dd, J=4.7, 10.6 Hz,
(d, J=10.4 Hz, 3H), 1.36~1.19 (m, 3H); 13C NMR (100 1H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.62 (s, 3H), 3.58~3.46 (m, 1H); 13C
MHz, CDCl3) δ: 179.0, 176.9, 137.6, 136.1, 131.9, 129.1, NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 173.9, 172.4, 136.2, 135.8,
128.8, 128.6, 126.1, 122.7, 120.4, 118.3, 111.6, 108.1, 132.3, 129.1, 128.8, 128.5, 127.1, 122.5, 120.3, 120.1,
52.2, 37.5, 35.9, 28.9, 25. 9, 25.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for 111.0, 108.7, 52.4, 51.8, 38.5, 36.2; HRMS (ESI) calcd for
C24H25N2O2 [M+H]+ 373.1911, found 373.1913. C20H20N2O2 [M+H]+ 306.1489, found 306.1492.
Phenyl-3-(2-phenyl-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione Methyl-3-(2-(p-tolyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrrolidine-2,5-
(3ad): White solid. 16.7 mg, 46% yield. m.p. 117 ~ dione (3ba): White solid. 23.2 mg, 73% yield. m.p. 198~
119 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.30 (s, 1H), 200 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.35 (s, 1H), 7.53
7.69~7.67 (dd, J=1.7, 8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.55~7.52 (m, 2H), (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.41 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (d, J=
7.51~7.49 (m, 2H), 7.48~7.45 (m, 2H), 7.42~7.39 (m, 7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.25~7.17 (m, 2H), 7.14~7.09 (m, 1H), 4.42
4H), 7.27~7.25 (m, 1H), 7.20~7.16 (m, 1H), 4.60 (dd, (t, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.17 (s, 3H), 3.13 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H),
J=6.6, 8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.30 (dd, J=3.3, 8.7 Hz, 2H); 13C 2.45 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 179.0, 176.9,
NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 177.8, 175.7, 137.7, 136.1, 138.8, 137.7, 135.9, 128, 128.9, 128.7, 126.2, 122.7, 120.5,
132.1, 131.9, 129.3, 129.2, 128.9, 128.8, 128.7, 126.5, 118.1, 111.5, 107.4, 37.9, 36.2, 25.2, 21.4; HRMS (ESI)
126.2, 122.9, 120.7, 118.2, 111.7, 107.9, 38.0, 36.3; calcd for C20H19N2O2 [M + H] + 319.1441, found
HRMS (ESI) calcd for C24H19N2O2 [M+H]+ 367.1441, 319.1447.
found 367.1447. 1-Methyl-3-(2-(m-tolyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrrolidine-2,5-
1-Benzyl-3-(2-phenyl-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrrolidine-2,5- dione (3ca): Pale red solid. 27.4 mg, 86% yield. m.p.
dione (3ae): White solid. 36.1 mg, 96% yield. m.p. 105~ 201~ 203 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.28 (s,
107 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.62 (s, 1H), 1H), 7.43 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 7.40 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.28
7.54~ 7.51 (dd, J=2.4, 6.1 Hz, 4H), 7.40~7.38 (m, 6H), (s, 1H), 7.26~7.21 (m, 1H), 7.19 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H),
7.22 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.17~7.13 (m, 1H), 6.97~6.91 7.14~7.10 (m, 1H), 4.44 (dd, J=6.2, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.17 (s,
(m, 2H), 4.84 (dd, J=13.9, 26.5 Hz, 2H), 4.40 (dd, J=5.9, 3H), 3.12 (dd, J=4.2, 9.1 Hz, 2H), 2.45 (s, 3H); 13C
8.9 Hz, 1H), 3.12~2.99 (m, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, NMR(100 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 179.0, 176.9, 138.9, 137.7,
CDCl3) δ: 178.9, 176.5, 137.6, 136.1, 135.7, 131.9, 129.30, 135.9, 131.8, 129.5, 129.4, 129.0, 126.2, 125.9, 122.7,
129.0, 128.8, 128.7, 128.6, 128.2, 126.0, 122.6, 120.2, 120.5, 118.2, 111.6, 107.6, 37.9, 36.2, 25.2, 21.6; HRMS
118.3, 111.7, 107.6, 42.9, 37.9, 36.2; HRMS (ESI) calcd (ESI) calcd for C20H19N2O2 [M+H] + 319.1441, found
744 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 740~747
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
319.1447. lidine-2,5-dione (3ia): Pale red solid. 32.3 mg, 85% yield.
Methyl-3-(2-(o-tolyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrrolidine-2,5- m.p. 237~239 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.22 (s,
dione (3da): White solid. 28.7 mg, 90% yield. m.p. 112~ 1H), 7.62~7.60 (m, 2H), 7.52~7.49 (m, 2H), 7.39 (d, J=
114 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.35 (s, 1H), 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.25~7.21 (m, 1H), 7.16 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H),
7.33~7.29 (m, 3H), 7.26 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.21~7.16 7.13~7.09 (m, 1H), 4.33 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 3.15 (s, 3H),
(m, 3H), 7.11~7.07 (m, 1H), 3.99 (dd, J=5.6, 9.3 Hz, 3.11 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ:
1H), 2.95 (s, 3H), 3.01~2.86 (m, 2H), 2.23 (s, 3H); 13C 178.8, 176.7, 136.4, 136.1, 132.3, 130.7, 130.3, 126.0,
NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 178.7, 176.9, 138.2, 136.7, 123.1, 123.1, 120.7, 118.3, 111.7, 108.2, 37.8, 36.0, 25.3;
135.8, 131.3, 131.2, 130.5, 129.3, 125.8, 122.5, 120.3, HRMS (ESI) calcd for C19H16BrN2O2 [M+H]+ 383.0390,
117.9, 111.5, 108.9, 37.7, 36.3, 25.0, 20.1; HRMS (ESI) found 383.0392.
calcd for C20H19N2O2 [M + H] + 319.1441, found 1-Methyl-3-(2-(4-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl)-1H-indol-3-
319.1442. yl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (3ja): White solid. 23.7 mg, 64%
3-(2-(3-Methoxyphenyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)-1-methylpyrro- yield. m.p. 210~212 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ:
lidine-2,5-dione (3ea): Pale red solid. 29.4 mg, 88% yield. 8.39 (s, 1H), 7.70 (s, 4H), 7.36 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.25~
m.p. 98~100 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.35 (s, 7.21 (m, 1H), 7.16 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.13~7.09 (m, 1H),
1H), 7.39~7.34 (m, 2H), 7.21~7.18 (m, 1H), 7.17~7.16 4.35 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 3.13 (d, J=7.4 Hz,
(m, 2H), 7.15 (t, J=0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.10~7.06 (m, 1H), 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 178.8, 176.6, 136.3,
6.67~6.94 (m, 1H), 4.42 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 136.0, 135.3, 129.0, 126.1, 126.1, 126.0, 126.0, 125.9,
3.12 (s, 3H), 3.09 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, 123.4, 120.9, 118.5, 111.8, 108.9, 37.8, 36.0, 25.3; 19F
CDCl3) δ: 179.0, 176.9, 160.0, 137.50, 136.0, 133.2, 130.2, NMR (376 MHz, CDCl3) δ: -62.61 (s); HRMS (ESI)
126.1, 122.8, 121.0, 120.5, 118.2, 114.4, 114.3, 111.6, calcd for C20H16F3N2O2 [M + H] + 373.1158, found
107.7, 55.4, 37.9, 36.1, 25.2; HRMS (ESI) calcd for 373.1159.
C25H21N2O2 [M+H]+ 335.1390, found 335.1396. 3-(2-(3-Fluorophenyl(-1H-indol-3-yl)-1-methylpyrro-
3-(2-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)-1-methylpyrro- lidine-2,5-dione (3ka): Pale red solid. 30.9 mg, 96% yield.
lidine-2,5-dione (3fa): White solid. 29.4 mg, 88% yield. m.p. 106~108 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.33 (s,
m.p. 98~100 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.37 (s, 1H), 7.46~7.31 (m, 4H), 7.23~7.19 (m, 1H), 7.17~7.12
1H), 7.38~7.33 (m, 2H), 7.21~7.14 (m, 4H), 6.69~6.94 (m, 2H), 7.08 (dd, J=0.9, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (dd, J=6.6,
(m, 1H), 4.41 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.12 (s, 3H), 8.2 Hz, 1H), 3.14 (s, 3H), 3.12 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H); 13C
3.08 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ: NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 178.9, 176.7, 136.2 (d, J=1.8
179.0, 176.9, 159.9, 137.5, 136.0, 133.2, 130.2, 126.1, Hz), 136.1, 133.9 (d, J=7.9 Hz), 130.8, 130.7, 125.9,
122.8, 121.0, 120.5, 118.2, 114.4, 114.2, 111.7, 107.7, 124.5 (d, J=3.1 Hz), 123.1, 120.6, 118.3, 115.7 (d, J=3.2
55.4, 37.9, 36.1, 25.2; HRMS(ESI) calcd for C25H21N2O2 Hz), 115.5 (d, J=1.5 Hz), 111.8, 108.2, 37.8, 36.1, 25.3;
19
[M+H]+ 335.1390, found 335.1394. F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl3) δ: -111.37 (s); HRMS
3-(2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)-1-methylpyrro- (ESI) calcd for C19H16FN2O2 [M+H]+ 323.1190, found
lidine-2,5-dione (3ga): White solid. 29.4 mg, 88% yield. 323.1192.
m.p. 106~108 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.21 (s, Methyl-3-(6-methyl-2-phenyl-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrro-
1H), 7.63~7.59 (m, 2H), 7.38 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.24~ lidine-2,5-dione (3la): White solid. 28.5 mg, 90% yield.
7.16 (m, 3H), 7.15 (t, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.12~7.09 (m, 1H), m.p. 216~218 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.23 (s,
4.32 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.15 (s, 3H), 3.12 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.56~7.53 (m, 2H), 7.45~7.41 (m, 2H), 7.40~7.36
2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 178.9, 176.7, 163.1 (m, 1H), 7.11 (s, 1H), 7.04~7.01 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.09
(d, J=249.6 Hz), 136.6, 136.0, 130.7 (d, J=8.6 Hz), (dd, J=1.0, 8.1 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.11 (s,
127.9, 126.0, 122.9, 120.7, 118.2, 116.2 (d, J=22.1 Hz), 3H), 3.06 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.42(s, 3H); 13C NMR (100
111.6, 107.9, 37.8, 36.0, 25.3; 19F NMR (376 MHz, MHz, CDCl3) δ: 179.1, 176.9, 136.9, 136.5, 132.7, 132.0,
CDCl3) δ: -112.14 (s); HRMS (ESI) calcd for C19H16F- 129.0, 128.7, 128.5, 123.9, 122.2, 117.8, 111.6, 107.5,
N2O2 [M+H]+ 323.1190, found 323.1194. 37.9, 36.2, 25.2, 21.7; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C20H19N2O2
3-(2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)-1-methylpyrro- [M+H]+ 319.1441, found 319.1444.
lidine-2,5-dione (3ha): Pale red solid. 25.6 mg, 76% yield. Methyl-3-(5-methyl-2-phenyl-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrro-
m.p. 217~219 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.21 (s, lidine-2,5-dione (3ma): White solid. 26.0 mg, 82% yield.
1H), 7.59~7.56 (m, 2H), 7.48~7.45 (m, 2H), 7.39 (d, J= m.p. 216~218 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.15 (s,
7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.26~7.21 (m, 1H), 7.16 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 1H), 7.60~7.58 (m, 2H), 7.49~7.42 (m, 3H), 7.26 (t, J=
7.13~7.09 (m, 1H), 4.33 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 3.15 (s, 3H), 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.04~7.02 (dd, J=1.5, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (d,
3.12 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ: J=0.8 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.14 (s, 3H), 3.09
178.8, 176.7, 136.4, 136.1, 134.9, 130.3, 130.1, 129.4, (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.41 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz,
126.0, 123.1, 120.7, 118.3, 111.7, 108.2, 37.8, 36.0, 25.3; CDCl3) δ: 179.0, 176.9, 137.7, 134.4, 132.0, 129.8, 129.1,
HRMS (ESI) calcd for C19H16ClN2O2 [M+H]+ 339.0895, 128.6, 126.4, 124.4, 117.8, 111.3, 107.1, 37.9, 36.1, 25.3,
found 339.0899. 21.7; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C20H19N2O2 [M + H] +
3-(2-(4-Bromophenyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)-1-methylpyrro- 319.1441, found 319.1443.
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 740~747 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 745
有机化学 研究论文
3-(5-Fluoro-2-phenyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-1-methylpyrro- http://sioc-journal.cn/.
lidine-2,5-dione (3na): White solid. 30.1 mg, 89% yield.
m.p. 108~110 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.27 (s, References
1H), 7.59~7.56 (m, 2H), 7.51~7.44 (m, 3H), 7.30 (dd,
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178.6, 176.4, 139.1, 134.3, 131.4, 129.2, 129.1, 128.8, Dannhardt, G.; Totzke, F.; Schachtele, C.; Laufer, S. J. Med. Chem.
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746 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 740~747
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
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(Cheng, F.)
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 740~747 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 747
有机化学 DOI: 10.6023/cjoc201907032 研究论文
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
基于不同功能的苯并噻二唑为受体单元和低聚噻吩为给体单元的
D-A-D-A-D 型有机小分子光伏材料的理论计算研究
Abstract Four D-A-D-A-D structured organic small molecules (OSMs) DOBT-8T, BT-8T, FBT-8T and FFBT-8T have
been designed for organic solar cells, which contain tetrathiophene as the core donor unit, bithiophene as the termial donor
unit, combining different electron-withdrawing fragments DOBT, BT, FBT and FFBT as acceptor unit, respectively. The de-
signed four OSMs were analyzed using density functional theory (DFT) and time dependent-DFT (TDDFT) calculations at
B3LYP/6-31G(d) level. The effects of structure modification of benzothiadiazole acceptor unit on modulating the elec-
tron-donating ability of OSMs were fully investigated. Results showed that the geometrical structure, the band-gap, HO-
MO/LUMO energy levels, orbital spatial distribution, energetic driving force, open-circuit voltage and NPA atomic charge of
these OSMs can be systematically altered by varying the electron-withdrawing properties with different benzothiadiazole ac-
ceptor units. Compared to other OSMs, FBT-8T displayed the more narrowed Eg and relatively deeper HOMO level with FBT
as acceptor. FFBT-8T exhibited the most deep-lying HOMO level of the four designed OSMs and suitable Eg value by using
FFBT as acceptor. The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of ca. 4.7% and ca. 5.2% were achieved by the photovoltaic de-
vices based on FBT-8T:PC61BM and FFBT-8T:PC61BM systems, respectively, predicting with Scharber models. On the basis
of these results, FBT-8T and FFBT-8T as potential OSMs donor materials for high-efficiency organic bulk hetero-junction
solar cell were proposed.
Keywords B3LYP/6-31G(d); donor; OSMs; organic solar cell; benzothiadiazole; oligothiophenes
748 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 748~755
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 748~755 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 749
有机化学 研究论文
S
OC8H17 C8H17 N
C8H17O N
L2 L1 S
S L5 L4 S L3 C8H17
S S S
C8H17 S
S 1
2 N OC8H17
C8H17O
N
S DOBT-8T C8H17
S N C8H17
C8H17 N N
S C8H17
S S S
S S S
C8H17 S
N
C8H17
N S BT-8T C8H17
S N C8H17
F C8H17 N
S C8H17
S S S
S S S
C8H17 S
N F
C8H17
N S FBT-8T C8H17
S N C8H17
F C8H17 N
F S C8H17
S S S
S S S
C8H17 S F
N F
C8H17
N S FFBT-8T C8H17
four designed OSMs were calculated by B3LYP/6-31G(d) lated data can give a guide line to molecular design in ex-
on the basis of optimized structures at the ground states (S0). periment.
The band-gap was obtained from the energy difference In this paper, we are only interested in the change trend of
between HOMO and LUMO of the OSMs. The electronic introducing DOBT, BT, FBT and FFBT as acceptor unit for
absorption band and excited-stated energy in vacuo were OSM OSCs, so the DFT/B3LYP method is sufficient for
carried out using the TD-DFT method of B3LYP/6-31G(d) this study. The absorption spectra and the energy levels of
on the basis of optimize structures at S0. For PC61BM, all the compounds in CHCl3 solution and in the solid state
HOMO was obtained at the DFT/B3LYP/6-31G(d) level, were also computed to confirm that the calculated data in
and LUMO was derived by adding the HOMO energy to the gas phase can provide reliable change trends for the de-
first singlet excitation energy at TD-B3LYP/6-31G(d) in signed OSMs (The calculation details were provided in the
gas phase; this approach was verified by Nelson and Mus- supporting information). The charge distribution and the
grave et al.[18] In order to evaluate the influence of diffuse electron-transfer mechanism of the four OSMs were ana-
function for the excited state energies and absorption spec- lyzed based on the optimized structure of the ground state
tra, the four compounds were also computed by the (S0) obtained at DFT/B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level by the Nat-
TD-B3LYP/6-31+G(d) level in gas phase. Meanwhile, in ural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis,[20] which has been ob-
Li and her coworkers’ work, they calculated HOMO, tained by the calculated orbital populations using NBO 3.1
LUMO and Eg for BDCTMBT, BDCTTMBT, BDCTFBT program included in the Gaussian package program.
and BDCTTFBT at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level in gas
phase, and tested PV performances of these OSMs in ex- 3 Results and discussion
periment. The calculated and experimental data were shown 3.1 Structural analysis of DOBT-8T, BT-8T, FBT-8T
in Table 1.[19] In compare with the experimental data, the and FFBT-8T
calculated values were observed to have some deviations
from the experimental data. However, the trends for the It is useful to analyze the dihedral angle (θ) and bond
calculated values are normally the same with the experi- lengths (L) of the OSMs for understanding the structure
ments results, thus illustrating that the theoretically calcu- modifying effects on the BT unit and molecular conjuga-
Table 1 Theoretical and experimental FMO energy levels of BDCTMBT, BDCTTMBT, BDCTFBT and BDCTTFBT
Theoretical Experimental Theoretical Experimental
Compd.
HOMO/eV Eg/eV HOMO/eV Eg/eV Voc/V Voc/V
BDCTMBT -4.91 2.30 -5.30 2.02 0.94 1.05
BDCTTMBT -4.73 2.05 -5.15 1.85 0.76 0.96
BDCTFBT -4.95 2.27 -5.41 2.09 0.98 1.11
BDCTTFBT -4.77 2.03 -5.25 1.89 0.80 1.01
750 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 748~755
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
tion. Figure 2 illustrates the significant θ and L influenced lengths of L1, L2, L3 and L4 in FBT-8T and FFBT-8T are
by attaching the substituent on the BT unit. The values of L smaller than those in DOBT-8T and BT-8T, which is in
and θ for DOBT-8T, BT-8T, FBT-8T and FFBT-8T are agreement with their planarity and can be assigned to the
listed in Table 2. It was observed that the structural proper- extent of π conjugation of the OSMs. From the viewpoint
ties of the four designed OSMs showed large dependency of molecular geometrical structure, the attachment of F
on the substituent attached to the BT unit. The θ1 and θ2 of atom on BT acceptor unit will not only improve molecular
BT-8T, FBT-8T and FFBT-8T are all less than 6°, which planarity, but also strengthen the π-conjugation of the
indicated the good planarity of the two OSMs. However, θ1 OSMs in some extent.
and θ2 of DOBT-8T are bigger than those of BT-8T, this is 3.2 Frontier orbital energy level and band gaps
caused by the large steric hindrance of octyloxy chain sub-
To gain insight into the effects of modified BT on the
stituent. In comparison with BT-8T, FBT-8T demonstrated
optoelectronic properties of the OSMs, the energy levels of
a more smoothly smaller dihedral angles of θ1 and θ2, re-
HOMO and LUMO, the energetic driving force (ᇞEL-L)
sulting from the improved planarity by introducing the F
and Voc for all the four designed OSMs were investigated.
atom onto the BT unit, while the F/S interaction existed
As we know, Voc is one of the critical parameters to evaluate
between BT and the adjacent thiophene unit.[21] FFBT-8T
the PCE of BHJ PV devices,[25] and which has a close rela-
showed the smallest dihedral angle of the four designed
tion with the energy difference between HOMO of the do-
OSMs, which may be assigned to strong F/S interaction for
nor materials and LUMO of the acceptor materials, and it
having two atom in the FFBT unit. It has been reported that
could be estimated by Eq. (1):
the high planarization between adjacent aromatic units can
make parallel p-orbital interactions to extend conjugation Voc=(1/e)(∣EHOMO(D)∣-∣ELUMO(A)∣)-0.3 V (1)
and facilitate delocalization.[22] where e is the elementary charge, 0.3 V is the empirical
value for efficient charge separation, EHOMO(D) is the
HOMO energy level of OSMs donor material and ELUMO(A)
is the LUMO energy level of acceptor material PC61BM.
A schematic energy diagram of OSMs:PC61BM system
with HOMO, LUMO and the band-gap energy was shown
in Figure 2. The calculated HOMO levels of DOBT-8T,
BT-8T, FBT-8T and FFBT-8T are -4.55, -4.59,
-4.60 and -4.74 eV, respectively. The HOMO energy
level of DOBT-8T is higher than that of BT-8T, due to the
electron-donating effect of octyloxy chain. Compared to
BT-8T, FBT-8T and FFBT-8T got a relatively lower
HOMO energy level due to substitution of the F atoms on
the BT group, which increased the electron withdrawing
effect of the acceptor unit.[26] FFBT-8T attained the lowest
HOMO energy level of the four designed OSMs, because
double F atoms are attached to BT group. This deeplying
Figure 2 Schematic energy diagram of OSMs:PC61BM system HOMO energy level of FFBT-8T is expected to promote
with HOMO, LUMO and Eg calculated in gas phase. the improvement of Voc in OSCs.[27] The LUMO energy
Table 2 Selected bond lengths (L, in nm) and dihedral angles levels of DOBT-8T, BT-8T, FBT-8T and FFBT-8T are
(θ, in degree) of the four OSMs calculated at B3LYP/6-31G(d) -2.60, -2.72, -2.77 and -2.82 eV, respectively. The
level results indicated that attaching octyloxy chains on BT can
Compound θ1 θ2 L1 L2 L3 L4 up-shift the LUMO energy levels, while the incorporation
of F atoms also led to a reduction of the LUMO energy
DOBT-8T 9.29 13.74 0.1446 0.1456 0.1458 0.1444
levels. Their Eg values are in the order of FBT-8T<BT-
BT-8T 4.54 5.07 0.1448 0.1452 0.1453 0.1443
8T<FFBT-8T<DOBT-8T=1.95 eV, all the four de-
FBT-8T 1.27 4.51 0.1441 0.1444 0.1452 0.1451
signed OSMs have relatively narrowed Eg, which can be
FFBT-8T 0.11 0.18 0.1442 0.1445 0.1453 0.1452
ascribed to the extended of D-A conjugation and strong D-A
The lengths of all bridge bonds L1, L2, L3 and L4 are all intramolecular interaction providing by the OTs.[28] The
within 0.1436~0.1453 nm, which are longer than a typical most narrowed Eg of FBT-8T benefited from its ELUMO
C=C bond (0.133 nm) and shorter than a typical C—C decreasing more than EHOMO by attaching one F atom on BT
single bond (0.154 nm) at the same level of theory.[23] This unit. In order to evaluate the reliability of change trends of
is in part caused by the π-bonding interaction and resulted energy levels for the designed OSMs calculated in gas
in partial double-bond properties on the bridge bond, thus phase, DFT and TD-DFT calculation at the B3LYP/
strengthening and shortening the bridge bond.[24] The re- 6-31G(d) level were also performed in solution and solid
sults demonstrated that the π-electrons has good delocal- states, and the corresponding data are summarized in Table
ized over the whole molecular skeleton. The average bond 3. The calculated results of HOMO and LUMO levels in
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 748~755 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 751
有机化学 研究论文
solution and solid phase have some deviation from the has the potential for constructing all-small-molecule solar
values in gas phase, but change trend of HOMO and LU- cell.
MO levels for the four OSMs calculated in solution and 3.3 NBO analyze of the atom charge
solid phase agrees well with the gas phase values.
In order to further analyze the charge distribution and the
ᇞEL-L values which defined as the difference between
electron-transfer mechanism in DOBT-8T, BT-8T, FBT-
the LUMOs of the donor material and the acceptor material
8T and FFBT-8T, the Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis
have always been considered as an important parameter
has been performed. The acceptor units of the above OSMs
connecting to the efficiency of charge dissociation.[29] It
are DOBT, BT, FBT and FFBT, respectively. The core
has been reported in many theoretical papers to estimate
donor unit is tetrathiophene, while the terminal donor unit is
charge dissociation ability by comparing ᇞEL-L with the
bithiophene. The calculated NPA charges that populated in
exciton binding energy Eb, which was defined as the dif-
the acceptor unit, tetrathiophene and bithiophene are listed
ference between Eg and Eopt.[30] If ᇞEL-L is larger than Eb,
in Table 4.
the donor materials are considered to have efficient exciton
As seen in Table 4, the NPA charges of the different BT
split and charge dissociation at the donor/acceptor inter-
acceptor units are -0.105e, -0.110e, -0.136e and
face.[31] As shown in Table 3, the ᇞEL-L values of
-0.149e, respectively. The most negative charge value of
DOBT-8T, BT-8T, FBT-8T and FFBT-8T are 1.2, 1.08,
FFBT acceptor unit from FFBT-8T is attributed to the
1.03 and 0.98 eV, respectively, and the Eb values of
strong electronegativity of two F atom which be introduced
DOBT-8T, BT-8T, FBT-8T and FFBT-8T are 0.30, 0.28,
into the BT moiety. FBT units from FBT-8T exhibited
0.27 and 0.29 eV, respectively. The results indicated that
relatively bigger negative charge values compared to BT
the four designed OSMs could provide sufficient driving
and DOBT acceptor units, which can be assigned to the
force to conquer Eb and generate the charge separation.
attaching single F atom on the BT moiety. DOBT units from
However, some recent studies reported that overlarge
DOBT-8T demonstrated the smaller negative charge than
ΔEL-L would result in lower Voc and energetic loss of ex-
the BT unit in BT-8T, because modifying the BT moiety
cess energy of exciton, thus limiting the further elevation
with octyloxy group effectively lowered its electronegativ-
of their device efficiencies.[32] FBT-8T and FFBT-8T with
ity. Meanwhile, the core donor tetrathiophene and the ter-
a relatively smaller ᇞEL-L values than other two OSMs
minal donor bithiophene all exhibited positive charge, and
might give rise to a small energy loss and relatively higher
their charge values also changed with the different BT ac-
PV device performance.
ceptor units, which resulted from the structural modification
The calculated Voc values for the OSMs:PC61BM system
effects on the BT unit. The positive charges of the donor
are listed in Table 3. The Voc values of these OSMs are in
moiety and the negative charges of the acceptor unit for the
the order of FFBT-8T>FBT-8T>BT-8T>DOBT-8T,
four designed OSMs demonstrated that they were an effec-
the difference of the Voc values is ascribed to structural
tive electron pushing or pulling units, indicating an effective
modification effects on the BT unit. FFBT-8T has the
intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) transition from the
highest Voc of the four designed OSMs, suggesting that the
donor group to the acceptor. During the photo-excitation,
substituent group of the two F atoms on FFBT unit could
the electrons on donor unit are transferred to the acceptor
effectively increase Voc. Attaching octyloxy chains on BT
unit, and the charge separation state was formed in OSMs.
unit made DOBT-8T achieve a higher HOMO level and
That is, upon PC61BM surface, the electrons could be suc-
provide a relatively smaller Voc. In contrast to BT-8T,
cessfully transferred from the donor unit to acceptor unit,
FBT-8T exhibited a lower HOMO level as well as most
finally injected into the LUMO of PC61BM surface.[33] At
narrowed Eg, benefiting from the introduction of FBT unit,
last, the calculated NPA charge shows that the modification
thus tending to realize a delicate balance between large Voc
of BT structure induces the variation of negative/positive
and high Jsc. The above discussion indicates that FBT-8T
charge values, which in agreement with electron-donating/
and FFBT-8T are also potential candidates for PV cells in
electron withdrawing character of the functional group for
the four designed OSMs. Interestingly, the changing trend
octyloxy and F atom.
of Voc for the four designed OSMs is just in agreement with
their energy loss. Notably, we compare the energy levels of 3.4 Optical properties
the four OSMs with non-fullerene acceptor INPIC-4F, and The OSMs donor material is the key component for sun
the investigated results indicated that the four OSMs donor
Table 3 Calculated ᇞEL-L, HOMO, LUMO, Eg, Eb and Voc of the four OSMs obtained by B3LYP/6-31G(d) level in gas phase as well as
the calculated HOMO, LUMO, and Eg values of the four OSMs in solution and solid states by B3LYP//6-31G(d) levela
In gas state In solution state In solid state
Compound
HOMO LUMO Eg Voc ΔEL-L Eb HOMO LUMO Eg HOMO LUMO Eg
DOBT-8T -4.55 -2.62 1.95 0.58 1.20 0.30 -4.70 -2.73 1.97 -4.73 -2.75 1.98
BT-8T -4.59 -2.72 1.87 0.62 1.08 0.28 -4.71 -2.83 1.88 -4.74 -2.85 1.89
FBT-8T -4.60 -2.77 1.83 0.63 1.03 0.27 -4.73 -2.87 1.86 -4.78 -2.89 1.89
FFBT-8T -4.74 -2.82 1.92 0.77 0.98 0.29 -4.83 -2.89 1.94 -4.85 -2.90 1.95
a
ᇞEL-L, HOMO, LUMO, Eg, Eb are in eV, Voc is in V.
752 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 748~755
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
Table 4 Calculated NPA charge (e) of D and A units for all studied molecules
Compound Bithiophene (left) BT unit (left) Tetrathiophene BT unit (right) Bithiophene (right)
DOBT-8T 0.053 -0.105 0.104 -0.105 0.053
BT-8T 0.061 -0.110 0.097 -0.110 0.061
FBT-8T 0.076 -0.136 0.120 -0.136 0.076
FFBT-8T 0.080 -0.149 0.138 -0.149 0.080
light absorption in OSCs, because the absorption coverage absorption peaks in the low energy region (700~900 nm),
of donor material within the solar spectrum crucially in- relatively weak absorption in the moderate energy region
fluences the Jsc of OSCs. Therefore, photo-excitation (450~580 nm), and small shoulder peaks in the high en-
properties were discussed to better understand the under- ergy region (300~450 nm). The maximum absorption
lying photo-physical processes involved in photo-current peaks of all designed OSMs arose from the dominant exci-
generation. For better understanding the nature of the ab- tation from state S0→S1 and mostly attribute to the transi-
sorption process, the electron density distributions of tions from HOMO to LUMO, which can deduce that the
HOMO and LUMO for DOBT-8T, BT-8T, FBT-8T and main ICT transitions occur at the low energy region.[33] The
FFBT-8T are depicted in Figure 3. The frontier molecular relatively weak absorption peaks in the moderate energy
orbitals of the four designed OSMs have analogous distri- region resulted from the optical transitions of states
bution characteristics. All HOMOs show the typical aro- S0→S7, which is correspondingly assigned to HOMO→
matic features with electron delocalization for the whole LUMO+2 transitions. The small shoulder peaks arose
conjugated molecules, and the LUMOs are mainly concen- from the optical transitions of states S0→S12, and the main
trated on electron-deficient BT unit.[34] The electronic ex- configuration is HOMO→LUMO+4 in the high energy
citation energy (E/eV), maximum absorption wavelengths region. The absorption band in the moderate and high en-
(λmax/nm), oscillator strength (ƒ), and major configurations ergy region of the four designed OSMs can be ascribed to
of main excited states for the four designed OSMs are listed the π-π transitions.[17]
in Table 5, and the simulated absorption spectra involved
are gathered in Figure 4.
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 748~755 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 753
有机化学 研究论文
trum of 300~1400 nm, and the values of λmax were in the terials. It is shown that the predicted PCEs are in consistent
sequence of FBT-8T (793 nm)>BT-8T (777 nm)>FFBT- with the reported experimental values. According to the
8T (758 nm)>DOBT-8T (750 nm), which is consistent Scharber diagrams, the simulated PCEs of the designed
with their change trend of Eg. Compared to BT-8T, the OSMs/PC61BM are provided in Figure 5, the PCEs of
maximum absorption peaks of DOBT-8T shows a blue DOBT-8T, BT-8T, FBT-8T and FFBT-8T are ca. 3.8%,
shift of 27 nm, resulting from the introduction of octyloxy 4.4%, 4.7%, 5.2%, respectively. Compared to other OSMs,
chains broadened its Eg. Obviously, FBT-8T obtained a FBT-8T and FFBT-8T showed higher PCE than other two
reduced Eg, stronger and more red-shifted absorption of the OSMs, which illustrated that the effect of introduction of F
maximum absorption peaks relative to BT-8T, which can be atom on BT acceptor is prominent. The FBT-8T is expected
ascribed to the attaching one F atom on the BT unit. The to have higher PCE by prediction, because they have deeper
light harvesting efficiency (η) of the OSMs can be calcu- HOMO and the narrowest Eg, which illustrated that the
lated as η=1-10-f. According to the above equation, the introduction of F atom on BT unit can realized the balance
higher the f is, the larger η will be.[35] The η values of the between the deeper HOMO and narrowed Eg in some ex-
designed four OSMs are in the order of FBT-8T > tent. FFBT- 8T get the highest predicted PCE of the four
FFBT-8T>BT-8T>DOBT-8T, which is in consistent in designed OSMs, because it has the lowest HOMO level and
the trend of their Eg values. According the above discuss, suitable Eg, which can be assigned to the introduction of two
we predicted that FBT-8T has better absorption ability to F atom on BT unit remarkably reducing the HOMO level,
increase Jsc, because FBT-8T has higher value of λmax, and the large conjugation framework mainly constructed by
larger f and η values than other three designed OSMs. OTs units maintaining the good absorption ability. Among
Compared to FBT-8T, FFBT-8T achieved a relatively them, the performance of DOBT-8T is relatively bad be-
smaller maximum absorption peak, because two F atom cause of introduction of octyloxy group on BT unit, not
attaching on the BT unit significantly decreased the HOMO only enhanced the HOMO level but also widen the Eg. The
and widened the Eg in some extent. However, FFBT-8T has results provided a positive evaluation on the modifying BT
the deeper HOMO level than other three molecules, which unit with different functional fragment to improve the
is beneficial for getting high Voc values in OSCs. PCEs of OSMs.
The calculated optical absorption profiles in solution and
solid state are shown in the supporting information Figure
S3. The simulated absorption spectra of the four OSMs all
show a similar profile, which present two primary bands at
short wavelength (450~580 nm) and long wavelength
(700~900 nm), respectively, as well as a should peak in
300~450 nm. Notably, the calculated optical absorption
spectra in solution and solid state are consistent with the gas
phase absorption spectra. In addition, the excited state en-
ergies and absorption spectra of DOBT-8T, BT-8T,
FBT-8T and FFBT-8T have been evaluated by diffuse
function at TD-B3LYP/6-31+G(d) level. The calculated
electronic excitation energy, the maximum absorption peak
(λmax), oscillator strength (f>0.5), η and main configuration
of the four studied OSMs are gathered in Table S2 as well as
the absorption spectra are depicted in Figure S4. The results
indicated that excited state energies of the four studied Figure 5 Scharber diagrams to estimate PCEs of the BHJ OSCs
OSMs from B3LYP/6-31+G(d) level calculation are iden- for OSMs DOBT-8T, BT-8T, FBT-8T and FFBT-8T
tical with the data from B3LYP/6-31G(d) level calculation.
Nevertheless, the simulated shape of absorption spectra and 4 Conclusions
absorption region from B3LYP/6-31+G(d) level are simi-
In this paper, OSMs DOBT-8T, BT-8T, FBT-8T and
lar to the one calculated from B3LYP/6-31G(d) level.
FFBT-8T have been theoretical designed, and the effects of
3.5 Predicted power conversion efficiency (PCE) different BT acceptor units on the PV properties of OTs
For the qualitative evaluation of the properties of the based OSMs were firstly systematically investigated in this
four designed OSMs, Scharber diagram can be used to paper. Their geometrical structures, HOMOs, LUMOs, Eg,
estimate the PCE of the OSCs, which used the relationship ΔEL-L and Eb have been calculated by using DFT-
between the Eg of donor materials as well as the energy B3LYP/6-31G(d) method. Moreover, their absorption
difference of LUMO levels between donor materials and spectra were obtained by using TD-DFT-B3LYP/6-31G-
PC61BM.[36] This diagram has been widely used and ac- (d) method. The results showed that the designed four
cepted to evaluate the PCE of OSCs based on a blend of OSMs can provide better matched energy levels with
OSM/polymer donor materials and PC61BM acceptor ma- PC61BM, small Eb values and sufficient ΔEL-L of excitons
754 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 748~755
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
for charge dissociation in the OSMs:PC61BM system. No- Wang, Z.; Tao, Y.; Zheng, C.; Huang, W. J. Phys. Chem. B 2015,
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impact their PV performance. Among them, FBT-8T ex- Macromolecules 2013, 46, 3879.
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which can be assigned to the large conjugation framework ra, M.; Toyota, K.; Fukuda, R.; Hasegawa, J.; Ishida, M.; Nakajima,
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the predicted PCEs of DOBT-8T, BT-8T, FBT-8T and E.; Kudin, K. N.; Kobayashi, V. N. R.; Normand, J.; Raghavachari,
FFBT-8T are ca. 3.8%, 4.4%, 4.7%, 5.2%, respectively, K.; Rendell, A.; Burant, J. C.; Iyengar, S. S.; Tomasi, J.; Cossi, M.;
Rega, N.; Millam, J. M.; Klene, M.; Knox, J. E; Cross, J. B.;
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could be potential high-efficiency PV donor materials of the Martin, R.L.; Morokuma, K.; Zakrzewski, V. G.; Voth, G. A.; Sal-
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Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 748~755 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 755
有机化学 DOI: 10.6023/cjoc201907030 研究论文
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
氰基亚胺与亚甲基二氢苯并呋喃二酮类化合物的[3+2]环加成反应:
螺吡唑类化合物的合成
Abstract The [3+2] cycloaddition of methylenedihydrobenzofurandiones and nitrilimines worked efficiently in CHCl3 at
room temperature in the presence of Et3N, producing biologically interesting spirocyclic pyrazole derivatives in high yield
(78%~94%) with excellent diastereoselectivity.
Keywords cycloaddition; nitrilimine; spirocyclic compound; pyrazole
756 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 756~762
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 756~762 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 757
有机化学 研究论文
758 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 756~762
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
螺[苯并呋喃-3,3'-吡唑]-2,5(4H)-二酮(3ad): 淡黄色固 147.7, 144.5, 141.4, 133.1, 132.3, 130.3, 129.6, 128.7,
体, 32.6 mg, 产率 84%. m.p. 191~193 ℃; 1H NMR (300 124.4, 123.0, 122.3, 117.0, 79.2, 73.8, 42.8, 41.0, 33.6,
MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.64~7.53 (m, 2H), 7.33 (dd, J=8.6, 7.4 31.0, 26.0; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C23H20BrN2O3 [M+H]+
Hz, 2H), 7.19~6.96 (m, 5H), 6.82 (dd, J=10.4, 1.6 Hz, 453.0634, found 451.0614, 453.0637.
1H), 6.18 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 3.53~3.30 (m, 3H), 2.76~ 5'-(4-溴苯基)-7a-甲基-2'-苯基-2',3a,4',7a-四氢-2H-
2.53 (m, 2H), 1.73 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 螺[苯并呋喃-3,3'-吡唑]-2,5(4H)-二酮(3ah): 白色固体,
194.2, 173.9, 163.1 (d, J=250.1 Hz), 147.3, 144.8, 141.4, 41.1 mg, 产率 91%. m.p. 199~201 ℃; 1H NMR (300
129.1, 129.0, 127.4 (d, J=8.4 Hz), 127.0 (d, J=3.2 Hz), MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.55~7.41 (m, 4H), 7.34 (tt, J=4.1, 2.1
121.6, 116.5, 115.5 (d, J=22.0 Hz), 78.7, 73.4, 42.3, 41.0, Hz, 2H), 7.18~7.09 (m, 2H), 7.07~6.96 (m, 1H), 6.83
33.3, 25.6; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C23H20FN2O3 [M+H]+ (dd, J=10.4, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 6.18 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H),
391.1452, found 391.1451. 3.53~3.30 (m, 3H), 2.77~2.51 (m, 2H), 1.73 (s, 3H); 13C
5'-(3-氯苯基)-7a-甲基-2'-苯基-2',3a,4',7a-四氢-2H- NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 194.1, 173.8, 147.3, 144.6,
螺[苯并呋喃-3,3'-吡唑]-2,5(4H)-二酮(3ae): 白色固体, 141.2, 131.6, 129.6, 129.2, 129.0, 126.9, 123.2, 121.8,
38.1 mg, 产率 94%. m.p. 209~211 ℃; 1H NMR (300 116.6, 78.7, 73.5, 42.4, 40.7, 33.3, 25.6; HRMS (ESI)
MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.64 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.45~7.30 (m, calcd for C23H20BrN2O3 [M + H] + 453.0634, found
5H), 7.16 (dd, J=8.7, 1.0 Hz, 2H), 7.03 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 451.0633, 453.0638.
1H), 6.84 (dd, J=10.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.20 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 7a-甲基-2'-苯基-5'-(邻甲基苯基)-2',3a,4',7a-四氢-2H-
1H), 3.72~3.58 (m, 2H), 3.54~3.51 (m, 1H), 2.78~2.53 螺[苯并呋喃-3,3'-吡唑]-2,5(4H)-二酮(3ai): 淡黄色固体,
(m, 2H), 1.74 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 35.3 mg, 产率 91%. m.p. 162~164 ℃; 1H NMR (300
194.0, 173.6, 147.1, 144.1, 141.0, 134.4, 132.3, 129.5, MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.57 (dt, J=4.5, 2.6 Hz, 2H), 7.40~7.30
129.0, 128.9, 128.8, 125.2, 123.4, 121.8, 116.5, 78.6, 73.3, (m, 3H), 7.28 (s, 1H), 7.25~7.12 (m, 3H), 6.79 (dd, J=
42.3, 40.5, 33.1, 30.5, 25.5; HRMS (ESI) calcd for 10.4, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 6.16 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 3.28 (q, J=
C23H20ClN2O3 [M+H]+ 407.1157, found 407.1160. 16.8 Hz, 2H), 3.01 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.85~2.60 (m,
5'-(2-溴苯基)-7a-甲基-2'-苯基-2',3a,4',7a-四氢-2H- 2H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 1.58 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (75 MHz,
螺[苯并呋喃-3,3'-吡唑]-2,5(4H)-二酮(3af): 淡黄色固体, CDCl3) δ: 194.2, 173.8, 147.5, 145.5, 140.2, 135.2, 131.5,
42.0 mg, 产率 93%. m.p. 129~131 ℃; 1H NMR (300 131.2, 128.9, 128.7, 128.2, 126.5, 126.3, 125.3, 125.1,
MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.59 (ddd, J=11.2, 7.9, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 7.34 78.3, 74.9, 43.3, 40.1, 33.5, 25.8, 19.2; HRMS (ESI) calcd
(dd, J=11.1, 4.7 Hz, 3H), 7.19 (ddd, J=14.0, 9.9, 4.8 Hz, for C24H23N2O3 [M+H]+ 387.1703, found 387.1669.
3H), 7.01 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.81 (dd, J=10.4, 1.6 Hz, 7a-甲基-5'-(萘-2-基)-2'-苯基-2',3a,4',7a-四氢-2H-螺
1H), 6.15 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 3.74~3.57 (m, 2H), 3.56~ [苯并呋喃-3,3'-吡唑]-2,5(4H)-二酮(3aj): 白色固体, 33.1
3.49 (m, 1H), 2.83~2.61 (m, 2H), 1.73 (s, 3H); 13C NMR mg, 产率 78%. m.p. 187~189 ℃; 1H NMR (300 MHz,
(75 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 193.6, 173.9, 147.2, 145.4, 141.2, CDCl3) δ: 8.00 (dd, J=8.7, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.90~7.78 (m,
133.8, 131.9, 130.3, 130.0, 129.2, 129.1, 127.2, 121.8, 3H), 7.72 (s, 1H), 7.55~7.44 (m, 2H), 7.36 (t, J=8.0 Hz,
120.9, 116.6, 78.6, 73.6, 43.4, 42.4, 33.1, 25.7; HRMS 2H), 7.21 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.02 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.85
(ESI) calcd for C23H20BrN2O3 [M+H]+ 453.0634, found (dd, J=10.4, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 6.23 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H),
451.0586, 453.0631. 3.76~3.37 (m, 3H), 2.67 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 1.75 (s, 3H);
13
5'-(3-溴苯基)-7a-甲基-2'-苯基-2',3a,4',7a-四氢-2H- C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 194.2, 174.0, 147.3, 145.8,
螺[苯并呋喃-3,3'-吡唑]-2,5(4H)-二酮(3ag): 淡黄色固体, 141.4, 133.4, 132.8, 129.2, 129.1, 128.3, 128.2, 128.0,
39.7 mg, 产率 88%. m.p. 216~218 ℃; 1H NMR (300 127.5, 126.5, 126.3, 125.1, 123.0, 121.6, 116.5, 78.7, 73.3,
MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.80 (t, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.50~7.43 (m, 42.4, 40.9, 33.2, 25.6; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C27H23N2O3
2H), 7.35 (dd, J=8.5, 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (d, J=7.9 Hz, [M+H]+ 445.1523, found 445.1525.
1H), 7.16 (dd, J=8.7, 0.9 Hz, 2H), 7.03 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2'-(2-氟苯基)-7a-甲基-5'-苯基-2',3a,4',7a-四氢-2H-
1H), 6.84 (dd, J=10.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.20 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 螺[苯并呋喃-3,3'-吡唑]-2,5(4H)-二酮(3ak): 白色固体,
1H), 3.61~3.30 (m, 3H), 2.76~2.55 (m, 2H), 1.75 (s, 33.3 mg, 产率 85%. m.p. 222~224 ℃; 1H NMR (300
3H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 207.3, 194.5, 174.2, MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.64 (ddd, J=9.8, 6.9, 4.6 Hz, 3H), 7.38
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 756~762 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 759
有机化学 研究论文
(dd, J=5.1, 1.8 Hz, 3H), 7.22~7.06 (m, 3H), 6.83 (dd, found 451.0584, 453.0636.
J=10.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.19 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 6.15~ 7a-甲基-5'-苯基-2'-(邻甲基苯基)-2',3a,4',7a-四氢-
6.14 (m, 1H), 3.41 (dd, J=38.7, 17.3 Hz, 2H), 3.24 (dd, 2H-螺[苯并呋喃-3,3'-吡唑]-2,5(4H)-二酮(3ao): 白色固
J=2.6 Hz, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 2.70 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 2H), 1.69 (s, 体, 32.8 mg, 产率 85%. m.p. 184~186 ℃; 1H NMR (300
3H); 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 207.0, 194.6, 173.9, MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.61~7.52 (m, 2H), 7.34 (dd, J=4.8, 2.5
153.2 (d, J=242.1 Hz), 148.0, 147.8, 130.9, 130.1 (d, J= Hz, 3H), 7.23~7.13 (m, 3H), 6.79 (dd, J=10.4, 1.7 Hz,
8.6 Hz), 129.7, 129.3, 128.8, 126.1, 125.4, 125.23, 125.17, 1H), 6.17 (d, J=10.3 Hz, 1H), 3.28 (q, J=16.9 Hz, 2H),
124.9, 116.2 (d, J=21.0 Hz), 78.5, 74.7, 44.1, 41.6, 33.4, 3.04~2.98 (m, 1H), 2.83~2.55 (m, 2H), 2.36 (s, 3H),
31.0, 26.4; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C23H20FN2O3 [M+H]+ 1.58 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 194.2, 173.8,
391.1452, found 391.1453. 147.5, 145.6, 140.2, 135.2, 131.5, 131.2, 128.9, 128.7,
2'-(2-氯苯基)-7a-甲基-5'-苯基-2',3a,4',7a-四氢-2H- 128.2, 126.5, 126.3, 125.3, 125.1, 78.3, 74.9, 43.3, 40.1,
螺[苯并呋喃-3,3'-吡唑]-2,5(4H)-二酮(3al): 白色固体, 33.5, 25.8, 19.2; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C24H23N2O3 [M+
32.5 mg, 产率 80%, m.p. 138~140 ℃; 1H NMR (300 H]+ 387.1703, found 387.1705.
MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.65~7.52 (m, 3H), 7.45 (dd, J=7.8, 1.7 7a-甲基-5'-苯基-2'-(对甲基苯基)-2',3a,4',7a-四氢-
Hz, 1H), 7.38~7.27 (m, 4H), 7.23 (dd, J=7.5, 1.7 Hz, 2H-螺[苯并呋喃-3,3'-吡唑]-2,5(4H)-二酮(3ap): 白色固
1H), 6.78 (dd, J=10.4, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 6.16 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 体, 34.4 mg, 产率 89%. m.p. 192~194 ℃; 1H NMR (300
1H), 3.29 (q, J=16.8 Hz, 2H), 3.03 (dd, J=55.1, 13.0 Hz, MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.63~7.53 (m, 2H), 7.39~7.32 (m, 3H),
2H), 2.70 (dd, J=19.0, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 1.60 (s, 3H); 13C 7.09 (t, J=11.7 Hz, 4H), 6.81 (dd, J=10.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H),
NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 194.4, 173.0, 148.3, 147.4, 6.17 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 3.61~3.17 (m, 3H), 2.63 (d, J=
139.5, 131.4, 130.9, 129.94, 129.84, 129.1, 129.0, 128.3, 4.6 Hz, 2H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 1.70 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (75 MHz,
128.1, 127.7, 125.6, 78.3, 75.7, 43.6, 40.4, 33.5, 30.6, CDCl3) δ: 194.2, 174.1, 147.3, 145.5, 139.3, 131.5, 130.8,
25.9; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C23H19ClN2O3Na [M+Na]+ 129.7, 129.0, 128.9, 128.4, 125.5, 117.3, 78.5, 73.7, 42.4,
429.0976, found 429.0973. 40.8, 33.2, 25.6, 20.3; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C24H23N2O3
2'-(3-氯苯基)-7a-甲基-5'-苯基-2',3a,4',7a-四氢-2H- [M+H]+ 387.1703, found 387.1704.
螺[苯并呋喃-3,3'-吡唑]-2,5(4H)-二酮(3am): 白色固体, 7a-乙基-2',5'-二苯基-2',3a,4',7a-四氢-2H-螺[苯并呋
36.7 mg, 产率 90%. m.p. 200~202 ℃; 1H NMR (300 喃-3,3'-吡唑]-2,5(4H)-二酮(3ba): 白色固体, 30.0 mg, 产
MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.60 (dd, J=6.5, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 7.39 (dd, 率 78%. m.p. 134~136 ℃; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3)
J=5.0, 1.8 Hz, 4H), 7.22 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.96~6.81 δ: 7.89~7.81 (m, 1H), 7.67~7.54 (m, 2H), 7.46~7.29
(m, 3H), 6.20 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 3.57~3.35 (m, 3H), (m, 5H), 7.22~7.13 (m, 2H), 7.06~6.97 (m, 1H), 6.89~
2.69~2.56 (m, 2H), 1.79 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, 6.81 (m, 1H), 6.26 (d, J=10.5 Hz, 1H), 3.62~3.30 (m,
CDCl3) δ: 193.9, 173.6, 147.2, 146.5, 142.4, 135.1, 130.2, 3H), 2.18~1.85 (m, 2H), 1.08 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H); 13C
130.0, 129.4, 129.1, 128.5, 125.7, 121.0, 116.2, 113.2, NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 194.4, 174.2, 146.7, 145.7,
78.8, 72.9, 42.4, 41.1, 33.2, 25.7; HRMS (ESI) calcd for 141.5, 130.62, 130.56, 129.9, 129.1, 128.4, 125.5, 121.7,
C23H20ClN2O3 [M+H]+ 407.1157, found 407.1151. 116.9, 115.0, 81.0, 73.5, 41.2, 40.2, 33.6, 32.2, 7.5; HRMS
2'-(3-溴苯基)-7a-甲基-5'-苯基-2',3a,4',7a-四氢-2H- (ESI) calcd for C24H22N2O3Na [M+Na]+ 409.1523, found
螺[苯并呋喃-3,3'-吡唑]-2,5(4H)-二酮 (3an): 白色固体, 409.1520.
42.2 mg, 产率 94%. m.p. 216~218 ℃; 1H NMR (300 2',5',7a- 三 苯基 -2',3a,4',7a-四 氢 -2H- 螺 [苯 并 呋 喃 -
MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.63~7.56 (m, 2H), 7.42~7.36 (m, 4H), 3,3'-吡唑]-2,5(4H)-二酮(3ca): 淡黄色固体, 37.1 mg, 产
7.20~7.06 (m, 2H), 6.95 (ddd, J=8.1, 2.3, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 率 85%. m.p. 168~170 ℃; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3)
6.84 (dd, J=10.4, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 6.20 (d, J=10.9 Hz, 1H), δ: 7.72~7.56 (m, 2H), 7.54~7.35 (m, 8H), 7.34~7.27
3.56~3.34 (m, 3H), 2.66 (dd, J=7.2, 4.2 Hz, 2H), 1.79 (s, (m, 2H), 7.25~7.15 (m, 2H), 7.02~6.94 (m, 1H), 6.91
3H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 193.9, 173.5, 147.2, (dd, J=10.4, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 6.54~6.39 (m, 1H), 3.71~3.44
146.5, 142.5, 130.2, 129.5, 129.1, 128.5, 125.7, 123.9, (m, 3H), 2.77~2.55 (m, 2H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
123.2, 119.0, 113.6, 78.8, 72.8, 42.3, 41.1, 33.2, 25.6; δ: 194.5, 174.1, 145.8, 145.3, 141.4, 137.7, 130.6, 130.3,
HRMS (ESI) calcd for C23H20BrN2O3 [M+H]+ 453.0634, 129.2, 129.1, 128.4, 125.6, 124.0, 121.9, 117.1, 81.5, 73.7,
760 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 756~762
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 756~762 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 761
有机化学 研究论文
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762 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 756~762
有机化学 DOI: 10.6023/cjoc201905030 研究论文
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
基于 1-(4-己氧)苯和 2,4,6-三苯基-1,3,5-三嗪功能化芴单元的
聚合物蓝光材料的合成与表征
姜鸿基* 何 煦 李 雄
(南京邮电大学信息材料与纳米技术研究院 有机电子与信息显示国家重点实验室培育基地
江苏省有机电子与信息显示协同创新中心 南京 210023)
Abstract Polymer 3 based on 1-(4-hexyloxy)-benzene and 2,4,6-triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine functionalized fluorene units was
synthesized and characterized, whose optoelectronic properties were further compared with those of poly(9,9-dihexyl-fluorene)
(1) and poly(9,9-di(1-(4-hexyloxy)-phenyl)-fluorene) (2). The 5% weight loss temperatures of polymers 1, 2 and 3 thin solid
powders are 274, 318 and 401 ℃, and their glass transition temperatures in the same state are 91, 120 and 139 ℃, respective-
ly. The maximum absorption and photoluminescent emission peaks of polymers 1, 2 and 3 in toluene solution are 380 and 435
nm, and their optical band gaps in toluene solution are 2.95, 2.95 and 2.91 eV. The triplet energy levels of polymers 1, 2 and 3
are 2.82, 2.81 and 2.97 eV, while their singlet energy levels are 3.14, 3.13 and 3.12 eV, which makes the singlet-triplet energy
splitting gaps for polymers 1, 2 and 3 to be 0.32, 0.32 and 0.15 eV. The highest occupied molecular orbital energy levels of
polymers 1, 2 and 3 are -5.72, -5.95 and -5.96 eV and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels are -2.70,
-2.39 and -2.34 eV. The introduction of 4-hexoxybenzene widened the energy band gaps of the polymers, while the elec-
tron deficient 2,4,6-triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine made the single-triplet energy splitting gaps of the polymers successively dec-
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 763~773 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 763
有机化学 研究论文
reased, but it did not endow polymer 3 with thermally activated delayed fluorescence characteristic. With the introduction of
rigid and electron deficient 2,4,6-triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine into the 9-carbon of the fluorene units in the polymer, the thermal
stability, color purity and photostability of blue light emitting solid were improved in the turn of polymers 1, 2 and 3, which
were further validated by the stable electroluminescent spectra of polymer 3. The wide-angle X-ray diffraction results of the
polymers 1, 2 and 3 powders show that all polymers have excellent amorphous properties in nature. The phase diversity of
polymer 3 powder locates between those of polymers 1 and 2, and the alkoxyl phenyl substituted group on the polymer 2 side
chain is helpful to improve the diversity of ordered morphology in solid powder. The random copolymer 3 exhibits much better
photoelectric properties than those of polymers 1 and 2.
Keywords polyfluorene; blue light; pendant group; 2,4,6-triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine; photo physics; thermal stability
764 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 763~773
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
所得深蓝 OLED 器件的 CIE 色坐标 y 值小于等于 0.10 例关系是 1∶3, 这和单体的 1∶1.72 的理论投料比相比
情况下, 器件的外量子效率在 3.3%以上, 得到了性能很 有较大偏差, 但是和聚合物 3 的碳、氢和氮元素分析的
好的深蓝光. 作为一种调控有机发光材料激发态性质的 结果基本一致, 说明在 Suzuki 偶联聚合反应过程中, 后
重要分子合成手段, 含有电子给-受体单元的有机发光 者的聚合活性明显强于前者, 这可能是后者的溶解性和
材料由于: (1)能级结构可调性强; (2)有机合成手段多样 相对比较单一的富电子性质综合作用的结果.
化, 结合有机物在纯化、价格、加工性、原料来源以及 通过差示扫描量热法得到的聚合物 1, 2 和 3 粉末的
结构可调性等方面所具有的优势, 可以合成各种结构的 玻璃化转变温度分别是 91, 120 和 139 ℃(图 1a). 随着
材料; (3)可根据 p 基团和 n 基团的优化组合大范围调控 聚芴侧基刚性和聚合物分子量的增加, 玻璃化转变温度
载流子迁移率[23], (4)电子给-受体单元独特的拓扑结构 也随之增加. 图 1b 是聚合物 1, 2 和 3 的热重分析曲线,
可大范围调控有机发光材料的光电性质[24]. 因此, 含有 聚合物 1, 2 和 3 粉末的 5%质量热损失温度分别是 274,
电子给-受体单元的有机发光材料在电致发光和载流子 318 和 401 ℃. 同样随着聚合物侧链刚性和分子量的增
传输材料等方面得到了很好的应用 [25]. 令人感兴趣的 加, 聚合物 1, 2 和 3 粉末的 5%质量热损失温度亦呈上
是局域杂化激发态发光和热活化延迟荧光均在含有电 升趋势. 综合差示扫描量热法和热重分析表征结果表明
子给-受体单元的有机发光材料中成功实现, 说明分子 聚合物 3 具有更高热稳定性.
内电子给-受体单元模式已经成为调控有机发光材料激
发态性质的有效手段之一. 2,4,6-三苯基-1,3,5-三嗪单元
具有良好的热稳定性、较高的三线态能级和强的吸电子
能 力 , 因 此 , 2,4,6- 三 苯 基 -1,3,5- 三 嗪 衍 生 物 在 合 成
OLED 的主体材料、热活化延迟荧光材料和电子传输材
料等方面均取得很多进展, 得到了不错的器件性能[26 ~
29]
. 根据调研的结果, 目前通过在聚芴侧链引入不同大
小和电性能的 2,4,6-三苯基-1,3,5-三嗪等侧基来调控所
得聚芴衍生物综合光电性质方面的报道还比较少. 因
此, 在本工作中, 以 9,9-双己烷化和 9,9-双(4-己氧苯基)
取代的均聚物 1 和 2 作为参照物, 通过 Suzuki 偶联反应
合成了侧链 9 位碳含有 4-己氧基苯和 2,4,6-三苯基
-1,3,5-三嗪单元的无规芴共聚物 3 (Scheme 1), 对比了
不同大小和电性能侧基对聚芴综合光电性质的影响.
1 结果与讨论
如 Scheme 1 所示, 以 9,9-二己烷和 9,9-二(4-己氧苯
基)取代的均聚物 1 和 2 作为参照物, 通过 Suzuki 偶联
反应合成了侧链 9 位碳含有 4-己氧苯和 2,4,6-三苯基-
1,3,5-三嗪单元的芴共聚物 3. 化合物的化学结构通过
1
H NMR 和 13C NMR 确定. 聚合物的分子量和分子量分
布由凝胶渗透色谱法表征. 聚合物 1 的数均分子量是 图1 聚合物 1, 2 和 3 粉末的差示扫描量热法(a)和热重分析(b)
6550, 重均分子量是 6750, 分子量分布系数为 1.04. 聚 曲线
合物 2 的数均分子量是 6920, 重均分子量是 7490, 分子 Figure 1 Differential scanning calorimetry (a) and thermo-
gravimetric analysis (b) curves of polymers 1, 2 and 3 in the thin
量分布系数为 1.08. 聚合物 3 的数均分子量是 10310, 重 solid powder states
均分子量是 12640, 分子量分布系数为 1.23. 在同等实
测试了聚合物 1, 2 和 3 在溶液和薄膜状态下归一化
验条件下, 聚合物 3 的分子量更大, 可能刚性 2,4,6-三苯
的紫外吸收、光致发光光谱和低温磷光光谱. 从图 2 可
基-1,3,5-三嗪功能化芴单元的溶解性较差, 导致聚合物
知, 聚合物 1, 2 和 3 在甲苯溶液中的最大吸收峰是 370,
3 在甲醇中沉淀和索氏提取过程中损失比较少. 由核磁
381 和 377 nm, 这是因为在芴基团上发生了 π-π*电子转
共振氢谱计算得到聚合物 3 中 2,4,6-三苯基-1,3,5-三嗪
移. 薄膜状态下的最大吸收峰是 382, 384 和 384 nm. 由
功能化的芴单元和 9,9-双(4-己氧苯基)芴单元之间的比
于在薄膜状态下, 分子间作用力较强, 链与链之间存在
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 763~773 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 765
有机化学 研究论文
O
C6H13O
K2CO3, DMF Br Br Triethylsilane, boron
1-bromohexane OH
trifluoride etherate, CH2Cl2
Br OH Br OC6H13
60 oC, 12 h, 66% Mg, THF, 65 oC 0 oC, 2 h, 57%
12 h, 67% Br Br
C6H13O
OC6H13 N N
Br
N
N
Br N
Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) N
Br Br toluene, potassium tert-butoxide
tert-butyldiphenylphosphine
Br O
110 oC, 12 h, 10% O
Br B
Br Br
OH OC6H13 OC6H13
Methanesulfonic acid [1,1'-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-
K2CO3, DMF ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II)
phenol, 50 oC, 12 h 1-bromohexane
O 1,4-dioxane
82% 60 oC, 12 h potassium acetate
67% bis(pinacolato)diboron
80 oC, 24 h, 60% OC6H13
Br OH OC6H13 B
Br Br O
O
[1,1'-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-
C6H13 ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) C6H13
C6H13 C6H13
Br Br NaOH, 1-bromohexane 1,4-dioxane O O
60 oC, 12 h, 56% Br Br potassium acetate B B
bis(pinacolato)diboron O O
80 oC, 24 h, 60%
C6H13 C6H13 C6H13
Terakis(triphenylphosphine) C6H13
C6H13 C6H13
O O palladium(0), K2CO3
Br Br +
B B toluene, 95 oC, 48 h
O O n
1, 12%
C6H13O OC6H13 C6H13O OC6H13 C6H13O OC6H13
Terakis(triphenylphosphine)
+ palladium(0), K2CO3
O O toluene, 95 oC, 48 h
Br Br B B
O O
n
OC6H13 2, 39%
Br
OC6H13 C6H13O OC6H13
Br
Terakis(triphenylphosphine)
N palladium(0), K2CO3
+ N
+
N O O toluene, 95 oC, 48 h
B B
OC6H13 O O
Br Br
0.25 0.75 1
OC6H13 m
C6H13O N
n N
N
C6H13O
3, 24%
图式 1 目标聚合物 1, 2 和 3 以及对应单体的化学结构和合成步骤
Scheme 1 Synthetic route of the target monomers and polymers 1, 2 and 3
766 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 763~773
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ARTICLE
基-1,3,5-三嗪单元后, 进一步增加了刚性聚合物链之间
的空间位阻, 使其半峰宽更低. 根据甲苯溶液中的紫外
吸收峰的起始位置可以计算得到聚合物 1, 2 和 3 的光学
能隙分别为 2.95, 2.95 和 2.91 eV. 根据甲苯溶液中的荧
光发射峰的起始位置计算得到的聚合物 1, 2 和 3 的单线
态能级分别为 3.14, 3.13 和 3.12 eV. 由图 2 所示的低温
磷光光谱可以得到聚合物 1, 2 和 3 在甲基四氢呋喃溶液
中的三线态能级分别为 2.82, 2.81 和 2.97 eV. 聚合物 1
和 2 具有相似的共轭主链结构, 因此具有几乎相等的三
线态能级. 聚合物 3 由于在聚合物主链骨架上引入大体
积 2,4,6-三苯基-1,3,5-三嗪官能团, 增加了分子的空间
位阻, 使分子骨架更加扭曲, 降低了共轭长度, 从而提
升了三线态能级[31]. 聚合物 1, 2 和 3 的单线态和三线态
能级差分别是 0.32, 0.32 和 0.15 eV.
具有电子给-受体结构的聚合物 3 的单线态-三线态
能级差低于 0.2 eV, 为了研究其是否具有热活化延迟荧
光特性, 表征了聚合物 3 在除氧和不除氧甲苯溶液(10-5
mol/L)中以及不除氧薄膜状态下的瞬态光致发光衰减曲
线(图 3). 如图 3 所示, 在含氧和除氧的甲苯溶液中, 聚
合物 3 的瞬态光致发光衰减光谱完全一致, 寿命均为
0.89 ns. 薄膜在空气氛围中荧光寿命为 0.60 ns. 因此尽
管聚合物 3 拥有较小的单线态-三线态能级差, 但是其
并不具备热活化延迟荧光特性.
1.0 Solution, O2
Photoluminescent itensity/a.u.
Solution, O2
0.8 Film, O2
0.6
0.4
图2 聚合物 1, 2 和 3 在甲苯溶液和薄膜状态下归一化的紫外
吸收、光致发光光谱和在 77 K 甲基四氢呋喃溶液中的低温磷 0.2
光光谱
Figure 2 Normalized ultraviolet absorption, photoluminescent 0.0
and low temperature phosphorescent emission spectra of poly-
10 15 20
mers 1, 2 and 3 in toluene solution, thin solid film states and me- Time/ns
thyltetrahydrofuran solution at 77 K
图3 聚合物 3 在 300 K 不同气氛甲苯溶液和固体薄膜状态的
聚集效应, 三种聚合物的最大吸收峰均有一定程度红
瞬态光致发光衰减曲线
移. 聚合物 1, 2 和 3 在甲苯溶液中的荧光发射峰均在 Figure 3 Transient decay spectra of polymer 3 in toluene solu-
435 nm 左右. 薄膜状态下的最高荧光发射峰分别是 454, tion and thin solid film state at 300 K under different atmospheres
457 和 461 nm. 通过对比聚合物 1 和 2 薄膜的发射光谱 为了研究三种聚合物的成膜能力, 使用原子力显微
可以看出, 聚合物 1 薄膜的最大半峰宽(82 nm)明显大于 镜表征了聚合物 1, 2 和 3 薄膜的形貌特征(图 4). 从图 4
聚合物 2 (52 nm), 这是因为在聚合物 2 芴结构单元的 9 看出, 未经任何处理的聚合物 1, 2 和 3 薄膜表面粗糙度
号位上引入烷氧苯取代基, 增大了聚合物链的刚性和链 分别是 5.28 和 2.49 和 0.387 nm. 聚合物 2 和 3 薄膜的表
之间的空间位阻作用, 阻碍了分子间的 π-共轭相互作 面粗糙度均远低于聚合物 1, 可知在芴结构单元的 9 位
用, 导致最大半峰宽减小[30]. 聚合物 3 薄膜的最大半峰 碳原子上引入刚性芳基结构后, 可以提高材料的成膜
宽(47 nm)小于聚合物 2, 也是因为引入刚性 2,4,6-三苯 性. 因为聚合物 3 中芴单元的 9 位碳原子引入了两种不
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图6 聚合物 1, 2 和 3 在无水无氧二氯甲烷(右)中的氧化曲线
和无水无氧四氢呋喃(左)中的还原曲线
Figure 6 Oxidation curves of polymers 1, 2 and 3 in ultra-dry
dichloromethane (right) and reduction curves in ultra-dry tetra-
hydrofuran (left)
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[30] Hu, J. Y.; Pu, Y. J.; Satoh, F.; Kawata, S.; Katagiri, H.; Sasabe, H.; Xie, L. H.; Huang, W. Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 3102.
Kido, J. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2013, 24, 2064. [35] Tanaka, H.; Shizu, K.; Miyazaki, H.; Adachi, C. Chem. Commun.
[31] Huang, M.; Li, Y.; Wu, K.; Luo, J.; Xie, G.; Li, L.; Yang, C. Dyes 2012, 48, 11392.
Pigm. 2018. 153, 92. [36] Jiang, H. J.; Zhang, Q. W.; He, X.; Zhang, X. L.; Zhang, X. W.
[32] Chitnis, S. S.; Burford, N. Dalton. Trans. 2015, 44, 17. Chin. J. Polym. Sci. 2017, 35, 611.
[33] Grisorio, R.; Allegretta, G.; Mastrorilli, P.; Surana, G. P. Macromol- [37] Yeo, H.; Tanaka, K.; Chujo, Y. J. Polym. Sci., Part A 2012, 50,
ecules 2011, 44, 7977. 4433.
[34] Cao, X.; Yang, W. D.; Liu, C.; Wei, F. L.; Wu, K.; Sun, W.; Song, J.;
(Zhao, C.)
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有机化学 DOI: 10.6023/cjoc201910013 研究简报
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry NOTE
含取代噁唑结构的新型吡唑肟衍生物的合成与生物活性
Abstract In search of novel pyrazole oximes with good biological activities, twenty pyrazole oxime compounds were pre-
pared by introducing an oxazole unit into pyrazole oxime based on the structure of fenpyroximate. The structures of the target
compounds were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and elemental analysis. Preliminary bioassay displayed that some target
compounds had wonderful insecticidal activities against Oriental armyworm or Aphis medicaginis at the concentrations of 500
and 100 μg/mL. At the concentration of 100 μg/mL, 5-(3-fluorophenoxy)-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-4-formyl-O-((5-(4-chlo-
rophenyl)oxazol-2-yl)methyl)oxime (9j), 5-(4-fluorophenoxy)-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-4-formyl-O-((5-(4-chlorophenyl)-
oxazol-2-yl)methyl)oxime (9k), 5-(4-t-butylphenoxy)-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-4-formyl-O-((5-(4-chlorophenyl)oxazol-2-
yl)methyl)oxime (9r) and 5-(4-methoxyphenoxy)-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-4-formyl-O-((5-(4-chlorophenyl)oxazol-2-yl)me-
thyl)oxime (9s) showed 100% mortality rate against Oriental armyworm, and 5-(4-bromophenoxy)-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyra-
zole-4-formyl-O-((5-(4-fluorophenyl)oxazol-2-yl)methyl)oxime (9g) and 9s exhibited 100% insecticidal property against Aphis
medicaginis. Additionally, compound 9s possessed 70% insecticidal activity against Tetranychus cinnabarinus at 500 μg/mL.
Keywords oxazole; pyrazole oxime; synthesis; biological activity
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Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry NOTE
H3CO2C
H3C
Cl H3C
N Br O H3C Cl CH3
O HN O CH3 CH3
H N O H
N OO N N N N
N O N
NH H3C
Br O Cl CH3 O
OCH3 Cl
CH3 N
A B C Tebufenpyrad
H O H3C CH O H3C CH
Br O N 3 3
CH3 CH3 O CH3
H O
N N H3C H3C
N O O N
Cl O N N
N H3C Cl N N
N N O
O
H3C H3C
Chlorantraniliprole Fenpyroximate D
Cl N
C2H5
N N
H3C O H3C
O S O
N N
N N O
F
N N O
O
H3C H3C
E F
图 2 目标化合物 9 的设计
Figure 2 Design of the target compounds 9
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 774~781 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 775
有机化学 研究简报
O O O O
Br (1) Urotropine, CHCl3 NH2 . HCl Cl
Br2 Cl
R1 R1 R1
CH3COOH (2) HCl, C2H5OH Et3N
1 2 3
O
H N Cl
N POCl3
1
O
R O
CH3CN R1
4 Cl
5
O O HO N
H3C (1) NaOH, R2 , C2H5OH H3C H3C
H H R2
HO NH2OH . HCl
N N R2 N
N Cl (2) DMSO N O KOH, CH3OH O
N
CH3 CH3 CH3
6 7 8
N
HO N H3C
N H3C O O R1
R1 R2 Cs2CO3 N
Cl +
O N
N CH3CN N
N O O R2
5 H3C
CH3 8 9
9a: R = 4-F, R = 3-F; 9b: R = 4-F, R = 4-F; 9c: R = 4-F, R = 2-Cl; 9d: R = 4-F, R = 3-Cl; 9e: R1 = 4-F, R2 = 4-Cl; 9f: R1 = 4-F, R2 = 3-
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
Br; 9g: R1 = 4-F, R2 = 4-Br; 9h: R1 = 4-F, R2 = 4-CH3; 9i: R1 = 4-F, R2 = 4-t-C4H9; 9j: R1 = 4-Cl, R2 = 3-F; 9k: R1 = 4-Cl, R2 = 4-F; 9l: R1 = 4-
Cl, R2 = 2-Cl; 9m: R1 = 4-Cl, R2 = 3-Cl; 9n: R1 = 4-Cl, R2 = 3-Br; 9o: R1 = 4-Cl, R2 = 4-Br; 9p: R1 = 4-Cl, R2 = H; 9q: R1 = 4-Cl, R2 = 4-CH3;
9r: R1 = 4-Cl, R2 = 4-t-C4H9; 9s: R1 = 4-Cl, R2 = 4-OCH3; 9t: R1 = 4-Cl, R2 = 4-OCF3
图式 1 目标化合物 9 的合成路线
Scheme 1 Synthetic route of target compounds 9
表 1 不同反应条件对目标化合物 9e 收率的影响 选用该方法顺利合成出目标化合物 9.
Table 1 Effect of various reaction conditions on the yield of
target compound 9e 1.2 目标化合物的核磁共振数据解析
Entry Base Solvent Reaction condition Yield/% 以化合物 9g 为例, 对其核磁共振氢谱及碳谱数据
1 NaHCO3 CH3COCH3 Reflux for 12 h 0 进行分析. 从 9g 的核磁共振氢谱数据可看出, 与吡唑环
2 Na2CO3 CH3COCH3 Reflux for 12 h 0 相连的 CH=N 氢的化学位移在 δ 7.85, 与噁唑环相连的
3 K2CO3 CH3COCH3 Reflux for 12 h 20
苯环上四个氢分别在 δ 7.59~7.62 和 7.09~7.14 以多重
4 Cs2CO3 CH3COCH3 Reflux for 12 h 33
5 NaOH CH3 COCH3 Reflux for 12 h 0 峰出现, 4-溴取代的苯环上四个氢分别在 δ 7.37 和 6.75
6 Na2CO3 CH3CN Reflux for 12 h 43 以双重峰出现, 噁唑环 4-位上氢在 δ 7.24 以单峰出现,
7 K2CO3 CH3CN Reflux for 12 h 65 与噁唑环相连的亚甲基两个氢在 δ 5.08 以单峰出现, 吡
8 Cs2CO3 CH3CN Reflux for 12 h 76
唑环上的 1-位甲基三个氢在 δ 3.58 以单峰出现, 吡唑环
9 NaOH CH3CN Reflux for 12 h 0
10 Na2CO3 DMF 90 ℃ for 12 h 41 上的 3-位甲基三个氢在 δ 2.34 以单峰出现; 从 9g 的核
11 K2CO3 DMF 90 ℃ for 12 h 49 磁共振碳谱数据可知, 与噁唑环相连的亚甲基碳原子的
12 Cs2CO3 DMF 90 ℃ for 12 h 58 δ 值为 67.58, 吡唑环上的 1-位甲基碳原子的 δ 值为
13 NaOH DMF 90 ℃ for 12 h 0
34.24, 吡唑环上的 3-位甲基碳原子的 δ 值为 14.59.
1 结果与讨论 1.3 生物活性
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有机化学 研究简报
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(m, 4H), 7.24 (s, 1H), 7.41~7.43 (m, 1H), 7.59~7.62 (m, (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 14.59, 34.24, 67.58, 99.81, 115.94,
2H), 7.82 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 14.65, 116.16, 117.06, 121.78, 124.15, 126.17, 126.26, 132.85,
34.24, 67.58, 99.69, 115.94, 116.16, 121.74, 122.82, 141.57, 147.24, 147.38, 151.17, 155.67, 160.01, 161.48,
124.14, 124.72, 126.18, 126.26, 128.01, 130.97, 141.46, 163.96. Anal. calcd for C22H18BrFN4O3: C 54.45, H 3.74,
147.18, 147.59, 151.20, 152.04, 160.01, 161.48. Anal. N 11.54; found C 54.61, H 3.58, N 11.39.
calcd for C22H18ClFN4O3: C 59.94, H 4.12, N 12.71; found 5-(4-甲基苯氧基)-1,3-二甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲酰基-
C 59.78, H 4.25, N 12.54. O-{[5-(4-氟苯基)噁唑-2-基]甲基}肟(9h): 黄色油状物,
5-(3-氯苯氧基)-1,3-二甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲酰基-O- 产率 80%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 2.29 (s, 3H),
{[5-(4-氟苯基)噁唑-2-基]甲基}肟(9d): 黄色油状物, 产 2.36 (s, 3H), 3.60 (s, 3H), 5.11 (s, 2H), 6.76 (d, J=8.80
率 69%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 2.38 (s, 3H), 3.63 Hz, 2H), 7.06~7.13 (m, 4H), 7.25 (s, 1H), 7.59~7.62 (m,
(s, 3H), 5.10 (s, 2H), 6.75~6.78 (m, 1H), 6.90 (s, 1H), 2H), 7.82 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 14.89,
7.04~7.23 (m, 4H), 7.25 (s, 1H), 7.59~7.62 (m, 2H), 20.57, 34.18, 67.54, 99.69, 115.19, 115.93, 116.15, 121.70,
7.85 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 14.60, 34.28, 124.15, 126.18, 126.26, 130.43, 132.65, 133.39, 141.94,
67.62, 99.98, 113.56, 115.94, 116.16, 121.77, 124.09, 147.00, 148.59, 151.24, 154.58, 160.13, 161.49, 163.97.
126.18, 126.26, 130.78, 135.48, 141.48, 147.21, 151.22, Anal. calcd for C23H21FN4O3: C 65.71, H 5.03, N 13.33;
157.04, 159.97, 161.50, 163.97. Anal. calcd for C22H18Cl- found C 65.53, H 5.19, N 13.20.
FN4O3: C 59.94, H 4.12, N 12.71; found C 60.12, H 4.01, 5-(4-叔丁基苯氧基)-1,3-二甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲酰基-
N 12.86. O-{[5-(4-氟苯基)噁唑-2-基]甲基}肟(9i): 黄色油状物,
5-(4-氯苯氧基)-1,3-二甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲酰基-O- 产率 70%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 1.29 (s, 9H),
{[5-(4-氟苯基)噁唑-2-基]甲基}肟(9e): 黄色固体, 产率 2.37 (s, 3H), 3.60 (s, 3H), 5.11 (s, 2H), 6.79 (d, J=8.82
76%. m.p. 91~93 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: Hz, 2H), 7.09~7.13 (m, 2H), 7.26 (s, 1H), 7.30 (d, J=
2.34 (s, 3H), 3.59 (s, 3H), 5.09 (s, 2H), 6.81 (d, J=9.22 8.80 Hz, 2H), 7.59~7.63 (m, 2H), 7.84 (s, 1H); 13C NMR
Hz, 2H), 7.09~7.13 (m, 2H), 7.21~7.24 (m, 3H), 7.59~ (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 15.02, 31.40, 34.21, 34.30, 67.55,
7.62 (m, 2H), 7.85 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 99.74, 114.75, 115.94, 116.16, 121.75, 124.15, 126.19,
14.60, 34.24, 67.59, 99.81, 115.96, 116.18, 116.64, 121.76, 126.27, 126.83, 132.66, 142.00,146.72, 146.98, 148.58,
124.16, 126.19, 128.84, 129.92, 141.60, 147.25, 147.52, 151.26, 154.48, 160.09, 161.49, 163.97. Anal. calcd for
151.20, 155.12, 160.03, 161.50, 163.98. Anal. calcd for C26H27FN4O3: C 67.52, H 5.88, N 12.11; found C 67.68, H
C22H18ClFN4O3: C 59.94, H 4.12, N 12.71; found C 59.80, 5.73, N 12.07.
H 4.03, N 12.80. 5-(3-氟苯氧基)-1,3-二甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲酰基-O-
5-(3- 溴 苯 氧 基 )-1,3- 二 甲 基 -1H- 吡 唑 -4- 甲 酰 基 - {[5-(4-氯苯基)噁唑-2-基]甲基}肟(9j): 黄色固体, 产率
O-{[5-(4-氟苯基)噁唑-2-基]甲基}肟(9f): 黄色油状物, 67%. m.p. 95~97 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ:
产率 70%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 2.35 (s, 3H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 3.60 (s, 3H), 5.09 (s, 2H), 6.60~6.69 (m,
3.59 (s, 3H), 5.09 (s, 2H), 6.79~7.20 (m, 6H), 7.25 (s, 3H), 7.20~7.25 (m, 1H), 7.29 (s, 1H), 7.38 (d, J=8.80
1H), 7.59~7.62 (m, 2H), 7.86 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (101 Hz, 2H), 7.55 (d, J=8.82 Hz, 2H), 7.86 (s, 1H); 13C NMR
MHz, CDCl3) δ: 14.62, 34.27, 67.59, 99.92, 114.00, (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 14.66, 34.25, 67.58, 99.90, 103.43,
115.93, 116.15, 118.80, 121.77, 123.18, 124.15, 126.18, 110.86, 122.50, 125.53, 126.29, 129.15, 130.81, 134.33,
126.26, 126.95, 131.04, 141.54, 147.27, 151.20, 157.08, 141.63, 147.22, 151.02, 157.51, 160.27, 162.22, 164.69.
160.00, 161.48, 163.95. Anal. calcd for C22H18BrFN4O3: C Anal. calcd for C22H18ClFN4O3: C 59.94, H 4.12, N 12.71;
54.45, H 3.74, N 11.54; found C 54.28, H 3.90, N 11.65. found C 60.06, H 4.28, N 12.88.
5-(4- 溴 苯 氧 基 )-1,3- 二 甲 基 -1H- 吡 唑 -4- 甲 酰 基 - 5-(4- 氟 苯 氧 基 )-1,3- 二 甲 基 -1H- 吡 唑 -4- 甲 酰 基 -
O-{[5-(4-氟苯基)噁唑-2-基]甲基}肟(9g): 黄色固体, 产 O-{[5-(4-氯苯基)噁唑-2-基]甲基}肟(9k): 黄色固体, 产
率 73%. m.p. 89~91 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 率 72%. m.p. 101~103 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3)
2.34 (s, 3H), 3.58 (s, 3H), 5.08 (s, 2H), 6.75 (d, J=9.20 δ: 2.27 (s, 3H), 3.53 (s, 3H), 5.02 (s, 2H), 6.74~6.90 (m,
Hz, 2H), 7.09~7.14 (m, 2H), 7.24 (s, 1H), 7.37 (d, J= 4H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 7.31 (d, J=8.42 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (d, J=
8.82 Hz, 2H), 7.59~7.62 (m, 2H), 7.85 (s, 1H); 13C NMR 8.82 Hz, 2H), 7.76 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ:
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 774~781 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 779
有机化学 研究简报
14.66, 34.24, 67.57, 99.59, 116.34, 116.63, 122.50, 125.54, 126.28, 129.16, 132.85, 134.34, 141.61, 147.24, 147.37,
126.29, 129.18, 134.27, 141.74, 147.21, 148.06, 151.03, 150.99, 155.66, 160.27. Anal. calcd for C22H18BrClN4O3:
152.54, 157.57, 159.98, 160.32. Anal. calcd for C 52.66, H 3.62, N 11.17; found C 52.56, H 3.78, N 11.02.
C22H18ClFN4O3: C 59.94, H 4.12, N 12.71; found C 59.76, 5-苯氧基-1,3-二甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲酰基-O-{[5-(4-
H 4.03, N 12.79. 氯苯基)噁唑-2-基]甲基}肟(9p): 黄色油状物, 产率 75%.
1
5-(2- 氯 苯 氧 基 )-1,3- 二 甲 基 -1H- 吡 唑 -4- 甲 酰 基 - H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 2.29 (s, 3H), 3.52 (s, 3H),
O-{[5-(4-氯苯基)噁唑-2-基]甲基}肟(9l): 黄色固体, 产 5.02 (s, 2H), 6.80 (d, J=8.02 Hz, 2H), 6. 98~7.23 (m,
率 65%. m.p. 70~72 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 4H), 7.31 (d, J=8.40 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H),
2.27 (s, 3H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 5.01 (s, 2H), 6.59~6.61 (m, 7.77 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 14.88, 34.24,
1H), 6.92~7.07 (m, 2H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 7.30~7.35 (m, 67.56, 99.78, 115.34, 122.50, 123.80, 125.56, 126.32,
3H), 7.48 (d, J=8.82 Hz, 2H), 7.75 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (101 129.17, 130.02, 134.35, 141.95, 147.09, 148.17, 151.05,
MHz, CDCl3) δ: 14.66, 34.25, 67.58, 99.68, 115.67, 156.65, 160.37. Anal. calcd for C22H19ClN4O3: C 62.49, H
122.49, 122.82, 124.70, 125.55, 126.30, 128.01, 129.17, 4.53, N 13.25; found C 62.60, H 4.38, N 13.07.
130.98, 134.36, 141.54, 147.21, 147.58, 151.02, 152.07, 5-(4-甲基苯氧基)-1,3-二甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲酰基-
160.29. Anal. calcd for C22H18Cl2N4O3: C 57.78, H 3.97, N O-{[5-(4-氯苯基)噁唑-2-基]甲基}肟(9q): 黄色固体, 产
12.25; found C 57.95, H 3.83, N 12.09. 率 80%. m.p. 63~65 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ:
5-(3- 氯 苯 氧 基 )-1,3- 二 甲 基 -1H- 吡 唑 -4- 甲 酰 基 - 2.21 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 3.51 (s, 3H), 5.04 (s, 2H), 6.69
O-{[5-(4-氯苯基)噁唑-2-基]甲基}肟(9m): 黄色固体, 产 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 6.99 (d, J=8.00 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (s,
率 70%. m.p. 92~94 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 1H), 7.31 (d, J=8.40 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (d, J=8.42 Hz, 2H),
2.28 (s, 3H), 3.53 (s, 3H), 5.02 (s, 2H), 6.67~6.98 (m, 7.76 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 14.96, 20.58,
3H), 7.10~7.14 (m, 1H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 7.32 (d, J=8.82 34.21, 67.54, 99.65, 115.17, 122.47, 125.55, 126.31,
Hz, 2H), 7.49 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 7.79 (s, 1H); 13C NMR 129.17, 130.43, 133.34, 134.35, 142.08, 147.03, 148.56,
(101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 13.58, 33.25, 66.57, 98.90, 112.51, 151.06, 154.64, 160.42. Anal. calcd for C23H21ClN4O3: C
114.94, 121.47, 123.03, 124.51, 125.26, 128.14, 129.72, 63.23, H 4.85, N 12.82; found C 63.40, H 4.98, N 12.68.
133.32, 134.44, 140.53, 146.21, 150.00, 156.03, 159.22. 5-(4-叔丁基苯氧基)-1,3-二甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲酰基-
Anal. calcd for C22H18Cl2N4O3: C 57.78, H 3.97, N 12.25; O-{[5-(4-氯苯基)噁唑-2-基]甲基}肟(9r): 黄色油状物,
found C 57.63, H 4.11, N 12.42. 产率 71%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 1.29 (s, 9H),
5-(3- 溴 苯 氧 基 )-1,3- 二 甲 基 -1H- 吡 唑 -4- 甲 酰 基 - 2.36 (s, 3H), 3.60 (s, 3H), 5.11 (s, 2H), 6.79 (d, J=8.82
O-{[5-(4-氯苯基)噁唑-2-基]甲基}肟(9n): 黄色固体, 产 Hz, 2H), 7.29 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 3H), 7.38 (d, J=8.42 Hz,
率 73%. m.p. 100~102 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 2H), 7.56 (d, J=8.40 Hz, 2H), 7.84 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (101
δ: 2.36 (s, 3H), 3.60 (s, 3H), 5.09 (s, 2H), 6.79~6.81 (m, MHz, CDCl3) δ: 15.04, 31.42, 34.23, 34.31, 67.54, 99.73,
1H), 7.04~7.20 (m, 3H), 7.30 (s, 1H), 7.39 (d, J=8.42 114.76, 122.48, 125.57, 126.30, 126.84, 128.73, 129.18,
Hz, 2H), 7.50 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 7.86 (s, 1H); 13C NMR 131.40, 134.38, 142.10, 146.72, 147.02, 148.58, 151.10,
(101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 14.57, 34.28, 67.58, 99.93, 114.01, 154.52, 160.39. Anal. calcd for C26H27ClN4O3: C 65.20, H
118.81, 122.48, 123.18, 125.54, 126.27, 126.98, 129.16, 5.68, N 11.70; found C 65.05, H 5.81, N 11.86.
131.04, 134.34, 141.52, 147.20, 147.23, 151.02, 157.03, 5-(4-甲氧基苯氧基)-1,3-二甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲酰基-
160.24. Anal. calcd for C22H18BrClN4O3: C 52.66, H 3.62, O-{[5-(4-氯苯基)噁唑-2-基]甲基}肟(9s): 黄色油状物,
N 11.17; found C 52.50, H 3.49, N 11.32. 产率 82%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 2.28 (s, 3H),
5-(4- 溴 苯 氧 基 )-1,3- 二 甲 基 -1H- 吡 唑 -4- 甲 酰 基 - 3.53 (s, 3H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 5.04 (s, 2H), 6.74 (s, 4H), 7.22
O-{[5-(4-氯苯基)噁唑-2-基]甲基}肟(9o): 黄色固体, 产 (s, 1H), 7.31 (d, J=8.38 Hz, 2H), 7.49 (d, J=8.80 Hz,
率 78%. m.p. 96~98 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 2H), 7.74 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 14.90,
2.34 (s, 3H), 3.58 (s, 3H), 5.08 (s, 2H), 6.75 (d, J=9.20 34.20, 55.68, 67.55, 99.41, 114.96, 116.47, 122.50, 125.56,
Hz, 2H), 7.29 (s, 1H), 7.35~7.40 (m, 4H), 7.56 (d, J= 126.31, 129.17, 131.40, 134.35, 142.02, 147.03, 148.91,
8.80 Hz, 2H), 7.85 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 150.54, 151.05, 155.87, 160.40. Anal. calcd for C23H21Cl-
14.57, 34.24, 67.56, 99.79, 116.21, 117.05, 122.50, 125.53, N4O4: C 61.00, H 4.67, N 12.37; found C 61.16, H 4.55, N
780 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 774~781
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry NOTE
[9] Li, Y.; Zhang, H. Q.; Liu, J.; Yang, X. P.; Liu, Z. J. J. Agric. Food
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Chem. 2006, 54, 3636.
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Lett. 2014, 25, 1014.
酰基-O-{[5-(4-氯苯基)噁唑-2-基]甲基}肟(9t): 黄色固
[11] Dai, H.; Ge, S. S.; Guo, J.; Chen, S.; Huang, M. L.; Yang. J. Y.;
体, 产率 75%. m.p. 113~115 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, Sun, S. Y.; Ling, Y.; Shi, Y. J. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2018, 143, 1066.
[12] Zhong, L. K.; Jiang, T.; Zhang, F.; Fu, Q.; Liu, X. H.; Xu, T. M.;
CDCl3) δ: 2.27 (s, 3H), 3.53 (s, 3H), 5.00 (s, 2H), 6.81 (d,
Ding, C. R.; Chen, J.; Yuan, J.; Tan, C. X. Chin. J. Org. Chem.
J=9.18 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (d, J=8.82 Hz, 2H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 2019, 39, 2655 (in Chinese).
(钟良坤, 江涛, 张帆, 付庆, 刘幸海, 许天明, 丁成荣, 陈杰,
7.31 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (d, J=8.82 Hz, 2H), 7.78
袁静, 谭成侠, 有机化学, 2019, 39, 2655.)
(s, 1H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 14.59, 34.28, [13] Park, H. J.; Lee, K.; Park, S. J.; Ahn, B.; Lee, J. C.; Cho, H. Y.;
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151.05, 154.84, 160.24. Anal. calcd for C23H18ClF3N4O4: C
[15] Dai, H.; Chen, J.; Li, G.; Ge, S. S.; Shi, Y. J.; Fang, Y.; Ling, Y.
54.50, H 3.58, N 11.05; found C 54.32, H 3.73, N 11.19. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2017, 27, 950.
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O’Brien, G. K.; Suzuki, T.; Nishizawa, H.; Nokata, M. J. Agric.
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Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 774~781 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 781
有机化学 DOI: 10.6023/cjoc201909023 研究简报
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry NOTE
双酰胺类化合物的合成及生物活性研究
Abstract In order to find pesticidal lead compounds with high activity, a series of novel diamide compounds were designed
and synthesized by using metalaxyl as a leading compound, as well as the principle of active substructure combination. The
structures of the target compounds were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS. The preliminary bioassay showed that
compound 5j showed an 85% inhibition rate against Pseudoperoniospora cubensis at 50 mg/L, most of the target compounds
had good insecticidal activity against Oriental armyworm at 500 mg/L, and compounds 5b, 5f, 5g, 5h, 5i and 5l have a
mortality rate of 100% against Oriental armyworm. At 250 mg/L, the mortality rate of compounds 5f, 5h and 5l against Orien-
tal armyworm was 50%.
Keywords diamide compound; synthesize; biological activity
782 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 782~786
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry NOTE
1.2 化合物的波谱分析
以目标化合物 5a 为例进行谱学分析: 1H NMR 谱图
中 δ 9.29 处的单峰为酰胺基氢的吸收峰, δ 7.48~7.12 间
的多重峰为苯环上氢的吸收峰, δ 5.00 处的四重峰为叔
碳上氢的吸收峰, δ 3.64~3.48 处的多重峰为仲碳上氢
的吸收峰, δ 3.35 处的单峰为甲氧基上氢的吸收峰, δ
2.31~2.22 处的单峰为苯环上甲基氢的吸收峰, δ 1.22 处
的双峰为甲基氢的吸收峰; 化合物 5a 的 13C NMR 具有
两个典型的羰基碳(C=O), 化学位移分别为 δ 172.02 和
169.58. 在 HRMS 谱图中, 该化合物分子离子峰[M+
Na]+计算值为 377.1836, 测定值为 377.1834, 绝对误差
在 0.003 以内.
1.3 化合物的生物活性及构效关系分析
5a: R=4-CH3, 5b: R=2-CH2CH3, 5c: R=4-CH2CH3, 5d: R=2- 目标化合物的生物活性测试结果见表 1. 从表 1 可
OCH3, 5e: R=4-OCH2CH3, 5f: R=2,6-(CH3)2, 5g: R=3-Cl-2-CH3, 以看出: 在 50 mg/L 测试浓度下, 只有化合物 5j 对黄瓜
5h: R=4-F, 5i: R=2-Cl, 5j: R=3-Cl, 5k: R=4-Cl, 5l: R=3-Br
霜霉病显示出 85%的抑制率, 可见该系列化合物的杀菌
图式 1 目标化合物 5 的合成路线
活性一般. 在 500 mg/L 测试浓度下, 大多数目标化合物
Scheme 1 Synthetic route of target compound 5
对粘虫表现出较好的杀虫活性, 而对苜蓿蚜及朱砂叶螨
1 结果与讨论 无杀虫活性. 其中, 化合物 5b, 5f, 5g, 5h, 5i, 5l 对粘虫的
1.1 目标化合物的合成 致死率高达 100%, 化合物 5e 达到 80%, 化合物 5c, 5j,
5k 的致死率也在 50%以上. 另外对化合物 5b, 5f, 5g, 5h,
目标化合物 5 的合成需以 2,6-二甲基苯胺(1)和 2-
5i, 5l 还进行了杀虫活性初筛测试, 测试结果如表 2 所
氯丙酸甲酯为原料, N2 保护条件下, 经取代反应生成
示. 当测试浓度为 250 mg/L 时, 化合物 5f, 5h, 5l 对虫的
(2,6-二甲基苯基)丙氨酸甲酯(2). 化合物 2 再与甲氧基
致死率仍能达到 50%, 化合物 5b 对粘虫的致死率也有
乙酰氯反应生成 N-(2,6-二甲基苯基)-N-(2-甲氧基乙酰
30%, 但相对于对照药阿维菌素(100%)效果一般.
基)丙氨酸甲酯(3), 期间分去分水器中的盐酸水, 以提
高产率. 然后 3 在碱性条件下水解酸化生成 N-(2,6-二甲 2 结论
基苯基)-N-(2-甲氧基乙酰基)丙氨酸(4), 再通过活性基
以 2,6-二甲基苯胺为原料, 依据活性基团拼接原理,
团拼接原理与取代苯胺生成目标化合物 5.
经取代、酰化、水解、胺解反应, 设计并合成了 12 个新
表 1 目标化合物 5a~5l 的生物活性 a
Table 1 Biological activities of title compounds 5a~5l
杀虫活性(致死率/%, 500 mg/L) 杀菌活性(抑制率/%, 50 mg/L)
化合物
粘虫 苜蓿蚜 朱砂叶螨 黄瓜白粉病 黄瓜霜霉病 黄瓜灰霉病 水稻纹枯病
5a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5b 100 0 0 0 0 0 0
5c 60±2 0 0 0 0 0 0
5d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5e 80±1 0 0 0 0 0 0
5f 100 0 0 0 0 0 0
5g 100 0 0 0 0 0 0
5h 100 0 0 0 0 0 0
5i 100 0 0 0 0 0 0
5j 60 0 0 0 85±2 0 0
5k 50 0 0 0 0 0 0
5l 100 0 0 0 0 0 0
阿维菌素 100 100 100 nt nt nt nt
噻呋酰胺 nt nt nt 100 0 0 100
a
nt=not tested.
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 782~786 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 783
有机化学 研究简报
784 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 782~786
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry NOTE
calcd for C21H26N2O3Na [M + Na] + 391.1992, found 2H), 3.35 (s, 3H), 2.39 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 6H), 2.23 (s, 3H),
391.1992. 1.22 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ:
2-(N-(2,6-二甲基苯基)-2-甲氧基乙酰氨基)-N-(4-乙 171.50, 170.24, 138.32, 137.02, 135.99, 135.14, 134.06,
基甲苯基)丙酰胺(5c): 米白色固体, 产率 74.3%. m.p. 129.52, 129.15, 128.88, 128.20, 127.00, 71.04, 59.41,
103~105 ℃; 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 9.42 (s, 1H), 57.31, 18.93, 18.74, 18.46, 14.78; HRMS calcd for C22H28-
7.96 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.23~7.19 (m, 3H), 7.14 (t, J= N2O3Na [M+Na]+ 391.1992, found 391.1997.
6.6 Hz, 2H), 7.10 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.99 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2-(N-(2,6-二甲基苯基)-2-甲氧基乙酰氨基)-N-(3-氯-
1H), 3.65~3.46 (m, 2H), 3.34 (s, 3H), 2.76 (qd, J=10.2, 2-甲基甲苯基)丙酰胺(5g): 黄色液体, 产率 59.7%. 1H
3.0 Hz, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 1.30 (t, J=7.8 Hz, NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 9.44 (s, 1H), 7.85 (s, 1H), 7.23
3H), 1.27 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.19~7.10 (m, 4H), 5.00 (q, J=7.2
δ: 171.92, 170.09, 137.58, 136.86, 135.85, 135.55, 134.68, Hz, 1H), 3.65~3.48 (m, 2H), 3.34 (s, 3H), 2.44 (s, 3H),
129.62, 129.19, 129.10, 128.58, 126.44, 124.90, 122.51, 2.26 (s, 3H), 2.23 (s, 3H), 1.25 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H); 13C
71.08, 59.46, 57.68, 24.51, 18.55, 18.44, 14.20, 13.56; NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 172.02, 170.16, 137.57,
HRMS calcd for C21H26N2O3Na [M + Na] + 377.1836, 137.44, 136.84, 135.62, 134.83, 129.66, 129.27, 129.13,
found 377.1833. 127.59 , 126.80, 125.69, 121.07, 71.05, 59.47, 57.49,
2-(N-(2,6-二甲基苯基)-2-甲氧基乙酰氨基)-N-(2-甲 18.49, 18.42, 14.81, 13.53; HRMS calcd for C21H25Cl-
氧基甲苯基)丙酰胺(5d): 米白色固体, 产率 68.4%. m.p. N2O3Na [M+Na]+ 411.1446, found 411.1468.
114~116 ℃; 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 9.38 (s, 1H), 2-(N-(2,6-二甲基苯基)-2-甲氧基乙酰氨基)-N-(4-氟
8.32 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.16~ 甲苯基)丙酰胺(5h): 米白色固体, 产率 59.7%. m.p.
7.10 (m, 2H), 7.05 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 150~153 ℃; 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 9.64 (s, 1H),
1H), 6.89 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 5.00 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.92 7.55 (dd, J=9.0, 4.8 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.14
(s, 3H), 3.63~3.45 (m, 2H), 3.35 (s, 3H), 2.32 (s, 3H), (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 7.00 (t, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 4.98 (q, J=7.2
2.21 (s, 3H), 1.17 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (151 MHz, Hz, 1H), 3.66~3.48 (m, 2H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 2.21 (s, 3H),
CDCl3) δ: 171.26, 169.97, 148.67, 138.12, 137.15, 135.55, 1.21 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ:
129.57, 129.07, 128.93, 127.87, 123.85, 120.85, 120.34, 172.09, 169.74, 160.08, 158.47, 137.61, 136.82, 135.43,
110.14, 70.97, 59.27, 57.03, 55.80, 18.42, 13.76; HRMS 134.15, 129.68, 129.28, 129.11, 121.67 (d, J=8.0 Hz),
calcd for C21H26N2O4Na [M + Na] + 393.1785, found 115.61, 115.47, 71.06, 59.36, 57.36, 18.37, 13.33; HRMS
393.1790. calcd for C20H23FN2O3Na [M + Na] + 381.1585, found
2-(N-(2,6-二甲基苯基)-2-甲氧基乙酰氨基)-N-(4-乙 381.1584.
氧基甲苯基)丙酰胺(5e): 米白色固体, 产率 69.2%. m.p. 2-(N-(2,6-二甲基苯基)-2-甲氧基乙酰氨基)-N-(2-氯
119~121 ℃; 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 9.48 (s, 1H), 甲苯基)丙酰胺(5i): 黄色固体, 产率 71.6%. m.p. 134~
7.48 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.21 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.16~ 136 ℃; 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 9.75 (s, 1H), 7.75
7.11 (m, 2H), 6.85 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 4.97 (q, J=7.2 Hz, (s, 1H), 7.42 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H),
1H), 4.01 (q, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.71~3.47 (m, 2H), 3.35 (s, 7.14 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.98 (q,
3H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 2.21 (s, 3H), 1.40 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.63~3.47 (m, 2H), 3.35 (s, 3H), 2.24 (s,
1.22 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 3H), 2.21 (s, 3H), 1.21 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (151
171.95, 169.50, 155.64, 137.66, 136.86, 135.56, 131.20, MHz, CDCl3) δ: 172.23, 169.89, 139.27, 137.58, 136.81,
129.64, 129.18, 129.07, 121.62, 114.73, 71.08, 63.68, 135.35, 134.59, 129.91, 129.70, 129.32, 129.14, 124.17,
59.35, 57.33, 18.41, 14.87, 13.33; HRMS calcd for C22H28- 120.01, 117.97, 71.06, 59.39, 57.45, 18.39, 13.27; HRMS
N2O4Na [M+Na]+ 407.1941, found 407.1976. calcd for C20H23ClN2O3Na [M+Na] + 397.1289, found
2-(N-(2,6-二甲基苯基)-2-甲氧基乙酰氨基)-N-(2,6- 397.1288.
二甲基甲苯基)丙酰胺(5f): 米白色固体, 产率 76.8%. 2-(N-(2,6-二甲基苯基)-2-甲氧基乙酰氨基)-N-(3-氯
m.p. 129~132 ℃; 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.53 (s, 甲苯基)丙酰胺(5j): 黄色固体, 产率 66.8%. m.p. 111~
1H), 7.22 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.17~7.11 (m, 2H), 7.09~ 114 ℃; 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 9.75 (s, 1H), 7.75
7.05 (m, 3H), 4.87 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.66~3.49 (m, (s, 1H), 7.41 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.25~7.20 (m, 2H), 7.14
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 782~786 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 785
有机化学 研究简报
(t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.97 (q, J=7.2 在离体条件下测定了目标化合物在 50 mg/L 下对黄瓜白
Hz, 1H), 3.67~3.45 (m, 2H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 2.21 (s, 3H), 粉病、黄瓜霜霉病、黄瓜灰霉病、水稻纹枯病的杀菌活
1.21 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 性. 选用蒸馏水为空白对照, 噻呋酰胺为对照药剂.
169.91, 139.28, 137.59, 136.81, 135.34, 134.59, 129.91,
129.70, 129.32, 129.13, 124.16, 120.00, 117.96, 71.05, 辅助材料(Supporting Information) 化合物 5a~5m
59.38, 57.44, 18.39, 13.29; HRMS calcd for C20H23Cl- 的 1H NMR、13C NMR 和 HRMS 图谱. 这些材料可以免
N2O3Na [M+Na]+ 397.1289, found 397.1286. 费从本刊网站(http://sioc-journal.cn/)上下载.
2-(N-(2,6-二甲基苯基)-2-甲氧基乙酰氨基)-N-(4-氯
甲苯基)丙酰胺(5k): 米白色固体, 产率 63.0%. m.p.
References
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甲 苯 基 ) 丙 酰 胺 (5l): 米 白 色 固 体 , 产 率 60.4%. m.p. [7] Ding, C. R.; Pan, Y. Y.; Yin, X.; Tan, C. X. Chin. J. Org. Chem.
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H. Chin. J. Struct. Chem. 2017, 36, 423.
7.19~7.12 (m, 3H), 4.97 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.66~3.48 [9] Liu, X. H.; Qiao, L.; Zhai, Z. W.; Cai, P. P.; Cantrell, C. L.; Tan, C.
(m, 2H), 3.35 (s, 3H), 2.23 (s, 3H), 2.21 (s, 3H), 1.21 (d, X.; Weng, J. Q.; Han, L.; Wu, H. K. Pest Manage. Sci. 2019, 75,
2892.
J=7.2 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 172.23, [10] Xu, L.Y. CN 108516955, 2018 [Chem. Abstr. 2018, 169, 428795].
169.87, 139.41, 137.58, 136.81, 135.34, 130.22, 129.71, [11] Sun, N. B.; Shi, Y. X.; Liu, X. H.; Ma, Y.; Tan, C. X.; Weng, J. Q.;
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59.39, 57.45, 18.40, 13.26; HRMS calcd for C20H23Br- 225.
[13] Liu, D. W.; Cheng, L. Z.; Chang, Q.; Dong, H. L.; Zhu, R. Y.; Gu, J.
N2O3Na [M+Na]+ 441.0784, found 441.0826. K. CN 106632122, 2017 [Chem. Abstr. 2017, 167, 30990].
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[17] Zheng, L. Y.; Zhang, S. Q.; Xie, Y. C.; Ding, Z. Y.; Zhu, X. F. CN
序》[22]进行, 其活性结果列于表 1 和表 2 中.
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str. 1981, 95, 81542].
的药液中充分浸润后自然阴干, 放入垫有滤纸的培养皿
[19] Nagy, L; Pelyva, J.; Agocs, P.; Soptei, C.; Kolonics, Z.; Benczik, J.;
中, 接粘虫、苜蓿蚜、朱砂叶螨等中期幼虫, 置于 24~ Balini, S.; Sebok, D.; Cseke, J. WO 9320041, 1994 [Chem. Abstr.
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27 ℃观察室内培养, 3 d 后调查结果. 以毛笔触动虫体,
[20] Molchanov, L. V.; Aripov, K. N.; Khalikov, S.-S.; Gorovits, T. T.
无反应视为死虫. 选用蒸馏水为空白对照, 阿维菌素为 Uzb. Khim. Zh. 1990, 1, 27.
[21] Yang, S.; Ding, C. R.; Liu, X. H.; Weng, J. Q.; Yuan, J.; Tang, C. X.
对照药剂.
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2019, 39, 3588 (in Chinese).
杀菌活性测试: 准确称取一定质量目标化合物, 加 (杨森, 丁成荣, 刘幸海, 翁建全, 袁静, 谭成侠, 有机化学,
2019, 39, 3588.)
入含有 0.1%吐温-80 的 DMF 溶液, 配制成化合物的质
[22] Liu, X. H.; Tan, C. X.; Weng, J. Q. Phosphorus, Sulfur, Silicon
量分数为 5%的母液. 称取一定质量的制剂和对照药剂, Relat. Elem. 2011, 186, 558.
分别用蒸馏水稀释成 50 mg/L 的药液. 采用菌丝生长法,
(Cheng, F.)
786 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 782~786
有机化学 DOI: 10.6023/cjoc201908024 研究简报
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry NOTE
N-(2-(5-(3-溴-1-(3-氯吡啶-2-基)-1H-吡唑-5-基)-1,3,4-噁二唑-2-基)-4-
氯-6-甲基苯基)酰胺类新化合物的合成及生物活性
张 燕 尚俊峰 李 欢 刘 航
宋海斌 王宝雷* 李正名*
(南开大学化学学院 元素有机化学国家重点实验室 天津 300071)
Abstract A series of novel aromatic amide compounds with N-pyridylpyrazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole heterocyclic motifs
were successfully synthesized with N-pyridylpyrazole carboxylic acid and 2-amino-3-methylbenzoic acid as the starting mate-
rials, via multi-step reactions of nucleophilic addition, cyclization, acylation, etc. The preliminary bioassay tests indicated that
most of these compounds have apparent insecticidal activities, among which compounds N-(2-(5-(3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-
2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-4-chloro-6-methylphenyl)acetamide (8a) and N-(2-(5-(3-bromo-1-(3-chloro-
pyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-4-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-3-chloro-2,2-dimethylpropanamide (8e) pos-
sessed a mortality rate of 70% towards Mythimna separata Walker at the concentration of 200 mg•L-1. Some of the com-
pounds exhibited good fungicidal activities at 50 mg•L-1 against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum with the growth inhibitory rates of
54.5%~63.6%, which is more effective than the controls of triadimefon and chlorantraniliprole. Several compounds such as
N-(2-(5-(3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-4-chloro-6-methylphenyl)pivalamide (8f)
and N-(2-(5-(3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-4-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-4-fluoroben-
zamide (8h) showed moderate fungicidal activity against Physalospora piricola. It is worth noting that compound 8e, which
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 787~793 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 787
有机化学 研究简报
has favorable insecticidal and fungicidal activities towards Mythimna separata Walker and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum respec-
tively, could be used as novel reference structure for new agrochemical innovations.
Keywords N-pyridylpyrazole derivatives; 1,3,4-oxadiazole; synthesis; insecticidal activity; fungicidal activity
788 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 787~793
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry NOTE
中存在酰肼部分(CONHNH2)和芳胺部分(ArNH2)两个 9.78)明显高于其为烷基时质子吸收峰的化学位移(δ
NH2 亲核基团, 前者活性高于后者. 为进一步减少副反 8.82~9.30, 由于三氯甲基的强吸电子作用导致 8c 的相
应的发生, 制备时采用低温(-5~5 ℃)下滴加酰氯, 再 应情况除外, 其 δ 在 10.07 处). 8a~8l 吡唑环上的质子
逐渐升至室温, 这样即可高收率地得到双酰肼中间体 6, 吸收峰的化学位移(δ≈7.26)略高于中间体 7 相应的化学
与文献[4]中所述一致. 中间体 6 在 POCl3 中回流, 发生 位移(δ 7.13), 即向低场位移动; 并且 8a~8l 中 R1 取代
脱水环化反应得到含有 1,3,4-噁二唑杂环桥的苯胺中间 基为烷基时质子吸收峰的化学位移(δ 7.25~7.26)高于
体 7. 中间体 7 再与相应的脂肪或芳香酰氯在 4-二甲氨 其为芳基的位移(δ 7.10~ 7.19), 可能是由于芳环的屏
基吡啶(DMAP)作缚酸剂的条件下发生酰化反应, 即得 蔽效应所致. 此外, 在 8a~8l 的 13C NMR 中羰基碳的化
酰胺目标产物 8a~8l. 从苯胺类中间体 7 结构可知, 由 学位移出现在 δ 161.8~173.6.
于 p-π 共轭效应, NH2 中 N 原子因向苯环上转移电子而 1.3 化合物的单晶结构分析
电子云密度降低, 从而亲核性较弱. 同时, NH2 的 2-和 6-
代表目标化合物 8e (CCDC: 1938818, C22H18Br-
位两个邻位均有取代基, 尤其是 2-位含有噁二唑环大取
Cl3N6O2; Mr=584.68)的结构通过单晶 X 射线衍射进一
代基, 在对酰氯 C(=O)发生亲核进攻时必然存在较大
步得以确证. 从单晶结构图可以看出(图 1), 噁二唑环中
的空间阻碍作用, 因此由反应结果来看, 文中这类反应
的氮原子[N(5)]与酰胺基团中的氢原子[H(6)]之间存在
产率普遍中等甚至偏低(35%~73%). 此外, 由于空间
着分子内氢键的相互作用, 形成了一个六元螯合环, 也
位阻和电子效应的共同影响, 当 R1 为芳基时, 该反应需
进一步映证了此类结构中 NH 质子在 1H NMR 中处于较
在加热回流条件下才能顺利进行.
低场, 具有较大化学位移的事实. 此外, 1,3,4-噁二唑环
CH3 与苯环的二面角为 4.358(97)°, 与吡唑环的二面角则为
NH2
Br 2.009(149)°, 同时苯环和吡唑环拥有着 3.863(107)°的夹
H
OH N 角, 表明三个芳香(杂)环, 即噁二唑环、苯环和吡唑环几
N Cl NH2
N (COCl)2 4 O
O
乎共平面. 然而拥有着 71.766(133)°二面角的吡唑环与
Cl
N CH2Cl2 NEt3, CH2Cl2 吡啶环则趋于垂直.
DMF, r.t.
5
H2N
Br O CH3 Br CH3
H2N
H
N N POCl3 O
N N
N H N
O reflux N N
Cl Cl Cl Cl
N N
6 7
R1
O
Br CH3
HN
N O
R1COCl
N
DMAP, CH2Cl2 N N
Cl Cl
r.t. or reflux N
8a ~ 8l 图 1 化合物 8e 的晶体结构
1 1
8a: R = CH3; 8b: R = CH2Cl; 8c: R1 = CCl3; 8d: R = CH2CH3; 1 Figure 1 Single crystal structure of compound 8e
8e: R1 = CMe2CH2Cl; 8f: R1 = CH2CMe3; 8g: R1 = Ph; 8h:
R1 = 4-FC6H4; 8i: R1 = 4-ClC6H4; 8j: R1 = 4-CH3C6H4; 8k:
1.4 生物活性及构效关系分析
R1 = 4-Me3CC6H4; 8l: R1 = 2-FC6H4 表 1 列出了化合物 7 和 8a~8l 对粘虫及 6 种植物病
图式 3 目标化合物 8a~8l 的合成路线 原真菌的生物活性. 结果表明化合物在 200 mg•L-1 测试
Scheme 3 Synthetic route of the title compounds 8a~8l 浓度下对东方粘虫大多表现出一定的杀虫活性, 最好的
化合物 8a 和 8e 的致死率为 70%, 低于对照药 chlorantra-
1.2 化合物的波谱分析
niliprole. 由构效关系分析可知, 大部分目标化合物的
目标化合物 8a~8l 的 1H NMR 中, 典型的质子共振
杀虫活性(20%~70%)高于中间体 7 (10%), 因此推测苯
峰体现在酰胺键部分(NHCO), 其化学位移在 δ 8.82~
环上酰胺键的存在是杀虫活性保持的关键. 就目标化合
10.07 处, 与中间体 7 的 NH2 质子化学位移(δ 5.84)相比,
物 8a~8l 整体而言, R1 为烷基的杀虫活性略优于其为芳
由于相邻羰基的吸电子效应导致其明显向低场移动. 同
基. 邻甲酰氨基苯甲酰胺类化合物如 chlorantraniliprole
时, R1 取代基为芳基时质子吸收峰的化学位移(δ 9.45~
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 787~793 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 789
有机化学 研究简报
790 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 787~793
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry NOTE
3.2 实验方法 Pyridyl-H), 8.02 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H, Pyridyl-H), 7.57 (dd,
3.2.1 2-氨基-5-氯-3-甲基苯甲酰肼(4)的合成 J=8.1, 4.7 Hz, 1H, Pyridyl-H), 7.41 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.31 (s,
2-氨基-5-氯-3-甲基苯甲酰肼(4)按照文献[4, 23, 24] 1H, ArH), 7.26 (s, 1H, Pyrazolyl-H), 2.30 (s, 3H, CH3),
合成. 白色固体, 产率 70%. m.p. 124~125 ℃ (lit.[24] 2.23 (s, 3H, CH3); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 169.0,
121~122 ℃). 162.5, 154.9, 148.1, 147.4, 139.7, 139.3, 134.6, 134.1,
131.8, 129.7, 129.6, 129.1, 126.8, 125.3, 118.1, 112.6,
3.2.2 N'-(2-氨基-5-氯-3-甲基苯甲酰基)-3-溴-1-(3-氯
吡啶-2-基)-1H-吡唑-5-甲酰肼(6)的合成 24.0, 19.4. Anal. calcd for C19H14BrCl2N6O2: C 44.91, H
2.58, N 16.54; found C 44.93, H 2.61, N 16.31.
N'-(2-氨基-5-氯-3-甲基苯甲酰基)-3-溴-1-(3-氯吡
N-(2-(5-(3- 溴 -1-(3- 氯 吡 啶 -2- 基 )-1H- 吡 唑 -5- 基 )-
啶-2-基)-1H-吡唑-5-甲酰肼(6)的合成按照文献[25]合成.
1,3,4-噁二唑-2-基)-4-氯-6-甲基苯基)-2-氯乙酰胺(8b):
浅黄色固体, 产率 42%, m.p. 95~96 ℃ (lit.[25] 91~
白色固体, 产率 59%. m.p. 194~195 ℃; 1H NMR (400
93 ℃).
MHz, CDCl3) δ: 9.30 (s, 1H, NH), 8.57 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 1H,
3.2.3 2-(5-(3- 溴 -1-(3- 氯 吡 啶 -2- 基 )-1H- 吡 唑 -5-
Pyridyl-H), 8.02 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H, Pyridyl-H), 7.56 (dd,
基)-1,3,4-噁二唑-2-基)-4-氯-6-甲基苯胺(7)的合成
J=8.0, 4.7 Hz, 1H, Pyridyl-H), 7.44 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.33 (s,
向 50 mL 圆底烧瓶中加入中间体 6 (5 mmol)和 20
1H, ArH), 7.26 (s, 1H, Pyrazolyl-H), 4.20 (s, 2H, CH2),
mL 三氯氧磷, 磁力搅拌使固体溶解, 缓慢升温至回流
2.31 (s, 3H, CH3); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 165.0,
状态, 反应 7 h. 待体系冷却至室温, 减压浓缩, 残余物
162.1, 155.0, 148.0, 147.4, 139.7, 139.3, 134.5, 132.8,
倒入冰水中, 充分搅拌以淬灭残余的三氯氧磷, 混合物
132.5, 129.8, 129.6, 129.1, 126.8, 125.7, 119.2, 112.6,
用乙酸乙酯(20 mL×3)萃取, 合并有机相, 再经饱和
42.9, 19.1; HRMS calcd for C19H13BrCl3N6O2 [M+H]+
NaHCO3 溶液洗涤, 无水 Na2SO4 干燥, 除掉溶剂后残余
540.9347, found 540.9349.
物用石油醚-乙酸乙酯柱层析纯化, 得 2-(5-(3-溴-1-(3-
N-(2-(5-(3- 溴 -1-(3- 氯 吡 啶 -2- 基 )-1H- 吡 唑 -5- 基 )-
氯吡啶- 2-基)-1H-吡唑-5-基)-1,3,4-噁二唑-2-基)-4-氯-6-
1,3,4-噁二唑-2-基)-4-氯-6-甲基苯基)-2,2,2-三氯乙酰胺
甲基苯胺(7), 黄色固体, 产率 78%. m.p. 203~204 ℃;
1
(8c): 白色固体, 产率 69%. m.p. 241~242 ℃. 1H NMR
H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.57 (d, J=3.5 Hz, 1H,
(400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 10.07 (s, 1H, NH), 8.56 (d, J=3.6
Pyridyl-H), 8.00 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H, Pyridyl-H), 7.55 (dd,
Hz, 1H, Pyridyl-H), 8.02 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H, Pyridyl-H),
J=8.0, 3.5 Hz, 1H, Pyridyl-H), 7.23 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.18 (s,
7.58 (dd, J=7.8, 3.6 Hz, 1H, Pyridyl-H), 7.46 (s, 1H,
1H, Ar), 7.13 (s, 1H, Pyrazolyl-H), 5.84 (s, 2H, NH2), 2.18
ArH), 7.31 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.26 (s, 1H, Pyrazolyl-H), 2.33 (s
(s, 3H, CH3); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 163.7, 153.7,
3H, CH3); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 161.8, 160.0,
148.2, 147.4, 144.4, 139.6, 133.5, 130.2, 129.7, 129.0,
155.2, 148.0, 147.4, 139.8, 139.0, 134.8, 133.1, 131.7,
126.8, 125.0, 124.6, 120.9, 112.1, 104.9, 17.5; HRMS
129.6, 129.1, 126.8, 125.6, 118.8, 112.7, 92.3, 18.7. Anal.
calcd for C17H12BrCl2N6O [M + H] + 486.9452, found
calcd for C19H10BrCl5N6O2: C 37.44, H 1.82, N 13.53;
486.9450.
found C 37.32, H 1.65, N 13.74.
3.2.4 目标化合物 8a~8l 的合成
N-(2-(5-(3- 溴 -1-(3- 氯 吡 啶 -2- 基 )-1H- 吡 唑 -5- 基 )-
向 50 mL 圆底烧瓶中加入中间体 7 (0.7 mmol)、 1,3,4-噁二唑-2-基)-4-氯-6-甲基苯基)丙酰胺(8d): 棕色
DMAP (0.8 mmol)和 20 mL 二氯甲烷, 搅拌使固体溶解. 固体, 产率 61%. m.p. 208~209 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz,
在 冰 浴 冷 却 下 向 混 合 物 中 缓 慢 滴 加 相 应 的 酰 氯 (0.7 CDCl3) δ: 8.84 (s, 1H, NH), 8.57 (d, J=4.6 Hz, 1H,
mmol), 滴加完毕后, 混合物于室温搅拌条件下(合成 Pyridyl-H), 8.02 (dd, J=8.1 Hz, 1H, Pyridyl-H), 7.56 (dd,
8g~8l 时采用回流)进行反应, 约 3 h 完成(TLC 监测). J=8.1, 4.6 Hz, 1H, Pyridyl-H), 7.41 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.28 (s,
将反应体系减压旋蒸除去溶剂, 残余物加水混合, 用乙 1H, ArH), 7.25 (s, 1H, Pyrazolyl-H), 2.49 (q, J=7.6 Hz,
酸乙酯(20 mL×3)萃取, 合并有机相, 无水 Na2SO4 干 2H), 2.29 (s, 3H, CH2), 1.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H, CH3); 13C
燥, 除掉溶剂后残余物用石油醚-乙酸乙酯柱层析纯化 NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 172.6, 162.6, 154.9, 148.1,
得目标化合物 8a~8l. 147.4, 139.7, 139.2, 134.6, 134.2, 131.6, 129.8, 129.6,
N-(2-(5-(3- 溴 -1-(3- 氯 吡 啶 -2- 基 )-1H- 吡 唑 -5- 基 )- 129.1, 126.8, 125.2, 118.0, 112.6, 30.3, 19.4, 9.6; HRMS
1,3,4-噁二唑-2-基)-4-氯-6-甲基苯基)乙酰胺(8a): 白色 calcd for C20H16BrCl2N6O2 [M+H] + 520.9887, found
固体, 产率 73%. m.p. 253~254 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, 520.9895.
CDCl3) δ: 8.82 (s, 1H, NH), 8.58 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 1H,
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 787~793 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 791
有机化学 研究简报
N-(2-(5-(3- 溴 -1-(3- 氯 吡 啶 -2- 基 )-1H- 吡 唑 -5- 基 )- H+ArH), 2.35 (s, 3H, CH3); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3)
1,3,4-噁二唑-2-基)-4-氯-6-甲基苯基)-3-氯-2,2-二甲基丙 δ: 164.4, 162.6, 154.9, 148.0, 148.0, 147.4, 139.8, 134.8,
酰胺(8e): 白色固体, 产率 46%. m.p. 198~199 ℃; 1H 134.3, 131.7, 130.3 (d, J=9.1 Hz, F—C), 129.8, 129.7,
NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 9.08 (s, 1H, NH), 8.57 (d, J= 129.5, 126.8, 125.3, 117.7, 116.1, 115.8, 112.6, 100.0,
4.7 Hz, 1H, Pyridyl-H), 8.02 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H, Pyridyl- 19.6; HRMS calcd for C24H17BrCl2FN6O2 [M + H] +
H), 7.56 (dd, J=8.1, 4.7 Hz, 1H, Pyridyl-H), 7.41 (s, 1H, 586.9793, found 586.9801.
ArH), 7.26 (s, 1H, Pyrazolyl-H), 7.19 (s, 1H, ArH), 3.69 (s, N-(2-(5-(3- 溴 -1-(3- 氯 吡 啶 -2- 基 )-1H- 吡 唑 -5- 基 )-
2H, CH2), 2.28 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.44 (s, 6H, 2CH3); 13C NMR 1,3,4-噁二唑-2-基)-4-氯-6-甲基苯基)-4-氯苯甲酰胺(8i):
(101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 173.6, 162.4, 154.9, 148.0, 147.4, 白色固体, 产率 35%. m.p. 229~230 ℃; 1H NMR (400
139.7, 139.5, 134.5, 133.9, 131.8, 129.8, 129.5, 129.1, MHz, CDCl3) δ: 9.78 (s, 1H, NH), 8.56 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 1H,
126.7, 125.2, 118.1, 112.6, 52.7, 45.3, 23.5, 19.4. Anal. Pyridyl-H), 8.04 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.98 ~ 7.95 (m, 2H,
calcd for C22H18BrCl3N6O2: C 45.23, H 3.34, N 14.67; Pyridyl-H + ArH), 7.56 (dd, J = 8.1, 4.7 Hz, 1H,
found C 45.19, H 3.10, N 14.37. Pyridyl-H), 7.48 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.47~7.45 (m, 2H, ArH),
N-(2-(5-(3- 溴 -1-(3- 氯 吡 啶 -2- 基 )-1H- 吡 唑 -5- 基 )- 7.31 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.21 (s, 1H, Pyrazolyl-H),
1,3,4-噁二唑-2-基)-4-氯-6-甲基苯基)-3,3-二甲基丁酰胺 2.35 (s, 3H, CH3); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 164.4,
(8f): 白色固体, 产率 50%. m.p. 219~220 ℃; 1H NMR 162.6, 154.9, 148.0, 147.4, 139.8, 139.0, 138.7, 137.6,
(400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.91 (s, 1H, NH), 8.58 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 134.8, 134.2, 132.1, 131.8, 129.7, 129.6, 129.3, 129.1,
1H, Pyridyl-H), 8.02 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H, Pyridyl-H), 7.57 126.8, 125.3, 117.8, 112.7, 19.6; Anal. calcd for
(dd, J=8.1, 4.7 Hz, 1H, Pyridyl-H), 7.41 (s, 1H, ArH), C24H15BrCl3N6O2: C 47.48, H 2.54, N 13.68; found C
7.27 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.26 (s, 1H, Pyrazolyl-H), 2.33~2.30 47.67, H 2.33, N 13.90.
(m, 5H, CH2+CH3), 1.08 (s, 9H, 3CH3); 13C NMR (101 N-(2-(5-(3- 溴 -1-(3- 氯 吡 啶 -2- 基 )-1H- 吡 唑 -5- 基 )-
MHz, CDCl3) δ: 170.4, 162.6, 154.9, 148.1, 147.4, 139.7, 1,3,4-噁二唑-2-基)-4-氯-6-甲基苯基)-4-甲基苯甲酰胺
139.0, 134.6, 134.4, 131.5, 129.8, 129.6, 129.1, 126.8, (8j): 白色固体, 产率 54%. m.p. 255~256 ℃; 1H NMR
125.2, 117.8, 112.7, 51.0, 31.3, 29.9, 19.9. Anal. calcd for (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 9.72 (s, 1H, NH), 8.55 (d, J=4.7 Hz,
C23H22BrCl2N6O2: C 49.27, H 3.98, N 14.84; found C 1H, Pyridyl-H), 7.99 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H, Pyridyl-H), 7.90
48.96, H 3.75, N 14.89. (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H, ArH×2), 7.54 (dd, J=8.1, 4.7 Hz, 1H,
N-(2-(5-(3- 溴 -1-(3- 氯 吡 啶 -2- 基 )-1H- 吡 唑 -5- 基 )- Pyridyl-H), 7.45 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.30 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H,
1,3,4-噁二唑-2-基)-4-氯-6-甲基苯基)-苯甲酰胺(8g): 白 ArH×2), 7.28 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.15 (s, 1H, Pyrazolyl-H),
色固体, 产率 63%. m.p. 265~267 ℃; 1H NMR (400 2.43 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.34 (s, 3H, CH3); 13C NMR (101 MHz,
MHz, CDCl3) δ: 9.77 (s, 1H, NH), 8.56 (d, J=4.7 Hz, CDCl3) δ: 165.4, 162.6, 154.8, 148.0, 147.4, 143.0, 139.7,
1H, Pyridyl-H), 8.03~7.99 (m, 3H, Pyridyl-H+ArH), 139.0, 134.7, 134.5, 131.5, 130.8, 130.0, 129.6, 129.5,
7.59~7.47 (m, 5H, Pyridyl-H+ArH), 7.31 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 129.1, 127.9, 126.7, 125.3, 117.8, 112.6, 21.6, 19.6; HRMS
1H, ArH), 7.19 (s, 1H, Pyrazolyl-H), 2.36 (s, 3H, CH3); 13C calcd for C25H18BrCl2N6O2 [M+ H] + 583.0044, found
NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 165.5, 162.7, 154.9, 148.1, 583.0052.
147.5, 139.8, 139.1, 134.8, 134.4, 133.6, 132.4, 131.6, N-(2-(5-(3- 溴 -1-(3- 氯 吡 啶 -2- 基 )-1H- 吡 唑 -5- 基 )-
129.7, 129.5, 129.2, 128.8, 127.8, 126.7, 125.3, 117.8, 1,3,4-噁二唑-2-基)-4-氯-6-甲基苯基)-4-叔丁基苯甲酰胺
112.6, 19.6; HRMS calcd for C24H16BrCl2N6O2 [M+H]+ (8k): 白色固体, 产率 45%. m.p. 230~231 ℃; 1H NMR
570.9874, found 570.9874. (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 9.75 (s, 1H, NH), 8.56 (d, J=4.7 Hz,
N-(2-(5-(3- 溴 -1-(3- 氯 吡 啶 -2- 基 )-1H- 吡 唑 -5- 基 )- 1H, Pyridyl-H), 8.01 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (d, J=8.5
1,3,4-噁二唑-2-基)-4-氯-6-甲基苯基)-4-氟苯甲酰胺(8h): Hz, 2H, ArH×2), 7.57 (dd, J=8.1, 4.7 Hz, 1H, Pyridyl-
白色固体, 产率 40%. m.p. 234~235 ℃; 1H NMR (400 H), 7.52 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H, ArH×2), 7.46 (s, 1H, ArH),
MHz, CDCl3) δ: 9.76 (s, 1H, NH), 8.55 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 7.27 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.20 (s, 1H, Pyrazolyl-H), 2.35 (s, 3H,
1H, Pyridyl-H), 8.05~7.99 (m, 3H, Pyridyl-H+ArH), CH3), 1.36 (s, 9H, CH3 × 3); 13C NMR (101 MHz,
7.55 (dd, J=8.1, 4.7 Hz, 1H, Pyridyl-H), 7.46 (s, 1H, CDCl3) δ: 165.3, 162.7, 156.0, 154.9, 148.0, 147.4, 139.8,
ArH), 7.30 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.19~7.16 (m, 3H, Pyrazolyl- 139.0, 134.7, 134.6, 131.4, 130.7, 129.8, 129.1, 127.7,
792 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 787~793
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry NOTE
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 787~793 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 793
有机化学 DOI: 10.6023/cjoc201908012 研究简报
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry NOTE
新型 1,3-二取代酞嗪酮类衍生物的合成及抗肿瘤活性研究
Abstract In order to find more efficient and low toxicity antitumor drugs, a series of novel 1,3-disubstituted pyridazinone
derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their antiproliferative activities against four human cancer cell lines (MCF-7,
PC-3, SW-620 and HGC-27) in vitro. The results showed that most compounds had good antiproliferative activities, especially
2-(4-(4-bromophenyl)-1-oxo-tolylazine-2(1H)-yl)-N-(2-fluorophenyl)acetamide (5g) exhibited better antiproliferative activities
with IC50 value of 6.01 μmol/L. In a nutshell, this work provided clues to discover antitumor agent based on the quinazoline
scaffold.
Keywords pyridazinederiv; ative; synthesis; antiproliferative activity
794 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 794~800
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry NOTE
OH NH
O O N
Bromobenzene Hydrazine, absolute ethanol
O O
AlCl3, r.t, 0.5 h H2SO4, H2O, 110 oC, 4 h H
N
O N
1 Dichloromethane N O
Br Br
R
2 3 K2CO3
NH2 H
O N
Triethylamine, dichloromethane Cl
+ Cl
Cl 0 oC, 2 h O Br 5a ~ 5r
R R 4a ~ 4r
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 794~800 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 795
有机化学 研究简报
796 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 794~800
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry NOTE
NaO4 [M+Na]+ 322.9796, found 322.9795. C22H15BrN4NaO4 [M+Na]+ 501.0174, found 501.0174.
3.2.3 化合物 4a~4r 的合成 2-(4-(4-溴苯基)-1-氧亚基酞嗪-2(1H)-基)-N-(3-氟苯
化合物 4a 按照文献[24]的方法制备, 表征数据与文 基)乙酰胺(5c): 将 4a 换成 4c, 操作和投料比同化合物
献一致. 5a 的制备, 得到白色产物 5c, 收率 61.3%. m.p. 262~
化合物 4b、4d、4e、4f、4h、4i、4j、4n、4r 按照 263 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 10.55 (s, 1H),
文献[25]的方法制备, 表征数据与文献一致. 8.44~8.31 (m, 1H), 8.01~7.89 (m, 2H), 7.83~ 7.70 (m,
化合物 4c、4m、4o 按照文献[26]的方法制备, 表征 3H), 7.64~7.54 (m, 3H), 7.44~7.27 (m, 2H), 6.90 (ddt,
数据与文献一致. J=8.6, 7.3, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 5.07 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (101MHz,
化合物 4k 按照文献[27]的方法制备, 表征数据与文 DMSO-d6) δ: 165.8, 163.3 (d, J=242.4 Hz), 158.3, 145.2,
献一致. 140.4, 133.8, 133.7, 132.1, 131.6, 131.4, 130.4(d, J=10.1
化合物 4g 按照文献[28]的方法制备, 表征数据与文 Hz), 128.4, 127.3, 126.5, 122.7, 114.9, 110.0(d, J=20.2
献一致. Hz), 106.1, 105.8, 54.4; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C22H15Br-
化合物 4p 按照文献[29]的方法制备, 表征数据与文 FN3NaO2 [M+Na]+ 474.0229, found 474.0221.
献一致. 2-(4-(4-溴苯基)-1-氧亚基酞嗪-2(1H)-基)-N-(4-硝基
化合物 4q 按照文献[30]的方法制备, 表征数据与文 苯基)乙酰胺(5d): 将 4a 换成 4d, 操作和投料比同化合
献一致. 物 5a 的制备, 得黄色产物 5d, 收率 65.1%. m.p. 285~
化合物 4l 按照文献[31]的方法制备, 表征数据与文 286 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 10.96 (s, 1H),
献一致. 8.44~8.33 (m, 1H), 8.28~8.20 (m, 2H), 8.00~ 7.91 (m,
3.2.4 目标化合物 5a~5r 的合成 2H), 7.89~7.81 (m, 2H), 7.81~7.71 (m, 3H), 7.64~7.55
(m, 2H), 5.12 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (101MHz, DMSO-d6) δ:
2-(4-(4-溴苯基)-1-氧亚基酞嗪-2(1H)-基)-N-(2-乙基
166.5, 158.3, 145.3, 144.7, 142.3, 133.8, 133.6, 132.1,
苯基)乙酰胺(5a): 在室温条件下, 将化合物 3 (1 mmol)
131.6, 131.4, 128.4, 127.2, 126.5, 126.5, 125.0, 122.7,
用 10 mL 丙酮溶解, 加入缚酸剂碳酸钾(1.5 mmol), 将
118.9, 54.6; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C22H15BrN4NaO4 [M+
化合物 4a (1.2 mmol)用 5 mL 丙酮溶解, 滴加至上反应
Na]+ 501.0174, found 501.0176.
液中, 60 ℃回流反应 6 h, 冷却至室温, 抽滤, 少量丙酮
2-(4-(4-溴苯基)-1-氧亚基酞嗪-2(1H)-基)-N-(3-甲基
洗涤, 滤饼加入冰水中搅拌 1 h, 抽滤, 干燥, 得到白色
苯基)乙酰胺(5e): 将 4a 换成 4e, 操作和投料比同化合物
产物 5a, 收率 78.3%. m.p. 267~268 ℃; 1H NMR (400
5a 的制备, 得到白色产物 5e,收率 56.7%. m.p. 265~
MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 9.60 (s, 1H), 8.39 (s, 1H), 7.93 (d, J=
266 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 10.23 (s, 1H),
2.8 Hz, 2H), 7.78 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.72 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d,
8.45~8.30 (m, 1H), 7.98~7.90 (m, 2H), 7.80~ 7.71 (m,
J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.34 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (s, 1H), 7.16
3H), 7.62~7.55 (m, 2H), 7.44 (s, 1H), 7.40~7.34 (m,
(s, 2H), 5.06 (s, 2H), 2.61 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.11 (t, J=
1H), 7.19 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 5.03
7.1 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 165.9,
(s, 2H), 2.27 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ:
158.3, 145.2, 138.1, 135.0, 133.8, 133.7, 132.0, 131.7,
165.3, 158.3, 145.1, 138.6, 137.9, 133.7, 132.0, 131.6,
131.5, 131.4, 128.5, 127.4, 127.0, 126.5, 126.4, 125.9,
131.4, 128.5, 128.4, 127.3, 126.5, 126.4, 124.1, 122.7,
125.9, 122.6, 54.0, 23.7, 14.2; HRMS (ESI) calcd for
119.7, 116.3, 54.3, 21.1; HRMS(ESI) calcd for C23H18Br-
C24H20BrN3NaO2 [M+Na]+ 484.0637, found 484.0636.
N3NaO2 [M+Na]+ 470.0480, found 470.0482.
2-(4-(4-溴苯基)-1-氧亚基酞嗪-2(1H)-基)-N-(2-硝基
2-(4-(4-溴苯基)-1-氧亚基酞嗪-2(1H)-基)-N-(3-硝基
苯基)乙酰胺(5b): 将 4a 换成 4b, 操作和投料比同化合
苯基)乙酰胺(5f): 将 4a 换成 4f, 操作和投料比同化合物
物 5a 的制备, 得到黄色产物 5b, 收率 78.6%. m.p. 174~
5a 的制备, 得到黄色产物 5f, 收率 50.8%. m.p. 239~
175℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 10.60 (s, 1H),
240 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 10.83 (s, 1H),
8.48~8.29 (m, 1H), 8.02~7.90 (m, 3H), 7.82~ 7.69 (m,
8.62 (t, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.46~8.33 (m, 1H), 7.94 (dddd,
5H), 7.62~7.56 (m, 2H), 7.39 (ddd, J=8.5, 7.2, 1.6 Hz,
J=9.9, 7.8, 5.6, 3.4 Hz, 4H), 7.82~7.71 (m, 3H), 7.67~
1H), 5.10 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ:
7.56 (m, 3H), 5.10 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (101MHz, DMSO-
166.1, 158.3, 145.5, 141.9, 134.1, 133.8, 133.6, 132.1,
d6) δ: 166.3, 158.3, 147.9, 145.3, 139.7, 133.8, 133.6,
131.6, 131.5, 130.8, 128.4, 127.3, 126.7, 126.5, 125.4,
132.1, 131.6, 131.4, 130.2, 128.4, 127.3, 126.5, 126.5,
125.1, 125.0, 122.7, 54.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 794~800 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 797
有机化学 研究简报
125.1, 122.7, 118.0, 113.3, 54.5; HRMS (ESI) calcd for 7.51 (dd, J=8.0, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.37~7.27 (m, 1H), 7.20
C22H15BrN4NaO4 [M+Na]+ 501.0174, found 501.0174. (td, J=7.8, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 5.12 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (101MHz,
2-(4-(4-溴苯基)-1-氧亚基酞嗪-2(1H)-基)-N-(2-氟苯 DMSO-d6) δ: 166.0, 158.3, 145.2, 134.4, 133.7, 133.7,
基)乙酰胺(5g): 将 4a 换成 4g, 操作和投料比同化合物 132.1, 131.6, 131.5, 131.4, 129.5, 128.4, 127.4, 127.3,
5a 的制备, 得到白色产物 5g, 收率 51.4%. m.p. 261~ 126.5, 126.5, 122.7, 121.9, 102.7, 54.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd
262 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 10.15 (s, 1H), for C22H15BrClN3NaO2 [M + Na] + 489.9934, found
8.39 (dd, J=6.3, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 7.98~7.86 (m, 3H), 7.82~ 489.9931.
7.69 (m, 3H), 7.62~7.53 (m, 2H), 7.32~7.23 (m, 1H), 2-(4-(4-溴苯基)-1-氧亚基酞嗪-2(1H)-基)-N-(3,4,5-
7.16 (tq, J=7.3, 4.1, 3.3 Hz, 2H), 5.12 (s, 2H); 13C NMR 三甲氧基苯基)乙酰胺(5k): 将 4a 换成 4k, 操作和投料
(101 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 166.0, 158.3, 154.6 (d, J =242.4 比同化合物 5a 的制备, 得到白色产物 5k, 收率 57.1%.
Hz), 145.1, 133.7 (d, J=10.1 Hz), 132.0, 131.6, 131.4, m.p. 246~247 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ:
128.4, 127.3, 126.5, 125.7, 125.6, 125.4, 124.4, 124.3(d, 10.29 (s, 1H), 8.48~8.33 (m, 1H), 7.99~7.89 (m, 2H),
J=3.0 Hz), 123.8, 122.7, 115.6 (d, J=20.2 Hz), 54.1; 7.82~7.70 (m, 3H), 7.59 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.98 (s, 2H),
HRMS (ESI) calcd for C22H15 BrFN3NaO2 [M + Na] + 5.02 (s, 2H), 3.73 (s, 6H), 3.62 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (101
474.0229, found 474.0231. MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 165.3, 158.3, 152.7, 145.1, 134.8,
2-(4-(4-溴苯基)-1-氧亚基酞嗪-2(1H)-基)-N-苯基乙 133.7, 133.7, 133.5, 132.1, 132.1, 131.6, 131.4, 128.4,
酰胺(5h): 将 4a 换成 4h, 操作和投料比同化合物 5a 的 127.3, 126.5, 122.7, 96.8, 60.0, 55.6, 54.3; HRMS (ESI)
制备, 得到白色产物 5h, 收率 68.3%. m.p.>300 ℃; 1H calcd for C25H22BrN3NaO5 [M+Na] + 546.0641, found
NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 10.36 (s, 1H), 8.45~8.31 546.0643.
(m, 1H), 8.03~7.88 (m, 2H), 7.81~7.70 (m, 3H), 7.59 2-(4-(4-溴苯基)-1-氧亚基酞嗪-2(1H)-基)-N-(2-甲氧
(dd, J=8.0, 5.6 Hz, 4H), 7.32 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (t, 基-4-硝基苯基)乙酰胺(5l): 将 4a 换成 4l, 操作和投料比
J =7.4 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, 同化合物 5a 的制备, 得到白色产物 5l, 收率 49.5%. m.p.
DMSO-d6) δ: 165.4, 159.1, 158.3, 145.3, 138.6, 134.2, 249~250 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 10.11 (s,
133.6, 131.7, 131.6, 131.5, 131.4, 128.7, 127.8, 126.3, 1H), 8.41~8.32 (m, 2H), 7.98~7.91 (m, 2H), 7.89~7.82
126.1, 122.4, 119.1, 54.3; HRMS (ESI) calcd for (m, 2H), 7.80~7.70 (m, 3H), 7.59 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H),
C22H16BrN3NaO2 [M+Na]+ 456.0324, found 456.0325. 5.22 (s, 2H), 4.02 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (101MHz, DMSO-d6)
2-(4-(4-溴苯基)-1-氧亚基酞嗪-2(1H)-基)-N-(3-氯苯 δ: 166.7, 158.3, 148.6, 145.2, 142.8, 133.9, 133.8, 133.6,
基)乙酰胺(5i): 将 4a 换成 4i, 操作和投料比同化合物 5a 132.1, 131.6, 131.4, 128.4, 127.2, 126.5, 126.5, 122.7,
的制备, 得到白色产物 5i, 收率 71.9%. m.p. 251~ 119.5, 116.7, 106.0, 56.5, 54.7; HRMS (ESI) calcd for
252 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 10.33 (s, 1H), C23H17BrN4 NaO5 [M+Na]+ 531.0280, found 531.0287.
8.42 (dd, J=5.8, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 8.18~8.14 (m, 1H), 7.94 2-(4-(4-溴苯基)-1-氧亚基酞嗪-2(1H)-基)-N-(萘-1-
(dd, J=5.7, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 7.78 (t, J=8.3 Hz, 3H), 7.73 (dd, 基)乙酰胺(5m): 将 4a 换成 4m, 操作和投料比同化合物
J=5.8, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (d, J= 5a 的制备, 得白色产物 5m, 收率 75.2%. m.p. 287~
8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 288 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 10.25 (s, 1H),
1H), 5.21 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (101MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 8.42 (dt, J=7.3, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 8.14 (dt, J=7.0, 3.5 Hz, 1H),
166.4, 158.4, 145.2, 133.8, 133.6, 133.3, 132.0, 131.6, 7.94 (dt, J=7.2, 3.6 Hz, 3H), 7.79 (dd, J=8.5, 4.2 Hz,
131.5, 128.5, 128.0, 127.5, 126.5, 126.0, 125.7, 125.5, 3H), 7.73 (dt, J=6.1, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (d, J=7.4 Hz,
122.9, 122.7, 121.8, 54.3; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C22H15- 1H), 7.60 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.57~7.45 (m, 3H), 5.21 (s,
BrClN3NaO2 [M+Na]+ 489.9934, found 489.9935. 2H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 166.4, 158.4,
2-(4-(4-溴苯基)-1-氧亚基酞嗪-2(1H)-基)-N-(2-氯苯 145.3, 133.8, 133.7, 133.6, 133.1, 132.0, 131.6, 131.5,
基)乙酰胺(5j): 将 4a 换成 4j, 操作和投料比同化合物 5a 128.5, 128.0, 127.9, 127.5, 126.5, 126.4, 126.0, 125.8,
的制备, 得到白色产物 5j, 收率 75.3%. m.p. 250~ 125.6, 125.5, 122.8, 122.7, 121.9, 54.3; HRMS (ESI) calcd
251 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 9.89 (s, 1H), for C26H18BrN3NaO2 [M + Na] + 506.0840, found
8.37 (ddd, J=14.9, 7.5, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 7.98~7.90 (m, 2H), 506.0842.
7.76 (dd, J=15.4, 7.8 Hz, 4H), 7.59 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 2-(4-(4-溴苯基)-1-氧亚基酞嗪-2(1H)-基)-N-(4-氯苯
798 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 794~800
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry NOTE
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 794~800 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 799
有机化学 研究简报
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800 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 794~800
有机化学 DOI: 10.6023/cjoc201908010 研究简报
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry NOTE
含氮原子桥联吡咯基稀土金属双核配合物的合成及催化
-己内酯的开环聚合反应
Abstract Reaction of RE(CH2SiMe3)3(THF)2 with 1.5 equiv. of (C4H3NHCH2)2NCH3 (1) in toluene gave nitrogen-containing
bridged dipyrrolyl dinuclear rare-earth metal complexes [η1:η1:η1-(C4H3NCH2)2NCH3]RE{-η5:η1:η5:η1:η1-(C4H3NCH2)2N-
CH3}RE[η1:η1:η1-(C4H3NCH2)2NCH3](THF) [RE=Y (2), Er (3), Yb (4)]. All complexes were fully characterized by spectro-
scopic methods and elemental analyses. The structures of complexes 2 and 4 were further determined by single-crystal X-ray
diffraction. The catalytic properties of rare-earth metal complexes on the ring-opening polymerization of -caprolactone have
been studied.
Keywords rare-earth metal; complex; -caprolactone; ring-opening polymerization
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 801~805 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 801
有机化学 研究简报
reported[16] that homoleptic tris(pyrrolyl) lanthanide com- (Figure 2) were isostructural dinuclear structure. Each of
plexes could be used as single-component catalysts for rare earth metals adopts a distorted octahedral geometry,
-caprolactone polymerization, indicating that lanthanide and the two rare earth metals are coordinated by one di-
complexes without active group could also initiate the - pyrrolyl ligand, which coordinated to one rare-earth metal
caprolactone polymerization. We herein report the synthesis in an η5:η1:η1 mode, and to another rare-earth metal in an
and characterization of dinuclear rare-earth metal com- η5:η1 mode. Except for dipyrrolyl ligand of the linked two
plexes with nitrogen-containing bridged dipyrrolyl ligand rare earth metals, each rare earth metal was coordinated to
and their catalytic activities toward ROP of ε-caprolactone. another dipyrrolyl ligand in an η1:η1:η1 mode. Selected bond
lengths and angles are listed in Table 1.
2 Results and discussion
2.1 Synthesis and characterization of complexes
2~4
Treatment of RE(CH2SiMe3)3(THF)2 with 1.5 equiv. of
(C4H3NHCH2)2NCH3 (1) in toluene, after workup, afforded
nitrogen-containing bridged dipyrrolyl dinuclear rare-earth
metal complexes [η1:η1:η1-(C4H3NCH2)2NCH3]RE{-η5:
η1:η5:η1:η1-(C4H3NCH2)2NCH3}RE[η1:η1:η1-(C4H3NCH2)2
NCH3](THF) [RE=Y (2), Er (3), Yb (4)] (Scheme 1). The
complexes are sensitive to air and moisture, and they have
good solubility in polar solvents such as THF, Et2O, tolu-
ene, and slight solubility in n-hexane. All the complexes
Figure 1 Molecular structure of complex 2
were fully characterized by spectroscopic and element
analyses, and the structures of complexes 2 and 4 were
furtherly determined by X-ray diffraction.
toluene
N + RE(CH2SiMe3)3(THF)2
N N reflux
H H
1
N O
N N
N N RE
RE N
N N
N
802 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 801~805
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry NOTE
Entry Cat. [M]∶[catal.] Solvent Temp./℃ Time/min Mnb/(×10-4) Mnc/(×10-4) PDIc Conv./%
1 2 100∶1 Toluene 0 3 1.08 2.41 (1.35) 1.94 95
2 2 100∶1 Toluene 10 1 1.13 2.81 (1.57) 1.38 99
3 2 100∶1 Toluene 20 1 1.13 3.23 (1.81) 1.78 99
4 2 100∶1 THF 10 1 1.12 5.98 (3.34) 1.54 98
5 2 100∶1 Et2O 10 3 0.99 3.81 (2.13) 1.41 87
6 2 100∶1 CH2Cl2 10 5 0.83 3.96 (2.22) 1.45 73
7 3 100∶1 Toluene 10 1 0.68 2.27 (1.27) 1.41 60
8 4 100∶1 Toluene 10 1 1.03 3.23 (1.81) 1.67 90
9 2 200∶1 Toluene 10 1 2.26 4.90 (2.74) 1.61 99
10 2 300∶1 Toluene 10 1 3.39 7.89 (4.41) 1.62 99
11 2 400∶1 Toluene 10 1 4.52 10.60 (5.93) 1.49 99
12 2 500∶1 Toluene 10 2 5.59 12.96 (7.25) 1.54 98
a
Solvent (5.0 mL). b Calculated from [M(-capralactone)×[M]/[catal.]×conversion. c Obtained from GPC analysis and calibrated by polystyrene standard, and values in
parentheses are the values obtained from GPC times 0.56.
RE(2)—N(8)] are longer than the distances of the other - was similar to our previous example of the ring-opening
RE—N bonds. The average distance between lanthanide polymerization of -caprolactone catalyzed by tris-imino-
ions with the five membered pyrrolyl ring of 0.2716(5) nm pyrrolyl rare-earth metal complexes.[16] Mechanism of the
in complex 2 is slightly longer than the corresponding value ring-opening polymerization of -caprolactone was pro-
of 0.2683(7) nm found in complex 4, due to reflection of posed that the -caprolactone firstly coordinated to the
ionic radius from Y3+ and Yb3+. The another feacture of the rare-earth metal, and followed by insertion of a pyrrolyl
complexes 2 and 4 is that the sum of the four bond angles of group of rare-earth metal complex into -caprolactone.[16]
RE(1)—N(4)—RE(2), RE(1)—N(6)—RE(2), N(4)—
RE(1)—N(6) and N(4)—RE(2)—N(6) is about 360, indi- 3 Conclusions
cating that RE(1), RE(2), N(4), and N(6) atoms are copla- In summary, nitrogen-containing bridged dipyrrolyl ra-
nar. re-earth metal complexes were synthesized via reaction of
2.3 Catalytic activities of the complexes RE(CH2SiMe3)3(THF)2 with (C4H3NHCH2)2NCH3 in tol-
In general, rare-earth complexes catalyzed the -caprol- uene in good yields. The X-ray diffraction analyses of the
actone polymerization to require the active group or addi- complexes indicated that the complexes were a dimeric
tional alcohol as initiator. In our previous study, we reported structure and two central metals were linked through one
the ring-opening polymerization of -caprolactone cata- nitrogen-containing bridged dipyrrolyl ligand in an η5:η1:
lyzed by tris-iminopyrrolyl rare-earth metal complexes η1:η5:η1 mode. The dimeric rare-earth complexes showed
without additional alcohol as initiator.[16] Herein, the cata- high catalytic activities towards the ROP of -caprolactone.
lytic activities of complexes 2 ~ 4 towards ROP of
-caprolactone were examined, and results are listed in 4 Experimental
Table 3. From Table 2, it can be seen that the solvents have 4.1 General procedure
a slight influence on polymerization, and complex 2 exhib-
All syntheses and manipulations of air- and moisture-
ited good catalytic activities on ring-opening polymeriza-
sensitive materials were carried out under an atmosphere of
tion of -caprolactone in toluene and THF. The Mn obtained
argon using standard Schlenk techniques or in a glovebox.
by complex 2 in THF, Et2O and CH2Cl2 are much larger
THF, toluene and hexane were refluxed and distilled over
than those calculated (Entries 4~6, Table 2), and the Mn
sodium benzophenone ketyl under argon prior to use unless
obtained by complexes 3, and 4 are also larger than those
otherwise noted. -Caprolactone (-CL) was dried over
calculated (Entries 7, 8, Table 2), suggesting slow initiation
finely divided CaH2, distilled before use. (C4H3NHCH2)2N-
followed by rapid polymerization by small quantities of
CH3[17] and RE(CH2SiMe3)3(THF)2[18] were prepared ac-
catalytically active species. Furtherly, complex 2 as an
cording to literature methods. 1H NMR and 13C NMR
initator for ROP of -caprolactone was examined at 10 ℃
spectra for analyses of compounds were recorded on a
in the monomer-to-initiator ratio ([M]/[Cat]) range of
Bruker AV-500 NMR spectrometer (500 MHz for 1H NMR,
100~500. Results revealed that the linear relationship was
125 MHz for 13C NMR) in d8-THF for rare-earth metal
associated with the Mn and [M]/[Cat] ratio and the narrow
complex. Elemental analyses data were obtained on a Per-
polydispersity index (PDI) ranging from 1.38 to 1.62 of the
kin-Elmer Model 2400 Series II elemental analyzer. IR
polymers ([M]/[Cat.] ratio of 100~500 (Entries 2, 9~12,
spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu Model FTIR-8400s
Table 2). The results also represented rare examples of the
spectrometer (KBr pellet). Gel permeation chromatography
ring-opening polymerization of -caprolactone catalyzed
(GPC) analyses of the polymer samples were carried out at
by nitrogen-containing bridged dipyrrolyl rare-earth com-
30 ℃ using THF as an eluent on a Waters-2414 instrument
plexes 2~4 without additional alcohol as initiator, which
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 801~805 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 803
有机化学 研究简报
and calibrated using monodispersed polystyrene standards SADABS program. All structures were solved by direct
at a flow rate of 1.0 mL•min-1. methods, completed by subsequent difference Fourier syn-
4.2 General synthesis of complexes 2~4 theses, refined anisotropically for all nonhydrogen atoms by
full-matrix least-squares calculations on F2 using the
To a THF (20.0 mL) solution of RE(CH2SiMe3)3(THF)2
SHELXTL program package. All hydrogen atoms were
(1.0 mmol) was added a toluene (10.0 mL) solution of
refined using a riding model. Crystal data and details of the
(C4H3NHCH2)2NCH3 (0.29 g, 1.5 mmol) at 0 ℃. After the
data collection and structure refinements are given in Table
reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h, the
S1 in supporting information. CCDC-1502991-1502992 for
solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue
complexes 2 and 4 contain the supplementary crystallo-
was extracted with toluene/n-hexane (V∶ V =1 ∶1, 20
graphic data of this paper. These data can be obtained free
mL). The extractions were combined and concentrated to
of charge from The Cambridge Crystallographic Data
about 10.0 mL. The complex crystals were obtained by
Centre via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif.
cooling the concentrated solution at 0 ℃ for several days
[η1:η1:η1-(C4H3NCH2)2NCH3]Y{-η5:η1:η5:η1:η1-(C4H3- 4.4 -Caprolactone polymerization
NCH2)2NCH3}Y[η1:η1:η1-(C4H3NCH2)2NCH3](THF) (2): -CL polymerization reactions were performed in a 50.0
Colorless crystals (0.68 g, 75% yield). m.p. 173~174 ℃; mL Schlenk flask, placed in an external tempera-
1
H NMR (d8-THF, 500 MHz, 25 ℃) δ: 7.20~7.08 (m, 5H), ture-controlled bath on a Schlenk line or in a glovebox. In
6.60 (s, 3H), 5.94~5.92 (m, 3H), 5.89~5.88 (m, 3H), 3.62 a typical procedure, the catalyst (20~50 mg) was loaded
(t, J=3.6 Hz, 4H), 3.42 (s, 12H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 2.08 (s, 9H), into the Schlenk flask and the solvent was added. The -CL
1.79 (t, J=3.6 Hz, 4H); 13C NMR (d8-THF, 500 MHz, was added through a gastight syringe after the external
25 ℃) δ: 137.8, 129.3, 129.1, 128.3, 125.4, 117.0, 107.4, bath temperature was stabilized. The polymer product was
107.1, 67.6, 54.3, 41.5, 25.0, 20.9; IR (KBr) ν: 3176 (m), precipitated into hydrochloric acid (0.1 mol/L, 50.0 mL),
3122 (m), 2989 (m), 2943 (m), 2916 (s), 2835 (m), 2791 (s), washed with 0.1 mol/L hydrochloric acid, and then dried to
1642 (m), 1639 (s), 1516 (m), 1462 (m), 1357 (m), 1300 a constant weight in a vacuum oven at 50 ℃. The molec-
(m), 1176 (s), 1101 (m), 968 (m), 846 (m), 713 (m) cm-1. ular weights of the polymers were analyzed by GPC tech-
Anal. calcd for C37H47N9OY2•2C7H8: C 61.51, H 6.38, N niques.
12.66; found C 61.25, H 6.73, N 12.42.
[η1:η1:η1-(C4H3NCH2)2NCH3]Er{-η5:η1:η5:η1:η1-(C4H3- Supporting Information Copies of NMR of complex 2,
NCH2)2NCH3}Er[η1:η1:η1-(C4H3NCH2)2NCH3](THF) (3): crystallographic data and refinements for complexes 2 and
Pink crystals, 0.85 g, 81% yield. m.p. 186~187 ℃; IR 4. The Supporting Information is available free of charge
(KBr) ν: 3176 (m), 3122 (m), 3103 (m), 2989 (m), 2943 via the Internet at http://sioc-journal.cn/.
(m), 2835 (m), 2791 (s), 1462 (m), 1357 (m), 1300 (s), 1253
(s), 1176 (m), 1028 (m), 968 (m), 848 (m), 800 (m), 713 References
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Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 801~805 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 805
有机化学 DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202000011 亮点述评
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry HIGHLIGHT
手性环丙烯构建策略用于对映选择性合成偕二氟亚甲基三元环化合物
欧阳瑶 a 卿凤翎*,a,b
(a 中国科学院上海有机化学研究所 有机氟化学重点实验室 上海 200032)
b
( 东华大学化学化工与生物工程学院 生态纺织教育部重点实验室 上海 201620)
构和多变的反应活性吸引了化学家的研究兴趣. 自 N2 Rh2(S-DOSP)4 N2
Rh2(5R-MEPY)4
+ +
1922 年 Demjanov[1]报道了环丙烯化合物的首例合成以 R1 H 1992 (a) (b) 2004 R1 H
来, 现已发展了一系列环丙烯的合成方法. 手性环丙烯
R3 R4
的合成是通过炔烃和重氮化合物的[2+1]不对称环加成
反应. 根据底物的不同, 这些不对称环加成反应可以分 Ar CO2Me R1 R2 H R4
为四类: (a)末端炔烃和单取代重氮化合物的反应, (b)末 N2 N2
2012 (c) (d) ?
端炔烃和双取代重氮化合物的反应, (c)非末端炔烃和双 + +
R1
R AgSbF6
2
R1 R2
取代重氮化合物的反应, (d)非末端炔烃和单取代重氮化 (S)-xylylBINAP(AuCl)2
806 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 806~807
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry HIGHLIGHT
Rh2(S-TCPTTL)4 CF2SO2Ph
R N2 (1.5 mol%) Ph Me
+ o CF2SO2Ph 96% ee CF2SO2Ph
Ar H CF2SO2Ph CH2Cl2, -30 C Ar R
Ph Me Ph Me
R = alkyl, Cl, Br, I Ps-DFA 32 examples dioxane, 100 oC
up to 97% yield, 97% ee
O
(OC)3Co Co(CO)3
X
n-Bu
X X 91% > 20:1 dr reflux n-Bu 93%
92% ee > 10:1 dr, 96% ee
X O Rh2(S-PTTL)4 (X = H)
N O Rh Rh2(S-TFPTTL)4 (X = F)
O Rh2(S-TCPTTL)4 (X = Cl) 图式 3 偕二氟亚甲基化环丙烯的合成转化
H O Rh Rh2(S-TBPTTL)4 (X = Br) Scheme 3 Synthetic transformation of gem-difluoromethyl-
4
enated cyclopropene
图式 2 Rh(II)催化的对映选择性的非末端炔烃和 Ps-DFA 的
总之, 马军安教授课题组的工作解决了非末端炔烃
环丙烯化反应(催化剂量为 1.5 mol%)
和单取代卡宾前体的对映选择性环加成问题, 丰富了构
Scheme 2 RhII-catalyzed enantioselective cyclopropenation
reaction of internal alkynes and Ps-DFA 建手性环丙烯的合成方法学. 但还有一些问题尚待研
究, 例如三氟甲基取代的卡宾前体与末端炔烃以及非末
他们发现在较低的温度下 Du Bois 催化剂[Rh2esp2]
端炔烃的不对称环加成反应.
可以催化非末端炔烃和 Ps-DFA 的反应, 以中等产率得
到目标产物. 他们进一步筛选不同的手性 Rh(II)催化剂, References
包括 Rh2(S-DOSP)4, Rh2(OAc)(DPTI)3 和 Rh2(S-PTTL)4. [1] Demjanov, N. Y.; Doyarenko. M. N. Bull. Acad. Sci. Russ. 1922,
其中 Rh2(S-PTTL)4[10]可以得到较高的产率和 ee 值. 最后 16, 297.
[2] Protopopova, M. N.; Doyle, M. P.; Müller, P.; Ene, D. J. Am. Chem.
通过对配体的优化, 发现 Rh2(S-TCPTTL)4 可以显著地 Soc. 1992, 114, 2755.
提高 ee 值. 在最优反应条件下, 一系列非末端炔烃均能 [3] Lou, Y.; Horikawa, M.; Kloster, R. A.; Hawryluk, N. A.; Corey, E.
J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 8916.
以较高的收率和 ee 值得到对映体富集的偕二氟亚甲基 [4] Uehara, M.; Suematsu, H.; Yasutomi, Y.; Katsuki, T. J. Am. Chem.
砜基取代的环丙烯化合物. 该反应具有广泛的底物普适 Soc. 2011, 133, 170.
[5] Cui, X.; Xu, X.; Lu, H.; Zhu, S.; Wojtas, L.; Zhang, X. P. J. Am.
性和官能团兼容性. 例如苯环上取代的强吸电子基: Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 3304.
CN、CF3 和 NO2 均能兼容. 萘环、噻吩环以及吡啶环取 [6] Davies, H. M. L.; Lee, G. H. Org. Lett. 2004, 6, 1233.
[7] Briones, J. F.; Davies, H. M. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134,
代的炔烃底物也同样适用. 11916.
该反应得到的环丙烯产物能够发生脱砜化、氢化还 [8] Zeng, J.-L.; Chen, Z.; Zhang, F.-G.; Ma, J.-A. Org. Lett. 2018, 20,
4562.
原、Diels-Alder 反应以及 Pauson-Khand 反应等, 这些转 [9] Zhang, Z. -Q.; Zheng, M.-M.; Xue, X.-S., Marek, I.; Zhang, F.-G.;
化反应具有高度的立体选择性, 通过这些转化反应可得 Ma, J.-A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 18191.
[10] Kitagaki, S.; Anada, M.; Kataoka, O.; Matsuno, K.; Umeda, C.;
到在合成上非常有用的手性含氟合成砌块(Scheme 3). Watanabe, N.; Hashimoto, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1417.
(Lu, Y.)
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 806~807 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 807
有机化学 DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202000012 亮点述评
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry HIGHLIGHT
利用 1,2-叠氮迁移策略合成 β-氟烷基叠氮化合物
吴 镇 朱 晨*
(苏州大学材料与化学化工学部 苏州 215123)
图式 2 反应机理
图式 1 叠氮基团的迁移反应
Scheme 2 Reaction mechanism
Scheme 1 Development of 1,2-azide migration reactions
808 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 808~809
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry HIGHLIGHT
(Lu, Y.)
***************************************************************************************************
更 正
2016 年第 36 卷第 1 期
N-氟代双苯磺酰胺介导的氮杂卡宾氧化催化合成过氧酯及酰胺的研究
另外, 原题目及文中“氮杂卡宾”更严谨的表述为“氮杂环卡宾”.
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 808~809 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 809
有机化学 DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202000013 亮点述评
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry HIGHLIGHT
蔡 援 施世良*
(中国科学院上海有机化学研究所 上海 200032)
带有轴手性的联烯化合物是一类重要的合成中间
体 , 同样存在于各类天然产物和药物中 [2]. 鉴于其重
[1]
810 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 810~811
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry HIGHLIGHT
图式 3 轴手性联烯转化为中心手性化合物
Scheme 3 Transformation of axially chiral allene to centrally
chiral compounds
图式 2 钯催化芳基三氟甲磺酸酯和炔烃的不对称 Heck 偶联
反应 总之, 麻生明和张俊良团队发展了一类氮原子上带
Scheme 2 Pd-catalyzed asymmetric Heck coupling of aryl tri- 有大位阻取代基的 Xu-Phos 手性配体, 与钯结合成功实
flates and alkynes 现了简单易得的芳基三氟甲磺酸酯与炔烃的不对称
O Me Heck 偶联反应, 以良好的收率和优秀的对映选择性获
O Cl
得了轴手性三取代联烯产物. 该类轴手性联烯产物可以
转化成中心手性的化合物. 该研究为手性联烯的高效合
H H H 成提供了新途径, 进一步丰富了不对称钯催化偶联化
学.
86% yield, 93.5:6.5 er 65% yield, 95.5:4.5 er 64% yield, 96:4 er
O
References
MeO [1] Yu, S.; Ma, S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 3074.
Et2N [2] Röder, A. H.; Krause, N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 1196.
[3] Huang, X.; Ma, S. Acc. Chem. Res. 2019, 52, 1301.
[4] Art, S.; Satoh, T.; Miura, M.; Nomura, M. Chem. Lett. 1997, 26,
Cl H 823.
H
H [5] Lee, Y.; Morandi, B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 6444.
[6] Crouch, I.; Dreier, T.; Frantz, D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2011, 50,
6128.
Cl
[7] Fu, C.; Ma, S. Org. Lett. 2005, 7, 1605.
59% yield, 94:6 er 83% yield, 94:6 er 42% yield, 95:5 er [8] Neff, R.; Frantz, D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 17428.
[9] Zhang, Z.; Chen, P.; Li, W.; Niu, Y.; Zhao, X.; Zhang, J. Angew.
图 2 钯催化不对称 Heck 偶联反应合成轴手性联烯 Chem., Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 4350.
Figure 2 Pd-catalyzed asymmetric Heck coupling for the syn- [10] Zhu, C.; Chu, H.; Li, G.; Ma, S.; Zhang, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019,
thesis of axial chiral allene compounds 141, 19246.
(Lu, Y.)
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 810~811 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 811
钯催化三亚甲基甲烷的不对称[3+4]环加成反应: 高区域选择性、
高非对映选择性和高对映选择性构筑苯并呋喃[3,2-b]吖庚因
环加成反应是构建多官能团化环状化合物最直接、 苯并呋喃并氮杂二烯之间的[3+4]环加成反应(Scheme
有效的方法之一. 其中, 三亚甲基甲烷(Trimethyleneme- 1); 该反应以较高的收率和立体选择性合成了一系列结
thane, TMM)活性中间体被视为一类高效的三碳合成子. 构多样的手性吖庚因类化合物.
目前 TMM 已被广泛用于多种环加成反应, 为一些重要 作者首先选取了苯并呋喃并氮杂二烯 2 作为氮杂四
的环状化合物以及天然化合物提供了高效、可靠的合成 元合成子, 以探索 Pd-TMM 的不对称[3+4]环加成反应.
方法. 早在 1979 年, Trost 和 Chan 等 [1] 首次报道了 因此, 在该反应研究过程中, 将主要解决氮杂二烯的区
Pd-TMM 的[3+2]环加成反应. 此后, 钯催化 TMM 的多 域选择性和反应立体选择性控制等难题. 巧合的是,
种催化不对称[3+2], [3+3]和[3+6]环加成反应相继得 Pd-TMM 的不对称催化体系, 能有效抑制[3+2]环加成
以实现[2,3], 并为手性五元环、六元环及九元环类化合物 反应, 高度专一性地发生[3+4]环加成反应, 从而实现
提供了高效的合成策略. 然而, 对于钯催化 TMM 的不 了该反应的区域选择性调控; 再经反应条件的筛选和优
对称[3+4]环加成化反应——合成七元环状化合物的研 化. 当以 Pd2(dba)3 和手性联二萘酚衍生的亚磷酰胺 L1
究, 目前尚无相关报道. 其可能的主要原因是七元环状 或 L2 为催化剂, 甲苯为溶剂时, 该反应具有最佳的立
化合物的合成存在不利的熵效应和环化张力. 体选择性控制.
手性吖庚因类化合物是七元氮杂环化合物中的一 值得注意的是, 该作者还发现, 当氮杂二烯 2 分别
类具有药用价值的化合物. 因此, 对于手性吖庚因类化 与二苯甲酮亚胺取代的 TMM 1a 和氰基取代的 TMM 1b
合物的合成一直都是不对称合成中的研究热点. 近年 反应时, 其相应的加成产物为: 顺式手性吖庚因 cis-3 和
来, 手性氮杂卡宾催化 α,β-不饱和醛的偶极反转[3+4] 反式手性吖庚因 trans-4. 相应环加成产物的绝对构型均
环加成反应策略得以发展, 并用于手性己内酰胺化合物 通过 X 单晶衍生分析证实. 因此, 该工作还为苯并呋喃
的催化不对称合成[4~7]. 鉴于具有生物活性的手性氮杂 [3,2-b]吖庚因类化合物的立体多样性合成提供了新方
环的结构多样性, 因此发展高效、新颖的催化不对称 法.
[3+4]环加成反应, 用于实现结构多样的手性吖庚因类 根据以上实验现象和结果, 作者提出了两种可能的
化合物的构筑仍是一项极具挑战性和科学意义的课题. 优势过渡态和解释(图 1), 对于 Ph2C=N-TMM (1a),
最近, 华东理工大学药学院兼上海市新药设计重点 二苯基酮亚胺基团的空间位阻较大, 优势过渡态为
实验室的邓卫平课题组[8]发展了催化不对称 Pd-TMM 与 cis-TS I, 苯并呋喃并氮杂二烯的 Re 面优先被进攻; 对
* Corresponding author. E-mail: dengyuhua@ynu.edu.cn; zhihui_shao@hotmail.com. Published online February 25, 2020.
812 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 812~813
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry HIGHLIGHT
R3 性伯胺吖庚因类化合物.
R2
N
FG = N=CPh2
FG OBoc L1, 25 oC O cis N
R1 FG O R1 立报道了类似的工作.
Me
总之, 上述工作基于过渡金属钯催化 TMM 与苯并
Me
N
呋喃并氮杂二烯的不对称[3+4]环加成反应的研究和发
Ph (S) N (S) Ph
Ph N OBoc P Me P 展, 以优异的产率、非对映选择性和对映选择性实现了
O O O O
1a 手性苯并呋喃[3,2-b]-吖庚因骨架的不对称催化合成.
Ph (S)
References
[1] Trost, B. M.; Chan, D. M. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 6429.
[2] Trost, B. M.; McDougall, P. J.; Hartmann, O.; Wathen, P. T. J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 14960.
[3] Shintani, R.; Park, S.; Duan, W.-L.; Hayashi, T. Angew. Chem., Int.
Ed. 2007, 46, 5901.
[4] Guo, C.; Fleige, M.; Janssen-Müller, D.; Daniliuc, C. G.; Glrius, F.
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 7840.
[5] Wang, L.; Li, S.; Blümel, M.; Philipps, A. R.; Wang, A.; Puttreddy,
图 1 可能的反应过渡态 R.; Rissanen, K.; Enders, D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2016, 55,
Figure 1 Plausible transition states 11110.
[6] Gao, Z.-H.; Chen, K.-Q.; Zhang, Y.; Kong, L.-M.; Li, Y.; Ye, S. J.
于 CN-TMM (1b), 氰基基团位阻较小, 优势过渡态为 Org. Chem. 2018, 83, 15225.
trans-TS II, 苯并呋喃并氮杂二烯的 Si 面容易发生迈克 [7] Chen, K.-Q.; Gao, Z.-H.; Ye, S. Org. Chem. Front. 2019, 6, 405.
[8] Liu, Y.-Z.; Wang, Z.; Huang, Z.; Zheng, X.; Yang, W.-L.; Deng,
尔加成. W.-P. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 1238.
此外, 作者还研究了该反应的合成应用性(Scheme [9] Trost, B. M.; Zuo, Z. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 1243.
[10] Kumari, P.; Liu, W.; Wang, C.-J.; Dai, J.; Wang, M.-X.; Yang,
2): 首先, 对手性吖庚因类化合物 3aa 进行了克级不对 Q.-Q.; Deng, Y.-H.; Shao, Z. Chin. J. Chem. 2020, 38, 151.
称催化合成; 其次, 通过水解、去保护等转化, 合成了手 (Lu, Y.)
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 812~813 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 813
有机化学 DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202000015 亮点述评
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry HIGHLIGHT
冉光尧 陈应春*
(四川大学华西药学院 成都 610041)
手性联烯是一类具有丙二烯结构的轴手性化合物, R2
OTBS O
不仅广泛存在于众多天然产物[1]、药理活性分子及功能 R2 X R * OH
CO2R3
R1 OR3 R R'
材料中 [2], 还是有机化学中非常重要的合成砌块 [3]. 其 or
O R'
R2 R1 R2
中, 含有一个中心手性和轴手性的 2,3-联烯醇结构是类 R1 OR3
chiral 2,3-allenols
胡萝卜素类、萜类以及溴代联烯天然产物的核心片段, R1 CO2R3
表现出广泛的生理活性, 并且由于同时含有联烯和醇羟 R1
OH HO H CO2R3
基官能团, 也具有多样的反应化学. 因此, 2,3-联烯醇的 Ar CO2Et CO2R 3
O R R2
2
不对称合成具有重要的研究意义. R 1 R2 N R OH
H
从炔基取代的烯醇硅醚或联烯酸酯出发, 通过形成 List, 2016 Feng & Liu, 2016 Yu & Kim, 2018
disulfonimide boron reagent
Au/N,N'-dioxide
炔基烯醇负离子从而与醛或酮发生不对称插炔 aldol 反 catalysis
catalysis stoichiometric
应, 是一种高效合成手性 2,3-联烯醇的策略(Scheme 1).
图式 1 不对称插炔 aldol 反应构建手性 2,3-联烯醇
2016 年, List 小组[4]采用手性磺酰亚胺(disulfonimide)实 Scheme 1 Construction of chiral 2,3-allenols via asymmetric
现了首例芳香醛的 Mukaiyama 类型的不对称插炔 aldol alkynylogous aldol reaction
反应; 冯小明和刘小华团队[5]利用 Au/手性氮氧配体实
PHOS (L1)的催化以及 2-叔丁基四甲基胍为碱(Barton’s
现了联烯酸酯与靛红的直接不对称插炔 aldol 反应. 然
Base)的条件下, 能顺利地进行插炔 aldol 反应, 以良好
而上述例子均未能实现脂肪醛的相关转化, 可能底物易
的收率、优异的-区域选择性以及立体选择性得到相应
发生自身缩合等副反应. 2018 年, Yu 和 Kim 团队[6]利用
的手性 2,3-联烯醇(3) (Scheme 2). 更为重要的是, 更具
化学计量的手性硼试剂, 预先与联烯酸酯形成手性炔基
挑战性的脂肪醛 4(包括链状及环状), 也可与-炔酸丁
烯醇硼中间体, 随后进攻多种醛化合物形成相应的 2,3-
炔酯(5)在 2,4,6-三甲苯基铜[mesitylcopper(I)]和手性膦
联烯醇. 尽管该方法能实现脂肪醛的有效转化, 但采用
配体(R,R)-Ph-BPE (L2)的作用下, 以较好的收率、非对
化学计量手性硼试剂严重影响了反应的经济性.
映选择性和优异的对映选择性实现类似反应, 多类官能
中国科学院上海有机化学研究所殷亮课题组一直
团均能良好兼容(Scheme 2).
致力于 Cu(I)催化的不对称插烯加成反应研究, 系统发
他们还探索了该不对称直接插炔 aldol 反应的合成
展了不对称直接插烯 aldol 反应[7]、Mannich 型反应[8]等.
应用性: 该催化反应放大至克级, 也能以优异结果得到
最近, 他们推测 Cu(I)能与非共轭炔酸酯生成亲核性铜
产物 3a(图 1); 另外, 含甾体结构芳香醛也可应用于该
物种, 进而与醛类化合物发生不对称加成反应(Scheme
策略, 高效、高立体选择性地构建了含有表雄酮、二氢
2)[9]. 经系统筛选后, 该小组发现芳(杂)醛 1 与-炔酸酯
胆固醇或炔雌醇骨架的 2,3-联烯醇(7~9), 为活性分子
2 在 Cu(CH3CN)4PF6 和大位阻双膦配体(R)-DTBM-SEG-
814 http://sioc-journal.cn/ © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 814~815
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry HIGHLIGHT
图式 2 Cu(I)催化多种醛参与的不对称直接插炔 aldol 反应
Scheme 2 Cu(I) catalyzed asymmetric direct alkynylogous aldol reaction with various aldehydes
Et CO2Bn
• OH
R= O ( )3
Me CO2Bn H
• OH H
H H H O
R H H
OH O R
H H H H O
3a R
O O
2.80 g, 95% H H
> 99% ee, 12:1 dr 7 94%, 13:1 dr 8 83%, > 20:1 dr 9 87%, > 20:1 dr
gram scale (epiandrosterone) (dihydrocholesterol) (ethynyl estradiol)
O CF3
HO
O
Me CO2Bn
• Me O CF3
N
F3C H 10 81% for 3 steps N
OH > 20:1 dr N N
R'
O O
3b 99% ee, > 20:1 dr HO CF3
Me A R' = -Me, IC50 = 38.4 nmol/L
B R' = -Me, IC50 = 73.5 nmol/L
Me active for Alzheimer's disease &
11 87% for 3 steps Down's syndrome
> 20:1 dr
Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 40, 814~815 © 2020 Chinese Chemical Society & SIOC, CAS http://sioc-journal.cn/ 815