Operational Amplifiers

(Op Amps)

Dr. Mustafa Kemal Uyguroğlu

1
Introduction

{ Op Amp is short for operational

amplifier.
{ An operational amplifier is modeled
as a voltage controlled voltage
source.
{ An operational amplifier has a very
high input impedance and a very
high gain.

2
Use of Op Amps

{ Op amps can be configured in many

different ways using resistors and
other components.
{ Most configurations use feedback.

3
Applications of Op Amps

{ Amplifiers provide gains in voltage

or current.
{ Op amps can convert current to
voltage.
{ Op amps can provide a buffer
between two circuits.
{ Op amps can be used to implement
integrators and differentiators.

4
More Applications

{ Lowpass and bandpass filters.

5
The Op Amp Symbol

6
Schematic diagram of op amp

7
 The Op Amp Model

Non-
inverting
input
v+
+ Ro vo
+
Rin +
+
v- -
Inverting v+ -
input + vo
v- A(v+ -v- )
- - -

8
Typical Op Amp
Parameter Typical Ideal
Range Values
Open-loop gain, A 105 to 108 ∞
Input resistance, Rin 106 to 1013 ∞

Output resistance, Ro 10 to 100 0Ω

Supply voltage, vcc 5 to 24

9
Example
{ A 741 op amp has an open-loop voltage gain of 2 x 105, input
resistance of 2 MΩ, and output resistance of 50 Ω.The op amp is
used in the circuit shown below. Find the closed- loop gain v0/vs. Find i0
when vs = 1 V.

io 50 Ω io
-
2 MΩ vin + 5
- 2 ×10 vin
+

vs 40 kΩ
+ vs 40 kΩ
5 kΩ 20 kΩ vo 5 kΩ 20 kΩ
+
vo
- -

Equivalent circuit

10
Example cont.
•Redrawn for clarity
KCL at v1
v1 − vs v1 v1 − v0
+ + =0
2 ×106 5 ×103 40 ×103
40 kΩ

vs 2 MΩ v1
5
2 ×10 vin50 Ω io KCL at v0
vo
- vin + v0 v0 − v1 v0 − 2 × 105 (v1 − vs )
+ + =0
+ 20 ×103 40 × 103 50
5 kΩ - 20 kΩ

v0 = 9.0004vs
i0 = 0.675 mA

11
“Ideal” Op Amp

{ The input resistance is infinite,

Rin=∞
{ The gain is infinite, A = ∞
{ Zero output resistance, Ro= 0
{ The op amp is in a negative
feedback configuration.

12
Consequences of the Ideal

{ Infinite input resistance means the

current into the inverting input is
zero:
i- = 0 = i+
{ Infinite gain means the difference
between v+ and v- is zero:
v+ - v- = 0

13
Example
KCL at noninverting
terminal:
i- = 0 vs − v0 vs
io + =0
vs 40 5
9vs = v0
i+ = 0
vs vo
vs 40 kΩ KCL at v0:
+  v v −v 
5 kΩ 20 kΩ vo i0 =  0 + 0 s 
 20k 40k 
-

If vs = 1 V then i0 = 0.65 mA

14
Inverting Amplifier

Since the noninverting terminal is grounded

v1 = v2 = 0
v − 0 0 − v0 Rf
KCL at v1: i1 = i2 ⇒ i = v0 = − vi
R1 Rf R1
15
Where is the Feedback?
R2

R1
-
+ +
Vin +
- Vout
-

16
Review

{ To solve an op amp circuit, we

usually apply KCL at one or both of
the inputs.
{ We then invoke the consequences
of the ideal model.
i- = 0 = i+
v+ - v- = 0
{ We solve for the op amp output
voltage.
17
The Non-Inverting Amplifier

- +
+
vin
- vout
R2
R1
-

18
KCL at the Inverting Input

- +
+
vin i-
- vout
i1 i2 R2
R1
-

19
KCL

i− = 0

− v − − vin
i1 = = Since v- = v+ = vin
R1 R1
v out − v − v out − vin
i2 = =
R2 R2

20
Solve for Vout

− vin vout − vin

+ =0
R1 R2

 R2 
v out = vin 1 + 
 R1 

21
The Voltage Follower

22
Inverting Summer

_=0

23
 KCL at the Inverting Input
R1
i1 if Rf

+ R2 i2
v1
- i3 i- -
+ +
v2 +
- R3 vout
+
v3 -
-

24
KCL

v1 − v − v1
i1 = = since v− = 0
R1 R1
v2 − v− v2
i2 = =
R2 R2

v3 − v− v3
i3 = =
R3 R3

25
KCL

i− = 0

vout − v − vout
if = =
Rf Rf

26
Solve for Vout

v1 v2 v3 vout
+ + + =0
R1 R2 R3 R f

Rf Rf Rf
vout = − v1 − v2 − v3
R1 R2 R3

27
 Noninverting Summer
R1
i1

+ R2 i2
v1
- i3 i- +
+ - +
v2
- + R3
v3 if
- vout
Rf
Ra
-
ia

28
KCL at noninverting input: KCL at inverting input:

if + i a = 0
i1 + i2 + i3 = 0
v− − vout
v1 − v+ if =
i1 = Rf
R1 v−
ia =
v2 − v+ Ra
i2 =
R2 Ra
v− = vout
v3 − v+ Ra + R f
i3 =
R3 v− = v+
29
i1 + i2 + i3 = 0
v1 v2 v3  1 1 1 
+ + = + +  v+
R1 R2 R3  R1 R2 R3 
1  1 1 1 
= + + 
RT  R1 R2 R3 
v1 v2 v3 1 Ra
+ + = vout
R1 R2 R3 RT Ra + R f

 R f   RT RT RT 
vout = 1 +   v1 + v2 + v3 
 Ra   R1 R2 R3 
30
The difference amplifier

31
KCL at node vb :
vb − v2 vb
=
R3 R4
R4
vb = v2 = va
R3 + R4

32
KCL at va
va − v1 va − vo
+ =0
R1 R2
1 1 1  1
vo =  +  va − v1
R2  R1 R2  R1
 R2  R2  R2  R4 R
vo =  1 +  va − v1 =  1 +  v2 − 2 v1
 R1  R1  R1  R3 + R4 R1
 R1 
 + 1
 R2  1 R2 R2  R2  R
v0 = 1 +  v2 − v1 = v2 − 2 v1
 R1  R3 + 1 R1 R1 R3 + 1 R1
R4 R4

33
{ Since a difference must reject a signal common
to the two inputs, the amplifier must have the
property that v0 = 0 when v1 = v2. This implies
that
R1 R3
=
R2 R4
When R1 = R2 and R3 = R4 it acts like a subtractor

vo = v2 − v1
34
Interconnecting of Op Amps

35
Example
Find the voltage transfer equation of the following circuit

40 kΩ 50 kΩ

20 kΩ 10 kΩ

+
25 kΩ
+
+
10 kΩ
25 kΩ
v1 v2 20 kΩ v3

12 V
- - -

36